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Department of Labor and Employment

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTHCENTER
OBJECTIVES Summary of FireStatistics
2012 ‐ 2014

 Explain the causes and extent of fire incidents.  Number of Fires : 36,996
 Describe the chemistry, behavior andconcept Annual Ave. : 12,332

FIRE SAFETY of fire.

 Explain the principles of fireprevention,
 Estimated cost of losses : P 12,500,673,425
Annual Ave. : 4,166,891,142

suppression and control.  Number of deaths : 759

Annual Ave. : 253
 Differentiate the specific types of portablefire
extinguishers.  Number of injuries : 2,317
Annual Ave. : 772 Source:
Bureau of Fire Protection

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CAUSES OF FIRE DEATHS Top Causes of Fires in the Philippines Overloaded Circuit

1. Inhalation of Toxicfumes: • Faulty/Overloaded Electrical System

– Carbon Monoxide (CO) • Open flames and candles
– Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Neglected Electrical Devices/Appliances
– Hydrogen Cyanide (HCn)
• Liquefied Petroleum Gases
2. Insufficient oxygen (Asphyxia)
• Smoking and matches
3. Effects of heat (Hyperthermia)
• Lightning
4. Bronchial and pulmonary swelling (Edema) with blood
congestion (Hyperemia) • Spontaneous combustion
5. Ventricular fibrillation • Friction
Source: Source:
6. Backdraft or smoke explosion Bureau of Fire Protection • Sparks Bureau of Fire Protection

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Open Flame Friction TRAGIC FIRE INCIDENTS IN THE

PHILIPPINES
OZONE DISCO FIRE : 162 DEATHS plus
INJURIES
LUNG CENTER FIRE: 25 DEATHS plus
INJURIES
DAMAS de ISLAS de FILIPNASFIRE: 23
DEATHS plus INJURIES
QC MANOR HOTEL FIRE: 75 DEATHS plus
INJURIES
NOVO JEANS AND SHIRTS CLOTHING
STORE FIRE: 17 DEATHS plusINJURIES
KENTEX MANUFACTURING FACTORY
FIRE: 72 DEATHS plusINJURIES

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FIRE SAFETY WHAT IS FIRE?

• Life Safety • FIRE PREVENTION – Preventing occurrence of
destructive fire orreduce likelihood of destructive • It is frequently referred to as “rapid oxidation
– The primary goal of fire safety efforts is to protect
building occupants from injury and to prevent loss of fire. with the evolution of light andheat.”
life. • FIRE DETECTION – Alarm system to detect presence
of smoke or heat • Fire is a chemical reaction between a
• Property Protection flammable or combustible material and
• FIRE SUPPRESION – Extinguishing unwanted/
– The secondary goal of fire safety is to prevent property uncontrolled destructive fire. Means ofmitigation. oxygen.
damage. Reduce the effect of destructivefire.
• Protection of Operations • FIRE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS – Preparing • Is the chemical union of heat , fuel andoxygen
– By preventing fires and limiting damage we can assure persons in the eventuality of a fire emergency. produced in the proper proportions
that work operations will continue.
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ELEMENTS OF FIRE
(FIRE TRIANGLE)
OXYGEN HEAT
FROM AIR HEAT SOURCE
Oxygen Enriched flames, cigarettes, matches,
Environment hot surfaces,
OXYGEN HEAT OXYGEN Environment with electrical arcs and sparks,
diminished amount of
oxygen HEAT welding, friction, etc
Chemical
Reaction

FUEL
A form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or
GASES LIQUIDS SOLIDS Normally, air is 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen. molecules and capable of beingtransmitted
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TRIANGLE OF FIRE Liquid FUEL FUEL

