New York City Stormwater Manual

Appendix D
STORMWATER
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICE
SIZING
EXAMPLES
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

WATER QUALITY VOLUME

SIZING EXAMPLES
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Infiltration (vegetated)
Stormwater Planter

Design a stormwater planter that will treat the water quality volume from an impervious area of 3,000
square feet, with a runoff coefficient of 0.95. Assume a media saturated hydraulic conductivity of 2 in/hr
and an infiltration rate of 2 in/hr.

Step 1: Calculate the WQV.

1.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑄𝑉 = ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑅𝑉
12

where:
WQV = water quality volume (cf)
A = contributing area (sf) = 3,000 sf
RV = runoff coefficient relating total rainfall and runoff
RV = 0.05 + 0.009(I) = 0.95
I = percent impervious cover = 100%

1.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑄𝑉 = ∗ 3,000 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 0.95
12

𝑊𝑄𝑉 = 356.25 𝑐𝑓

Step 2: Calculate the SMP area assuming a maximum loading ratio of 1:20 for a stormwater planter
practice. Use the area to set the initial length and width of the practice.
𝐴
𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
20

where:
ASMP = area at the base of infiltration SMP (sf)
A = contributing area (sf) = 3,000 sf

3,000 𝑠𝑓
𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
20

𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 150 𝑠𝑓

Assume a 15 ft by 10 ft practice.
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Step 3: Calculate the volume of surface ponding assuming a surface ponding depth of 0.5 ft, which is
less than the maximum surface ponding depth of 1 ft for a stormwater planter practice.
𝑉𝑃 = 𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 ∗ 𝐷𝑃

where:
VP = volume of surface ponding (cf)
ASMP = area of the SMP (sf) = 150 sf
DP = depth of ponding (ft) = 0.5 ft

𝑉𝑃 = 150 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 0.5 𝑓𝑡

𝑉𝑃 = 75 𝑐𝑓

In this case, the designer has chosen to use a hydraulic connection between the ponding zone and the stone base.
Therefore, the ponding zone does not need to temporarily store 75% of the water quality volume.

Step 4: Calculate the volume of voids in the soil media layer assuming a soil media depth of 1.5 ft
equal to the minimum soil media depth of 1.5 ft for a stormwater planter practice.
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 ∗ 𝐷𝑆 ∗ 𝑛𝑆

VS = volume of voids in the soil media layer (cf)

ASMP = area of the SMP (sf) = 150 sf
DS = depth of soil media layer (ft) = 1.5 ft
nS = available porosity of soil media (cf/cf) = 0.2 cf/cf

𝑐𝑓
𝑉𝑆 = 150 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 1.5 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 0.2
𝑐𝑓

𝑉𝑆 = 45 𝑐𝑓

Step 5: Calculate the volume of voids created by internal structures.

Assume there are no internal structures in this stormwater planter practice, so the volume is 0.

𝑉𝐼 = 0 𝑐𝑓

Step 6: Calculate the volume of voids in the drainage layer assuming a drainage media depth of 1 ft,
which is equal to the minimum drainage media depth of 1 ft for a stormwater planter practice.
𝑉𝐷 = (𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 ∗ 𝐷𝐷 − 𝑉𝐼,𝑑 ) ∗ 𝑛𝐷
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

where:
VD = volume of voids in the drainage layer (cf)
ASMP = area of the SMP (sf) = 150 cf
DD = depth of the drainage layer (ft) = 1 ft
VI,d = volume of voids created by internal structures within the drainage layer (cf) = 0 cf
nD = porosity of drainage layer media (cf/cf) = 0.4 cf/cf

𝑐𝑓
𝑉𝐷 = (150 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 1 𝑓𝑡 − 0 𝑐𝑓) ∗ 0.4
𝑐𝑓

𝑉𝐷 = 60 𝑐𝑓

Step 7: Calculate the total SMP volume from the individual component volumes and compare to the
WQV.
𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 𝑉𝑃 + 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷

where:
VSMP = storage volume of SMP (cf)
VP = volume of surface ponding (cf) = 150 cf
VS = volume of voids in the soil media layer (cf) = 90 cf
VI = volume of voids created by internal structures such as chambers or pipes (cf) = 0 cf
VD = volume of voids in the drainage layer (cf) = 120 cf

𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 150 𝑐𝑓 + 45 𝑐𝑓 + 0 𝑐𝑓 + 60 𝑐𝑓

𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 255 𝑐𝑓 < 𝑊𝑄𝑉 = 356.25 𝑐𝑓 𝑁𝑂

Practice does not manage the entire WQv. Reconfigure the practice to increase the storage volume and return to
associated step. In this case, the practice area will be increased, and Steps 2-8 are repeated.

Step 2: Calculate the SMP area assuming a loading ratio of 1:10, which is less than the maximum
loading ratio of 1:20 for a stormwater planter practice. Use the area to set the initial length and width
of the practice.
𝐴
𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
10

where:
ASMP = area at the base of infiltration SMP (sf)
A = contributing area (sf) = 3,000 sf
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

3,000 𝑠𝑓
𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
10

𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 300 𝑠𝑓

Assume a 30 ft by 10 ft practice.

Step 3: Calculate the volume of surface ponding assuming a surface ponding depth of 0.5 ft, which is
less than the maximum surface ponding depth of 1 ft for a stormwater planter practice.
𝑉𝑃 = 𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 ∗ 𝐷𝑃

where:
VP = volume of surface ponding (cf)
ASMP = area of the SMP (sf) = 300 sf
DP = depth of ponding (ft) = 0.5 ft

𝑉𝑃 = 300 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 0.5 𝑓𝑡

𝑉𝑃 = 150 𝑐𝑓

In this case, the designer has chosen to use a hydraulic connection between the ponding zone and the stone base.
Therefore, the ponding zone does not need to temporarily store 75% of the water quality volume.

Step 4: Calculate the volume of voids in the soil media layer assuming a soil media depth of 1.5 ft
equal to the minimum soil media depth of 1.5 ft for a stormwater planter practice.
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 ∗ 𝐷𝑆 ∗ 𝑛𝑆

VS = volume of voids in the soil media layer (cf)

ASMP = area of the SMP (sf) = 300 sf
DS = depth of soil media layer (ft) = 1.5 ft
nS = available porosity of soil media (cf/cf) = 0.2 cf/cf

𝑐𝑓
𝑉𝑆 = 300 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 1.5 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 0.2
𝑐𝑓

𝑉𝑆 = 90 𝑐𝑓

Step 5: Calculate the volume of voids created by internal structures.

