Chap 01

Resources and development

Resources
Material which satisfy our needs, provided it is technologically accessible,
Economically feasible and culturally acceptable.

Classification On the basis of

1. Origin (Biotic and Biotic)
2. Exhaustibility (Renewable and Non Renewable)
3. Ownership (Individual, community, National, International)
4. Status of development (Potential, developed stock, Reserves)
INDISCRIMINATE USE OF RESOURCES LED TO ENORMOUS PROBLEMS
 Deletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals
 Accumulation of resources in a few hands and divide the society into rich and poor
 It also led to global ecological crisis such as global warming, ozone layer depletion
RESOURCE PLANNING , IS IT ESSENTIAL IN INDIA
resource planning is a skill or technique of proper utilization of resources
 There are region s which are rich in certain types of resources, but are deficient in some
* there are some regions which are self sufficient in terms of availability of resources
and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some important resources.
 Eg:- the state of Jharkhand are rich in minerals and coal deposits\
 Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water but, lack infrastructural facilities
 The state of Rajasthan is very well with solar and wind energy but lack in water
resources

Resource planning
1. Identification of Resources,
2. Evolving a planning structure to use them,
3. Matching resource development plan with National Development plan.
Land degradation Deforestation, overgrazing, mining, excessive
irrigation.
Conservation Measures: Afforestation, management of grazing land, controlling
mining and over irrigation.

Soil as a resource
Important renewable natural resource, relief, parent rock, climate vegetation plays a
very crucial role in soil formation.

Soil erosion and soil conservation

(Removal of soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion)
Causes Wind, glacier, water (Gullies, sheet erosion), deforestation, overgrazing and
afforestation.
Conservation measures Contour ploughing, terrace cultivation, strip cropping,
shelter belts and afforestation.
 Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation
The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion.

. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. The land
becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land.

Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the top Fig. 1.11: Gully
Erosion soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion

Methods to control soil erosion

 Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.
 Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.
 Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This
breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.

 Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are called
shelter belts

Water resources( Geography chap : 3)

 Causes of water scarcity
 Over exploitation , excessive use and unequal access to water among different
social groups .
 Over exploitation to expand irrigation areas for dry season agriculture
 In some areas , water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people .
But those areas still suffer from water scarcity due to bad quality of water ( 3
mark)
NEED FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

 To safeguard ourselves form health hazards

 To ensure food security, continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities
 To prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems ( 3 mark)
USES OF DAMS (MERITS/ ADVANTAGES/ MULTIPURPOSE RIVER PROJECT)
 To impound rivers and rainwater that can be used later to irrigate agricultural
fields
 For electricity generation
 Water supply for domestic and industrial uses
  To control floods
 For recreation , inland navigation and fish breading ( 3 mark)
Demerits / disadvantages of dams
 Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment
flow
 Excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier
stream beds a
 poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.
 Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate,
especially for spawning.
 The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains also submerge the existing
vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time
Rain water harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is a simple method by which rainfall Is collected for future
usage. The collected rainwater may be stored, utilized in different ways or
directly used for recharge used for recharge purposes
DIFFETENT METHODS HAVE BEEN ADOPTED IN DIFFERENT AREAS FO RAIN
WATER HARVESING
 In hill and mountainous regions, people have built diversion channels like guls or
kuls of the western Himalayas for agriculture
 Rooftop rainwater harvesting is commonly practices to store drinking water,
peculiarly in Rajasthan
 In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate
their fields
 In arid and semi arid regions agricultural fields were converted into rain fed
storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soul such as
khadins in jaisalmer and johds in other parts of Rajasthan
 The tankas are part of the well developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system
and are build inside the main house or the courtyard .this is mainly practiced in
Rajasthan particularly in Bikaner Phalaodi and Barmer areas for saving the
rainwater, Many houses have constructed underground rooms adjoining the
tanka to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool

TAMIL NADU IS THE FIRST STATE IN INDIA WHICH HAS MADE ROORTOP RAINWARER
HARVESTING STRUCTURE COMPULSORY TO ALL THE HOUSES OF ACROSS THE STATE
 AGRICULTURE
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE

● India is an agriculturally important country.

● Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities
● . Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume.
● Besides food grains, it also produces raw material for various industries.

TYPES OF FARMING

Primitive Subsistence Farming

● Primitive subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help of
primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/ community labour.
● This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of
other environmental conditions to the crops grown.
● It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Farming
● This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
● It is labourintensive farming,
● high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
Commercial Farming
● This type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding
variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain
higher productivity.
CROPPING PATTERN
● Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from
April to June.
● Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country and
these are harvested in September-October.
● Important crops grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar),
moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean
Zaid crops
In between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is a short season during the summer
months known as the Zaid season. Some of the crops produced during ‘zaid’ are
watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.
 Rice:
● It is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India.
● Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
● It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature, (above 25°C) and high humidity with
annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of
irrigation.
● Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic
regions
Wheat:
● This is the second most important cereal crop.
● It is the main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.
● This rabi crop requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of
ripening.
● It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenlydistributed over the growing season.
● There are two important wheat-growing zones in the country – the Ganga-Satluj plains in
the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.
MILLET
RAGI
● ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage.
JOWER
● Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production.
● It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation.
BAJRA
● Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil.
● Major Bajra producing States are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Maize:

● It is a crop which is used both as food and fodder.

● It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C and grows well in
old alluvial soil.

Food crops other than crops

Sugarcane
● Its a tropical and subtropical crops it grows well in hot and humid climate with temp
of 21 to 27 degree c
● Than annual rainfall required is 75 100 cm it is the main source of sugar, gur, etc
● It can be grown on a variety of soils and needs manual labour
BEVERAGE CROPS
 Tea:-
● The tea plant grown well in tropical and subtropical climate endowed with deep and
fertile well dried soil, rich in humus and organic matter
● Tea bushes require warm and moist free climate all through the year
● Frequent showers evenly distributed ensure continuous growth of tender leaves
● Tea is a labour intensive industry which requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour
● Tea is processed with in the tea garden to restore its freshness
● West Bengal Kerala, Tamil Nadu
Coffee:-
● Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality . we are producing the
Arabica variety of coffee
● Major states are T.N Karnataka , Kerala , Nilgiri hills is famous for coffee cultivation
NON FOOD CROPS
Rubber
● It is an equatorial crop
● It is also grown in topical and sub tropical areas
● It requires moist and humid climate wit rainfall more than 200 cm
● Temperature above 25 degree c
● Rubber is an important industrial raw material
● Major states T.N , Kerala , Karnataka
FIBER CROPS
● Cotton , jute hemp and natural silk are the 4 major fiber crops grown in India
● Natural silk is obtained from cocoons or silk worms fed or green leaves especially
mulberry
● Rearing of silk worms for production of silk fiber is known as sericulture
COTTON
● Cotto is one of the most important fiber crops
● It grown well in the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau
● It requires high tempt, light rainfall or irrigation
● 210 frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth
● It is a kharif crop and requires 6 – 8 month to mature
● States . Maharashtra , gujarath , M.P
JUTE:-
● Jute is known as the golden fiber
● It grown well on the well drained fertile soils in the flood plains
● High temperature is required during the time of growth
● It is used in making mats carpets, ropes , etc
● Due to its high cost , it is losing market to synthetic fiber and packing materials
particularly the nylon
TECHNOLOGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL REFORMS
Following are the major technological and industrial reforms by govt
● Among the institutional reforms the major one was the `land reforms`. The land
reforms includes measures like consolidation of land holding abolition of zamindari
system etc
● Kisan credit card, personal accidents insurance scheme are some other schemes
introduced by the govt for the benefit of farmers
● Govt also announces minimum support price and procurement prices of important
crops well in advance
● Provision for crop insurance against drought , flood, cyclone etc
● Establishment of grameen banks co-operative societies and banks for providing loans
to the farmers at the lowest interest rate
TECHNOLOGICAL REGORMS :-
Following technological reforms were introduced
● HYV of seeds
● Expansion of irrigation facilities
● Increased use of chemical fertilizers
● Special weather bulletins and agricultural programs were introduced on the radio
and television
CHALLEGES OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
● Indian agriculture is not generating sufficient employment opportunity in the
country \
● Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition
● Reduction in pubic investment particularly in irrigation power and mechanization,
● Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of production
● Reduction in import duties on agriculture is great challenge to agriculture

MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

1. IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS
● Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.
● Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made
from minerals.
 ● The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery too
are made from minerals.
● Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals and run on power
resources derived from the earth.
● Even the food that we eat contains minerals
2. What is a mineral?
Geologists define mineral as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable
internal structure.”
3. MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS
i) In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or
joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes.
ii) In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been
formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata.
Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods
under great heat and pressure
iii) Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the
removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material
containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way
iv) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of
hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals, which
are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among
such minerals.
v) The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, but most of these are too widely
diffused to be of economic significanc
Eg:- common salt, magnesium
Iron Ore
● Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development.
● India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore.
● India is rich in good quality iron ores.
● Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent.
● It has excellent magnetic
● . Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used, but
has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite. (50-60 per cent
The major iron ore belts in India
● Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
● Odisha-Jharkhand belt:
● Ballari-Chitradurga-ChikkamagaluruTumakuru belt in Karnataka
● Maharashtra-Goa belt
Manganese
● Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy.
● Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel.
● It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.
 Copper
● India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of copper.
● Being malleable, ductile and a good conductor, copper is mainly used in electrical cables,
electronics and chemical industries.
● The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan and Singhbhum district of
Jharkhand are leading producers of copper
Mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in electric
and electronic industries. Give reason
● Due to its excellent di-electric strength
● low power loss factor
● insulating properties and resistance to high voltage
Why is it necessary to conserve mineral resources? Explain any
four ways to conserve minerals resources
● minerals are finite and non-renewable
● they need to be used judiciously, as they require millions opf years to be
created again
● ways to conserve minerals like using scrap metals, recycling of metals,
innovating new technologies should be adopted
● wastage om mining should be reduced
Coal:
● Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content.
● Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal.
It is the most popular coal in commercial use
● Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.

In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, namely Gondwana, a little
over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits which are only about 55 million years
old. The major resources of Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, are located in
Damodar valley Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi,
Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
1. IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING
● Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, they also reduce the heavy
dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary
sectors.
● Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our
country
● Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed
foreign exchange.
● Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher
value are prosperous
2. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand explain
● For instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its
productivity.
● They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps,
fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.
● Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted
agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very
efficient
3. The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, give reason
● Because it contributes significantly to industrial production,
● Employment generation and foreign exchange earnings.
● It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e.,
from raw material to the highest value added products.
4. What are the Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin
● Proximity of the jute producing areas,
● Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and
waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills,
● Abundant water for processing raw jute,
● Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
● Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute
goods.
5. Sugar industries shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in
Maharashtra Give reason
● This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.
● The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
● Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states.
6. Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.
● Because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry.
● These include, low cost of iron ore,
● high grade raw materials in proximity,
● cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market
7. what are the uses of aluminum?
● It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when
it is mixed with other metals.
● It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It has gained popularity as a substitute of
steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries
8. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
9. Control of Environmental Degradation
(i) minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more
successive stages
(ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements

(iii) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of
industrial effluents can be done in three phases

(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation.

(b) Secondary treatment by biological process

(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of
wastewater.

NTPC

a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing

equipment.

(b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special
purpose vehicles for afforestation.

(d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling
system and liquid waste management.

(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all its power stations.