Word Formation

Suffix & Prefix

Md. Basad Ali

B.A (Hons) M.A (English) [Link]
Assistant Teacher (English)
Meherpur Govt. High School
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AFFIXATION SUFFIX & PREFIX

Root: - A word that cannot be reduced to a simpler form is called a simple or primary
word: as, join good, drink, man, hope. Such words are also Roots.
Particle: A word or a part of a word that has a grammatical purpose but often has little
or no meaning.
Prefix: -Particles added to the beginning of a root are called Prefixes; as, "deed," "mis-
deed."
Suffix: -Particles added to the end of a root are called suffixes; as, "good," good-ness."
Primary Derivative: When a word is formed out of some root or primary word by
making some change in the body of the root, it is called a Primary Derivative: run-ran;
sing-sang.
Secondary Derivative: - When a word is formed by adding some Prefix or Suffix to the
simple word, it is called a Secondary Derivative.

Parts of speech can be divided into two types.

Closed class/Minor Class Open class/Major Class

1. Pronouns---- he,they,she,this,that 1. Nouns--- Jojn, room, answer, play
2. Determiners—
- (articles, a, an, the, 2. Adjectives-----happy, steady, new,
-Adjective of Quantity, large
-Adjective of Number, all,
-Pronominal Adjective)--Such,every, 3. Main Verbs----search, grow, play,
3. Auxiliary Verbs--- am, is, are
3. Preposition--- in, on, at without
4. Conjunctions---Although, and, because, 4. Adverb—steadily, completely
5. Interjections---- ah, oh, ouch, phew,ugh,
wow, *G¸‡jvi msL¨v Amxg I mvaviYZ ea©bkxj|
*G¸‡jvi msL¨v mxwgZ I mvaviYZ AcwieZ©bkxj| *G¸‡jvi †gvU msL¨v ¸‡Y †kl Kiv m¤¢e bq|
*G¸‡jvi †gvU msL¨v cÖvq 350 | *G¸‡jvi MV‡b cvi¯úwiK wgj Av‡Q|
*G¸‡jvi MV‡b cvi¯úwiK †Kvb wgj ‡bB| *ïiæ‡Z ev †k‡l †Kvb eY© ev eY©mgwó †hvM K‡i
*ïiæ‡Z ev †k‡l †Kvb eY© ev eY©mgwó †hvM K‡i GK GK c` †_‡K Ab¨ c‡` cwieZ©b Kiv hvq |
c` †_‡K Ab¨ c‡` cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv|
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A word family is given below.

Parts Of Speech Word/ Meaning

[Link] Beauty, ‡mŠ›`h©¨ Beautification‡mŠ›`h©¨ea©b, †kvfvea©b
beautian iƒcm¾vwkíx

[Link] Beautify my›`i Kiv

[Link] Beautiful my›`i, Beauteous my›`i, iƒcevb, ‡kvfvgq
[Link] Beautifully, my›`ifv‡e

GKwU word family Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU k‡ãi Avjv`v Avjv`v A_© I e¨envi Av‡Q|
1.A_/meaning I KvR/function ‡`L‡Z n‡e|
iæbv my›`ix ‡g‡q|
Runa is a beauty girl/beautiful girl/beautify girl/beautifully girl.
Avgiv †`LwQ A_© †`L‡j beautiful girl n‡e| Zvn‡j A_© n‡”Q MyiæZ¦cyY©|ZvB A_© †`L‡Z n‡e cÖ_‡gB|
2. Article I Noun Gi gv‡S Adjective e‡m|For example :- A/An/The.........boy= A good
boy. A......... girl= A beautiful girl. An........book=An intersting story. A (merit)
student= A meritorious student. A (rain) day=A rainy day. An (age) man= an aged man.
A (learn) man= A learned man. A (wind) day= A windy day. A (storm) night= A stormy
night. A (move) creature= A moving creature. A (fly) bird= A flying bird.
A (run) bus= A running bus. An (use) thing= an useful thing. An (importance) matter= an
important matter. A (luxuy) life=A luxurious life. A (respect) Muslim family= A
respectable Muslim family.A (peace){Noun}life= A peaceful life.

