ISSN: 2456-9348

Vol(01) _Issue (03)

International Journal of Engineering Technology Research & Management

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Author Name*1
Author Name2
1
* First Author (Department of Civil Engineering, Yola, Nigeria) Time new roman size 11 small letters
2
Second Author (Department of Civil Engineering, Yola, Nigeria) Time new roman size 11 small letters

ABSTRACT
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This research focused on three methods of Solid Waste Disposals thus; Biological, Thermal and Physical
technologies. Thermal treatment (Open burning), this uncontrolled burning of garbage releases many pollutants into
the atmosphere which have many negative effects on both human health and the environment. These include
dioxins, particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic compounds, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide,
hexachlorobenzene and ash. All of these chemicals pose serious risks to human health. Biological treatment will
require longer time than thermal conversion as biological processes takes days, weeks or even months to be carried
out fully. These processes may be particularly suited for some MSW fractions i.e. niche applications and will
therefore contribute to the expansion of the MSW treatment arsenal.

Keywords:
Municipal Solid Waste, Biological Treatment, Thermal Treatment, Physical Treatment

INTRODUCTION
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Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from combined residential, industrial and
commercial activities in a given area. It may be categorised according to its origin (domestic, industrial, commercial,
construction or institutional); according to its contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc); or
according to hazard potential (toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive, infectious etc).
According to [1] waste is no more treated as the valueless garbage; waste is rather considered as a resource in the
present time. Resource recovery is one of the prime objectives in sustainable waste management system. Different
waste treatment options are available in the current time with different waste management capacities. There is no a
single technology that can solve the waste management problem [2]. Integrated waste management system is
commonly applied method in many developed countries. Integrated waste management system offers the flexibility
of waste treatment option based on different waste fraction like plastic, glass, organic waste or combustible waste.
Energy and resource recovery is also important and can be recovered through integrated waste management system.
There are different system analysis tools [3] that are available at the present time for the decision makers.
Technology or strategy can be analyzed by the environmental, social or environmental point of view. Different
studies have already been done for MSW management options to analyze the benefits and problems associated with
the processes. Some of the studies are done by [4].

Waste Water
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There are six general sources of waste generation, namely; domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural,
institutional and natural:.
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 Households are the highest producers of domestic waste. Domestic waste includes, among others, paper and
cartons, plastics, glass, leftover food, cans.
 The main agents of commercial waste producers are stores, business premises, markets and restaurants.

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 ISSN: 2456-9348
Vol(01) _Issue (03)

International Journal of Engineering Technology Research & Management

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Fig. 1: Elements of Integrated Solid Waste Management [10]

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Table 1: Estimated Carbon and Nitrogen Content of Some Organic Materials [18]; [19].

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 Volume (01) _Issue (04)

International Journal of Engineering Technology Research & Management

METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted in this paper is an intensive literature review on the various types of technologies for
solid waste disposal.
In traditional composting systems, organic material is just piled together and then left for a year; while more
elaborated composting systems take 2 to 3 weeks for complete decomposition. This system necessitates that the
materials to compost be chopped up, into small pieces, and carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratio not exceeding 30:1.
It

CONCLUSION
Based on the research carried out on the three methods of Municipal Solid Waste Disposals thus; Biological,
Thermal and Physical technologies. However, it was concluded that the most effective way to reduce waste is to
prevent it from ever becoming waste in the first place. Waste prevention, is also known as source prevention, is
the practice of designing, manufacturing, purchasing, or using materials (such as products and packaging) in
ways that reduce the amount of toxicity of trash created. Reusing items is another way to stop waste at the
source because it delays or prevents the entry of those items into the waste collection and disposal system.
Methods of waste reduction, waste reuse and recycling are the preferred options when managing waste. There
are many environmental benefits that can be derived from the use of these methods. They reduce or prevent
green house gas emissions, reduce the release of pollutants, conserve resources, save energy and reduce the
demand for waste treatment technology and landfill space
.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was supported/partially supported by [Name of Foundation, Grant maker, Donor]. We thank our
colleagues from [Name of the supporting institution] who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the
research, although they may not agree with all of the interpretations/conclusions of this paper. We thank [Name
Surname, title] for assistance with [particular technique, methodology], and [Name Surname, position,
institution name] for comments that greatly improved the manuscript.

REFERENCES
SEE BELOW FORMAT TO ARRANGE REFERENCES
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[3] Finnveden, G.; Moberg, A. Environmental System Analysis Tools, An Overview. J. Clean. Product, 13
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[8] Gidarakos E, Havas G, Ntzamilis, P. Municipal Solid Waste Composition Determination Supporting
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