SCIENCE REVIEWER
HUMAN BREATHING SYSTEM/RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
This organ system is responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide
PARTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nose and Mouth- the entrance of oxygen in our body.
Nasal Cavity or Nasal Passageways- The air passing this part is warm, damp and clean
Pharaynx- is our throat
Larynx- is our voicebox
Trachea- it is also called as windpipe. It is an empty tube that serves as passageways of air into the lungs
Lungs- The main organ of respiratory system
Bronchi- the two branching tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs
Bronchioles- This are the hairlike tubes that connect to the alveoli
Alveoli- These are the airsacs that allow gas exchange in the lungs
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
It is the life support structure that nourishes your cells
It functions with other body systems to deliver different materials in the body
PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart- it pumps the blood throughout the body
Blood Vessels
1. Veins- carry blood towards the heart
2. Arteries- carry blood towards the heart
3. Capillaries- the smallest blood vessel in the body
Blood- it carries the materials throughout the body
The heart has four chambers with specific task to do. The two atria are the
receiving chambers of the heart, accepting blood from the body. The two
ventricles are the pumping chambers, moving blood to the lungs and into the
body. There is a valve between each atrium and ventricle to prevent the blood
from flowing backwards. The valves are like one-way doors that keep the blood
from moving in one direction.
TYPES OF CIRCULATION
1. Pulmonary Circulation- is the movement of blood from the heart, to the
lungs and back to the heart
2. Coronary Circulation- is the movement of blood through the tissues of the
heart
3. Systemic Circulation- is the movement of blood from the heart, to the rest
of the body, including the lungs.
NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
Genetics- it is a branch of Biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic
variation and heredity in organism
Inheritance- a process by which genetic information is passed on from parents to
child
Variation- any difference between cells, individual organisms or groups of
organism of any species
Gene- it is a unit of heredity: a section of DNA that codes for a specific trait
Genotype- is the genetic makeup of organisms
Phenotype- it is a physical feature or trait of an organism
Homozygous- This means having two identical alleles of a particular gene
Heterozygous- this means having two different alleles of a particular gene
Punnett Square- is a graphical representation of the possible genotypes of an
offspring arising from a particular cross or breeding event
3 TYPES OF NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
1. Incomplete Dominance- it is a form of intermediate inheritance in which
one allele does not completely dominate another allele, resulting in a new
phenotype. Display a third phenotype
2. Codominance- Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the
heterozygote. Co means “together”
3. Multiple Alleles- a gene that is controlled by more than two alleles
BIODIVERSITY- it refers to the variety of life in an are
Population- it is a group of organisms of the same species living in a certain place
Threatened Species- these are species wherein their population declined so fast
that it becomes endangered
Extinct- it occurs when the last member of a species die
WHY DOES EXTINCTION OCCUR?
Climate Heating and Cooling- the biodiversity earth keep up with the rapid
changes in temperature and climate. The species are not used to severe weather
conditions and long seasons
Changes in sea levels/Currents- The changes in sea levels and currents is a result
in part of the melting of freshwater.
Asteriods/Cosmic radiation- It is radiation being emitted from outer space and
the sun a super nova remnant is one source of cosmic radiation.
Acid Rain- The forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are put into the
atmosphere increases the acidity of the soil which affects plant life. It can also
disturb rivers and lakes to a possibly lethal level
Disease/ Epidemic- each species has defense mechanisms and the ability to fight
disease. With the climate and landscape certain species are losing their ability to
fend off disease. They are becoming more susceptible to disease and epidemics,
which can lead to their eventual extinction
Spread of Invasive species
Human Causes of Extinction
Habitat Degradation- habitat loss and degration affect 85% of all threatened birds
86% mammals and 88% of threatened amphibians.
What is Photosynthesis?
The process of photosynthesis is a chemical reaction
It is the most important chemical reaction on our planet
The process by which green plants, algae and some bacteria convert light energy
into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and
water
What is the Equation of the chemical reaction of Photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide+ water+ Glucose+ Oxygen
6CO2+ 6H2O to C6H12O6 + 602
Six molecules of carbon dioxide react with six molecules of water to form 1
molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen
Describe the photosynthesis
The process of changing light energy to chemical energy
Energy stored as sugar
Occurs in plants and Salie glucose
Plants need light energy, CO2 and H2o
Takes place in the chloroplast using chlorophyll, the green pigments in plants
What happens during Photosynthesis
Plants capture light energy and use that energy to make glucose
Sunlight provides the energy needed by chlorophyll to change molecules of
carbon dioxide and water into glucose
Oxygen is also related in this reaction
Why is this Important to us?
We cannot make our own food (glucose, energy) we must get our food from
plants. Plants are the first step in the food chain
The Oxygen released during photosynthesis is necessary for all living things
Reactants:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, water ( H2O) absorbed by plant roots
Products- glucose (C6H12o6) as a source of energy for the plant
Oxygen(O2) released as a byproduct into the atmosphere
The role of chlorophyll
A green pigment in chloroplasts that absorb light. Mainly from the sun, intiating
the photosynthesis process.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy(in the form
of ATP), carbon dioxide and water. This energy is used to power various cellular
activities. It occur in both plants and animals
Types of Cellular respiration
1. Aerobic Respiration- this occurs when oxygen is available
2. Anaerobic Respiration- this occurs when oxygen is not available
3. Cellular Respiration- this process takes place in the mitochondria of cells. It
consists of three main stages
Glycolysis- occur in the cytoplasm of the cell. Glucose(C6H12O6) is broken
down into two molecules pf pyruvate. Produces a small amount of ATP (2 atp
molecules)
Electron Transport Chain- occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria
Lactic acid fermentation- occurs in animals (especially in muscle cells during
vigorous exercise). This process can cause muscle fatigue and soreness.
Alcoholic Fermentation- occurs in yeast and some bacteria.