Assume there are no internal structures in this stormwater planter practice, so the volume is 0.
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

𝑉𝐼 = 0 𝑐𝑓

Step 6: Calculate the volume of voids in the drainage layer assuming a drainage media depth of 1 ft,
which is equal to the minimum drainage media depth of 1 ft for a stormwater planter practice.
𝑉𝐷 = (𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 ∗ 𝐷𝐷 − 𝑉𝐼,𝑑 ) ∗ 𝑛𝐷

where:
VD = volume of voids in the drainage layer (cf)
ASMP = area of the SMP (sf) = 300 cf
DD = depth of the drainage layer (ft) = 1 ft
VI,d = volume of voids created by internal structures within the drainage layer (cf) = 0 cf
nD = porosity of drainage layer media (cf/cf) = 0.4 cf/cf

𝑐𝑓
𝑉𝐷 = (300 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 1 𝑓𝑡 − 0 𝑐𝑓) ∗ 0.4
𝑐𝑓

𝑉𝐷 = 120 𝑐𝑓

Step 7: Calculate the total SMP volume from the individual component volumes and compare to the
WQV.
𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 𝑉𝑃 + 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷

where:
VSMP = storage volume of SMP (cf)
VP = volume of surface ponding (cf) = 150 cf
VS = volume of voids in the soil media layer (cf) = 90 cf
VI = volume of voids created by internal structures such as chambers or pipes (cf) = 0 cf
VD = volume of voids in the drainage layer (cf) = 120 cf

𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 150 𝑐𝑓 + 90 𝑐𝑓 + 0 𝑐𝑓 + 120 𝑐𝑓

𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 360 𝑐𝑓 > 𝑊𝑄𝑉 = 356.25 𝑐𝑓 𝑂𝐾

Step 8: Check the ponding and infiltration drawdown times of the practice do not exceed the required
times of 12 hours and 48 hours, respectively.
Infiltration drawdown time:
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃
𝑑𝑡𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
𝑖
( ) ∗ 𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃
12

where:
dtSMP = drawdown time of infiltration SMP (hr)
VSMP = volume of infiltration SMP (cf) = WQV = 360 cf
i = field measured infiltration rate (in/hr) = 2 in/hr
ASMP = area at the base of infiltration SMP (sf) = 300 sf

360 𝑐𝑓
𝑑𝑡𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
2 𝑖𝑛/ℎ𝑟
( ) ∗ 300 𝑠𝑓
12

𝑑𝑡𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 7.2 ℎ𝑟 < 48 ℎ𝑟 𝑂𝐾

Surface ponding drawdown time:

𝑉𝑃
𝑑𝑡𝑃 =
𝐾 0.5𝐷𝑝 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑃2
( 𝑆 ) ∗ (1 + ) ∗ ( 𝑃1 )
12 𝐷𝑚 2

where:
dtP = drawdown time of surface ponding (hr)
VP = volume of surface ponding (cf) = 75 cf
KS = saturated hydraulic conductivity of media below the surface ponding area (in/hr) = 2 in/hr
Dp = maximum depth of ponding (ft) = 0.5 ft
Dm = depth of media below surface ponding area (ft) = 1.5 ft
AP1 = area at the base of surface ponding zone (sf) = 300 sf
AP2 = area at the top of surface ponding zone (sf) = 300 sf

150 𝑐𝑓
𝑑𝑡𝑃 =
𝑖𝑛
2 0.5 ∗ 0.5 𝑓𝑡 300 𝑠𝑓 + 300 𝑠𝑓
( ℎ𝑟 ) ∗ (1 + )∗( )
12 1.5 𝑓𝑡 2

𝑑𝑡𝑃 = 2.57 ℎ𝑟 < 12 ℎ𝑟 𝑂𝐾

Note: A portion of the SMP volume for this practice may be applied towards meeting the VV requirements, see
Chapter 4 and Appendix C.
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Evapotranspiration
Green Roof

Design a green roof that will treat the water quality volume from a 1,100 square foot rooftop with a
runoff coefficient of 0.95. Assume that the green roof will cover 900 square feet (82%) of the rooftop
due to required setbacks and/or equipment.

Step 1: Calculate the WQV.

1.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑄𝑉 = ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑅𝑉
12

where:
WQV = water quality volume (cf)
A = contributing area (sf) = 1,100 sf
RV = runoff coefficient relating total rainfall and runoff
RV = 0.05 + 0.009(I) = 0.95
I = percent impervious cover = 100%

1.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑄𝑉 = ∗ 1,100 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 0.95
12

𝑊𝑄𝑉 = 130.63 𝑐𝑓

Note: Since the green roof will cover 900 square feet (82% of the total area) and the maximum loading ratio 1:1,
the green roof may only treat up to 106.88 cf (82%) of the 130.63 cf water quality volume.

Step 2: Calculate the volume of surface ponding.

Green roofs are fast draining and typically do not pond water. Any ponding that does occur would not be stored
long enough for evapotranspiration. Therefore, the volume of surface ponding is zero.

𝑉𝑃 = 0 𝑐𝑓

Step 3: Calculate the volume of voids in the soil media layer assuming a soil media depth of 0.33 ft,
which is equal to the minimum soil media depth of 0.33 ft for a green roof.
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 ∗ 𝐷𝑆 ∗ 𝑛𝑆

VS = volume of voids in the soil media layer (cf)

 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

ASMP = area of the SMP (sf) = 900 sf

DS = depth of soil media layer (ft) = 0.33 ft
nS = available porosity of soil media (cf/cf) = 0.2 cf/cf

𝑐𝑓
𝑉𝑆 = 900 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 0.33 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 0.2
𝑐𝑓

𝑉𝑆 = 59.4 𝑐𝑓

Step 4: Calculate the volume of voids created by internal structures.

Assume there are no internal structures in this green roof practice, so the volume is 0.

𝑉𝐼 = 0 𝑐𝑓

Step 5: Calculate the volume of voids in the drainage layer.

The active storage zone for a green roof is considered from the base of the soil media up, so the storage volume of
the drainage layer is zero.

𝑉𝐷 = 0 𝑐𝑓

Step 6: Calculate the total SMP volume from the individual component volumes and compare to the
WQV.
𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 𝑉𝑃 + 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷

where:
VSMP = storage volume of SMP (cf)
VP = volume of surface ponding (cf) = 0 cf
VS = volume of voids in the soil media layer (cf) = 59.4 cf
VI = volume of voids created by internal structures such as chambers or pipes (cf) = 0 cf
VD = volume of voids in the drainage layer (cf) = 0 cf

𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 0 𝑐𝑓 + 59.4 𝑐𝑓 + 0 𝑐𝑓 + 0 𝑐𝑓

𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 59.4 𝑐𝑓 < 𝑊𝑄𝑉 = 130.63 𝑐𝑓 𝑵𝑶𝑻 𝑴𝑬𝑻

Since the SMP volume is less than the WQV, other practices must be used to treat the remaining WQV.
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Infiltration (unvegetated)
Subsurface Gallery

Design a subsurface gallery that will treat the water quality volume from an impervious area of 90,000
square feet (2.07 acres) with a runoff coefficient of 0.95. Assume an infiltration rate of 1 in/hr.

Step 1: Calculate the WQV.

1.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑄𝑉 = ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑅𝑉
12

where:
WQV = water quality volume (cf)
A = contributing area (sf) = 90,000 sf
RV = runoff coefficient relating total rainfall and runoff
RV = 0.05 + 0.009(I) = 0.95
I = percent impervious cover = 100%

1.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑄𝑉 = ∗ 90,000 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 0.95
12

𝑊𝑄𝑉 = 10,687.5 𝑐𝑓

Step 2: Calculate the SMP area assuming a loading ratio of 1:10. Note that the subsurface gallery does
not have a maximum loading ratio. Use the area to set the initial length and width of the practice.
𝐴
𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
10

where:
ASMP = area at the base of infiltration SMP (sf)
A = contributing area (sf) = 90,000 sf

90,000 𝑠𝑓
𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
10

𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 9,000 𝑠𝑓

Assume a 90 ft x 100 ft practice.

