Transmission Lines Tutorial for EE2025
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ee22b135Transmission Lines Tutorial for EE2025
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Powered by AIFor a transmission line with a short-circuit termination, the current amplitude at the short-circuit is calculated by dividing the input voltage amplitude by the characteristic impedance of the line. Given an input voltage of 10 V on a 300 Ω line, the current amplitude at the short-circuit is I = V / Z0 = 10 V / 300 Ω = 0.033 A .
The locations of voltage maxima and minima relate to the characteristic impedance through the standing wave pattern established by reflections from impedance mismatches. Voltage maxima on a line with matched load occur at integer multiples of half-wavelengths from the load, while minima appear at odd multiples of quarter-wavelengths. The magnitude of these oscillations is determined by the difference between the load and characteristic impedance .
The number of voltage maxima is determined by the relation between the line's length and the effective wavelength of the signal on the transmission line, which is influenced by the reflection coefficient's phase angle. Given a wavelength of 150 m and a phase angle of 2100°, we calculate maxima by considering the phase progression along the line's physical length, leading to multiple standing waves .
When two coaxial cables, one short-circuited and the other open-circuited, are connected in parallel, the resulting complex impedance leads to a reflection coefficient close to 1, creating maximum VSWR. Each cable offers a different impedance (short = low, open = high) causing significant reflection and therefore a high VSWR on the joined line .
The characteristic impedance (Z0) of a coaxial transmission line is given by the formula Z0 = sqrt(L/C), where L is the inductance per unit length and C is the capacitance per unit length. For the given coaxial line with L = 245 nH/m and C = 200 pF/m, the characteristic impedance is Z0 = sqrt(245e-9 / 200e-12) = 35 ohms .
The power delivery to each receiver in a transmission line with multiple receivers depends on the impedance matching of the line, the reflection coefficients at each branching point, and the load impedance of each receiver. These factors determine how the incident power divides among the receivers due to changes in standing wave patterns and power reflection at mismatched points, influencing the efficiency of power transfer to each load .
Adding a second receiver in parallel to the first increases the total load impedance, potentially causing a change in the reflection coefficient and VSWR. The new load impedance becomes the parallel equivalent of the original load and the second receiver's impedance. This modification will generally alter the reflection coefficient, calculated as (ZL - Z0)/(ZL + Z0), thereby impacting the VSWR on the line .
When designing a resonant circuit with a tapered transmission line at 2 GHz, the input impedance is determined using a segment of the line such that resonance occurs. This involves calculating the line's characteristic impedance and matching it with the resonant frequency's quarter-wavelength transformation properties. At resonance, the reactance cancels, simplifying to resistive characteristics .
To find the input impedance of a transmission line section terminated with a reactance, we utilize the formula Zin = Z0((ZL + jZ0tan(βl))/(Z0 + jZLtan(βl))), where β is the phase constant and l is the line length. For example, with Z0 = 600 Ω, ZL = j150 Ω, at 300 MHz with a velocity of 3 × 10^8 m/s, one calculates β = 2πf/v and substitutes into the formula for Zin .
In the lumped circuit model, the length of the coaxial cable must be less than one-tenth of the signal wavelength to ensure that the cable can be treated as a single circuit element rather than as a distributed network. This ensures accurate modeling of the cable's reactive and resistive properties without signal distortion due to propagation effects across the line's length .