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Tissues
I. Tissues- Cells working together for one function. Ex. Muscle tissue
Histology: study of tissues
II. Cells
A. All living things are made of cells
B. Cell Structure
1. cell membrane- separates inside of cell from outside world
2. cytoplasm- semi-fluid inside the cell contains chemicals and cell
structures
3. nucleus- inside the cytoplasm contains DNA
III. Types of Tissues
A. Epithelial- covers body surface, lines hollow organs, body cavities, ducts,
forms glands
B. Connective tissue- protects and supports body and organs, binds organs
together, stores energy as fat, provides immunity
C. Muscle Tissue- movement, generates force
D. Nervous tissue- sends and receives signals
IV. Epithelial tissue
A. General features
1. Closely packed cells- little extra cellular matrix between
2. Arranged in sheets, formed by single cells or cell layers
3. Have apical (free) and basal (Attached surface)
4. Many cell junctions, secure attachment
5. Avascular- little blood supply
6. Attached firmly to basement membrane-2 layers basil lamina, made
by epithelial cells and reticular lamina- made by connective tissue
7. Has nerve supply
8. Has high capacity for renewal- lots of cell division
B. Cell Shapes-
a. Squamous-flattened and scale (or tile) like
b. cuboidal- Cube shaped
c. Columnar- tall and cylindrical
C. Arrangement of layers-
a. simple epithelium- single cell layer
b. Stratified epithelium- several layers
c. Pseudostratified- one layer, but some cells don’t reach the surface.
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D. types of epithelia tissue
1. Simple squamous epithelialim- very thin, ex. lines heart, blood
vessels.
2. Simple cubodial epithelium- secretion and absorption, ex. kidney
tubules
3. Simple columnar epithelium- absorption and secretion, ex. stomach
mucosa, small intestine mucosa
4. psuedostratified epithelium- protection of respiratory system, has cilia
to move mucus
5. Stratified squamous epithelium- thick, for protection, ex. epidermis
6. Stratified cubodial epithelium- secretion- ex. salivary duct
7. Stratified columnar epithelium- protection
8. Transitional epithelium- used where stretching is needed, ex. urinary
bladder
E. Glandular Epithelium- cell lie in clusters deep in the epithelium, adapted for
secretion
[Link] celled- one cell secretes, ex. mucus cells
2. multi-cellular- made of multiple cells, grows into connective tissue
a. Exocrine glands- secrete products into ducts, either unicellular, ex.
goblet cell, or multicellular ex. sweat glands, salivary glands
b. Endocrine glands- secrete products into blood, these glands have big
influence on metabolism
V. Connective Tissue
A. General Features
1. consists of cells surrounded by a matrix
2. matrix may be; fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous, fibrous, calcified
3. matrix is secreted by the cells and determines consistency of the tissue
4. doesn’t occur on free surfaces, except joints
5. has nerve supply, except cartilage
6. highly vascular
B. Connective tissue Cells
1. Fibroblasts- secrete molecules of matrix
2. macrophages- white blood cell, engulf bacteria by phagocytosis
3. plasma cell- white blood cell develop from B lymphocyte- secrete
antibodies
4. Mast cells- abundant alongside blood vessels, produce histamine, and
heparin, involved in immune response
5. Adipocytes- store fat
C. Connective Tissue Matrix- secreted by the cells, made up of:
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1. Ground Substance- contains large molecules that are a combination of
protein and carbohydrate
Hyaluronic acid- viscous, slippery, lubricates joints, give eye ball
shape
Chondroitin sulfate- jelly-like, support and adhesiveness in cartilage,
bone, skin, blood vessels
Dermatin sulfate- in skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves, for
toughness
Keraton sulfate- in bone, cartilage, cornea for strength
2. Fibers- provide strength and support for tissue, embedded in matrix
Collagen fibers- tough and resilient, fibers bundle parallel for added
strength, most common protein in the human body
Elastic fibers- smaller then collagen, very elastic, in blood vessels,
skin, lungs
Reticular fibers- made of collagen protein and glycoprotiens, form a
mesh, provide strength and support, form frame work of soft organs
D. Types of connective tissue-
1. Loose connective tissue- loosely woven and contain many cells
a. areoler connective tissue- contains many cell types, all three types
of fiber, and ground substance contains hyluronic acid, chondrotin sulfate, dermatin
sulfate and keratin sulfate, used to attach one tissue to another, also used to fill in space
in organs
b. Adipose tissue- cells called adipocytes which store fat, also a good
insulator
c. Reticular connective tissue- fine interlacing reticular fibers and
reticular cells, helps bind cells of smooth muscle- forms framework to give organs their
shape
2. Dense connective tissue- Densely packed thick fibers with fewer cells
a. Dense regular connective tissue- collagen fibers are packed into
parallel arrangement, fibroblasts (produce fibers and ground substance) appear in rows
between fibers, very strong in one direction- ex. tendons
b. Dense irregular connective tissue- irregularly arranged fibers, pretty
strong in all directions, ex. heart valves, dermis of skin
c. Elastic Connective tissue- has freely branching fibers, firbroblasts
are between branches, has elasticity, ex. arteries
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3. Cartilage- capable of enduring much stress, dense matrix of collagen
fibers and elastic fibers embedded in chondrotin sulfate, chondrocytes occur in spaces
(lacunae) in the matrix
a. Hyaline cartilage- most abundant in body, provides flexibility and
support at joints, reduces friction and absorbs shock, weakest type of cartilage, ex. nose
b. Fibrocartilage- strong and rigid, strongest type of cartilage, ex.
intervertebral disks
c. Elastic cartilage- chondrocytes located in network of elastic fibers,
provides elasticity to organs, ex. pinna of ear
4. Osseous tissue- bone, will be discussed later
5. Blood Tissue- will be discussed later
VI . Membranes-
A. Epithelial membrane- an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue
layer
B. Mucus membrane- and epithelial membrane that lines a cavity that opens out
to the exterior, some of the cells secrete mucus to prevent drying out and trap dust, the
connective tissue part is called the lamina propria
C. Serous membrane- an epithelial membrane that lines a cavity that doesn’t
open to the outside, 2 layers- parietal layer, attaches to cavity wall, visceral layer,
covers and attaches to organs, the epithelial portion secretes serous fluid that lubricates
the organs
VII. Muscle Tissue- will be discussed later
VIII. Nervous Tissue- will be discussed later