 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Step 3: Calculate the volume of surface ponding.

There is no surface ponding associated with a subsurface gallery since the SMP is below ground level, so the
volume is 0.

𝑉𝑃 = 0

Step 4: Calculate the volume of voids in the soil media layer.

There is no soil media associated with a subsurface gallery, so the volume is 0.

𝑉𝑆 = 0

Step 5: Calculate the volume of voids created by internal structures.

Assume 300 ft of 12” distribution pipe will be placed within the system in a grid pattern.

𝑉𝐼 = 𝐴𝑃 ∗ 𝐿𝑃

where:
VI = volume of voids created by internal structure (cf)
AP = area of pipe (sf) = (π) * (0.5)2 = 0.79 sf
LP = total length of pipe (ft) = 300 ft

𝑉𝐼 = 0.79 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 300 𝑓𝑡

𝑉𝐼 = 237 𝑐𝑓

Step 6: Calculate the volume of voids in the drainage layer assuming a drainage media depth of 3 ft,
which is greater than the minimum drainage media depth of 1 ft for a subsurface gallery practice.
𝑉𝐷 = (𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 ∗ 𝐷𝐷 − 𝑉𝐼,𝑑 ) ∗ 𝑛𝐷

where:
VD = volume of voids in the drainage layer (cf)
ASMP = area of the SMP (sf) = 9,000 sf
DD = depth of the drainage layer (ft) = 2 ft
VI,d = volume of voids created by internal structures within the drainage layer (cf) = 273 cf
nD = porosity of drainage layer media (cf/cf) = 0.4 cf/cf

𝑐𝑓
𝑉𝐷 = (9,000 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 3 𝑓𝑡 − 273 𝑐𝑓) ∗ 0.4
𝑐𝑓
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

𝑉𝐷 = 10,690.8 𝑐𝑓

Step 7: Calculate the total SMP volume from the individual component volumes and compare to the
WQV.
𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 𝑉𝑃 + 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷

where:
VSMP = storage volume of SMP (cf)
VP = volume of surface ponding (cf) = 0 cf
VS = volume of voids in the soil media layer (cf) = 0 cf
VI = volume of voids created by internal structures such as chambers or pipes (cf) = 273 cf
VD = volume of voids in the drainage layer (cf) = 10,690.8 cf

𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 0 𝑐𝑓 + 0 𝑐𝑓 + 273 𝑐𝑓 + 10,690.8 𝑐𝑓

𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 10,963.8 𝑐𝑓 > 𝑊𝑄𝑉 = 10,687.5 𝑐𝑓 𝑂𝐾

Step 8: Check the infiltration drawdown time does not exceed the required time of 48 hours.
𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃
𝑑𝑡𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
𝑖
( ) ∗ 𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃
12

where:
dtSMP = drawdown time of infiltration SMP (hr)
VSMP = volume of infiltration SMP (cf) = WQV = 10,963.8 cf
i = field measured infiltration rate (in/hr) = 1 in/hr
ASMP = area at the base of infiltration SMP (sf) = 9,000 sf

10,963.8 𝑐𝑓
𝑑𝑡𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
1 𝑖𝑛/ℎ𝑟
( ) ∗ 9,000 𝑠𝑓
12

𝑑𝑡𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 14.62 ℎ𝑟 < 48 ℎ𝑟 𝑂𝐾

Note: A portion of the SMP volume for this practice may be applied towards meeting the VV requirements, see
Chapter 4 and Appendix C.
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Reuse
Cistern

Design a reuse system to treat the water quality volume from a 3,000 square foot impervious surface
with a runoff coefficient of 0.95. Designers must additionally show that water will be reused for non-
irrigation purposes.

Step 1: Calculate the WQV.

1.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑄𝑉 = ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑅𝑉
12

where:
WQV = water quality volume (cf)
A = contributing area (sf) = 3,000 sf
RV = runoff coefficient relating total rainfall and runoff
RV = 0.05 + 0.009(I) = 0.95
I = percent impervious cover = 100%

1.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑄𝑉 = ∗ 3,000 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 0.95
12

𝑊𝑄𝑉 = 356.25 𝑐𝑓

Step 2: Calculate the total SMP volume from unit conversion of the WQV.
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 𝑊𝑄𝑉 ∗ (7.5 )
𝑐𝑓

𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 356.25 𝑐𝑓 ∗ (7.5 )
𝑐𝑓

𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 2,671.88 𝑔𝑎𝑙

Therefore, to treat the water quality volume for the area draining to the practice, a 2,700-gallon cistern is
required.

Note: The system may be designed larger if more water is needed for the intended reuse application.
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Filtration
Bioretention

Design a bioretention practice that will treat the water quality volume from an impervious area of
21,780 square feet (0.5 acres), with a runoff coefficient of 0.95. Note that filtration system may only be
used to treat the water quality volume in separate storm sewer areas. Assume a soil media saturated
hydraulic conductivity of 2 in/hr.

Step 1: Calculate the WQV.

1.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑄𝑉 = ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑅𝑉
12

where:
WQV = water quality volume (cf)
A = contributing area (sf) = 21,780 sf
RV = runoff coefficient relating total rainfall and runoff
RV = 0.05 + 0.009(I) = 0.95
I = percent impervious cover = 100%

1.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑄𝑉 = ∗ 21,780 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 0.95
12

𝑊𝑄𝑉 = 2,586.38 𝑐𝑓

Step 2: Calculate the SMP area assuming a loading ratio of 1:8, which is less than the maximum
loading ratio of 1:20 for a bioretention practice. Use the area to set the initial length and width of the
practice.
𝐴
𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
8

where:
ASMP = area at the base of infiltration SMP (sf)
A = contributing area (sf) = 21,780 sf

21,780 𝑠𝑓
𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
8

𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 2,722.5 𝑠𝑓
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Round the SMP area up to 2,730 sf. Assume a 65 ft x 42 ft practice.

Step 3: Calculate the volume of surface ponding assuming the maximum surface ponding depth of 1 ft
for a bioretention practice.
Assume the ponding zone is uniformly sloped. Use the SMP area and grading of the practice to determine the area
at the base and top of the surface ponding zone.

1
𝑉𝑃 = (𝐴𝑃1 + √𝐴𝑃1 ∗ 𝐴𝑃2 + 𝐴𝑃2 ) ∗ 𝐷𝑃
3

where:
VP = volume of surface ponding (cf)
AP1 = area at the base of surface ponding zone (sf) = 1,400 sf
AP2 = area at the top of surface ponding zone (sf) = 2,600 sf
DP = depth of ponding (ft) = 1 ft

1
𝑉𝑃 = (1,400 𝑠𝑓 + √1,400 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 2,600 𝑠𝑓 + 2,600 𝑠𝑓) ∗ 1 𝑓𝑡
3

𝑉𝑃 = 1,969.29 𝑐𝑓

Since a hydraulic connection is not being used, confirm that the volume of surface ponding is greater than 75% of
the water quality volume.