3. ev‡K¨i A_© ey‡S Ki‡Z n‡e| A‡bK mgq e¨vKiYMZ fv‡e ‡Kvb fzj _v‡K bv;wKš‘ A‡_©i w`‡K jÿ Ki‡j
†`Lv hv‡e †h A_© D‡ëv n‡”Q| ZLb eÜbxi( bracket) kãwUi wecixZ kã em‡e|
For example:-
i) (Forestation) means cutting down trees indiscriminately.
ii) A thief is a (honest) man. ii) The cruel man is very (kind). iii) His father's death
is a (repairable) loss. iv) The (literate) man cannot read and write. v) A bad man is
(graceful) to his family .An (healthy) man cannot enjoy life. They are (most)=mostly
Muslims.
Word Meanig Opposite Meaning
honest mr dishonest Amr
kind `qvjy unkind wb`©q
repairable c~iYxq irrepairable Ac~iYxq
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literate wkwÿZ illiterate AwkwÿZ

mybv‡gi
KzL¨vwZi Kvib †Kvb
graceful KviY †Kvb disgraceful e¨vw³
e¨vw³
healthy ¯^v¯’¨evb unhealthy A¯^v¯’¨Ki
forestation ebvqb deforestation eb DRvwoKiY
discriminate ‡e‡Q †e‡Q wbwe©Pv‡i
indiscriminately
ly
legally ‰eafv‡e illegally A‰eafv‡e
suitable Dc‡hvMx unsuitable Abyc‡hvMx
educated wkwÿZ uneducated AwkwÿZ
merit fvj w`K demerit Lvivc w`K
possible m¤¢e impossible Am¤¢e
fortunate fvM¨evb unfortunate `~fv© Mv
e¨venvi
behave misbehave Lvivc e¨venvi Kiv
Kiv
honesty mZZv dishonesty AmZZv
Áv‡bi
wisely unwisely AÁv‡bi gZ
mv‡_
known cwiwPZ unknown AcwiwPZ
dependent wbf©ikxj independent Awbf©ikxj
decent f`ª indecent Af`ª
happy myLx unhappy `~tLx
proper mwVK improper fzj
conduct AvPiY misconduct Lvivc AvPiY
complete m¤ú~Y© incomplete Am¤ú~Y©
necessary `iKvwi unnecessary A`iKvwi
sufficient ch©vß insufficient Ach©vß
cwigvc
measurable immeasurable Acwigvc †hvM¨
†hvM¨
cvV¨µwgK extra/cocurricul mncvV¨µwgK
curricular
ar
lawful AvBbZ unlawful ‡eAvBwb
wbqš¿Y
domitable indomitable Awbqš¿Y †hvM¨
†hvM¨
appearance Dcw¯’wZ disappearance wbiæ‡Ïk
like cQ›` Kiv dislike AcQ›` Kiv
literacy ¯^vÿiZv illiteracy wbiÿiZv
ability †hvM¨Zv disability A†hvM¨Zv
adequate ch©vß inadequate Ach©vß
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gh©v`vi
grace disgrace Agh©v`vi KviY
KviY
favourable AbyKzj unfavourable cÖwZKzj
Changed cwiewZ©Z unchanged AcwiewZ©Z
solvency m”QjZv insolvency Am”QjZv
happiness myL unhappiness `~tL
willing B”QzK unwilling Awb”QzK
Kg© Av‡Q
employed unemployed ‡eKvi
Ggb
nutrition cywó malnutrition Acywó
mature cwic° immature Acwic°
memorial ¯§iYxq immemorial ¯§iYxqbq
veil c`©v unveil
‡fvjv hvq
forgettable unforgettable ‡fvjv hvq bv Ggb
Ggb
order k„sLjv disorder wek„sLjv
Tolerable mnbxq intolerable Amnbxq
bearable mnbxq unbearable Amnbxq
modesty f`ªZv immodesty Af`ªZv
human gvbweK inhuman AgvbweK
pure ï× impure Aï×
treat AvPiY Kiv maltreat Lvivc AvPiY Kiv
fed fz³ unfed Afz³
cÖwZKvi‡hv
curable incurable AcÖwZKvi‡hvM¨
M¨
aware m‡PZb unaware Am‡PZb
available unavailable
practice malpractice
bacteria antibacteria
settle unsettle
deed misdeed
titled untitled
guide misguide
qualify disqualify
qualify disqualification

4. ev‡K¨i KZ©v ev Subject wU Noun n‡e| (Short){adj} of money= Shortness (noun) GKvwaK
word Øviv subject MwVZ n‡j
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Headword wU preposition Gi Av‡M _v‡K| (Jewel)=Jewellery is worn by

woman.(Honest{adj}) is the. Theft,(robber)=robbery, and antisocial activities have
increased. (Begin{verb})=beginner/beginners. The books of famous (write)=writers
are. Most of the (visit)=visitors buy. The (buy)=buyers like.
5. ev‡K¨i Kg© ev Object wU Noun n‡e| Health means (sound) of body. Trees give (protect).
enjoy (happy{adj})=happiness. Mushrooms provide (prevent)=preventives. have
patriotism. gain(know)=knowledge.(verb ‡K ÕwKÕ ev ÕKv‡KÕ cÖkœ K‡i object cvIqv hvq|)
Verb Adjective Noun
Sound soundness
Protect protection
Perform performer/s
Short Shortness
modest modesty
honest honesty

