Module Contents

• Mesh and Nodal Analysis

• Superposition theorem on AC circuits
• Thevenin and Norton's Theorems
• Star-Delta and Delta star transformations

AC Theory, Circuits and Network Analysis

Mesh and Nodal Analysis of Ac Circuits

Mesh-current analysis is the application of Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) to solve the mesh (loop)
currents on Ac circuits.

Steps to Mesh-currents analysis on the Ac circuits

1. Identify the number of loops/meshes

2. Assign current to each mesh
3. Apply KVL around each mesh and write down the mesh current equation
4. Solve the mesh currents

AC Theory, Circuits and Network Analysis

 Mesh and Nodal Analysis

• Example 1
For the bridge shown above, determine the current flowing in
a, 5 Ω resistance
b, 22 Ω resistance
c, 2Ω resistance

Solution

AC theorems, circuits and Network Analysis

Mesh and Nodal Analysis on Ac Circuits

From loop 1

56= 7 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 − 2𝐼3 + 2𝐼1

56= 9𝐼1 − 7𝐼2 − 2𝐼3 ……………………………..(1)

From loop 2
(7 + 22 + 5)𝐼2 − 7𝐼1 − 22𝐼3 = 0
34𝐼2 − 7𝐼1 − 22𝐼3 = 0……………………….......(2)

From loop 3
22 + 12 + 2 𝐼3 − 22𝐼2 − 2𝐼1 = 0
36𝐼3 − 22𝐼2 − 2𝐼1 = 0……………………….….(3)
Rearranging equations 1-3
9𝐼1 − 7𝐼2 − 2𝐼3 − 56 = 0…………………..…(1∗ )
−7𝐼1 + 34𝐼2 − 22𝐼3 = 0………………………(2∗ )
−2𝐼1 − 22𝐼2 + 36𝐼3 = 0……………………….(3∗)

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Mesh and Nodal Analysis

Using determinations
𝐼1 ;𝐼2 𝐼3 ;1
;7 ;2 ;56 = 9 ;2 ;56 = 9 ;7 ;56 = 9 ;7 ;2
34 ;22 0 ;7 ;22 0 ;7 34 ;22 ;7 34 ;22
;22 36 0 ;2 36 0 ;2 ;22 0 ;2 22 36

𝐼1 ;𝐼2 𝐼3 ;1
= = =
;56(1224;484) ;56(;252;44) ;56(154:68) 9 1224;484 ;7 ;252;44 ;2(;154<68)

𝐼1 ;𝐼2 𝐼3 ;1
= = =
;41440 16576 ;12432 8904

Therefore
;1×;41440 ;1×;16576 ;1×;12432
𝐼1 = = 4,6 Amps ; 𝐼2 = =1,86 Amps ; 𝐼3 = =1,396 Amps
8904 8904 8904
Answers
a, I (5 Ω)= 𝐼2 = 1,86 A
b, I(22Ω)= 𝐼2 - 𝐼3 = 1,86-1,396 = 0,464 A
c, I(3 Ω)= 𝐼1 - 𝐼3 = 4,6-1,396= 3,024 A

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Mesh and Nodal Analysis

Example 2

For a network below, determine the current 𝐼3

Solution
𝐼3 = 𝐼1 - 𝐼2 ; 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼1 ; 𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼2
From loop 1
50 < 0° = 3 + 5 + 6𝑗 𝐼1 − (5 + 6𝑗)𝐼2
8 + 6𝑗 𝐼1 − 5 + 6𝐽 𝐼2 − 50 < 0° = 0 ………………..(1)
From loop 2
- 5 + 6𝑗 𝐼1 − 5 + 2 + 6𝐽 − 5𝑗 𝐼2 = −30 < 90°
- 5 + 6𝑗 𝐼1 − 7 + 𝑗 𝐼2 + 30 < 90°= 0……….(2)

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Mesh and Nodal analysis on Ac circuits

𝐼1 −𝐼2 1
= =
−(5 + 6𝑗) −50 < 0° (8 + 6𝑗) −50 < 0° (8 + 6𝑗) −(5 + 6𝑗)
(7 + 𝑗) 30 < 90° −(5 + 6𝑗) 30 < 90° −(5 + 6𝑗) (7 + 𝑗)