𝑉𝑃 = 1,969.29 𝑐𝑓 < 75% 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑄𝑉 = 1,939.79 𝑐𝑓 𝑂𝐾

Step 4: Calculate the volume of voids in the soil media layer assuming a soil media depth of 3.5 ft,
which is greater than the minimum soil media depth of 2.5 ft for bioretention practices.
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 ∗ 𝐷𝑆 ∗ 𝑛𝑆

VS = volume of voids in the soil media layer (cf)

ASMP = area of the SMP (sf) = 2,730 sf
DS = depth of soil media layer (ft) = 3.5 ft
nS = available porosity of soil media (cf/cf) = 0.2 cf/cf

𝑐𝑓
𝑉𝑆 = 2,730 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 3.5 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 0.2
𝑐𝑓

𝑉𝑆 = 1,911 𝑐𝑓

Step 5: Calculate the volume of voids created by internal structures.

 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Assume 92 ft of 12” distribution pipe will be placed within the system in a grid pattern.

𝑉𝐼 = 𝐴𝑃 ∗ 𝐿𝑃

where:
VI = volume of voids created by internal structure (cf)
AP = area of pipe (sf) = (π) * (0.5)2 = 0.79 sf
LP = total length of pipe (ft) = 92 ft

𝑉𝐼 = 0.79 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 92 𝑠𝑓

𝑉𝐼 = 72.68 𝑐𝑓

Step 6: Calculate the volume of voids in the drainage layer assuming a drainage media depth of 3 ft,
which is greater than the minimum drainage media depth of 1 ft for bioretention practices.
𝑉𝐷 = (𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑃 ∗ 𝐷𝐷 − 𝑉𝐼,𝑑 ) ∗ 𝑛𝐷

where:
VD = volume of voids in the drainage layer (cf)
ASMP = area of the SMP (sf) = 2,730 cf
DD = depth of the drainage layer (ft) = 3 ft
VI,d = volume of voids created by internal structures within the drainage layer (cf) = 72.68 cf
nD = porosity of drainage layer media (cf/cf) = 0.4 cf/cf

𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉𝐷 = (2,730 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 3 𝑓𝑡 − 72.68 𝑐𝑓) ∗ 0.4
𝑓𝑡 3

𝑉𝐷 = 3,246.93 𝑐𝑓

Step 7: Calculate the total SMP volume from the individual component volumes and compare to the
WQV.
𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 𝑉𝑃 + 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷

where:
VSMP = storage volume of SMP (cf)
VP = volume of surface ponding (cf) = 1,969.29 cf
VS = volume of voids in the soil media layer (cf) = 1,911 cf
VI = volume of voids created by internal structures such as chambers or pipes (cf) = 72.68 cf
VD = volume of voids in the drainage layer (cf) = 3,246.93 cf
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 1,969.29 𝑐𝑓 + 1,911 𝑐𝑓 + 72.68 𝑐𝑓 + 3,246.93 𝑐𝑓

𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 7,199.9 𝑐𝑓 > 𝑊𝑄𝑉 = 2,586.38 𝑐𝑓 𝑂𝐾

Step 8: Check the ponding and filtration drawdown times of the practice do not exceed the required
times of 24 hours and 48 hours, respectively.
Filtration drawdown time:
𝑉𝑆𝑀𝑃
𝑑𝑡𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
𝐾𝑆 0.5𝐷𝑝𝑓
( ) ∗ (1 + ) ∗ 𝐴𝑓
12 𝐷𝑓

where:
dtSMP = drawdown time of filtration SMP (hr)
VSMP = volume of filtration SMP (cf) = 7,199.9 cf
KS = saturated hydraulic conductivity of filter media (in/hr) = 2 in/hr
Dpf = maximum depth of ponding above filter media (ft) = 1 ft
Df = depth of filter media (ft) = 3.5 ft
Af = area of filter bed (sf) = 2,730 sf

7,199.9 𝑐𝑓
𝑑𝑡𝑆𝑀𝑃 =
𝑖𝑛
2 0.5 ∗ 1 𝑓𝑡
( ℎ𝑟 ) ∗ (1 + ) ∗ 2,730 𝑠𝑓
12 3.5 𝑓𝑡

𝑑𝑡𝑆𝑀𝑃 = 13.85 ℎ𝑟 < 48 ℎ𝑟 𝑂𝐾

Surface ponding drawdown time:

𝑉𝑃
𝑑𝑡𝑃 =
𝐾 0.5𝐷𝑝 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑃2
( 𝑆 ) ∗ (1 + ) ∗ ( 𝑃1 )
12 𝐷𝑚 2

where:
dtP = drawdown time of surface ponding (hr)
VP = volume of surface ponding (cf) = 1,969.29 cf
KS = saturated hydraulic conductivity of media below the surface ponding area (in/hr) = 2 in/hr
Dp = maximum depth of ponding (ft) = 1 ft
Dm = depth of media below surface ponding area (ft) = 3.5 ft
AP1 = area at the base of surface ponding zone (sf) = 1,400 sf
AP2 = area at the top of surface ponding zone (sf) = 2,600 sf
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

1,969.29 𝑐𝑓
𝑑𝑡𝑃 =
𝑖𝑛
2 0.5 ∗ 1 𝑓𝑡 1,400 𝑠𝑓 + 2,600 𝑠𝑓
( ℎ𝑟 ) ∗ (1 + )∗( )
12 3.5 𝑓𝑡 2

𝑑𝑡𝑃 = 5.17 ℎ𝑟 < 24 ℎ𝑟 𝑂𝐾

 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

SEWER OPERATIONS
VOLUME SIZING EXAMPLES
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Detention
Detention Tank - CSS with SCP

A 93,200 sf site in the Bronx consists of a multistory commercial building. The site was proposed to
connect to a 15 in. combined sewer. Design a detention tank to treat the sewer operations volume (VV),
given the following:

Area = 93,200 sf Objective

Roof = 29,000 sf @ 0.95 runoff coefficient
Paved = 48,000 sf @ 0.85 runoff coefficient
Grass = 16,200 sf @ 0.20 runoff coefficient

Figure F.1. Schematic of Site (Not to Scale)

 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Step 1: Identify the rainfall depth (RD) based on the sewershed type and connection proposal type for
the project. Use Table 2.7 in Chapter 2.
Since the project is 20,000 sf or more, and consists of a multistory commercial building, this project requires a site
connection permit (SCP). In addition, the site is connecting to a 15 in. combined sewer.

Table 2.7. Applied rainfall depth by sewershed type and connection proposal type.

RD Description
1.85 CSS areas with SCP Identify:
1.50 CSS areas with HCP
1. Sewershed type (CSS or
1.50 MS4 areas wiith SCP
1.10 MS4 areas with HCP
MS4)
2. Whether SCP is required or
According to Table 2.7, 𝑅𝐷 = 1.85 𝑖𝑛. not. Hence, HCP.

