RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH &

TECHNOLOGY, CHANDRAPUR

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Seminar Report

On

Fiber Optic

Submitted By

Aniket Bonampelliwar, (21)

Piyush Sontakke, (22)

Fifth Semester
Session 2021-22

Evaluated by:
 Fiber Optic

Contents

• Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 01

• What is a fiber-optic network? ………………………………………………... 02

• Definition and Working Principle ...…………………………………………... 02

• Types of fiber optic cables ……………………………………………………. 04

• Advantages of optical-fiber …………………………………………………… 05

• Disadvantages of optical-fiber ………………………………………………… 05

• Application ……………………………………………………………………. 06

• Future Development …………………………………………………………... 06

• Conclusion ……………………………………………………...……………... 07

• Reference …………………………………………………………………….... 07
 Fiber Optic

Introduction

There has always been a demand to increase the capacity of transmission of information, and
scientists and engineers continuously pursue technological routes for achieving this goal. The
technological advances ever since the invention of the laser in 1960 have been indeed revolutionized the
area of telecommunication and networking. The availability of laser presented communication engineers
with a suitable carrier wave capable of carrying an enormously large amount of information compared
to radio waves and microwaves. An optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber that acts as a
waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. Optical fibers are widely
used in Fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher
bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires
because signals travel along with them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic
interference. A fiber-optic cable contains anywhere from a few to hundreds of optical fibers within a
plastic casing. Also known as optic cables or optical fiber cables, they transfer data signals in the form
of light and travel hundreds of miles significantly faster than those used in traditional electrical cables.
And because fiber-optic cables are non-metallic, they are not affected by electromagnetic interference
(i.e., weather) that can reduce the speed of transmission. Fiber cables are also safer as they do not carry
a current and therefore cannot generate a spark.

Optic fibers are generally known for transmitting communication signals over thin strands of
plastic. This technology isn’t new since the idea was formulated over one century ago and has been in
commercial use for at least 25 years. The very first commercial optic fiber installation was made for a
telephone system in 1976 in Chicago. By the early 80s, the first long-distance telephone networks were
operational. By the middle of the 1980s, most of the basic, modern fiber technology were developed and
installed in the communications grid that today handles virtually all telecommunications that are long
distance. The Technological benefit of optical fibers – A tiny strand of optical fiber can carry more
communication signals than copper cables over longer distances. For example, copper cables with about
one thousand pairs of conductors can carry about 24 conversations by telephone (a distance of fewer
than 5 kilometers). Thinner fiber optic cables can carry over 32,000 conversations, hundreds and even
thousands of kilometers. Because of this, the cost of sending phone signals via copper is 100 times higher
than the cost of transmitting the signal via fiber cables.

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What is a fiber-optic network?

There are several different types of fiber-optic networks but they all begin with optic cables
running from the network hub to the curb near your home or straight to your home to provide a fiber-
optic internet connection. The fastest type of fiber network is called Fiber to the Home (FTTH) or Fiber
to the Premises (FTTP) because it’s a 100% fiber-optic connection with optical fiber cables installed to
terminals directly connected to houses, apartment buildings, and businesses.

On the other hand, Fiber to the Curb (FTTC) is a partial fiber connection because the optical
cables run to the curb near homes and businesses and copper cables carry the signals from the curb the
rest of the way. Similarly, Fiber to the Building (FTTB) is when fiber cable goes to a point on a shared
property and the other cabling provides the connection to offices or other spaces.

the most awarded network for internet service satisfaction over the past 10 years.

Now that you know how fiber optics work, let’s talk about the many benefits of fiber-optic speed.
When you’re on an FTTH network, you’ll experience significantly faster upload and download speeds,
more bandwidth for multiple devices at home, and a reliable connection.

Definition and Working Principle

Fiber optics is the technology used to transmit the information as pulses of light through
strands of fiber made of glass or plastic over long distances.

Optical fibers are about the diameter of a strand of human hair and when bundled into a fiber-
optic cable, they’re capable of transmitting more data over longer distances and faster than other
mediums. This technology provides homes and businesses with fiber-optic internet, phone, and TV
services.

Optical Fiber is a medium for carrying information from one point to another in the form of light.
Unlike the copper form of transmission, optical fiber is not electrical. A fiber-optic system consists of a
transmitting device that converts an electrical signal into a light signal, an optical fiber cable that carries
the light, and a receiver that accepts the light signal and converts it back into an electrical signal.

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 Fiber Optic

The core of the optical fiber cable is a transparent cylinder of refractive index nf embedded in a
cladding material of refractive index nc as in Fig. 3. The Refractive index of a medium is defined as the
ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in this specified medium.
The light is guided down the core of the fiber by the optical cladding which has a lower refractive
index that traps light in the core through "total internal reflection."
If we consider a ray traveling in the plane containing the optical axis then it will remain
constrained as long as,
cos(𝜃𝑝) ≥ 𝑛𝑐 𝑛𝑓

Fig. 3. The principle of operation of optical fiber cables

the cladding provides medium with lower n and protects from frustrated total internal reflection
e.g., from fiber touching, dust, or moisture on the surface.

