CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Synopsis
One day in France a grandmother was in a house and on the roof lived
Remy. Remy is a mouse who has a keen sense of smell for food. Remy hates
leftover or stale food, but Remy also can't steal. Once Remy was looking for
food in the kitchen of the house, and a grandmother was watching a television
broadcast by the famous chef in France, Auguste Gusteau. At that time Remy
began to practice what Gusteau explained with the food in the kitchen until
Remy drifted into the atmosphere and finally the grandmother saw Remy and
his brother. The grandmother tried to catch Remy and his brother until the
roof collapsed and found many mice falling from above. They managed to
multiply themselves by following the river channel. But Remy was left alone
because he tried to take Auguste Gusteau's book to take with him. It was there
that Remy separated from his family because he was lost. At the beginning of
the incident, Remy began to despair because he lost his family and he was
also very hungry. When Remy looked at the book, Remy began to get excited
again and looked for ways to get some food. After Remy found out what was
behind the large wall. It turns out that Remy is in the middle of Paris above a
famous restaurant by chef Gusteau. But Chef Gusteau has died and the
restaurant was led by his partner.
One day at Gusteau's restaurant there came a man named Linguini.
Linguini is the daughter of Renata, Gusteau's ex-girlfriend. Linguini came to
the restaurant with a letter from his mother but his mother had died. Then
Linguini was allowed by Chef Skinner to try a job at the restaurant and
become a cleaning service. While Linguini was cleaning the floor, she
accidentally spilled soup in the kitchen.
Linguini panicked and remade the soup with perfunctory ingredients.
Remy watched from above because he smelled the unpleasant smell of the
food, Finally, Remy helped improve the soup with good ingredients in the
kitchen with his talent. When Remy was making the soup, it turned out that
Remy's actions were known by Linguini. Linguini then catches Remy hiding
it from the other chef. It turned out that the soup was very tasty and people
were surprised and asked about the recipe that had been put into the soup. At
the time, Remy managed to escape from Linguini. Because seeing the mouse
in the kitchen all the chefs caught the mouse. Linguini manages to catch
Remy and he says with all chefs, he will throw Remy away. When Linguini
already brings Remy so far from the kitchen, Linguini makes sure Remy
understands what Linguini is saying.
Then they made a deal. Remy will help with linguini in the kitchen. After
they back home, they looked for ways and practiced cooking in the kitchen
with Linguini's body directed by Remy. The next day when Linguini cooks
with Remy but this method is not effective, Remy finally finds a way, that is
by Remy being on top of his head and covered with Linguini's hat and
controlling it with Linguini's hair. Because it is common to practice at home
they are so ordinary. Skinner suspected Linguini several times. But Linguini
always received support and attention from Colette. When Remy was resting
in front of the restaurant, Remy was reunited with his brother who was
looking for food in the trash, when his brother wanted to eat the leftovers
Remy stopped him and gave him proper food to eat from the kitchen. Then
Remy invited his brother to meet and visit his family. In Remy's family,
Remy tells the story and Remy has found his identity, which is Remy's love
of cooking. But his parents don't like Remy's contact with humans because
Remy must realize that he is a mouse. But Remy still chuckles and believes in
himself and his surroundings and environment.
Chef Skinner continues to suspect Linguini, he also occasionally seems
to see Remy, but none of his colleagues believe him. The more Linguini is
suspected by Chef Skinner, the closer Linguini gets to Colette and they fall in
love and enter into a serious relationship. Once Chef Skinner did a DNA test
whether Linguni was Chef Gusteau's biological daughter, if it was true then
the full heir of the restaurant was Linguini. The DNA test results indeed
stated that Linguini, the biological son of Chef Gusteaun, then Skinner also
tried to open his suspicions about Remy. One day, Chef Skinner calls
Linguini to trick him into confessing Remy's whereabouts by giving him an
intoxicating drink. But Skinner did not succeed in getting Linguini to talk
over. When Skinner was looking for another way. Remy knows all the truth,
the will from Gusteau, finally, Remy steals the letters and gives them to
Linguini finally Skinner is kicked out of the restaurant. Now Skinner always
spies on Gusteau's Restaurant. Gusteau's restaurant is increasingly crowded
with its special menu, namely Sop made by Remy. Linguini also intends to
tell the truth to her co-workers in her kitchen. But who would have thought
that no one believed in linguini and people left Linguini, including Collete,
even though there were many queues outside to wait for dishes? At that
moment, Linguini was desperate. But Remy did not give up, Remy tried hard
by gathering all his friends to work together to cook in the kitchen with
instructions from Remy. Seeing that incident, Linguini's spirit rose again.
Linguini also helps Remy and his friends serve food to customers. Followed
by the arrival of Chef Collete who then realizes that it is not impossible if a
mouse could cook because Collete saw a book written by Gusteau, namely
"Anyone Can Cook". They also prepare all the dishes ordered.
One day an influential culinary critic in France sent Gusteau's restaurant
reviews down. Hearing that the restaurant was crowded again, Anton Ego was
curious and visited Gusteau's restaurant again, which made Linguini and
Colette nervous and confused about what to serve. But spontaneously, Remy
made a typical dish with a rustic feel and taste with the theme of mother's
cuisine and managed to make Anton Ego amazed by the dish and asked
Linguini who cooked the dish. Linguini told the truth and showed Remy's
authenticity.
At the end of the story, Remy manages to get his identity by cooking and
his family and colleagues believe in Remy and Remy's support and could
blend in with humans. Linguini also closed Gusteau's restaurant because he
felt he did not want to drag on in the big and risky business. Then Linguini
opened a restaurant called Ratatouille assisted by Remy and Calotte. Anton
Ego also often visits the restaurant and the restaurant is very crowded and
always has a long queue. Chef Skinner got nothing and his career ended on
the streets.
B. Theory of Literature
This study uses the theory of the hierarchy of needs by Abraham
Maslow's approach by analyzing the characters in Ratatouille's movie. “This
research will focus on five basic needs such as physiological needs, safety
needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization
needs” (Maslow 18). This theory is described in the form of a triangle,
explaining that the most basic needs, namely physiological needs, must be
met first before the next level of needs are met and reach the final level,
namely self-actualization.