Step 2: Calculate the runoff coefficient (CW) using the weighted area approach.
(𝐶1 𝐴1 + 𝐶2 𝐴2 + ⋯ 𝑒𝑡𝑐. )
𝐶𝑊 =
𝐴𝑡

where:
CW = weighted runoff coefficient relating peak rate of rainfall and runoff
C1 = the runoff coefficient for the area classified as roof = 0.95
A1 = the area classified as roof (sf) = 29,000 sf
C2 = the runoff coefficient for the area classified as paved = 0.85
A2 = the area classified as paved (sf) = 48,000 sf
C3 = the runoff coefficient for the area classified as grass = 0.20
A3 = the area classified as grass (sf) = 16,200 sf
At = contributing area (sf) = 93,200 sf

(0.95 ∗ 29,000 𝑠𝑓) + (0.85 ∗ 48,000 𝑠𝑓) + (0.20 ∗ 16,200 𝑠𝑓)

𝐶𝑊 =
93,200 𝑠𝑓

𝐶𝑊 = 0.768

Step 3: Calculate VV.

𝑅𝐷
𝑉𝑉 = ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐶𝑊
12

where:
VV = sewer operations volume (cf)
RD = rainfall depth (in) = 1.85 in
A = contributing area (sf) = 93,200 sf
CW = weighted runoff coefficient relating peak rate of rainfall and runoff = 0.768
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

1.85 𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑉 = ∗ 93,200 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 0.768
12

𝑉𝑉 = 11,035 𝑐𝑓

Step 4: Calculate the release rate to be maintained by the controlled-flow orifice. Use the maximum
release rate per acre (q) shown in Table 2.9, Chapter 2.
The site is connecting to a 15 in. combined sewer.

Table 2.9. Maximum release rate per acre (cfs/acre) by sewershed type.
q
(cfs/acre) Description
1.0 MS4 areas
0.1 CSS areas
𝑐𝑓𝑠
According to Table 2.9, 𝑞 = 0.1 .
𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒

𝑞 ∗𝐴
𝑄𝐷𝑅𝑅 = 𝑜𝑟 0.046 [𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟]
43560

where:
QDRR = maximum release rate for the site (cfs)
q = maximum release rate per acre (cfs/acre) = 0.1 cfs/acre
A = contributing area (sf) = 93,200 sf

𝑐𝑓𝑠
0.1 ∗ 93,200 𝑠𝑓
𝑄𝐷𝑅𝑅 = 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟 0.046 [𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟]
43560

𝑄𝐷𝑅𝑅 = 0.214 𝑐𝑓𝑠 > 0.046 𝑐𝑓𝑠

The maximum release rate is 0.214 cfs.

Step 5: Use the controlled-flow orifice equation to determine an appropriate orifice area by assuming
the active storage depth. Equate Q(DRR) TO Q(O)
In order to minimize the area required for the detention tank, choose the maximum depth that is still feasible
according to site limitations and use a re-entrant orifice. In this case, the designer has chosen an active storage
depth of 4 ft.

𝑄𝑂 = 𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2𝑔𝐻 Eq. 4.15

where:
QO = maximum release rate of orifice (cfs) = 0.214 cfs
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

CD=0.52, RE-ENTRANT ORIFICE

CD = coefficient of discharge, 0.52 for re-entrant orifice
CD=0.61, FLUSH
AO = area of orifice (sf) CD=0.73, LONG RE-ENTRANT
g = acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 (ft/s2)
H = maximum hydraulic head above the centerline of the orifice (ft) = 4 ft

𝑓𝑡
0.214 𝑐𝑓𝑠 = 0.52 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2 ∗ 32.2 ( 2 ) ∗ 4 𝑓𝑡
𝑠
𝐴𝑜 = 0.026 𝑠𝑓

Step 6: Translate the area of the controlled-flow orifice (AO) into a diameter and check that it is
greater than the minimum diameter of 1 in.
𝐷𝑜 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
𝐴𝑜 =
144

where:
AO = area of orifice (sf) = 0.026 sf
DO = diameter of orifice (in)

𝐷𝑂 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
0.026 𝑠𝑓 = In the next step,
144
verify if rounding
𝐷𝑂 = 2.18 𝑖𝑛 > 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝐾 down is the best
option.
Set the orifice diameter to the nearest 0.25-inch interval rounding down, with a minimum orifice diameter of one-
inch. In this case, use an orifice diameter of 2.00 inches.

Step 7: Confirm the orifice area of the selected orifice diameter from Step 6.
𝐷𝑜 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
𝐴𝑜 =
144

where:
AO = area of orifice (sf)
DO = diameter of orifice (in) = 2 in

2 𝑖𝑛 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
𝐴𝑂 =
144

𝐴𝑂 = 0.022 𝑠𝑓
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Step 8: Confirm the required active storage depth in the tank using the orifice area from Step 7.

𝑄𝑂 = 𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2𝑔𝐻

where:
QO = maximum release rate of orifice (cfs) = 0.214 cfs
CD = coefficient of discharge, 0.52 for re-entrant orifice
AO = area of orifice (sf) = 0.022 sf
g = acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 (ft/s2)
H = maximum hydraulic head above the centerline of the orifice (ft)

𝑓𝑡
0.214 𝑐𝑓𝑠 = 0.52 ∗ 0.022 𝑠𝑓 ∗ √2 ∗ 32.2 ( 2 ) ∗ 𝐻
𝑠
𝐻 = 5.4 𝑓𝑡

If the active storage depth is too high, then increase the orifice size by 0.25 inches and re-run Steps 7-8 until a
suitable depth is identified. If the active storage depth is too low, then decrease the orifice size by 0.25 inches (but
not less than 1 inch) and re-run Steps 7-8. Alternatively, the designer can choose a different orifice configuration as
needed to modify the active storage depth.

In this case, the depth is feasible.

Step 9: Set the dimensions of the detention tank’s active storage zone.
Based on the active storage depth of 5.4 ft and the VV of 11,035 cf, set the interior detention tank dimensions to L:
45.5 ft and W: 45.5 ft. The resulting detention tank has an active storage volume of 11,179 cf. Note that the
exterior dimensions of the detention tank will be larger than the dimensions of the active storage zone (45.5’L x
45.5’W x 5.4’D) to accommodate wall thickness, bypass structures, and/or other internal features.
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Detention Tank - CSS with HCP

A 15,000 sf site in the Bronx consists of a two-family (no-fee) residence. The site was proposed to
connect to a 15 in. combined sewer. Design a detention tank to treat the sewer operations volume (VV),
given the following:

Area = 15,000 sf
Roof = 2,000 sf @ 0.95 runoff coefficient
Paved = 7,000 sf @ 0.85 runoff coefficient
Grass = 6,000 sf @ 0.20 runoff coefficient

Figure F.2. Schematic of Site (Not to Scale)

 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Step 1: Identify the rainfall depth (RD) based on the sewershed type and connection proposal type for
the project. Use Table 2.7 in Chapter 2.
Since the project is less than 20,000 sf and consists of a two-family (no fee) residence, this project requires a house
connection permit (HCP). In addition, the site is connecting to a 15 in. combined sewer.

