Index
Sr Experiment Title Date of Date of Signature
No Performance Report
Submissio
n
1 Isolation of chloroplast 16:04:23
2 Light microscope 16:04:23
3 Cell organelle and sub 16:04:23
cellular structural study
4 Isolation of mitochondria 16:04:23
5 Isolation of Endoplasmic 16:04:23
Reticulum
6 Qualitative analysis of 17:04:23
carbohydrates
7 Qualitative analysis of 17:04:23
amino acids
8 Qualitative analysis of 18:04:23
amino acid with ninhydrin
9 Isoelectric precipitation of 18:04:23
proteins
10 Detection of adulteration of 18:04:23
Milk
11
12
13
14
D. Y. PATIL DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, NAVI MUMBAI
SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
Virtual Lab Report
Program- [Link] in Bioinformatics & Data Semester- II
science
Practical Title- Isolation of chloroplast
Experiment. No.- 1
Date and Time- 16-04-23
5:30 PM
Objectives- To isolate chloroplast and estimate the chlorophyll concentration from
spinach leaves.
Details of First, the animation shows the preparation of a homogenate of plant
tissue, which is obtained by grinding fresh plant material in a buffer
Animation-
solution. Next, the animation shows the separation of chloroplasts from
other cell components using differential centrifugation. The animation
then demonstrates the washing and purification of the isolated
chloroplasts to remove any contaminants and residual buffer solution.
This is done by resuspending the chloroplast pellet in a fresh buffer
solution and subjecting it to further centrifugation.
Self-Evaluation-
The size of the chloroplast in plants varies from 5-10 µm.
1 :
2 : The light-independent reaction takes place in the stroma.
3 : The light-dependent reaction takes place in thylakoids membrane.
4 : Chloroplast has stacks of thylakoids called grana.
In chloroplast isolation method, the cell wall is broken mechanically using a
5 :
blender.
Time spent- 15 minutes.
Level of 04.
Understanding
achieved (Scale
of 0-5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
D. Y. PATIL DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, NAVI
MUMBAI
SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
Virtual Lab Report
Program- [Link] in Bioinformatics & Data Semester- II
Science
Practical Light microscope
Title-
Experiment. No.- 2
Date and 16-04-23 at 6:00 PM
Time-
Objectives- To study the various parts and working of a microscope.
Details of The animation of the light microscope in Virtual Labs begins with a
Animation- brief introduction to the microscope and its parts, including the
eyepiece, objective lens, stage, and coarse and fine focus knobs. Once
the specimen is prepared, the animation shows how to position the slide
on the microscope stage, adjust the focus knobs to bring the specimen
into focus, and choose the appropriate objective lens to magnify the
specimen. Overall, the animation of the light microscope in Amrita
Virtual Labs provides a comprehensive and interactive way for students
to learn the principles and practical aspects of using a light microscope
in a laboratory setting.
Self-Evaluation-
1 : The image produced by the compound microscope is a virtual image.
2 : 4x objective lens is also known as a scanning.
Par focal refers to a microscope with multiple objectives where each objective is
3 :
positioned to be in focus at the same stage height.
4 : we use only a fine adjustment knob to focus when using oil immersion objective.
Time spent- 12 minutes
Level of
Understandi
04.
ng achieved
(Scale of 0-5)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
D. Y. PATIL DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, NAVI MUMBAI
SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
Virtual Lab Report
Program- [Link] in Bioinformatics & Data Semester- II
Science
Practical Title- Cell organelle and sub-cellular structural study.
Experiment. No.- 3
Date and Time- 16-04-23 at 6:20 PM
Objectives- To study the specimen preparation step for a prokaryotic cell.
To study the procedure of simple staining.
Details of Students can adjust the focus and magnification of the microscope to
Animation- observe the details of each organelle, such as the structure of the
nucleus, the shape of the mitochondria, and the network of the
endoplasmic reticulum. The virtual labs for the study of cell organelles
and subcellular structures also include interactive features such as
quizzes and assessments to help students test their understanding and
reinforce their learning. Overall, the animation of the virtual labs for the
study of cell organelles and subcellular structures in Virtual Labs
provides a comprehensive and interactive way for students to learn
about the structure and function of cells and their components.
Self-Evaluation-
The purpose of fixation is to preserve the internal and external structures of the
1 :
cell.
2 : Malachite green is commonly used in staining of endospores.
3 : Gram staining is an example of differential staining.
: The characteristics of a good bacterial smear is not too thick and not too thin, even
4
smear.
Time spent- 20 minutes.
Level of 04.
Understanding
achieved (Scale
of 0-5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
D. Y. PATIL DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, NAVI MUMBAI
SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
Virtual Lab Report
Program- [Link] in Bioinformatics & Data Semester- II
Science
Practical Title- Isolation of mitochondria
Experiment. No.- 4
Date and Time- 16-04-23 at 6:50 PM
Objectives- To isolate mitochondria from the cell through differential and density
gradient centrifugation.
Details of The animation of the isolation of mitochondria in Amrita Virtual Labs
begins with a brief introduction to the experiment and its objectives.