B.1 Humanistic Psychological Approach

Humanistic psychology is one approach to psychology that views
humans are intact individuals, who have potential and can actualize
themselves. The assumption in humanistic psychology is that
humans have the right to freedom or free will to move, Every
human being is unique and has potential, and individuals can self-
actualization (Maslow 10).
[Link] individual has the right to freedom or free will to move
Humanistic psychology views that every individual has
potential and can do everything to the maximum. Based on
the background of the humanistic psychological approach
based on the principle of existentialism, each individual is
free to exercise his rights or free will to explore life and be
able to take responsibility for himself (Nadya).
[Link] have uniqueness and potential
"Humanistic psychology believes that every individual has
a desire and drive in everything to get something better, this will be
done by each individual because, in essence, each individual has a
strength and potential that creates positive value and focuses on
human values" (Nadya).
 [Link] individual has the ability to self-actualization
The meaning of the assumption is that every individual can
actualize himself because each individual has basic needs in
his life. That need will encourage each individual to self-
actualize on psychological growth, fulfillment, and self-
satisfaction in each individual. But sometimes individuals
who are unable to actualize themselves will feel hampered
in terms of satisfaction within themselves (Nadya).

B.2 Theory Hierarchy of Needs By Abraham Maslow

Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970) was the father of humanistic
psychology. “According by Kurt Goldstein, every individual has an
innate tendency to want to actualize himself with the aim of developing
all the potential within himself” (Maslow 10).
The Hiarchy of needs theory by Abraham Maslow was introduced
in 1943 through "A Theory of Human Motivation" through the show
Psychological Review (Aris). The hierarchy of needs theory is a
psychological theory that can trigger each individual to meet every need
concerned with him, ranging from basic needs to the highest level needs
so that this creates motivation in each individual to do his best in meeting
his needs.
From Maslow's view and the view of humanistic psychology, it is
explained that every individual has the right to freedom to be able to
actualize himself with the potentials possessed to achieve every individual
need starting from the level of basic needs to the highest level of needs.
"Abraham Maslow said there are five stages in the hierarchy of needs
theory, starting from the most basic level of Psychological needs, then
safety needs, love and belonging Needs, esteem needs, and the last self-
actualization needs" (Maslow 18).
 The purpose of the theory hierarchy of needs is that there are five
theories of the hierarchy of needs by Abraham Maslow starting from the
most basic level, namely physiological needs until self-actualization
needs. Each individual must meet the most basic needs first before
meeting the needs of the next level to the highest level of self-
actualization and use his desires for self-motivation.