𝐼1 −𝐼2 1
= =
(−150𝑗 + 180 + 350 + 50𝑗) (240 < 90° − 180 − 250 − 300𝑗) (56 + 50𝑗 − 6 − 25 − 60𝑗 + 36)

𝐼1 −𝐼2 1
= =
(530 − 100𝑗) (−430 − 60𝑗) (61 − 10𝑗)

Therefore
(530;100𝑗)
𝐼1 = = 8,73< -1,37° A
(61;10𝑗)

(430:60𝑗)
𝐼2 = = 7,02< 17,25° A
(61;10𝑗)
𝐼3 = 𝐼1 - 𝐼2 = 8,73< -1,37° - 7,02< 17,25° = 3,05< -48,54° A

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Mesh and Nodal Analysis on Ac circuits

Nodal analysis is the application of Kirchhoff's current law to solve voltages at each node in ac circuits.
***A node is all the points in a circuit that are directly interconnected.**

Steps to follow when solving a network using Nodal Analysis

1. Identify all the nodes at the circuit.
2. Pick any node as the reference and label it zero.
3. Label the voltages at all nodes.
4. Apply Kirchhoff's current law.
5. Solve the equations to determine node voltage.

Example 3
. For the network shown below determine (a) the voltages at nodes 1 and 2, (b) the current in the
40 Ω resistance, (c) the current in the 20 Ω resistance, and (d) the magnitude of the active power
dissipated in the 10 Ω resistance.

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Mesh and Nodal analysis on Ac circuits

At node 1
𝑉1 − 100 < 0 𝑉1 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
+ + =0
20 40 𝑗15

1 1 1 𝑉2 100 < 0
𝑉1 + + − − =0
20 40 𝑗15 15𝑗 20
0,075 − 0,0667𝑗 𝑉1 + 0,0067j𝑉2 − 5 < 0 = 0………….(1)

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Mesh and Nodal Analysis on Ac circuits

At node 2

𝑉2 − 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉2 − 100 < 90°

+ + =0
15𝑗 −25𝑗 10
0,0667𝑗𝑉1 + 0,1 − 0,0267𝑗 𝑉2 − 10 < 90° = 0 ………………(2)

Using determinations

𝑎, 𝑉1 = 88,12 < 33.86° 𝑉

𝑉2 = 58,72 < 75,28° 𝑉

88,12<33,86
b, I (40 Ω)= = 2,2 < 33.86° A
40
𝑉1 ;100<0 88,12<33,86°;100<0°
c, I (20Ω) = = = 2,8 < 118,65° A
20 20
d,
I (10 Ω)=

Hence, the active power dissipated in the 10 Ω resistance, = (4,755)2 (10) = 226 W

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Superposition theorem on Ac circuits

Superposition theorem state that ‘In any network made up of linear impedances and containing more
than one source of e.m.f the resultant current flowing in any branch is the phasor sum of the currents
that would flow in that branch if each source were considered separately, all other sources being
replaced at that time by their respective internal impedances’.

Steps to follow using superposition theorem analysis

1. Redraw the original network with one of the source.
2. Label the current in each branch and their direction.
3. Find Z.
4. Calculate the current.
5. Use current divider role to determine other currents.

Example
By means of the Superposition theorem to determine the currents in the network

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Superposition theorem on Ac circuits

17
4 − 3𝑗 // 2 + 3𝑗 = ( + j) Ω = (2,833+ j) Ω
6
𝑍 = 2,833 + 𝑗 + 1 + 2𝑗 = 3,833 + 3𝑗 Ω
6<0° 6<0°
𝐼1 = = =1,233< -38,05° A
3,833:3𝑗 4,867<38,05

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Superposition theorem on Ac circuits