6 Preposition Gi c‡i verb em‡j verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|| of (behave)=behaving
and (interact)interacting.
7. Article Gi c‡i Noun e‡m an (instuct{verb})=instructor . a handful=GK gy‡Vv. The
(buy)=The buyers
8. Noun Gi Av‡M Article/determiner/adjective e‡m
9. Article I of Gi gv‡S Noun e‡m| The (important) of television.
Verb Adjective Noun
Important Importance
Own Owner

10. Article I Noun Gi gv‡S Adjective e‡m|

A (health) man
Article Noun Adjective Noun
A health healthy(¯^v¯’¨evb) man

11. Adjective Gi c‡i Noun e‡m All (happy), legal (own).Adjective wU Plural wb‡`©kK n‡j
eÜbxi kãwU Aek¨B Plural Noun n‡e|ev‡K¨i A_© †_‡K hw` †evSv hvq †h Noun wU Plural nIqvi
K_v Zvn‡j Zv Plural n‡e|
proper (treat), harmonious (develop{verb}) full (flourish{verb}) the then (rule)
Adjective Noun
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all happiness
the then/Pakistani ruler/rulers
legal owner/owners
proper treatment
harmonious development
full flourishment
famous writers
different publishers

12. Adjective Gi Av‡M Adverb e‡m:- (extreme)ly happy

13. preposition +Adjective+ Noun (Preposition I Adjective Gi c‡i Noun e‡m|)
In all weather. Of all (happy) . for (money) problem
Preposition Adjective Noun
Of all happiness
for monetary problem

14. Possessive Adjective (my, our, your, thy, his, her, its,their,Rahim's)Gi c‡i Noun e‡m
|their (product Drcbœ `ªe¨)=production Drcv`b his (attain{verb})=attainment
15. Auxiliary Verb I Main Verb|Gi gv‡S Adverb e‡m|
is (eager){adj}=eagerly{adv} waited. is (deep{adj})deeply situated. should be
(careful) produced.
Adjective Adverb
careful carefully

[Link] I Main Verb Gi gv‡S Adverb e‡m|

Hinduism (Most{adj})=mostly prevails.
[Link] Gi †k‡l Adverb (Verb ‡K Modify Ki‡Z object Gi c‡i adverb e‡m|)
Take exercise (regular) .Can enjoy his life ((full). Manages the family (nice)=nicely.
loves me(dear)=dearly. Does his duties (regular) and (sincere)
Verb Object Adective Adverb
take exercise regular regularly
can enjoy his life full fully
does his duties sincere sincerely
discharges discharges proper properly
Torture them serious seriouly
must be immediate immediately
removed
to be observed globally
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express their feelings clearly

remember an honest respectfully
man
live very peacefully
cultivate scientifically
suffers both physically/mentally

18. cy‡iv Sentence ‡K Modify Ki‡Z Sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z subject Gi Av‡M Adverb e‡m |
(Usual){adj}=Usually in our society .({adj}General{[adv]Generally}) I get up early in
the morning.
19. Preposition Gi c‡i Noun e‡m| of (clean) . on (truthful) Of (poor)=poorness. to
(dark{adj})=darkness of (aware{adj})=awareness. against stomach disorders. for(
prepare)=preparation. of (behave)= behaviour and (interact)=interaction
Preposition Noun
of cleanliness
on truthfulness
of lawlessness

20. Preposition Gi c‡i Pronoun এর objective case ‡hgb me/you/him/her/them e‡m|

21. Noun Gi Av‡M adjective e‡m; adjective Gi Av‡M adverb e‡m; adverb Gi Av‡M Article
e‡m|(compound noun MVb Ki‡Z Noun Gi Av‡M Av‡iKwU Noun em‡Z cv‡i)
GKwU Noun Phrase Gi MVb
Article +adverb +adjective +(noun adjective _vK‡Z cv‡i)+noun
A (dense) populated country. A very beautiful flower vase.
Article Adverb Adjective N Noun
Adjective
A very beautiful flower vase
A densely populated country
The most merciful Almighty
A talented film maker/writer

22. Noun Gi Av‡M m½wZc~Y©/A_©c~Y© Adjective e‡m |

(agriculture) land. (nation) and international matters, (world) life. (book)
knowledge.(hero{noun})=heroic sons.(right) place=rightful place. (Vary)= various
books.
(choose)=chosen books. (gold)=golden season.(compete)=competent student
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Noun Verb Adjective

agriculture agricutural
nation national
world worldly
hate hateful
greed greedy
book bookish
hero heroic
autocrat autocratic

