9.
1 Practice
with
and
Student Edition pages 460–462
Evaluate the six trigonometric functions of the angle 𝛉. (See Example 1.)
9.1
1. 2. 3.
θ 14
7
5 9 θ
θ 26
— —
5 2√ 6 12 2√ 30 7
sin θ = —
, cos θ = —
, sin θ = —
, cos θ = — ,
7 7 13 13
— 4 3 4 — —
5√ 6 7 sin θ = — 5, cos θ = — 5, tan θ = — 3 , 2√30 13√30
tan θ = — , csc θ = — , tan θ = — , csc θ = — ,
12 5 5 5 7 60
csc θ = — 4 , sec θ = — 3, cot θ = — 34 —
—
7√ 6
— 13 7√ 30
2√ 6 sec θ = — , cot θ = —
sec θ = —
, cot θ = —
7 60
12 5
Let 𝛉 be an acute angle of a right triangle. Evaluate the other five trigonometric functions
of 𝛉. (See Example 2.)
7 5 15
4. sin θ = —
11 5. cos θ = —
12 6. csc θ = —
8
— — — — —
6√ 2 7√2 √
119 √
119 8 √
161
cos θ = —
, tan θ = —
, sin θ = —
, tan θ = —
, sin θ = —
, cos θ = —
,
11 12 12 5 15 15
— — — —
11 11√ 2 12√ 119 12 8√161 15√161
csc θ = —
, sec θ = —
, csc θ = —
, sec θ = —
, tan θ = —
, sec θ = —
,
7 12 119 5 161 161
— — —
6√ 2 5√119 √
161
cot θ = —
cot θ = —
cot θ = —
7 119 8
14 7 16
7. sec θ = —
9 8. tan θ = — 6 9. cot θ = —
11
— — — — —
√
115 9 7√85 6√ 85 11√ 377 16√377
sin θ = —
, cos θ = —
, sin θ = —
, cos θ = —
, sin θ = —
, cos θ = —
,
14 14 85 85 377 377
— — — — —
√ 115 14√ 115 √
85 √
85 11 √377
tan θ = —
, csc θ = —
, csc θ = — , sec θ = —
, tan θ = —
, csc θ = —
,
9 115 7 6 16 11
— —
9√ 115 6 √377
cot θ = —
cot θ = —
sec θ = —
115 7 16
10. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding csc θ, given that θ is an
7
acute angle of a right triangle and cos θ = —
11 .
✗ csc θ = —
1
cos θ
= —
11
7
1
The reciprocal of csc θ is —
;
sin θ
—
11√ 2
csc θ = —
12
398 Chapter 9
Find the value of x for the right triangle. (See Example 3.)
11. 30° 12. 13. 7
12 9
x
60° 45°
x x
9.1
x = 6 x = 4.5 x=7
Use a tool to evaluate the trigonometric function.
14. tan 31° 15. csc 59° 16. sin 23°
about 0.60 about 1.17 about 0.39
Solve △ABC using the diagram and the given measurements. (See Example 4.) A
b c
17. B = 36°, a = 23 18. A = 27°, b = 9
A = 54°, b ≈ 16.71, c ≈ 28.43 B = 63°, a ≈ 4.59, c ≈ 10.10 C a B
19. B = 16°, b = 14 20. B = 31°, a = 23
A = 74°, a ≈ 48.82, c ≈ 50.79 A = 59°, b ≈ 13.82, c ≈ 26.83
21. B = 72°, c = 12.8 22. A = 64°, a = 7.4
A = 18°, a ≈ 3.96, b ≈ 12.17 B = 26°, b ≈ 3.61, c ≈ 8.23
23. CONNECTION TO REAL LIFE A person whose eye level is 1.5 meters above the ground is
standing 75 meters from the base of the Jin Mao Building in Shanghai, China. The person
estimates the angle of elevation to the top of the building is about 80°. Estimate the height of
the building.
about 427 m
India’s Notes
Equity in Action
Celebrate diverse cultures by discussing traditions within Shanghai and other large cities
throughout China.
? “ What are some names of cities in China? What are they known for?”
