֍ ENGINEERING ECONOMY

1. SIMPLE INTEREST: I = Interest Earned 6a. DEPRECIATION: STRAIGHT LINE METHOD:

I=Pin F = Future Worth -Annual Depreciation, dSLM:
F=P+I P = Present Worth dSLM = ( FC - SV ) / n n = Life of Property
P = P( 1 + i n ) i = Interest Rate per Year -Depreciation after m Year: FC = Fixed Cost
Note: n = Number of Years Dm = m dSLM SV = Salvage Value
Computed in exact number of days -Depreciation Rate, DR: -Book Value after m Year:
For Ordinary Interest = 360 days DR = dSLM / FC BV = FC - Dm
For Exact Interest = 365 days -Salvage Rate, SR: -Sunk Cost, SC:
For Exact Interest (Leap year) = 366 days (divisible by 4) SR = SV / FC SC = BV - Resale Value
-Discount: 6b. DEPRECIATION: SINKING FUND METHOD:
Discount = O - A O = Original Price -Annual Depreciation, dSFM: -Book Value after m Year:
-Discount Rate: A = Actual Price after Discount (FC - SV ) i BV = FC - Dm
Discount Rate = ( O - A ) / O dSFM =
( 1 + i )n - 1
-Acid Test Ratio: -Depreciation After m Year, Dm: -Sunk Cost, SC:
Cash + Accounts Receivable ( i + 1 )m - 1
Acid Test Ratio = Dm = dSFM SC = BV - Resale Value
Total Liabilities i
2. COMPOUND INTEREST: r = Nominal Rate of Interest 6c. DEPRECIATION: DECLINING BALANCE METHOD:
F = P( 1 + i )n i = Interest Rate per Periods -Depreciation for Any Year, Dm: -Constant Ratio, k:
n
P=F/(1+i) n = Number of Periods Dm = k(FC)( 1 - k ) n-1
k = 1 - n√SV / FC
i=r/m t = Total number of Periods
-Book Value for m Year, BVm:
n = t (m) m = Compouding Periods
BVm = FC( 1 - k )m
-Compound Interest Earned: -Depreciation for the first 5 Years:
I=F-P
D1 = k ( FC )( 1 - k )0 -Depreciation for any Years:
-Single Payment Compound Amount Factor:
n D2 = k ( FC )( 1 - k )1 Dn = k ( FC )( 1 - k )n - 1
=(1+i)
D3 = k ( FC )( 1 - k )2
-Single Payment Present Worth Factor:
D4 = k ( FC )( 1 - k )3
= ( 1 + i )-n
3. CONTINUOUS COMPOUNDING:
D5 = k ( FC )( 1 - k )4
-Future Worth: -Total Depreciation after 5 Years:

F = P ei (n) n = Number of Interest Periods

DT5 = D1+D2+D3+D4+D5
-Present Worth: r = Nominal Rate of Interest -Book Value after 5 Years:

P = F e-i (n) Where: e = 2.718

BV5 = FC - DT5
-Effective Interest Rate, EIR: 6e. DEPRECIATION: SUM of YEARS DIGIT METHOD:
-Annual Depreciation, SYOD:
EIR = ei (n) - 1
4. ANNUITY:
n+1
SYOD = n
-Effective Rate of Interest: 2
( 1 + i )n - 1 P(i) -Total Depreciation for the first 5 Year: ( for 8 yrs; n = 8 )
P=A A= D1 = k ( FC - SV )( 8 / SYOD )
i ( 1 + i )n ( 1 + i )n - 1
( 1 + i )n - 1 F(i) D2 = k ( FC - SV )( 7 / SYOD )
F=A A= D3 = k ( FC - SV )( 6 / SYOD )
i ( 1 + i )n - 1
5. BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS: D4 = k ( FC - SV )( 5 / SYOD )
-Total Revenue, R: D5 = k ( FC - SV )( 4 / SYOD )
R=pN p = Selling Price per Unit -Total Depreciation after 5 Year: -Book Value After 5 Years:
-Total Cost, C: N = Break Even Point or Quantity DT5 = D1+D2+D3+D4+D5 BV5 = FC - DT5
C = f + aN Produced and Sold -Total Depreciation after 5 Years: (Shortcut Method)
-Break Even: a = Marginal or Differential Cost 8+6+7+5+4
DT5 = ( FC - SV )
Total Cost = Total Revenue SYOD
1 f + aN = p N f = Fixed Cost