Animation-
The animation then proceeds to demonstrate the step-by-step process of
isolating mitochondria from a cell homogenate. Next, the animation
shows the separation of mitochondria from other cell components using
differential centrifugation. The homogenate is subjected to a series of
low-speed and high-speed centrifugation steps, during which the heavier
components such as nuclei, lysosomes, and cell debris are sedimented,
leaving the lighter mitochondria in the supernatant.
The animation then demonstrates the washing and purification of the
isolated mitochondria to remove any contaminants and residual buffer
solution.
Self-Evaluation-
1 : Carl Benda coined the term mitochondria.
2 : Mitochondria is considered the powerhouse of the cell.
3 : The most important function of mitochondria is energy production (ATP).
4 : French press is an example of high pressure.
Time spent- 18 minutes.
Level of 04
Understanding
achieved (Scale
of 0-5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
D. Y. PATIL DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, NAVI MUMBAI
SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
Virtual Lab Report
Program- [Link] in Bioinformatics & Data Semester- II
Science
Practical Title- Isolation of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Experiment. No.- 5
Date and Time- 16:04:23 at 7:20 PM
Objectives- To isolate the endoplasmic reticulum from mammalian cells.
Details of The animation of the isolation of the endoplasmic reticulum in Virtual
Animation- Labs begins with an introduction to the experiment and its objectives.
Next, the animation shows the isolation of the microsomal fraction,
which contains the endoplasmic reticulum, from the homogenate. The
animation then demonstrates the washing and purification of the
isolated microsomes to remove any contaminants and residual buffer
solution. This is done by resuspending the microsomal pellet in a fresh
buffer solution and subjecting it to further centrifugation.
Overall, the animation of the isolation of the endoplasmic reticulum in
Amrita Virtual Labs provides a comprehensive and interactive way for
students to learn about the practical aspects of isolating and purifying
this important cellular organelle in a laboratory setting.
Self-Evaluation-
Smooth ER is the organelle that produces transition vesicles to transport
1 :
molecules produced in ER to the Golgi.
2 : The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the primary site for lipid biosynthesis.
Cytochrome P450 is the enzyme present in the ER which is involved in the
3 :
modification of drugs.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the organelle responsible for the origin of
4 :
other membranes in the cell.
5 : The ER membrane is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane.
Most of the lipids for mitochondrial and peroxisomal membranes are also made by
the ER membrane.
Time spent- 20 Minutes
Level of 04
Understanding
achieved (Scale
of 0-5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
D. Y. PATIL DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, NAVI MUMBAI
SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
Virtual Lab Report
Program- [Link] in Bioinformatics & Data Semester- II
Science
Practical Title- Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates
Experiment. No.- 6
Date and Time- 17:04:23 at 7:50 PM
Objectives- To characterize carbohydrates present in an unknown solution on the
basis of various chemical assays.
Details of First, the animation shows the preparation of different test solutions,
Animation- including Fehling`s solution, Benedict's solution, and iodine-potassium
iodide solution. Next, the animation shows the preparation of test
samples by dissolving different types of carbohydrates, such as glucose,
sucrose, lactose, and starch, in water. For example, when Fehling's
solution is added to a sample containing reducing sugars, a brick-red
precipitate is formed, indicating the presence of reducing sugars.
Overall, the animation of the qualitative analysis of carbohydrates in
Amrita Virtual Labs provides a comprehensive and interactive way for
students to learn about the practical aspects of identifying different
types of carbohydrates in a laboratory setting.
Self-Evaluation-
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or substances that
1 :
hydrolyze to yield polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.
2 : Bial’s test distinguishes between pentoses and hexoses.
3 : The role of sulphuric acid in Molisch’s test is acts as Dehydrating agent.
4 : The color reaction specific for ketoses is Seliwanoff’s test
Bluish-green colour condensation product is the reaction product of Xylose
5 :
undergoing Bial’s test
Time spent- 15 minutes.
Level of 04
Understanding
achieved (Scale
of 0-5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
D. Y. PATIL DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, NAVI MUMBAI
SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
Virtual Lab Report
Program- [Link] in Bioinformatics & Data Semester- II
Science
Practical Title- Qualitative analysis of amino acids.
Experiment. No.- 7
Date and Time- 17:04:23 at 8:15 PM
Objectives- To identify the Amino Acid in the given solution.
Details of The animation can explain how amino acids are the building blocks of
Animation- proteins, and how their identification can provide important information
about the structure and function of proteins. Sample preparation: The
animation can show the sample preparation process, which may involve
hydrolyzing proteins or using a mixture of standard amino acids.
Chromatography: The animation can demonstrate how the amino acids
are separated using chromatography, such as thin-layer chromatography
or ion exchange chromatography. This can be shown through a time-
lapse animation or a graph, showing the changes in the movement of the
amino acids as they interact with the stationary phase and mobile phase.
Identification: The animation can then show how the identity of each
amino acid is determined based on its properties, such as its Rf value,
color, or fluorescence.
