7. Diversity in Living Organisms Check Point 01 1. Question Certain regions of the earth have rich biodiversity of species. What are these regions called? Give examples. Answer ‘The regions of the earth which have a rich biodiesel of species are called biodiversity hotspots. More than half of the earth's biodiversity is supposed to be concentrated in these areas. For example Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Australia, India, etc. Biodiversity hotspots in India are present in Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Indo- Burma border, etc. 2. Question List the basis on which Aristotle classified organisms? Answer Aristotle classified organisms into two groups- plants and animals. The animals were further classified based on their habitat, i.e. whether they lived on land, in water, or in air. The plants were categorised as small medium and large. 3. Question Name an organism who carries out all its body functions through a single cell? Answer Bacteria is one such organism which carries out all its body functions through a single cell. Belonging to kingdom Monera,, the bacteria are single celled organisms which dor’t have a well defined nucleus or organelles. But , they have special mechanisms to carry out metabolic functions through single cell only. 4, Question Suggest, how does functional organization of any organism help in classification? AnswerIn situations where cells are grouped together to form an indivisible organism , the principle of division of labour is followed. All cells in these organisms are not identical and particular group of cells perform particular functions. This functional similarity of cells leads to their organisation in a specific manner which dictates their body design, This makes a basic distinction in the body design of organisms, simplifying the classification process. 5. Question Who wrote the book “The Origin of Species”? Answer Charles Darwin wrote “The Origin of Species” in 1859. It was his most famous work Check Point 02 1. Question State the contribution of Biologists, such as Wosse and Whittaker in formulating the basis of classification? Answer Ernst Haeckel, Robert Whittaker and Carl Woese made attempt at classifying all organisms into category or kingdoms. Robert Whittaker proposed a five kingdom classification, which includes Monera, Protista , Fungi, Plantae and Animalia , and Woese modified it by dividing Monera into archaebacteria and eubacteria, 2. Question How is kingdom the highest category of taxonomic study? Answer All organisms have been grouped into five categories called kingdoms , based on cell structure, mode of nutrients, source of nutrition and body organization. Kingdoms include organisms of different species, genus , class, family, order and phylum, Hence, itis the highest category of taxonomic study. 3. Question To which kingdom blue-green algae belongs? AnswerBlue-green algae belong to kingdom Monera, because they lack well defined nucleus, organelles, and don’t have a multicellular body organization. They are autotrophic in nature. 4. Question Both bacteria and Amoeba are single-called, yet are placed in different kingdoms, Give one reason. Answer ‘Though both are unicellular, bacteria are prokaryotic whereas amoeba is eukaryotic in body design. This means that the bacteria don’t have a well defined nucleus or organelles, but in amoeba, the nucleus and organelles are well defined. Thus they are grouped separately. 5. Question An organism feeds on dead matter. Which kingdom is it most likely to belong to? Answer An organism which feeds on dead and decaying matter is called a saprophytic organism. Such organisms belong to kingdom fungi. 6. Question In which kingdom would you place an organism which is multicellular and without cell wall? Answer Multicellular eukaryotic organisms without cell wall are placed under kingdom Animalia. Organisms of kingdom Plantae have cell wall and the organisms of other kingdoms are unicellular. Check Point 03 1. Question Identify the group of plant kingdom, in which plant body is differentiated into stem and leaf-like structure? Answer Bryophytes are differentiated into stem and leaf like structure. Thallophyta don’t have such structures and Pteridophytes are differentiated into stem and leaf, 2, QuestionGive an example of vascular cryptogams. Answer Pteridophytes such as Marsilea are vascular cryptogams, because they have specialised structures for transportation of water and nutrients, but their reproductive organs are hidden. 3. Question Gymnosperms as well as angiosperms bear seeds. Why are they classified separately? Give one reason, Answer Gymnosperms have naked seeds while the seeds in angiosperms are enclosed ina flower. Hence, they are grouped separately. Exampl : woody shrubs and trees include pines, spruces, firs, and ginkgoes. 4, Question Which group of plants is known as flowering plants? Answer Angiosperms are known as flowering plants, because they produce flowers, Examples: pines, cedars, spruces and firs. 5. Question What is the scientific term used for seed leaves? Answer Seed leaves are called cotyledons in scientific terms. Check Point 04 1. Question On the basis of the presence and absence of coelom how are animals classified? Answer On the basis of presence or absence of coelom, animals are classified into three groups 1. Acoelomate - which don’t have coelom. 2. Pseudo coelomate - which have a false cavity.3. Coelomate- which have a true body cavity. 