TOTSKIE
֍ SOLID MENSURATION
P O L Y G O N S: CIRCLES: SQUARE:
b A=¶r 2 s
x x r = ¶/4 d2 A = s2
s
C=2¶r P = 4s
APOTHEM
h =¶d
Ɵ Ɵ RECTANGLE:
A b
DIAGONAL
α h h Ɵ = arc AB A=ab

Ɵ
a P = 2a + 2b
INTERIOR
ANGLE B
β - Sector of a Circle RHOMBUS:
a A=ah
EXTERIOR
r A = 21 r2 Ɵ
ANGLE a A = a2 sinƟ

Ɵ
C=rƟ h

Ɵ
r
P = 4a
NUMBER of SIDES
3 Side TRIANGLE - Segment of the Circle
s d1
4 Sides QUADRANGLE
5 Sides PENTAGON A = 21 r2 (Ɵ - sinƟ) d2
A = 21 d1 d2
Ɵ
6 Sides HEXAGON r r A = ¶ r2 (Ɵ / 360°)
7 Sides HEPTAGON S = ¶ r (Ɵ / 180°) P A R A L L E L O G R A M :
8 Sides OCTAGON b
9 Sides NONAGON A=bh
10 Sides DECAGON a h A = a b sinƟ
A = 21 r2 (Ɵ + sinβ)

Ɵ
Ɵ
11 Sides UNDECAGON P = 2a + 2b
r r
12 Sides DODECAGON β
13 Sides TRIDECAGON d1
15 Sides QUINDECAGON A = 21 (d1 d2 sinƟ)
TRIANGLES: d2
1000 Sides CHILLIAGON
CUBE:
- Sum of Interior Angles A = 21 b h aV = a3
h
S = ( n - 2 ) 180° - Degree LSA = 4 a2
a TSA = 6 a2
S=(n-2)¶ - Radian b d
A = 21 ab sinƟ d = √3 a
- Interior Anglesof Polygon
Ɵ a+b+c RECTANGULAR PARALLELEPIPED:
α = ( n - 2 ) 180° / n - Degree a b s=
2
α=(n-2)¶/n - Radian b a
A = √s (s-a)(s-b)(s-c) V=abc
- Exterior Anglesof Polygon - Circle Circumscribing a Triangle d TSA = 2(ab+bc+ac)
c
β = 360° / n abc d2 = a2 + b2 +c2
At =
- Number of Diagonals
c
hc
a 4r
r ab
N = ( n / 2 )( n - 3 ) d= CYLINDER:
b hc
- Perimeter of Polygon - Circle Inscribed in a Triangle V = ¶ r2 h
P=nb
h

r LSA = 2 ¶ r h
- Area of Polygon a
At = r s
c r a +b + c
n b2 s= PYRAMID:
A= 2
tan (180° / n) b L
- Polygon Inscribed in a Circle V = 31 ( Ab x h )
h

CONE:
A = 21 n r2 sin(360 / n) V = 31 ¶ r2 h Ab LSA = 21 P L
P = 2 n r sin(180 / n) L 2 2
LSA = ¶ r (√r + L )
h

- Polygon Circumscribing a Circle FRUSTUM of P Y R A M I D :

r
A = 21 n r2 tan(360 / n)
A1 V = h/3 (A1+A2+√A1A2)
P = 2 n r tan(180 / n) FRUSTUM of C O N E :
h