(2:3𝑗) (2:3𝑗)
𝐼2 = 𝐼1 = (1,233<-38,05× ) = 0,741<18,26°A
4;3𝑗:2:3𝑗 4;3𝑗:2:3𝑗

(4;3𝑗) (4;3𝑗)
𝐼3 = 𝐼1 = (1,233<-38,05× ) =1,028<-74,92°A
(4;3𝑗:2:3𝑗) 4;3𝑗:2:3𝑗

Repeat with other source and calculate 𝐼4 , 𝐼5 and 𝐼6

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Thevenin and Norton's theorems on Ac circuit

Steps to follow when solving a circuit using Thevenin theorems

1. Remove the electrical equipment and short it
2. Find the current on the loop
3. Calculate 𝑉𝐴𝐵
4. Redraw the circuit without sources and find the internal or Thevenin impedance
5. Draw the equivalent Thevenin circuit
6. Find the current flowing on the equivalent circuit
7. Find other currents

Example
For the circuit below find 𝑉𝐴𝐵 and the current flowing through impedance (3 + 15𝑗)Ω connected across
A and B.

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

 Thevenin and Norton's theorems on Ac circuit

Apply KVL to find 𝐼1

50 < 0 = 𝐼1 10 + 5 − 8𝑗
Therefore
50<0
𝐼1 = = 2,941 < 28,07°𝐴
(15;8𝑗)
𝑉𝑥 = 10 × 2,941 < 28,07° = 29,41 < 28,07°𝑉
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 50 < 0° − 20 < 30° − 29,41 < 28,07° = 24,77 < −74,24°𝑉

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Thevenin and Norton's theorems on Ac circuit

Determine the total impedance ( remove all sources)

10 Ω // (5-8j) Ω and series to 12Ω

𝑍𝑡ℎ = (16.81 – j2.77)Ω

The Thevenin equivalent circuit

I= = 1.157  101.62 A

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Thevenin and Norton's theorems on Ac circuit

Using Thevenin Theorem analysis, find the current flowing on the resistance 24Ω on the network
below

Solution
𝐼1 = -2A, 𝐼2 =-1,73A, V across 24 Ω= -10,38V
r= 3,6 Ω , current across 24 Ω = -0,376A

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Thevenin and Norton's theorems on Ac circuit

Steps to follow when solving a network using Norton’s law

1. Short circuit the branch
2. Determine the short circuit current
3. Remove each source and replace it by internal impedance
4. Determine the value of current flowing on the impedance from Norton’s equivalent.

Example
For the network below, find the power dissipated in 6Ω resistor using Norton’s theorem

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Thevenin and Norton's theorems on Ac circuit
50 < 0°
𝐼𝑠𝑐 = = 6,93 < −56,31𝐴
(4 + 6𝑗)
Determining the internal impedance

𝑧 3,96<72,26
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 (𝑧:𝑍 )= 6,93<-56,31( 3,96<72,26:6)
4:6𝑗 ×8𝑗 𝐿
𝑍= = 3,96<72,26 Ω
4:6𝑗 :8𝑗
𝐼𝐿 =3,37<-11,68 A

𝑃 = 𝑅𝐼 2 = 6 × (3,37)2= 68,144W

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

Ac Circuit analysis: Star-Delta/Delta-Star transformation

• The transformation was introduced to DC networks

• In AC networks the resistance is replaced by impedances

Delta
Star

Star

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis

AC Theorems, Circuits and Network Analysis

Please study chapter 31, 32, 33 and 34

Revise AC theory:
•Phasors, complex and polar forms
•Impedance, capacitive and inductive circuits
•Series and parallel circuits, voltage and current dividers

Do the following Problems

Practise exercise 111 (problem 2, 3,4, 5,6 and 9) Chapter 31 Page 440-441
Practise exercise 112 (problem 4,5 and repeat problem 9 on practise exercise 111 and use nodal
analysis ) Chapter 31 Page 447

Practise exercise 113 (problem 4, 5, and further worked problem 4 and 5) Chapter 32 Page 453-455
Practise exercise 115 (problem 1,2, 3 and further worked problem 6) Chapter 33 Page 465-466
Practise exercise 118 (problem 3 b, ) Chapter 33 Page 480
Practise exercise 119 (problem 1,2) Chapter 34 Page 490
Practise exercise 120 (problem 2) Chapter 34 Page 493

Ac theorems, circuits and Network analysis