2, Question Write two characteristic features of the phylum the contains the first animals with complete alimentary canal. Answer Nematodes are first animals to have complete alimentary canal. 1. They are pseudo coelomate. 2. They are cylindrical in body structure 3. Question Animals of which phylum are considered to be the first animals having true body cavity, coelom? Name the phylum. Answer Annelida is the first phylum to have animals with true body cavity. Explanation: Annelida is a group commonly referred to as segmented worms, and they are found worldwide from the deepest marine sediments to the soils in our city parks and yards 4. Question Name the animal and its respective phylum having parapodia for locomotion. Answer Nereis of phylum Annelida has parapodia for locomotion, 5. Question Give the characteristics of phylum/group having the largest number of animals. Answer Phylum arthropoda has the highest number of animals. It's features are 1. Open circulatory system. 2. Ithas blood filled coelomic cavity. 3. They have jointed appendages. 6. QuestionGive the features of the phylum to which Chiton and Pila belong? Answer Chiton and Pila belong to Mollusca phylum. It's features are : 1. Reduced coelomic cavity. 2. Little segmentation. 3. Kidney like organ for excretion 4, Open circulatory system 5. Foot like appendage for movement. 7. Question Vertebrata is considered as the most advanced group of animals. Give one reason. Answer Vertebrates are most advanced group of animals because they have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton. 8. Question Amongst sponge, mollusc, snail, lizard, which one is the simplest animals and Why? Answer Sponge is the simplest animal of the given because it has the minimally differentiated body design. 9. Question Does feather star belongs to class-Aves? Answer No, feather star is an echinoderm, because it has a slender skinned body, and is exclusively marine. It also has a water driven tube system to help in moving around, Check Point 05 1. Question Scientific name is related to clas 2Scientific name provides the genus and species name of an organism, thus indicating the group in which the organism belongs. It also helps in grouping organisms of same category together, thus helping in classification. 2. Question Who proposed the binomial nomenclature? Answer Carolus Linnaeus proposed binomial nomenclature. 3. Question Give two norms of writing scientific names. Answer 1. The name of genus should start with a capital letter and that of species with a small letter. 2. When printed, the scientific name should be in italics. 4. Question Who is the father of Taxonomy? Name the book written by him, Answer Carolus Linnaeus is considered the father of taxonomy. He wrote a book called Systema naturae. 5. Question The genus name of potato is Solanum. Write two species name of organisms which belong to genus-Solanum? Answer Solanum melongena ~ eggplant Solanum dulcamara ~ bittersweet. Chapter Exercise 1. Question Define diversity in the living world. Answer Diversity in living world is defined as the variety of living organisms present in the world.2. Question Give any two objectives of classification. Answer The objectives of classification are: 1. Grouping of related organisms based on similar characteristics. 2. Simplifying the identification of organisms. 3. Question Are cyanobacteria, autotrophs or heterotrophs? Answer Cyanobacteria are autotrophic in nature and obtain energy through photosynthesis. These are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen. 4. Question name the group of organisms to which Amoeba belongs. Answer Amoeba belongs to kingdom Protista. the This kingdom comprises of Eukaryotic organisms that are mostly unicellular with some exceptional multicellular algae 5. Question The cell wall of different organisms differ. Is it true? Answer Yes, it is true. The cell wall of different organisms differs in their composition. Cell walls exist in all kingdoms except for the animals: plants, protists (algae), fungi, bacteria, and archaea. And in all these, the cell wall is made of different materials and composition Example:Type of cell Composition Plant cell wall Cellulose, pectin, lignin Algal cell walls Cellulose and Polysaccharides Bacterial cell walls _| Peptidoglycan Archaeal call walls _| Pseudo-peptidoglycan Fungal cell walls __| Chitin 6. Question A weed is growing on the border of your play ground, How would you recognize it to be a dicot or monocot? Answer The difference between monocot and dicot can be made by opening the seed of the weed. Presence of one or two cotyledons respectively would differentiate between them. 7. Question The protozoans are early animals, Do you agree? Give at least two reasons to support your answer. Answer Yes, protozoans are early animals. This is becaust 1. They have a very basic body design and minimal differentiation. 2. They are unicellular organisms, and only one cell performs all necessary functions. Question Name the respective organisms. (i An arthropod that cannot fly. (ii) A mollusk that possesses eyes. Answer (@ prawn A prawn is a small shellfish with a long tail and many legs. An “arthropod” is an invertebrate animal that has an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages. Examples of arthropods: 1. Insects such as ants and bees2. Spiders and scorpions 3. Crabs, lobsters, and shrimp (ii) octopus 9. Question Sea cucumber belongs to which phylum? Describe it’s structure associated with locomotion. Answer Sea cucumber or holothuria belongs to phylum Echinodermata. For locomotion, sea cucumbers use tube feet , which are small sucker like projections present on the three ambulacral canals on the surface close to the substratum. These are numerous and allow the animal to crawl . 