SPHERE: r (P +P )L
A2 LSA = 1 2 2
V = 34 ¶ r3 A1 V = h/3 (A1+A2+√A1A2 )
A = 4 ¶ r2
r

LSA = L/2 (C1 + C2)

h

R L2 = (r2 - r1)2 + h2
2 A2
C=2¶r
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֍ ALGEBRA
☻ PROPERTIES of EXPONENTS: ☻ PROPERTIES of LOGARITHYM: ☻ DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITIES:
1. a m. a n = am+n 1. Log (xy) = Log x + Log y 1. sin (2θ) = 2sinθ cosθ
am Log x 2. cos (2θ) = cos2 θ - sin2 θ
2. n = a m-n 2. = Log x - Log y
a Log y
= 2cos2 θ - 1
3. (a m ) n = a mn n
3. Log x = nLog x
Log x = 1 - 2sin2 θ
4. (ab ) m = a m b m 4. Log x =
a Log a 2 tanθ
a m am 3. tan (2θ) =
5.
b
= m
b 5. Log x =
b Log b x 1 - tan2 θ
a Log b a
m/n n m
6. a = a
6. Log a = 1
a
☻ COFUNCTION IDENTITIES:
-m 1 ¶
7. a = m 7. Log 1 = 0 1. sin -θ = cosθ
a 2
0 y
8. a = 1 ; a ≠ 0 8. Loga x = y ; x = a ¶
☻ PROPERTIES of RADICALS:
n n
9. y = Ln e x ; y = x
2. cos 2 -θ
¶
= sinθ

1. am = ( a )m 10. x = e Ln a ; x = a 3. tan -θ = secθ

n n n 2
2. a x b = ab 1 ¶
11. Antilog =
n n Log 4. csc 2-θ = secθ
a a Log x = 0.4343 Ln x = Ln x 2.3026 Log x
3. n = na ≠0 ¶
a 5. sec -θ = cscθ
2
m n mn modules
4. a = a ¶
6. cot -θ = tanθ
n n 2
5. ( a) = a ֍ TRIGONOMETRY
☻ SPECIAL PRODUCTS: ☻ SUM of CONSECUTIVE
1. (x + y) (x - y) = x2 + y 2
☻ PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM: ODD INTEGERS:
2. (x + y) 2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2 2
c =a +b 2 2
c an + 1 2
b S= a n = Last Number
3. (x - y) 2 = x 2 - 2xy + y 2 2 2
2
c = a +b
Ɵ

4. (x + y)3 = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3
5. (x - y) 3 = x3 - 3x 2 y + 3xy2 - y 3
(SOH; CAH; TOA)
a ☻ SUM of CONSECUTIVE
6. (x3 - y 3) = (x - y)(x 2 + xy + y 2 ) EVEN INTEGERS:
b Opposite
☻ PROPERTIES of PROPORTION: 1. sin θ =
c
= Hypotenuse
S=
an (a n + 2)
a n = Last Number
a x a Adjacent 4
1. If = , then a:x = y:d 2. cos θ = = Hypotenuse
y d c
a c a b b Opposite
2. If = , then = 3. tan θ = =
b d c d a Adjacent
a c b d
3. If
b
a
=
d
c
, then =
a c
a-b c-d
☻ LAW of SINE: for 90° ANGLES c Ɵ
4. If = , then = b
b d b d a b c
a c a+b c+d
β
α

5. If
b
=
d
, then
b
=
d sin Ɵ = cos α = tan β
a c a+b c+d a
6. If = , then =
b d a-b c-d
☻ LAW of COSINE: for ACUTE ANGLES
☻ QUADRATIC EQUATION:
GENERAL EQUATION: 2 2 2
1. a = b + c + 2bc cos Ɵ c Ɵ
2 2 2
2. b = a + c + 2ac cos α b
2
Ax +Bx +C 2 2 2 β
α

3. c = a + b + 2ab cos β
2 a
x=
-B + B - 2AC
2A
☻ PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES:
1. sin 2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
2. tan 2 θ + 1 = sec 2 θ
☻ BINOMIAL EXPRESSION: 3. cot 2 θ + 1 = csc 2 θ
1. r th TERM:
☻ TANGENT IDENTITIES:
th (n-r+1) (r-1) sin θ
r = n Cr-1x y 1. tan θ =
cos θ
cos θ
2. SUM of COEFFECIENT: 2. cot θ =
sin θ
S = (Coeff. of x + Coeff. of y)
n ☻ RECIPROCAL IDENTITIES:
1
1. csc θ =
3. SUM of EXPONENT: sin θ
1
2. sec θ =
S = n(n + 1) cos θ
1
3 3. cot θ =
tan θ
TOTSKIE
֍ ANALYTIC GEOMETRY ☻ CIRCLES ; B = 0:
y y
CARTESIAN OR RETANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
P (x,y) P (x,y)
(-x , +y) (+x , +y)
r r
abcissa (x , y)
5

