WAH YAN COLLEGE HONG KONG
F.4 Biology Chapter 15_Detecting the Environment (Part 1)
F.4 Elective Gp No.: X Name: Class No.:
At the end of this Chapter, you will be able to
1. state what irritability is
2. relate stimulus, receptors, effectors and coordinating systems
3. relate structures of the eye to their functions
4. distinguish between rods and cones
5. describe how we “see” things
6. describe how the eye control the amount of light entering the eye
7. describe how the eye carry out accommodation
8. state the cause and correction of short sightedness, long sightedness and colour blindness
9. draw ray diagrams to show eye defects
I. Irritability
• Irritability (感應性) is the ability to (1) __detect__ stimuli and respond to them.
• It is important for the (2) ____survival_____ of organisms.
A. Draw a flow diagram in the space below to show the relationship of the following terms:
Stimulus, response, receptor, effector, coordinating system
TB P.4
e.g. muscles
receptors Brain:
e.g. nervous
system- gives a
sensation, sight
P.1/8
B. Terms (Match terms in column A with descriptions on column B)
Column A Column B
I stimulus c a a group of tissues and organs that work together to allow
communication and coordination of receptors and effectors
II receptor d b the way an organism reacts to a stimulus
III coordination a c the change in the external or internal environment of an
system organism that results in a response
IV effector e d a cell or an organ that can detect a stimulus
V response b e a cell or an organ that brings about a response
C. Receptors
Type of receptor Sense organ Stimulus detected
Photoreceptors Eye Light
Mechanoreceptors Ear Sound, pressure, touch
Chemoreceptors Nose/ Tongue Chemicals in air/food
Thermoreceptors Skin Temperature change
II. Detecting light by the eye
(1) ___eyebrow___ (眼眉)
◼ prevents sweat from running into
the eye (4) __tear gland__ (淚腺)
(2) ___eyelash___ (眼睫毛) ◼ produces tears which
◼ traps dust and prevents it from ➢ contain sodium chloride
entering the eye and lysozyme (溶菌酶)
(3) ____eyelid____ (眼瞼) that can kill bacteria
◼ can be closed to protect the ➢ keep the eye moist and
eye from dirt and strong light clean
◼ spreads tears over the eye (5) __tear duct___ (淚管)
surface when we blink
◼ drains tears into the nasal
cavity
◼ The eyeball is located in the (6) ____orbit____ (眼窩) in the skull (顱骨). It is attached to the
skull by three pairs of (7) ______eye muscles______. These muscles enable the eyeball to
(8) __rotate__ in different directions.
◼ Part of the front surface of the eyeball and the inner surface of the eyelids are covered by the
(9) __conjunctiva__ (結膜), which helps keep the front part of the eye moist and lubricated.
P.2/8
B. Structure & Function of Different Parts of the Eye
eye muscles
conjunctiva
choroid
ciliary body
retina
iris
yellow spot
lens
aqueous humour
cornea
suspensory ligament optic nerve
sclera blind spot
vitreous humour
Q1 Use the number(s) in the above figure to indicate the structure(s) of the eye that:
a. controls the movement of the eyeball in the orbit _eye muscles_
b. controls the amount of light entering the eye _ ____C____
c. are involved in the refraction of light rays from an object onto the retina _D,E,F & I_
d. contains light-sensitive cells ___L & M___
e. holds the lens in position _____G_____
f. transmits nerve impulses to the brain _____N_____
g. passes nutrients to structures D and F _____E_____
h. regulates the curvature of the lens _____B_____
i. maintain the shape of the eyeball ___E,H & I___
j. reduce reflection _____K_____
Q2 Briefly explain why the pupil is black in colour. (2 marks)
The choroid in the eye contains a black pigment which absorbs the light entering
the eye.
As no light is reflected out of the eye through the pupil, it appears black.
P.3/8
C. Control the amount of light entering the eye (TB P.18)
In bright light In dim light
Side view Front view Side view Front view
iris iris
pupil pupil
radial muscle
radial muscle
circular muscle
circular muscle
Circular muscles of Contract_(smaller _Relax_(larger
iris circumference) circumference)
Radial muscles of iris ___Relax___ ___Contract___
Pupil ___Constricts___ ___Dilates___
Amount of light ___Decreases___ ___Increases___
entering the eye
Importance Prevents the photoreceptors in Allows the photoreceptors to
the retina from being damaged be stimulated to generate
by bright light nerve impulses so that a
clear image can be seen.