23. Pluralism = GKUv series Gi me¸‡jv kã GKB c` n‡e| ( bracket Gi evB‡ii kãwU †h c`
bracket Gi wfZ‡ii kãwU I ‡mB c` n‡e|
National and international [2 adj]matters. For a better{ Comparative Degree },
(happy)[happier] {Positive Degree},( Healthy)[healthier] { Positive Degree}
life[3 comparative degrees]. Polite,(affection)=affectionate and intelligent[3
adjectives]. To be (health{noun}=healthy)[adj], strong(adj), and stout(adj)[3
adj]. (modest{adj}) the =modesty,diligence, politeness( 3 nouns). the greatest of men
and(teach{verb})=teachers
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good Better Best
Healthy Healthier Healthiest
Happy Happier Happiest

24. Subject Gi c‡i mvaviYZ Verb e‡m|

It (large) our knowledge.( present Indefinite tense G'Subject' third person singular
number n‡j verb1 Gi mv‡_ s/es/ies †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Adjective Noun Verb
Large Enlarge
Strength Strengthen
courage encourage
change exchange
charge discharge
play display

25. Subject +Be/linking verb +Adjective.(‡`vl, ¸Y,Ae¯’v,msL¨v,cwigvY BZ¨vw` eySv‡j) GB

Structure e¨veüZ nq| Be Verb Gi c‡i .(‡`vl, ¸Y,Ae¯’v,msL¨v,cwigvY BZ¨vw` eySv‡j) | Our
fair is (crowd)=crowed. SS are welcome
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Trees are (use) to man. An honest man is truthful./satisfied/dissatified

Noun Verb Adjective
use useful
complete/incomplete

depend dependent
care careful
respect respectful
study studious

26. Noun+Noun= Compound Noun| Noun Gi c‡i ev Av‡M Av‡iKwU Noun e‡m Compound
Noun MwVZ nq|tree (plant {verb})=plantation +Programme.
(develop{verb})=development programme. (grow{verb})=growth rate

Verb Noun
plant plantation

27. Article +Noun Adjective +Noun (Article Gi c‡i GKwU Noun Gi c‡i †ckv †evSv‡Z Av‡KwU
Noun em‡Z cv‡i|)
A Day (labour)= A day labourer. A garments (work) = A garments worker.
28. Adverb Gi c‡i Adjective e‡m
Very (help)= Very helpless. very polite,(affection)= affectionate and intelligent. is so
(care{adj})=careful
29. Possessive Adjective(my,our,your, his, her, their, its, Salam's) Gi c‡i Noun e‡m|
His(employ{verb})= employer.(Noun)
30. There +verb +Subject+ Ext. There w`‡q Sentence ïiæ n‡j Subject 3 bs position G
e‡m| ev‡K¨i KZ©v ev Subject wU Noun n‡e| There is (difficult){adj}=difficulty in
learning.
31. Verb plural n‡j Subject (bracket Gi noun) plural n‡e|
(Child){singular}=Children{plural} are considered.(Begin{verb}=Beginners usually
find it
32. Intransitive VerbGi c‡i adverb em‡Z cv‡i |Protested
(vehement[{adj})=vehemently[adv]
[Link] of different 'isms' & religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Jainism
Christianity, Democracy, Capitalism, Communalism, Noncommunalism, Socialism,
Communism, Secularism, autocracy, monarchy, patriotism
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34.A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk/‡gvUv/wPKb/c‡i eySv‡j comparative degree n‡e|

35. Passive voice G S+ tenseAbyhvqx Auxiliary verb +verb3........
Law should be enforced. must be ensured.
36. To infinitive marker n‡j Bnvi c‡i v1 e‡m| To Preposition n‡j Bnvi c‡i v1+ing
37. ‡Kvb KvR cybivq Kiv eySv‡j verb Gi Av‡M A‡bK mgq Re ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq|
habilitate=rehabilitate, place=replace, search=reseach,do=redo,
collect=recollect,cover=recover,
move=remove,gain=regain,pay=repay,mix=remix,unite=reunite
[Link] adjective I noun Gi c‡i adjective(/past participle/present participle) e‡m|
[Link] +Lv+Adv+ Adjective or Sub +Lv+Adv+article+ Adjective+Noun.
He is absolutely right. It is absolutely a psychological matter.

GQvovI wb‡Pi evK¨ixwZ¸‡jv jÿ Ki‡Z n‡e t

1. Sub+Verb+Noun =Rahim helps Karim.........
2. Sub+Verb+Noun+Noun =Students elected Shojib captain. Salam gave Kalam a pen.
3. Sub+Verb+Noun+Adjective =They kept the door open.
4. Sub+Verb+Noun+Verb+ing......... =I saw Rahim crossing the road.
5. Sub+Verb+ Verb+ing............ =Salma loves teaching.
6. Sub+Verb+Noun+V3 =We found the house deserted.