The complexity of a fiber optic system can range from very simple (i.e., local area network) to
extremely sophisticated and expensive (i.e., long-distance telephone or cable television trunking). For
example, the system shown in Fig. 1 could be built very inexpensively using visible LEDs, plastic fiber,
a silicon photodetector, and some simple electronic circuitry. The overall cost could be less than £20.
On the other hand, a typical system used for long-distance, high-bandwidth telecommunication that
employs wavelength-division multiplexing, erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, external modulation using
distributed feedback laser (DFB lasers) with temperature compensation, fiber Bragg gratings, and high-
speed infrared photodetectors could cost tens or even hundreds of thousands of pounds. The basic
question is “how much information is to Optical Fibre: Fundamentals, Properties and, Advantages 5 be
sent and how far does it have to go?” With this in mind, we can examine the various components that
make up a fiber optic communication system and the considerations that must be taken into account in
the design of such systems.

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Types of fiber optic cable

Generally, there are three sorts of fiber optic cables: 2 glass glass fiber single-mode fiber optic
cable and multimode optical fiber, also as plastic glass fiber (POF).
The “mode” in fiber optic cable refers to the trail during which light travels. Single-mode fiber
features a smaller core diameter of 9 microns (8.3 microns to be exact) and only allows one wavelength
and pathway for light to travel, which greatly decreases light reflections and lowers attenuation.
Multimode optical fiber features a bigger core diameter than that of single-mode fiber optic cable,
which allows multiple pathways and a variety of other wavelengths of sunshine to be transmitted.
Multimode optical fiber is out there in two sizes, 50 microns and 62.5 microns. It’s commonly used for
brief distances, including patch cable applications like fiber to desktop or patch panel to equipment, data,
and audio/video applications in LANs. Consistent with the fiber index of refraction distribution,
multimode fibers are often divided into two types:
step-index multimode fiber vs graded-index multimode fiber.
POF may be a large core step-index glass fiber with a typical diameter of 1mm. massive size
enables it to easily couple many lights from sources and connectors that do not need to be high precision.
So typical connector costs are 10-20% the utmost amount as for glass fibers and termination is simple.
Being plastic, it’s more durable and should be installed in minutes with minimal tools and training. For
applications that don’t require high bandwidth over great distances, POF is more competitive, making it
a viable option for desktop LAN connections and low-speed short links.

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Advantages of optical-fiber

The advantages of optical fiber include the following.

• Bandwidth is above copper cables.
• Less power loss and allows data transmission for extended distances.
• Optical cable is sized as 4.5 times which is best than copper wires.
• Fiber cables are lighter, thinner so that they use less area as compared to copper wires.
• Optical cable is resistant to electromagnetic interference.
• Installation is extremely easy thanks to less weight.
• Optical fiber cable is extremely easy thanks to less weight.
• Optical fiber cable is extremely hard to tap because they don’t produce electromagnetic energy.
These optical fiber cables are very secure for transmitting data. This cable opposes most acidic
elements that hit copper wired also are flexible.
• Optical fiber cables are often made cheaper than equivalent lengths of copper wire.
• Light has the fastest speed within the universe, such a lot faster signal.
• Fiber optic cables allow much more cable than copper twisted-pair cables.
• Fiber optic cables have how more bandwidth than copper twisted-pair cables.

Disadvantages of optical-fiber

• These cables are very difficult to merge so there’ll be a loss of beam within the cable.
• Installation of those cables is cost-effective. They’re not as robust because of wires. Special
equipment is typically required for optical fiber.
• These cables are highly vulnerable while fitting.
• These cables are more delicate than copper wires.
• Special devices are needed to ascertain the transmission of fiber cable.
• Fiber optic cable is dear to put in. it needs costly splicing machines and trained specialists to
place in fiber optic cables.

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 Fiber Optic

Applications of optical-fiber

• Medical Industry

• Communication

• Defence

• Industries

• Broadcasting

• Lighting and Decorations

• Mechanical Inspections

Future development

Today’s global businesses demand faster, more secure, and larger capacity communication
systems for their network operations. Fiber optic technology is expected to play a major part in this
growth. A Research and Markets study determined that the compound annual growth rate for the fiber
optic market could reach 8.5 percent by 2025, meaning more industries will be looking to the solutions
presented by this technology. From healthcare systems to the marine environment, fiber optic cable is
proving to be a crucial component of industrial infrastructure.
Fiber optic cable assemblies are also playing an increasingly vital role in residential applications.
Homeowners now expect high-speed internet access as part of their daily lives, and telecom and data
industry leaders are turning to fiber optic technology as a clean, reliable way to provide expected
services. In the next five years and beyond, contractors expect to use fiber optic cable for improved
connectivity in a wide variety of projects.
Additionally, the expansion of new 5G wireless technology is being made possible with the help
of fiber optic cable. Wired Magazine reports that telecom leaders are relying on millions of miles of new
cables, allowing 5G devices across the globe to better connect and network with one another. With the
price of smartphones decreasing in developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil, this connection
has never been more important for so many.

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 Fiber Optic

Then there’s OAM or orbital angular momentum. This new technology forces light waves to
twist in a spiral, increasing their ability to transmit information in a highly scalable manner. Experts
at Technology Networks have even speculated that this method of transmission could increase
transmission speeds by 100 times over the next few years.

Conclusion

Optical fiber technology has been used in many areas of telecommunication, photonics, medical,
and engineering. It has attracted many researchers due to its performance, low loss, no interference,
higher bandwidth, and its inherently high data-carrying capacity. Although optical fibers have many
advantages, there still exist some disadvantages associated with optical fiber technology. One of the
disadvantages of optical fibers is that despite the natural abundance of the material for optical fiber
construction which is the sand, the fibers are more expensive compared to copper cables. Another
disadvantage is that; high-skilled manpower is needed for optical fiber mounting.

Reference

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