4
(y-k)
(h,k)

ordinate
3

2 (0,0) x (x-h)
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1

1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
x
2

4
GENERAL EQUATION OF CIRCLE:
(-x , -y) (+x , -y)
Ax 2 + By 2 + Dx + Ey + C = 0
5

☻ STRAIGHT LINES: x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + C = 0
GENERAL EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE: STANDARD EQUATION @ CENTER (0,0):
Ax +By +C x 2 + y 2= r 2
m
POINT SLOPE FORM: STANDARD EQUATION @ CENTER (h,k):
y-y (x , y) y
m = x - x1 m = slope (x2, y2) (x - h ) 2 + (y + k ) 2 = r 2
1
d ALTERNATIVE FORMULA:
SLOPE INTERCEPT FORM:
b 2 2
-D -E D + E - 4AF
y = mx + b x h= k= r=
(x1, y1) a
2A 2A 4A
2
INTERCEPT FORM:
x y a = x intercept ☻ PARABOLA ; C = 0:
a - b =1 b = y intercept y

DISTANCE BETWEEN 2 POINTS: Directix

Latus Rectum = 4a
d1 2a
d = (x 2 - x 1 )2 + (y2 - y1 )2
Axis of Parabola Focus
DISTANCE from a POINT (x , y) to the Ax + By +C
x a a
Ax + By + C 2a
d= Vertex
2 2
+ A +B
2a
DISTANCE BETWEEN PARALLEL LINES

C 2 - C1 GENERAL EQUATION OF PARABOLA:

d=
2 2
A +B Ax 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
y x 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
ANGLE of INCLINATION of a STRAIGHT LINE m
Ax +By + C STANDARD EQUATION @ VERTEX (0,0):
tan θ = m
y
θ

θ = tan -1 m
x Open Right
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINE y x
y 2 = 4ax
θ

m2 - m1 Ax +By + C1
tan θ =
1 - m2 m1
θ

LOCATION of CENTROID of TRIANGLE x y

x 3 - x 2 + x1 Ax +By + C2 Open Left
x= y
3 x
(x2, y2) y 2 = - 4ax
y 3 - y 2 + y1 (x1, y1)
y=
3
x
CENTROID (x , y) y
RELATION of SLOPE of PARALLEL LINES (x3, y3) Open Up
x
m1 = m2 x 2 = 4ay
RELATION of SLOPE of PERPENDICULAR LINES
m1 m 2 = 1 Open Down y

AREA of POLYGON by COORDINATES x 2 = - 4ay x

A = 21 { (x1y2+ x2y3+ x3y4+ x4y5+ x5y1) - (y1x2+ y2x 3+ y3x4+ y4x5+ y5x1)}
3
TOTSKIE
 2b 2
STANDARD EQUATION @ VERTEX (h,k): Length of Latus Rectum LR =
y a
Open Right d3 a c
First Eccentricity e = = = =1
(y - k) 2 = 4a(x - h) d4 d a
c
x Second Eccentricity e' =
b
y
STANDARD EQUATION @ CENTER (0,0):
Open Left y
Major Axis is on
(y - k) 2 = - 4a(x - h) Horizontal @ x-Axis
x
x x2 y2 (0,0)
2 + 2 =1
a b
y y
Open Up Major Axis is on
Vertical @ y-Axis
(x - h) 2 = 4a(y - k) A = ¶ ab
x2 y2 x
+ =1
x b2 a2 (0,0) a+b
P = 2¶
x
2
Open Down
STANDARD EQUATION @ CENTER (h,k):
(x - h) 2 = - 4a(y - k) y
Major Axis is on
y Horizontal @ x-Axis
(x - h) 2 (y - k) 2 (h,k)
2
FOR PARABOLA Ax + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (Axis Vertical): + =1
a2 b2 x
2
-D D - 4AF -E
h= k= a=
2A 2AE 4A Major Axis is on y
2 Vertical @ y-Axis
FOR PARABOLA Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (Axis Horizontal):
-E E 2 - 4CF -D (x - h) 2 (y - k) 2
k= h= a= + =1 (h,k)
2C 2CD 4C b2 a2
x
ALTERNATIVE FORMULA:
☻ ELLIPSE ; A = C but the SAME SIGN:
-D -E
y h= k=
d = a/e d = a/e 2A 2C