? “ What are some Chinese traditions that you are familiar with?”
Data Talk
The Jin Mao Building is a 93-story building. It contains a shopping mall, offices, and
the Grand Hyatt Shanghai hotel.
? “ What is the estimated height of each floor in the building?” 4.59 meters
24. OPEN-ENDED Write a real-life problem that can be solved using a right triangle. Then solve
your problem.
Check students’ work.
Chapter 9 399
25. CONNECTION TO REAL LIFE To measure the width of a river, you plant a stake on one side of the
river, directly across from a boulder. You then walk 100 meters to the right of the stake and measure
a 79° angle between the stake and the boulder. About how wide is the river? (See Example 5.)
Not drawn to scale
9.1
79°
100 m
about 514 m
valuate the six trigonometric functions of the angle (90° − θ) in Exercise 2. Describe the
26. E
relationships you notice.
sin(90° − θ) = — 35 , cos(90° − θ) = — 45,
tan(90° − θ) = — 34 , csc(90° − θ) = — 53,
sec(90° − θ) = — 54, cot(90° − θ) = — 43;
sin(90° − θ) = cos θ, cos(90° − θ) = sin θ,
tan(90° − θ) = cot θ, csc(90° − θ) = sec θ,
sec(90° − θ) = csc θ, cot(90° − θ) = tan θ
27. Consider
a semicircle with a radius of 1 unit, as shown below. Write the values of the six
trigonometric functions of the angle θ.
θ
— — —
1 √
3 √
3 2√3 —
sin θ = —
, cos θ = —
, tan θ = —
, csc θ = 2, sec θ = —
, cot θ = √
3
2 2 3 3
28. Is it possible to draw a right triangle in which the values of the cosine function of the acute
angles are equal?
yes; Both acute angles can be 45°.
29. A
passenger in an airplane sees two towns directly to the left of the plane. Explain how to find the
distance y between the two towns. Then find y.
Use the tangent function to find the horizontal distance,
x + y, from the airplane to the second town. Then use
15° 25°
the tangent function to find the horizontal distance
25,000 ft d x from the airplane to the first town. Lastly, find the
distance between the two towns; about 39,689 ft
x y Not drawn to scale
400 Chapter 9
30. DIG DEEPER A procedure for approximating π based on the work
of Archimedes is to inscribe a regular hexagon in a circle.
a. Use the diagram to solve for x. What is the perimeter of the hexagon?
30° 30°
x = 0.5; 6 units
1 1
b. E
xplain why a regular n-sided polygon inscribed in a circle x
9.1
of radius 1 has a perimeter of
2n sin —
180 °
n⋅ ( )
.
Sample answer: Each side is part of two right triangles, with the angle touching the center of the circle measuring
—
n ( )
180°
( )
. So, each side length is 2 sin —
180°
n
, and there are n sides.
se the expression from part (b) to find an expression in terms of n that approximates π. Then
c. U
evaluate the expression when n = 50.
⋅ ( )
n sin —
180°
n
; about 3.1395
In addition to persevering through solving the individual steps, this problem provides an opportunity for students to
think about the problem solving strategies Archimedes applied to develop this procedure. “In what ways does the approach
used by Archimedes use the problem-solving strategy of solving a simpler problem? How was the solution to the simpler
problem extended to help move toward a solution to the original problem?”
Listen for students to explain that the base case (a hexagon) was a more familiar problem that allowed for a generalization
for any n-sided polygon. Probe student thinking to ensure that they see the solution pathway that Archimedes intended, of
extending the perimeter of an n-sided polygon (by making n large) to think about the circumference of a circle. “How did
Archimedes plan to use this reasoning to solve the problem? What mathematical relationships enabled you to make the
connection to finding an approximation of π? How did you know if your answer made sense?”
Interpreting Data
RAINBOWS A rainbow is visible when sunlight passes through drops of water in the atmosphere.
Some of the light in the drops is reflected, and different colors of light are reflected at slightly
different angles.
Sun’s rays
θ 250 ft
θ
225 ft
not drawn to scale
Chapter 9 401