D. Photoreceptors: Rod and cones
Q3 Name the part of the human eye where the photoreceptors are found. __retina__
P.4/8
Comparison between Rods and Cones (TB P.14 &15)
a) Rod cells b) Cone cells
nucleus segment nucleus segment
containing containing
mitochondria mitochondria
pigment pigment
Shape _Rod-shaped _Cone-shaped
Relative __More__ numerous __Less__ numerous
abundance (about 90 million) (about 6 million)
Type __One__ type __Three__ types
1. red,
Contains visual purple (pigment)
2. green
3. blue cone cells
Sensitivity Sensitive to light of __low__ Sensitive to light of _high_ intensity
(bright light)
intensity (dim light)
Vision __Black and white__ vision __Colour__ vision
Distribution Throughout the __retina__ Concentrated at __yellow__ spot but
none at _blind_ spot
in retina periphery of retina). None at
yellow spot and blind spot
Visual Acuity Low High
(TB P.14)
Q4 Similarities of cones and rods:
Both cones and rods are sensory cells which detect light/ are stimulated by light
Q5 Does image form at the blind spot? Yes
Q6 A coloured object is perceived as being more colourful in bright light than in dim light.
Explain this with respect to the functioning of photoreceptors A and B.
Rods/A cannot distinguish colours while cones/B are responsible for colour vision.
Cones/B are only stimulated by strong light, and a larger number of cones is stimulated in
bright light than in dim light (a smaller number of cones is stimulated in dim light).
Thus, the coloured object is perceived as being more colourful in bright light.
P.5/8
E. How is an image formed on the retina and ‘seen’ by the brain?
Light rays from object enter the eye
Light refracted and focused onto the retina by cornea , aqueous humour ,
_lens_, and vitreous humour
A real , smaller , vertically
& laterally inverted image is formed on retina
rod cells / cone cells are stimulated and
nerve impulses is generated
Nerve impulse is transmitted along optic nerve to
___visual centre of the cerebrum
The nerve impulse is interpreted and “seen” by the cerebrum as
an upright image
• Images falling on the blind spot cannot be seen because there is
_no photoreceptors (rods or cones)_, therefore no nerve impulses can be
generated and transmitted to the brain.
P.6/8
Stimulus: light rays refraction of light focused on the retina photoreceptors
optic nerve cerebrum (brain) (visual centre) (light-sensitive cells)
F. Accommodation
• This is the ability of the eye to focus on objects at different ___distances___.
• The lens is (72) ___**elastic____ (elastic / inelastic). Its thickness/curvature can be
changed by the action of (73) ______ciliary muscles________ to adjust the
degree of refraction of light.
•
Focusing on near objects Focusing on distant objects
Circular ciliary Contract Relax
muscles
Tension of Suspensory Decreases (ligaments Increases (ligaments
ligaments become slackened) become tightened)
Lens Thicker/ more convex Thinner/ less convex
Refraction of light Increases Decreases
Q7 On looking at a distant object, the lens becomes thinner. Explain how this is brought about.
It is due to relaxation of the ciliary muscle.
This increases the tension of the suspensory ligaments and pulls the lens into a flattened
shape.
Q8 The ciliary muscles become weak in an old man. Explain how this will affect his eyesight
when he looks at a nearby object.
When the man is looking at a near object, the weakened ciliary muscle contract with less
force and the tension of the suspensory ligament remains high.
Hence, the lens is not thick enough (not curved enough) and fails to converge light to
form a clear image on the retina
TB P.22
P.7/8
G. Eye Defects and Correction
Short sighted Long sighted
Eye ball Too long Too short
Causes Lens Too thick Too thin
Image In front of the retina Behind the retina
Correction: By wearing
Concave lens to diverge Convex lens to converge
the light before entering the the light before entering
eye the eye
Colour blindness (TB P.14,15 & 27)
• This the inability to __distinguish___ some or all colours due to the _deficiency_
or defect of __one or more of the three cone__ cells.
• It is an __inherited__ eye defect that cannot be cured.
• Example: _red-green_ colour blindness (紅綠色盲) and _total_colour blindness (全色盲)
P.8/8
Short sighted:
Cause Lens too thick Eyeball too long
light rays from a
distant object
image formed
(93) _in front of_ the retina
Correction lens too thick eyeball too long
light rays from a
distant object
concave lens concave lens
image formed
on the retina
Long sighted:
Cause
Lens too thin Eyeball too short
light rays from a
near object
image formed
behind the retina
Correction lens too thin eyeball too short
light rays from
a near object
convex lens convex lens
image formed
on the retina
P.9/8