Table 2.7. Applied rainfall depth by sewershed type and connection proposal type.

RD Description
1.85 CSS areas with SCP
1.50 CSS areas with HCP
1.50 MS4 areas wiith SCP
1.10 MS4 areas with HCP

According to Table 2.7, 𝑅𝐷 = 1.50 𝑖𝑛.

Step 2: Calculate the runoff coefficient (CW) using the weighted area approach.
(𝐶1 𝐴1 + 𝐶2 𝐴2 + ⋯ 𝑒𝑡𝑐. )
𝐶𝑊 =
𝐴𝑡

where:
CW = weighted runoff coefficient relating peak rate of rainfall and runoff
C1 = the runoff coefficient for the area classified as roof = 0.95
A1 = the area classified as roof (sf) = 2,000 sf
C2 = the runoff coefficient for the area classified as paved = 0.85
A2 = the area classified as paved (sf) = 7,000 sf
C3 = the runoff coefficient for the area classified as grass = 0.20
A3 = the area classified as grass (sf) = 6,000 sf
At = contributing area (sf) = 15,000 sf

(0.95 ∗ 2,000 𝑠𝑓) + (0.85 ∗ 7,000 𝑠𝑓) + (0.20 ∗ 6,000 𝑠𝑓)

𝐶𝑊 =
15,000 𝑠𝑓

𝐶𝑊 = 0.603

Step 3: Calculate VV.

𝑅𝐷
𝑉𝑉 = ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐶𝑊
12

where:
VV = sewer operations volume (cf)
RD = rainfall depth (in) = 1.50 in
A = contributing area (sf) = 15,000 sf
CW = weighted runoff coefficient relating peak rate of rainfall and runoff = 0.603
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

1.50 𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑉 = ∗ 15,000 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 0.603
12

𝑉𝑉 = 1,131 𝑐𝑓

Step 4: Calculate the release rate to be maintained by the controlled-flow orifice. Use the maximum
release rate per acre (q) shown in Table 2.9, Chapter 2.
The site is connecting to a 15 in. combined sewer.

Table 2.9. Maximum release rate per acre (cfs/acre) by sewershed type.
q
(cfs/acre) Description
1.0 MS4 areas
0.1 CSS areas
𝑐𝑓𝑠
According to Table 2.9, 𝑞 = 0.1 .
𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒

𝑞 ∗𝐴
𝑄𝐷𝑅𝑅 = 𝑜𝑟 0.046 [𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟]
43560

where:
QDRR = maximum release rate for the site (cfs)
q = maximum release rate per acre (cfs/acre) = 0.1 cfs/acre
A = contributing area (sf) = 15,000 sf

𝑐𝑓𝑠
0.1 ∗ 15,000 𝑠𝑓
𝑄𝐷𝑅𝑅 = 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟 0.046 [𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟]
43560

𝑄𝐷𝑅𝑅 = 0.034 𝑐𝑓𝑠 < 0.046 𝑐𝑓𝑠

The maximum release rate is 0.046 cfs.

Step 5: Use the controlled-flow orifice equation to determine an appropriate orifice area by assuming
the active storage depth.
In order to minimize the area required for the detention tank, choose the maximum depth that is still feasible
according to site limitations and use a re-entrant orifice. In this case, the designer has chosen an active storage
depth of 4 ft.

𝑄𝑂 = 𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2𝑔𝐻

where:
QO = maximum release rate of orifice (cfs) = 0.046 cfs
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

CD = coefficient of discharge, 0.52 for re-entrant orifice

AO = area of orifice (sf)
g = acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 (ft/s2)
H = maximum hydraulic head above the centerline of the orifice (ft) = 4 ft

𝑓𝑡
0.046 𝑐𝑓𝑠 = 0.52 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2 ∗ 32.2 ( 2 ) ∗ 4 𝑓𝑡
𝑠

𝐴𝑜 = 0.006 𝑠𝑓

Step 6: Translate the area of the controlled-flow orifice (AO) into a diameter and check that it is
greater than the minimum diameter of 1 in.
𝐷𝑜 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
𝐴𝑜 =
144

where:
AO = area of orifice (sf) = 0.006 sf
DO = diameter of orifice (in)

𝐷𝑂 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
0.006 𝑠𝑓 =
144

𝐷𝑂 = 1.05 𝑖𝑛 > 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝐾

Set the orifice diameter to the nearest 0.25-inch interval rounding down, with a minimum orifice diameter of one-
inch. In this case, use an orifice diameter of 1.00 inch.

Step 7: Confirm the orifice area of the selected orifice diameter from Step 6.
𝐷𝑜 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
𝐴𝑜 =
144

where:
AO = area of orifice (sf)
DO = diameter of orifice (in) = 1 in

1 𝑖𝑛 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
𝐴𝑂 =
144
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

𝐴𝑂 = 0.005 𝑠𝑓

Step 8: Confirm the required active storage depth in the tank using the orifice area from Step 7.

𝑄𝑂 = 𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2𝑔𝐻

where:
QO = maximum release rate of orifice (cfs) = 0.046 cfs
CD = coefficient of discharge, 0.52 for re-entrant orifice
AO = area of orifice (sf) = 0.005 sf
g = acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 (ft/s2)
H = maximum hydraulic head above the centerline of the orifice (ft)

𝑓𝑡
0.046 𝑐𝑓𝑠 = 0.52 ∗ 0.005 𝑠𝑓 ∗ √2 ∗ 32.2 ( 2 ) ∗ 𝐻
𝑠
𝐻 = 4.9 𝑓𝑡

If the active storage depth is too high, then increase the orifice size by 0.25 inches and re-run Steps 7-8 until a
suitable depth is identified. If the active storage depth is too low, then decrease the orifice size by 0.25 inches (but
not less than 1 inch) and re-run Steps 7-8. Alternatively, the designer can choose a different orifice configuration as
needed to modify the active storage depth.

In this case, the depth is feasible.

Step 9: Set the dimensions of the detention tank’s active storage zone.
Based on the active storage depth of 4.9 ft and the VV of 1,131 cf, set the interior detention tank dimensions to L:
15.5 ft and W: 15.5 ft. The resulting detention tank has an active storage volume of 1,177 cf. Note that the exterior
dimensions of the detention tank will be larger than the dimensions of the active storage zone (15.5’L x 15.5’W x
4.9’D) to accommodate wall thickness, bypass structures, and/or other internal features.
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Detention Tank - MS4 with SCP

A 25,050 sf site consists of a multistory commercial building. The site was proposed to connect to a 12
in. storm sewer that eventually discharges into Gravesend Bay via an MS4 outfall. Design a detention
tank to treat the sewer operations volume (VV), given the following:

Area = 25,050 sf
Roof = 16,000 sf @ 0.95 runoff coefficient
Paved = 6,100 sf @ 0.85 runoff coefficient
Grass = 2,950 sf @ 0.20 runoff coefficient

Figure F.3. Schematic of Site (Not to Scale)

 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Step 1: Identify the rainfall depth (RD) based on the sewershed type and connection proposal type for
the project. Use Table 2.7 in Chapter 2.
Since the project is 20,000 sf or more, and consists of a multistory commercial building, this project requires a site
connection permit (SCP). In addition, the site is connecting to a 12 in. storm sewer that discharges through an MS4
outfall.