Flash point ‐ is the lowest temperature atw/c fuel Combustible Substances – a material having a flashpoint
gives off flammablevapors.
at or above 100F (37.8C).
Flammable Substances – a material having a flashpoint
below 100F (37.8C). Combustible Substances Flashpoint
F C
GASES LIQUIDS SOLIDS Flammable Substances Flashpoint Fuel Oil 100 37.8
F C Kerosene 100 37.8
FUEL Gasoline ‐45 ‐42.8 Quenching Oil 365 185.0
Acetone 0 ‐17.8 Corn Oil 490 254
Any material that will burn is classified as fuel Alcohol 55 12.8
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Classes of Fire
WHICH IS MORE DANGEROUS Fires can be classified according to the fuel it consumes.
Classes of Fire
Flammable Liquids
Question: A substance with low flashpoint or a Class A type offires are
Class B type of fires are (SurfaceFire)
substance with a highflashpoint? fueled by liquids, gases,
made up of ordinary
or grease‐typefuels.
Answer: The lower the flashpoint, the more combustibles such as
Oil, gasoline, alcohol,
dangerous a substance is. paper, wood, or plastic.
• wood and other liquids are
• cloth the most commontypes • gasoline
Question: How would you know the flashpoint • paper
found in thisclass. • oil
of a substance? •

•
rubber
many plastics
•
•
grease
oil‐based paint
Answer: By looking at the label or SDS. • thinner & lacquer
• flammable gases

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Classes of Fire Classes of Fire Classes of Fire

EnergizedElectrical Combustible
Class D, a less common
Equipment
fire type, is fueled by
Metal CLASS K FIRES
Class C type of fires are basically
fueled by electricity. In this case, the metals. A particular class • magnesium • Recently recognized by NFPA
electricity is actually the heat source of heavy metals, which • sodium Cooking Media
10.
D
that propagates the fire and often can be identified in the • potassium
communicates to other fuels of the periodic table of the • titanium • Fires involving combustible
class A or B type to sustain the elements and found • zirconium vegetable or animal non‐
• Appliances burning process. mostly in the alkalimetal • other
flammable saturated cooking fats in
• Power Tools group, will burn.
• Motors
metals commercial cooking equipment.
• Lightingfixtures
• Electrical Circuits & Panels

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The Burning Process The Burning Process

(Stages of FireDevelopment) (Stages of FireDevelopment)

Ignition Stage (Incipient Stage) – The point at which the

FIRE GROWTH and SPREAD four elements in the fire tetrahedron come together,
Growth Stage – Fire begins to grow, other combustibles heat
materials reach their ignition temperatures and a fire is
up, liberate flammable gases, and ignite, spreading the chain
started. At the ignition stage, the fire is typically small
of reaction to other flammables and resulting in an increase
and limited in area.
in size.
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The Burning Process The Burning Process Mode of FirePropagation

(Stages of FireDevelopment) (Stages of FireDevelopment)
(Heat Transfer)

Conduction – heat transfer to another body or

within a body by directcontact.

 Heat can be transferred through steel

beams, metal conduit, wire andducts.
Fully Developed Stage (Free‐Burning Stage) – This stage is Decay Stage – When the point at which all the fuels has  Direct flame contact with wood, cloth,many
recognized as the point at which all the contents within the been consumed is reached, the fire will begin to diminish kinds of plastics, rubbers andpaper.
perimeter of the fire’s boundaries are burning. In a structure, in size. Ultimately, the fire will extinguish itself, when the
this would mean the entire contents of a room. fuel or oxygen supply isexhausted.

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Mode of FirePropagation
Heat Transfer by Direct Contact (Heat Transfer)
Heat Transfer by Convection
Convection – the transfer of heat through a
circulating medium, such as hot air and gases.
 Heated air and gases expands and becomes
less dense making it lighter than the
surrounding gases. It moves upwards away
from the fire. The hotter the gases, thefaster
they rise.
trash

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Mode of FirePropagation PRINCIPLES OF FIREPREVENTION