1. Physiological Needs

Physiological needs are the most basic needs in the theory

of the hierarchy of needs by Abraham Maslow. "According to
Abraham Maslow, these needs consist of biological needs and
physical needs. The meaning of biological and physical needs are
needs that are directly related to the needs of the body such as
oxygen, water, eating, drinking, sleeping, homeostasis, and so on"
(Maslow 4). Physiological needs must be met before the next level
of needs are met.

2. Safety Needs

"Safety needs are a need to always feel safe, both

physically and emotionally. This level of need is more needed by
each individual during childhood" (Maslow 7). Safety needs are
more likely to be needed in childhood because children still have
low vigilance so at this stage the role of parents is needed to
accompany their children to feel safety needs. Examples of safety
needs are the danger of the threat of crime, the danger of natural
disasters, the danger of disease, and others. Each individual can
meet the needs for the level of safety needs if the first basic level
needs have been met.
3. Love and Belongingness Needs

"Love and belongingness needs are needs related to social aspects

that exist in society. For example, every individual wants to
feel loved, get affection, and have rights to something.
Abraham Maslow explained the background of this aspect
because it was based on loneliness, loneliness, depression,
stress, and excessive anxiety. Love for what is owned by an
individual himself has two types, namely D-Love atau
Deficiency dan B-Love atau Being" (Aris).

The needs of this level also include the need to form a

family, make friends, socialize and adapt to the surrounding group,
and be able to socialize. Love and belongingness needs can be met
by individuals if each individual has succeeded in meeting the
needs at the previous level, namely safety needs.

4. Esteem Needs

"Esteem needs are the need to be rewarded. The award in

question is not an award in the form of a trophy or prize but the
award in question is self-esteem. Every individual has the right to
self-esteem both from oneself and appreciation from others" (Aris).
The form of self-esteem is to respect yourself so that there is an
attitude of confidence, and motivation to achieve achievements,
independent individuals, can do something more, and so on. The
form of appreciation from others such as getting praise, getting
appreciation from others, getting titles, status, rank, positions, and
so on. The form of appreciation from others such as getting praise,
getting appreciation from others, getting titles, status, rank,
positions, and so on. The needs of this level are the same as the
needs of other levels i.e. each individual can meet the Esteem
 needs if each individual has reached the needs of the previous
level.

5. Self-Actualization Needs

Self-actualization needs are the top level of needs, namely

self-actualization as a form of achieving an expectation and desire
of each individual for himself. "A picture of self-actualization by
Abraham Maslow, self-actualization plays the role of the need for
an individual to decide all their desires to do what is expected.
What a man can be, he must be" (Maslow 10). As has been
explained in humanistic psychology every individual has the right
to freedom or free will to move so that in the highest level of needs
this explains that each individual has the freedom to move so that
the emergence of motivation to achieve more self-actualization in
realizing the hopes and desires that exist in the individual. For
example, if an individual is a chef then he has to cook, if an
individual is a musician then he has to play music, and so on.

B.3. Characteristics of Self-Actualization Person

“Self-Actualization is also not just about achieving life goals

or being perfect in each individual, but Self-Actualization is a thought
that allows individuals to approach problems, relationships and needs
with acceptance and understanding” (Maslow 11). "To reach this
level of self-actualization is not easy, since in the achievement of this
level the individual must have sufficient support. If the individual
does not reach the level of self-actualization, it can cause discomfort,
tension, inferiority, anxiety, and so on” (Aris).
 “Abraham Maslow explained that self-actualization needs
consist of acceptance and realism, problem centering, spontaneity,
autonomy and solitude, continued freshness of appreciation, and peak
experiences” (Aris).

1. Acceptance and realism is every individual who manages to

understand and accept all reality in himself, others, and his
environment.
2. Problem centering is an individual who likes to help, always looks
for the best solution from every problem solving, and is always
responsible and prioritizes good ethics.
3. Spontaneity is that every individual can behave spontaneously in
any situation and condition, anywhere, and anytime.
4. Autonomy and solitude is that every individual has the right to
have greater privacy and freedom. Continued freshness of
appreciation is that every individual who achieves self-
actualization will look at the world with gratitude and always be
grateful even though they receive small things.
5. Peak experiences that are every individual who can achieve self-
actualization will see everything that has happened to him will be
interpreted as a positive event and every work will be used as
material for learning, experience, inspiration, and strength to be
better than before.