Table 2.7. Applied rainfall depth by sewershed type and connection proposal type.

RD Description
1.85 CSS areas with SCP
1.50 CSS areas with HCP
1.50 MS4 areas wiith SCP
1.10 MS4 areas with HCP

According to Table 2.7, 𝑅𝐷 = 1.50 𝑖𝑛.

Step 2: Calculate the runoff coefficient (CW) using the weighted area approach.
(𝐶1 𝐴1 + 𝐶2 𝐴2 + ⋯ 𝑒𝑡𝑐. )
𝐶𝑊 =
𝐴𝑡

where:
CW = weighted runoff coefficient relating peak rate of rainfall and runoff
C1 = the runoff coefficient for the area classified as roof = 0.95
A1 = the area classified as roof (sf) = 16,000 sf
C2 = the runoff coefficient for the area classified as paved = 0.85
A2 = the area classified as paved (sf) = 6,100 sf
C3 = the runoff coefficient for the area classified as grass = 0.20
A3 = the area classified as grass (sf) = 2,950 sf
At = contributing area (sf) = 25,050 sf

(0.95 ∗ 16,000 𝑠𝑓) + (0.85 ∗ 6,100 𝑠𝑓) + (0.20 ∗ 2,950 𝑠𝑓)

𝐶𝑊 =
25,050 𝑠𝑓

𝐶𝑊 = 0.837

Step 3: Calculate VV.

𝑅𝐷
𝑉𝑉 = ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐶𝑊
12

where:
VV = sewer operations volume (cf)
RD = rainfall depth (in) = 1.50 in
A = contributing area (sf) = 25,050 sf
CW = weighted runoff coefficient relating peak rate of rainfall and runoff = 0.837
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

1.50 𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑉 = ∗ 25,050 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 0.837
12

𝑉𝑉 = 2,621 𝑐𝑓

Step 4: Calculate the release rate to be maintained by the controlled-flow orifice. Use the maximum
release rate per acre (q) shown in Table 2.9, Chapter 2.
The site is connecting to a 12 in. storm sewer that discharges through an MS4 outfall.

Table 2.9. Maximum release rate per acre (cfs/acre) by sewershed type.
q
(cfs/acre) Description
1.0 MS4 areas
0.1 CSS areas
𝑐𝑓𝑠
According to Table 2.9, 𝑞 = 1.0 .
𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒

𝑞 ∗𝐴
𝑄𝐷𝑅𝑅 = 𝑜𝑟 0.046 [𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟]
43560

where:
QDRR = maximum release rate for the site (cfs)
q = maximum release rate per acre (cfs/acre) = 1.0 cfs/acre
A = contributing area (sf) = 25,050 sf

𝑐𝑓𝑠
1.0 ∗ 25,050 𝑠𝑓
𝑄𝐷𝑅𝑅 = 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟 0.046 [𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟]
43560

𝑄𝐷𝑅𝑅 = 0.575 𝑐𝑓𝑠 > 0.046 𝑐𝑓𝑠

The maximum release rate is 0.575 cfs.

Step 5: Use the controlled-flow orifice equation to determine an appropriate orifice area by assuming
the active storage depth.
In order to minimize the area required for the detention tank, choose the maximum depth that is still feasible
according to site limitations and use a re-entrant orifice. In this case, the designer has chosen an active storage
depth of 4 ft.

𝑄𝑂 = 𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2𝑔𝐻

where:
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

QO = maximum release rate of orifice (cfs) = 0.575 cfs

CD = coefficient of discharge, 0.52 for re-entrant orifice
AO = area of orifice (sf)
g = acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 (ft/s2)
H = maximum hydraulic head above the centerline of the orifice (ft) = 4 ft

𝑓𝑡
0.575 𝑐𝑓𝑠 = 0.52 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2 ∗ 32.2 ( 2 ) ∗ 4 𝑓𝑡
𝑠

𝐴𝑜 = 0.069 𝑠𝑓

Step 6: Translate the area of the controlled-flow orifice (AO) into a diameter and check that it is
greater than the minimum diameter of 1 in.
𝐷𝑜 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
𝐴𝑜 =
144

where:
AO = area of orifice (sf) = 0.069 sf
DO = diameter of orifice (in)

𝐷𝑂 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
0.069 𝑠𝑓 =
144

𝐷𝑂 = 3.56 𝑖𝑛 > 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝐾

Set the orifice diameter to the nearest 0.25-inch interval rounding down, with a minimum orifice diameter of one-
inch. In this case, use an orifice diameter of 3.50 inches.

Step 7: Confirm the orifice area of the selected orifice diameter from Step 6.
𝐷𝑜 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
𝐴𝑜 =
144

where:
AO = area of orifice (sf)
DO = diameter of orifice (in) = 3.50 inches

3.50 𝑖𝑛 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
𝐴𝑂 =
144
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

𝐴𝑂 = 0.067 𝑠𝑓

Step 8: Confirm the required active storage depth in the tank using the orifice area from Step 7.

𝑄𝑂 = 𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2𝑔𝐻

where:
QO = maximum release rate of orifice (cfs) = 0.575 cfs
CD = coefficient of discharge, 0.52 for re-entrant orifice
AO = area of orifice (sf) = 0.067 sf
g = acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 (ft/s2)
H = maximum hydraulic head above the centerline of the orifice (ft)

𝑓𝑡
0.575 𝑐𝑓𝑠 = 0.52 ∗ 0.067 𝑠𝑓 ∗ √2 ∗ 32.2 ( 2 ) ∗ 𝐻
𝑠
𝐻 = 4.2 𝑓𝑡

If the active storage depth is too high, then increase the orifice size by 0.25 inches and re-run Steps 7-8 until a
suitable depth is identified. If the active storage depth is too low, then decrease the orifice size by 0.25 inches (but
not less than 1 inch) and re-run Steps 7-8. Alternatively, the designer can choose a different orifice configuration as
needed to modify the active storage depth.

In this case, the depth is feasible.

Step 9: Set the dimensions of the detention tank’s active storage zone.
Based on the active storage depth of 4.2 ft and the VV of 2,621 cf, set the interior detention tank dimensions to L:
25 ft and W: 25 ft. The resulting detention tank has an active storage volume of 2,625 cf. Note that the exterior
dimensions of the detention tank will be larger than the dimensions of the active storage zone (25’L x 25’W x
4.2’D) to accommodate wall thickness, bypass structures, and/or other internal features.
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Detention Tank - MS4 with HCP

A 3,000 sf site consists of a one-family (no-fee) residence. The site was proposed to connect to a 12 in.
storm sewer that eventually discharges into East River via an MS4 outfall. Design a detention tank to
treat the sewer operations volume (VV), given the following:

Area = 3,000 sf
Roof = 2,100 sf @ 0.95 runoff coefficient
Paved = 500 sf @ 0.85 runoff coefficient
Grass = 400 sf @ 0.20 runoff coefficient

Figure F.4. Schematic of Site (Not to Scale)

 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Step 1: Identify the rainfall depth (RD) based on the sewershed type and connection proposal type for
the project. Use Table 2.7 in Chapter 2.
Since the project is less than 20,000 sf and consists of a one-family (no fee) residence, this project requires a house
connection permit (HCP). In addition, the site is connecting to a 12 in. storm sewer that discharges through an MS4
outfall.