d4
☻ HYPERBOLA ; A = C but NOT SAME SIGN:
y
Minor Axis = 2b

Latus Rectum

b a
d3
d d
Directrix

Directrix

V2 c = ae c = ae V1 x d4
Conjugate Axis = 2b

F2 (0,0) F1 d2
Latus Rectum

d1
d2 d3 d1
b

x
F2 V2 c V F1
1
P (x,y)
b

b
a a a
Major Axis = 2a
Directrix

Directrix

GENERAL EQUATION OF ELLIPSE:

Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + C = 0 a a
x 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + C = 0 Transverse Axis = 2a
ELEMENTS OF ELLIPSE: c c
a 3 + b2 = c 2 d1 + d 2 = 2a GENERAL EQUATION OF PARABOLA:
a Ax 2 - Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + C = 0
Distance from Center of Directrix d=
e x 2 - Cy 2+ Dx + Ey + C = 0
5 Distance from Center of Focus c = ae

TOTSKIE
 GENERAL NOTES:
ELEMENTS OF ELLIPSE: 2 2
By Equation: Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
a3 + b2 = c2 d1 - d 2= 2a A = C; the Conic is CIRCLE
a A ≠ C but the same sign; the Conic is ELLIPSE
Distance from Center of Directrix d= A or C is zero; the Conic is PARABOLA
e
A & C have opposite sign; the Conic is HYPERBOLA
Distance from Center of Focus c = ae By Discriminant:
B = - 4AC < 0; the Conic is CIRCLE, if A = C
2b 2 B = - 4AC < 0; the Conic is ELLIPSE, if A ≠ C
Length of Latus Rectum LR =
a B = - 4AC = 0; the Conic is PARABOLA
B = - 4AC > 0; the Conic is HYPERBOLA
d3 a c
First Eccentricity e = = = =1 By Eccentricity:
d4 d a
e → 0; the Conic is CIRCLE
c e < 1; the Conic is ELLIPSE
Second Eccentricity e' =
b e = 1; the Conic is PARABOLA
STANDARD EQUATION of ASSYMPTOTE CENTER (0,0): e > 1; the Conic is HYPERBOLA

y = + mx
֍ PROGRESSION:
STANDARD EQUATION of ASSYMPTOTE CENTER (h,k):
(y - k ) = + m(x - h)
☻ ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION:
an = a 1 + (n - 1)d a1 - 1st Term
m = is the slope an - Last Term
m = b/a ; if the Axis is Horizontal n
S = (a + a n ) n - Number of Terms
m = a/b ; if the Axis is Vertical 2 1
S - Sum of All Terms
STANDARD EQUATION @ CENTER (0,0): n d - Common Deference
y S = (2a 1 + (n - 1)d
2
Transverse Axis is on a 1 + a 2 + a 3 ...
(0,0) AP = - Arithmetic Mean
Horizontal @ x-Axis x n
x2
2
y2
- 2 =1 ☻ GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION:
a b a1 - 1st Term
y a n = a 1 r n-1 an - Last Term
n - Number of Terms
Transverse Axis is on a 1 (r n - 1) S - Sum of All Terms
S =
Vertical @ y-Axis (0,0) x r-1 r - Common Ratio
x2 y2 GP = a1 a n - Geometric Mean
- =1
b2 a2
☻ HARMONIC PROGRESSION:
STANDARD EQUATION @ CENTER (h,k): Note:
y No Common Deference, No Common Ratio.
Transverse Axis is on
(h,k) Step:
Horizontal @ x-Axis
1. Take their Reciprocal.
(x - h) 2 (y - k) 2 x 2. If there is Common Deference, use the
- =1
a2 b2 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION. If not.....
y
3. If there is Common Ratio, use the
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION.
Transverse Axis is on 4. The answer, take again the Reciprocal
Vertical @ y-Axis and thats the FINAL ANSWER.
(h,k)
(x - h) 2 (y - k) 2
- =1
b2 a2
x

ALTERNATIVE FORMULA:
-D -E
h= k=
2A 2C
6