(Heat Transfer) Heat Transfer by Radiation AND CONTROL
Radiation – the transfer of heat by the emission and
• Prevent the Outbreak ofFire
propagation of heat energy in the form of rays or waves. • Provide for Early Detection
 Hot surfacescan radiate heat, igniting combustibles

considerable distances away • Prevent the Spread ofFire

 Radiant heat energy increases rapidly as the source • Provide for Prompt Extinguishment
becomes hotter
• Provide for Prompt andOrderly
Evacuation

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FIRE PREVENTION PRACTICES Hot Work

•Correct all defective wiringsystems. Definitions:
•Never overload a power outlet. Hot Work is any work using open flames or sources
Take any one of these
•Unplug all appliances that are not in use. of heat that could ignite materials in the work area.
factors away, and the
•Never bypass fuses orcircuit breakers.
fire cannot occur.
•Never play with matches orlighters
•Always keep stoves that use LPG’s in good condition
•Practice safe storage ofchemicals
•Smoke only in designated smokingareas.
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FIRE CODE OF 2008 : DIVISION 17

HOT WORK PERMIT SYSTEM OSHS Requirement for HotWorks HOTWORKS OPERATION

An administrative Rule 1100.01 (Item 5) : GeneralProvisions SECTION [Link] FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE FOR HOTWORKS OPERATION
control of controlling Gas and Electric Welding and Cutting Operations A Fire Safety Clearance shall be secured from City/Municipal Fire Marshal
fire hazards (fire having jurisdiction prior to any hotworks operations.
Authorization, before welding and cutting operations are
prevention). allowed in large establishments, the area shall be inspected SECTION [Link] LOCATIONAL SAFETYREQUIREMENTS
by the safetyman. He shall issue a written permit or A. All combustibles shall be relocated at least eleven meters (11 m)
authorization for welding and cutting, indicating therein the horizontally from the work site. If relocation is impractical, combustibles shall
precautions to be followed to avoid fire or accidents. be protected with fire‐retardant covers or otherwise shielded with metal or
fire‐retardant guards or curtains. Edges of covers at the floor shall be tight to
prevent sparks from going under them, including where several covers
overlap when protecting a largepile.

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FIRE CODE OF 2008 : DIVISION 17

Smoke Detectors
HOTWORKS OPERATION Fire Detection and Alarm System
[Link] hotworks is done near walls, partitions, ceilings, or roofs of combustible
construction, fire‐retardant shields or guards shall be provided to prevent
ignition.
[Link] shall not be attempted on a partition, wall, ceiling that has a
A complete protective signaling and
combustible covering or insulation, or on walls or partitions of combustibles
sandwich‐type panel construction.
control system including firedetection,
[Link] that is performed on pipes or other metal that is in contact with alarm and communication.
combustible walls, partitions, ceilings, roofs, or other combustibles shall not
be undertaken if the work is close enough to cause ignition by conduction.
[Link] hotworks operations in confined spaces shall be adequately ventilated An alarm device that monitors continuously the air condition
to prevent the accumulation of toxic materials or possible oxygen deficiency. for the presence ofsmoke.

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Heat Detectors PARTS OF APORTABLE FIRE

EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
MOUNTING/
TRIGGER
BRACKET
Fixed Temperature Types
Which respond when the • Removal of Fuel PIN
GAUGE

detection element reaches a

predetermined temperature • Excluding or LimitingOxygen GAUGE

Rate‐of‐Rise Type
• Cooling HOSE

Whichrespond to an increase • By Interrupting the ChainReaction

in heat at a rate greater than NOZZLE
SEAL
PIN

some predetermined value. (DISCHARGE OUTLET)

TANK/
CYLINDER

TANK BASE LABEL/INSTRUCTIONS

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Fire Extinguisher Labeling Fire Extinguisher Labeling PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Letter Symbol PictureSymbol
WATER AFFF
For wood, paper, cloth, trashand
other ordinary materials Class A, B, C