Self-Evaluation-
Amino acids respond to all typical chemical reactions associated with compounds
1 : that contain carboxylic acid and amino groups, usually under conditions where the
zwitter ions form is present in only small quantities.
2 : Their melting points are extremely high usually exceeding 200°C.
3 : Triketohydrindene hydrate is otherwise called Ninhydrin reagent.
4 : Hopkins-Cole test is specific for the detection of Tryptophan.
5 : Diazotization reaction is involved in Pauly’s Diazo test .
Time spent- 15 minutes.
Level of 04
Understanding
achieved (Scale
of 0-5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
D. Y. PATIL DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, NAVI MUMBAI
SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
Virtual Lab Report
Program- [Link] in Bioinformatics & Data Semester- II
science
Practical Title- Qualitative analysis of amino acid with ninhydrin
Experiment. No.- 8
Date and Time- 18:04:23 at 8:30 PM
Objectives- To quantify the number of amino acids by using a ninhydrin reaction.
Details of The animation can start with an introduction to the experiment and the
Animation- purpose of using ninhydrin to detect the presence of amino acids in a
sample. Reaction with ninhydrin: The animation can then demonstrate
the reaction of the sample with ninhydrin, which causes a purple color
to develop in the presence of amino acids. Interpretation of results: The
animation can then demonstrate how the results are interpreted to
identify the amino acids present in the sample. Overall, the animation
can be designed to be interactive, allowing students to adjust the
parameters of the experiment, such as the concentration of the sample or
the reaction time with ninhydrin.
Self-Evaluation-
The primary amino groups react with ninhydrin to form the purple color dye now
1 :
called Ruhemann's purple (RP) was discovered by Siegfried Ruhemann in 1910.
2 : Ninhydrin is a very reactive oxidizing agent and it should be handled carefully.
Deamination & Decarboxylation are the two basic reactions accompanying the
3 :
formation of hydridantin.
4 : The principle of colorimeter is lambert –hall’s law.
5 : α-amino acids give purple colour with ninhydrin.
Time spent- 18 minutes
Level of 04
Understanding
achieved (Scale
of 0-5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
D. Y. PATIL DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, NAVI MUMBAI
SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
Virtual Lab Report
Program- [Link] in Bioinformatics & Data Semester- II
Science
Practical Title- Isoelectric precipitation of proteins.
Experiment. No.- 9
Date and Time- 18:04:23 at 8:30 PM
Objectives- To perform the isoelectric precipitation of casein present in milk.
Details of The animation can explain how proteins have different isoelectric
Animation- points, and how this can be used to separate them from other substances
in a mixture. Sample preparation: The animation can show the process
of preparing the sample, which may involve extracting proteins from a
food source or synthesizing them in a laboratory setting. pH adjustment:
The animation can then demonstrate how the pH of the sample is
adjusted to the isoelectric point of the target protein. Precipitation: The
animation can show how the protein precipitates out of the solution at
its isoelectric point, forming a solid pellet that can be easily separated
from the rest of the solution.
Visualization of results: Once the precipitation is complete, the
animation can show how the results are visualized through
centrifugation or filtration to separate the protein pellet from the rest of
the solution.
Self-Evaluation-
Casein is a heterogeneous mixture of phosphorous-containing proteins in milk.
1 :
Casein is present in milk as calcium salt and calcium caseinate.
2 : The pH at which the charge of the species is neutral is called as Isoelectric pH.
3 : The role of ethanol in precipitation to remove fat in milk.
4 : Protein will be soluble if the pH of a protein is below its isoelectric point.
5 : Milk is deficient in the iron minerals.
Time spent- 15 minutes
Level of 04
Understanding
achieved (Scale
of 0-5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
D. Y. PATIL DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, NAVI MUMBAI
SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
Virtual Lab Report
Program- [Link] in Bioinformatics & Data Semester- II
Science
Practical Title- Detection of adulteration of mik
Experiment. No.- 10
Date and Time- 18:04:23 at 9:00 PM
Objectives- To detect various adulterants present in milk using specific biochemical
tests.
Details of The animation can demonstrate how the presence of added water can
Animation- be detected, such as through freezing point depression or density
measurements. Detection of added synthetic milk: The animation can
then show how the presence of added synthetic milk, such as urea or
detergents, can be detected. This can be demonstrated through
colorimetric or chemical tests, such as the use of a reagent to detect the
presence of urea. Detection of added sugars: The animation can
demonstrate how the presence of added sugars, such as glucose or
sucrose, can be detected.
Self-Evaluation-
1 : Adulteration of milk reduces the quality of milk and can even make it hazardous.
Adulterants are mainly added to increase the shelf life of milk. Some of the
2 : preservatives like acid and formalin is added to the milk as adulterants, thereby
increasing the storage period of milk.
3 : The presence of salicylic acid is indicated by the formation of Violet colour.
when the colour of the milk is changed from blue to white immediately after
4 :
incubation it indicates the presence of large counts of bacteria in the milk.
5 : Milk is adulterated with acid to preserve the milk for longer period of time.
Time spent- 15 minutes
Level of 04
Understanding
achieved (Scale
of 0-5)
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-----