Ellis, F., 2000. The Determinants of Rural Livelihood Diversification in Developing Countries.
Journal of
Agricultural Economics, 51(2), pp.289–302.
Ersado, L., 2006. Income diversification in Zimbabwe: Welfare implications from urban and rural areas,
World Bank Publications.
Escobal, J., 2001. The Determinants of Nonfarm Income Diversification in Rural Peru. World
Development, 29(3), pp.497–508. Available at: [Link] pii/
S0305750X00001042 [Accessed March 18, 2015].
Foster, J.E., Greer, J. & Thorbecke, E., 1984. A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures. Econometrica,
52(3), pp.761–766. Available at: [Link]
Ghimire, Y.N., Shivakoti, G.P. & Perret, S.R., 2010. Household-level vulnerability to drought in hill
agriculture of Nepal: implications for adaptation planning. International Journal of Sustainable
Development & World Ecology, 17(3), pp.225–230.
Greene, W.H., 2003. Econometric Analysis P. Education, ed., Prentice Hall. Available at:
[Link]
Barrett, C. B., Reardon, T., & Webb, P. (2001). Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood
strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. Food Policy, 26(4), 315–331.
[Link]
Minten B, Barrett CB. Agricultural technology, productivity and poverty in Madagascar. World Dev.
2008;36(5):797–822. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. world dev. 2007. 05. 004.
Dethier JJ, Effenberger A. Agriculture and development: a brief review of the literature. Econ Syst.
2012;36(2):175–205. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. ecosys. 2011. 09. 003.
Larsen AF, Lilleor HB. Beyond the field: the impact of farmer field schools on food security and poverty
alleviation. World Dev. 2014;64:843–59.
Abebe A. Review on determinants of rural livelihood diversification strategies in Ethiopia. Int J Curr Res
Aca Rev. 2018;6(7):81–6. https:// doi. org/ 10. 20546/ ijcrar. 2018. 607. 009.
Gebreyesus B. The effect of livelihood diversification on household income: evidence from rural
Ethiopia. Int J Afric Asian Stud. 2016;20:2409–6938.
Bazezew A, Bewket W, Nicolau M. Rural households’ livelihood assets, strategies and outcomes in
drought-prone areas of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia: case study in Lay Gaint District. Afr J Agric Res.
2013;8(46):5716–27.
World Bank (WB) World development report: agriculture & development. Washington, DC; 2008.
Minot. N, 2006 ”Income diversification and poverty in the northern up lands of vietnam”
research reported, international food policy research institute Washington DC.
Marenya pp, 2003 “Education, non-farm income and farm investment in land scarce western
Keny” page 14
Bank, W., 2001. World Development Report 2000-2001: Attacking Poverty, El Banco.
Kedir, A.M., 2003. Rural poverty report 2001: the challenge of ending rural poverty edited by the
INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (IFAD). Oxford University Press, 2001, pp.
266, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Ellis, F. (2000b). The Determinants of Rural Livelihood Diversification in Developing Countries. Journal of
Agricultural Economics, 51(2), 289–302. [Link]
Klugman, J., 1999. Poverty and Social Development in Peru, 1994-1997,
Minot, N., 2006. Income diversification and poverty in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam, Intl Food Policy
Res Inst.
Oluwatayo, I.B., 2009. Poverty and income diversification among households in rural Nigeria: A gender
analysis of livelihood patterns. In Conference Paper.
Paudel, B. et al., 2011. Planning and costing of agricultural adaptation with reference to integrated hill
farming systems in Nepal. . International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 17(3),
pp.225–230.
Ravallion, M., Chen, S. & Sangraula, P., 2007. New evidence on the urbanization of global poverty.
Population and Development Review, 33(4), pp.667–701.
Reardon, T., 1997. Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the rural
nonfarm labor market in Africa. World development, 25(5), pp.735–747.
Tasie, C.M., Offor, U.S. & Wilcox, G.I., 2012. Determinants of off-farm income diversification in Rivers
state, Nigeria. Wudpecker Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(8), pp.331–334.
World Bank. (2007). World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. Washington DC:
World Bank. Retrieved from [Link]
Reardon, T., Berdegué, J., Barrett, C. B., & Stamoulis, K. (2006). Household income diversification into
rural nonfarm activities. In Transformingthe rural nonfarm economy. Opportunities and threads in the
developing world (pp. 115–140).
Haggblade, S., Hazell, P. B. R., & Reardon, T. (2007). Transforming the Rural Nonfarm Economy:
Opportunities and Threats in the Developing World. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. Retrieved from
[Link]
Haggblade, S., Hazell, P., & Reardon, T. (2010). The Rural Non-farm Economy: Prospects for Growth and
Poverty Reduction. World Development, 38(10), 1429–1441.
Andersson Djurfeldt, A., & Djurfeldt, G. (2013). Structural Transformation and African Smallholders:
Drivers of Mobility within and between the Farm and Non-farm Sectors for Eight Countries. Oxford
Development Studies, 41(3), 281–306.
Abdulai, A., & CroleRees, A. (2001). Determinants of income diversification amongst rural households in
Southern Mali. Food Policy, 26(4), 437–452. [Link]
Losch, B., Freguin-Gresh, S., & White, E. T. (2012). Structural Transformation and Rural Change Revisited:
Challenges for Late Developing Countries in a Globalizing World. World Bank Publications. Retrieved
from[Link]