For gasoline, grease, oil, paintand

DRY CHEMICAL HCFC‐123
other flammableliquids ClassA
Class A & B
For live electrical equipment
CARBON DIOXIDE
DRY POWDER
Class B &C
For combustiblemetal No CurrentPicture
Symbol DD
Class D
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OSHS RULE NO.1944.05 OSHS RULE NO.1944.05 OSHS RULE NO. 1944.05
GENERAL REQUIREMENT ‐ PORTABLE EXTINGUISHER GENERAL REQUIREMENT ‐ PORTABLE EXTINGUISHER GENERAL REQUIREMENT ‐ PORTABLE EXTINGUISHER

a. all places of employment, including those where f. extinguishers shall be inspected monthly or at more frequent
automatic‐sprinkler protection system is installed, c. approved fire extinguishers shall beused; intervals when circumstances require to ensure they are in
shall be provided with portable fire extinguishers for their designated places, to determine physical damages and
protection against incipient fires; d. extinguishers shall be installed on hangers or brackets that they are in good operable condition;
conspicuously located in unobstructed areas readily
b. portable extinguishers shall be maintained in fully accessible in the event offire; g. at regular intervals of not more than a year, or when
charged and operable condition and kept in their specifically indicated by an inspection, extinguishers shallbe
e. extinguishers having group weight not exceeding 18 thoroughly examined, recharged, or repaired;
designated places at all times when not in use;
kgs. shall be installed so that the top is not more than h. on the place where extinguishers are located, the type and
1.5 meter above the floor. Those exceeding 18 kgs. use of the extinguishers and instructions on its proper use
except wheeled types, shall be installed not more than shall be marked in visible and easily readable letters.
1 meter above thefloor;

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USING PORTABLE FIREEXTINGUISHER FIRE BRIGADE CONCEPT AND

USING FIRE EXTINGUISHER ORGANIZATION
• Start approximately 6‐8 feet from the fire then
squeeze the trigger slowly while moving towards the
fire
• 10‐lb fire extinguishers lasts only 10‐20 seconds. It
should be usedcorrectly.
• When the fire is extinguish, stop pulling the trigger.
In the event of a re‐ignition, at least there would still
be contents inside theunit.
• Ensure that you have an escape path in case the fire
is not extinguished

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Fire Marshall
Fire Exit Drills
FIRE BRIGADE CONCEPTAND
Emergency Exits
Deputy Fire Marshall

Fire Captain
ORGANIZATION
OSHS Rule 1948.03
OSHS Rule 1948.02 (Item1)
Asst. Fire Captain
Every place of employment
•To familiarize, train and rehearse theoccupants OSHS Rule 1943.03Exits

depending on the magnitude of with evacuation procedures so that order and

Fire Fighting
Group
Evacuation
Group
First Aid
Group potential fires and theavailability control is maintained in actualemergency. • At least 2 Ways Out
of assistance from the public fire
department shall organize a fire
•To determine if emergency escape facilitiesare
Fire Extinguisher

 Clear and Unobstructed

Evacuation Fire Exit First Aid Man
Handler
Guide Guard Nurse
brigade to deal with fires and
Fire Hose other related emergencies. sufficient for orderly evacuation ofall occupants.
 Well‐illuminated
Handler

•Shall be conducted at least twice a year, once

every semester.
Security and Search & Rescue
Communications Group
Group

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Department of Labor and Employment

IMPORTANT REMINDER… SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTHCENTER

IT HAS BEEN SAID THAT THE BEST TIME TO

STOP FIRE IS BEFORE IT STARTS. AND THE
BEST WAY TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE HEAT

OF DESTRUCTIVE FIRE IS “TO HAVE NOFIRE

• The key to having a successful fire safety program is having
ATALL”. an effective fire prevention program.
• Better understanding of fire will lead us to a prompt and
correct extinguishments of fire.
National Fire ProtectionAssociation • Fire suppression equipment are effective onlywhen
properly maintained.

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Department of Labor and Employment 62 BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTHTRAINING
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTHCENTER OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTHCENTER
SAFETY CONTROL DIVISION

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