Table 2.7. Applied rainfall depth by sewershed type and connection proposal type.

RD Description
1.85 CSS areas with SCP
1.50 CSS areas with HCP
1.50 MS4 areas wiith SCP
1.10 MS4 areas with HCP

According to Table 2.7, 𝑅𝐷 = 1.10 𝑖𝑛.

Step 2: Calculate the runoff coefficient (CW) using the weighted area approach.
(𝐶1 𝐴1 + 𝐶2 𝐴2 + ⋯ 𝑒𝑡𝑐. )
𝐶𝑊 =
𝐴𝑡

where:
CW = weighted runoff coefficient relating peak rate of rainfall and runoff
C1 = the runoff coefficient for the area classified as roof = 0.95
A1 = the area classified as roof (sf) = 2,100 sf
C2 = the runoff coefficient for the area classified as paved = 0.85
A2 = the area classified as paved (sf) = 500 sf
C3 = the runoff coefficient for the area classified as grass = 0.20
A3 = the area classified as grass (sf) = 400 sf
At = contributing area (sf) = 3,000 sf

(0.95 ∗ 2,100 𝑠𝑓) + (0.85 ∗ 500 𝑠𝑓) + (0.20 ∗ 400 𝑠𝑓)

𝐶𝑊 =
3,000 𝑠𝑓

𝐶𝑊 = 0.833

Step 3: Calculate VV.

𝑅𝐷
𝑉𝑉 = ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐶𝑊
12

where:
VV = sewer operations volume (cf)
RD = rainfall depth (in) = 1.10 in
A = contributing area (sf) = 3,000 sf
CW = weighted runoff coefficient relating peak rate of rainfall and runoff = 0.833
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

1.10 𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑉 = ∗ 3,000 𝑠𝑓 ∗ 0.833
12

𝑉𝑉 = 229 𝑐𝑓

Step 4: Calculate the release rate to be maintained by the controlled-flow orifice. Use the maximum
release rate per acre (q) shown in Table 2.9, Chapter 2.
The site is connecting to a 12 in. storm sewer that discharges through an MS4 outfall.

Table 2.9. Maximum release rate per acre (cfs/acre) by sewershed type.
q
(cfs/acre) Description
1.0 MS4 areas
0.1 CSS areas
𝑐𝑓𝑠
According to Table 2.9, 𝑞 = 1.0 .
𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒

𝑞 ∗𝐴
𝑄𝐷𝑅𝑅 = 𝑜𝑟 0.046 [𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟]
43560

where:
QDRR = maximum release rate for the site (cfs)
q = maximum release rate per acre (cfs/acre) = 1.0 cfs/acre
A = contributing area (sf) = 3,000 sf

𝑐𝑓𝑠
1.0 ∗ 3,000 𝑠𝑓
𝑄𝐷𝑅𝑅 = 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟 0.046 [𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟]
43560

𝑄𝐷𝑅𝑅 = 0.069 𝑐𝑓𝑠 > 0.046 𝑐𝑓𝑠

The maximum release rate is 0.069 cfs.

Step 5: Use the controlled-flow orifice equation to determine an appropriate orifice area by assuming
the active storage depth.
In order to minimize the area required for the detention tank, choose the maximum depth that is still feasible
according to site limitations and use a re-entrant orifice. In this case, the designer has chosen an active storage
depth of 4 ft.

𝑄𝑂 = 𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2𝑔𝐻

where:
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

QO = maximum release rate of orifice (cfs) = 0.069 cfs

CD = coefficient of discharge, 0.52 for re-entrant orifice
AO = area of orifice (sf)
g = acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 (ft/s2)
H = maximum hydraulic head above the centerline of the orifice (ft) = 4 ft

𝑓𝑡
0.069 𝑐𝑓𝑠 = 0.52 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2 ∗ 32.2 ( 2 ) ∗ 4 𝑓𝑡
𝑠

𝐴𝑜 = 0.008 𝑠𝑓

Step 6: Translate the area of the controlled-flow orifice (AO) into a diameter and check that it is
greater than the minimum diameter of 1 in.
𝐷𝑜 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
𝐴𝑜 =
144

where:
AO = area of orifice (sf) = 0.008 sf
DO = diameter of orifice (in)

𝐷𝑂 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
0.008 𝑠𝑓 =
144

𝐷𝑂 = 1.21 𝑖𝑛 > 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝐾

Set the orifice diameter to the nearest 0.25-inch interval rounding down, with a minimum orifice diameter of one-
inch. In this case, use an orifice diameter of 1 inch.

Step 7: Confirm the orifice area of the selected orifice diameter from Step 6.
𝐷𝑜 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
𝐴𝑜 =
144

where:
AO = area of orifice (sf)
DO = diameter of orifice (in) = 1 inch

1 𝑖𝑛 2
[𝜋 ∗ ( ) ]
2
𝐴𝑂 =
144
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

𝐴𝑂 = 0.005 𝑠𝑓

Step 8: Confirm the required active storage depth in the tank using the orifice area from Step 7.

𝑄𝑂 = 𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2𝑔𝐻

where:
QO = maximum release rate of orifice (cfs) = 0.069 cfs
CD = coefficient of discharge, 0.52 for re-entrant orifice
AO = area of orifice (sf) = 0.005 sf
g = acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 (ft/s2)
H = maximum hydraulic head above the centerline of the orifice (ft)

𝑓𝑡
0.069 𝑐𝑓𝑠 = 0.52 ∗ 0.005 𝑠𝑓 ∗ √2 ∗ 32.2 ( 2 ) ∗ 𝐻
𝑠
𝐻 = 10.9 𝑓𝑡

If the active storage depth is too high, then increase the orifice size by 0.25 inches and re-run Steps 7-8 until a
suitable depth is identified. If the active storage depth is too low, then decrease the orifice size by 0.25 inches (but
not less than 1 inch) and re-run Steps 7-8. Alternatively, the designer can choose a different orifice configuration as
needed to modify the active storage depth.

In this case, the depth is too high to drain via gravity connection to the storm sewer. Using an orifice size of 1.25
inches results in an active storage depth of 3.4 ft.

Step 9: Set the dimensions of the detention tank’s active storage zone.
Based on the active storage depth of 3.4 ft and the VV of 229 cf, set the interior detention tank dimensions to L: 8.5
ft and W: 8.5 ft. The resulting detention tank has an active storage volume of 246 cf. Note that the exterior
dimensions of the detention tank will be larger than the dimensions of the active storage zone (8.5’L x 8.5’W x
3.4’D) to accommodate wall thickness, bypass structures, and/or other internal features.
 NYC Stormwater Manual – Appendix D

Figure F.5. Detention Tank with Re-Entrant Orifice