10. Question How are whales and electric rays different from each other? Answer Whale is a mammal, belonging to class Mammalia. The electric ray or torpedo is a fish belonging to class Pisces . Whale is warm blooded whereas the electric ray is cold blooded animal. 11. Question Jellyfish is not a fish. Comment. Answer Jellyfish is an animal belonging to phylum coelentrata of kingdom Animalia. It is not a chordate like true fishes. It is a medusa form of certain species of cnidarians. 12, Question An animal phylum has lowest structural organization, Name and describe its features. Answer Lowest structural organisation is seen in phylum Porifera. Its features are: 1. They are marine nonmotile animals. 2. They have minimal differentiation of body design. 3. The outer skeleton is hard.4, Canal system is present for the exchange of food and oxygen. 5. They have pores all over the body. 13. Question Which group of organisms have segmented worms? Give it’s two major characteristics. Answer Phylum Annelida has segmented worms. Its characters are: 1. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic animals with true coclom. 2. They have extensive differentiation in body design. 14. Question Differentiate briefly the characteristics of kingdom-Plantae and Animalia. Answer Plantae Animalia ‘They are autotrophic in nature They are heterotrophic in nature They are nonmotile They are motile They have rigid cell walls. They don't have cell walls ‘They store food in form of starch They store food in form of glycogen ‘Their growth is unlimited They have limited, controlled growth. 15. Question Describe two important characteristics of each division of kingdom-plantae. Answer 1. Thallophyta © Not well differentiated body design © Primarily aquatic [Link] @ Plant body differentiated into stem and leaf like structures. @ No specialised tissue for conducting food and water. 3Pteridophyta @ Plant body differentiate into root stem and leaf.@ Have speci 4,Gymnosperms @ They bear naked seeds. @ They are usually woody and perineal. [Link] @ They have enclosed seeds ised tissue for conduction of food and water. @ Plant embryo in seed have structures called cotyledons. 16. Question Compare among Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia. Answer Pisces Amphibia Reptilia They are exclusively aquatic They live on both land and water. They live only on land. They have a streamlined body They have moist skin They crawl on land They have fins for swimming in water They have two pairs of limbs for movement ‘They have two pairs of leas for locomotion They breathe through gills They breathe through lungs and skin ‘They breathe through lungs For example rohu For example frog For example lizard 17. Question Enumerate the characteristic of a class that contains organisms with two types of symmetry in their life cycle. Answer ‘Two types of symmetry, i. bilateral and radial both is found in phylum Ctenophora. The characters are: 1. Incomplete gut, only mouth present. 2. No organ for excretion, respiration or circulation. 3. Diploblastic. 4. Biradially symmetrical 5. Eight rows of ciliated comb-like structures. 18. QuestionBiological classification is with two examples. a dynamic and ever-evolving phenomenon. Justify Answer Biological classification bases have to keep on changing depending on our understanding of life forms. The initial very basic methods of classification gradually have been replaced by more advanced and complex ideas. For example: 1. The two kingdom classification proposed by Aristotle based only on the habitat was replaced by three kingdom classification suggested by Haeckel. 2. Even the most accepted classification suggested by Whittaker which is the five kingdom classification was modified by whose based upon hi understanding of bacteria dividing the Monera into archaebacteria and eubacteria. 19. Question Anukool’s father works for an international bank and has been transferred to Paris. He stayed in a rented house there. People in his office have come from different countries and speak various language viz. Dutch, French, Urdu, and English. Due to different mother tongues, he is finding it difficult to communicate with others and hence, could not work efficiently. One day, he told his communication problem to his son. Anukool discussed his father’s problem with his teacher and then called him up next day to give his advice. (i) What advice did Anukool give to his father? (i) List two advantages of speaking the same language all over the world. (iii) What value shown by Anukool by his action? Answer (i) Anukool must have advised his father to either learn the different Janguages or to use a translator for better communication. (i) speaking the same language over the world would provide room for easier communication and decrease the chances of confusion and misunderstanding, It will also bring about global harmony. (iii) Anukool is considerate and caring He has a sense of responsibility and Helping Nature. Challengers 1. QuestionChoose the odd one out from the options given below. A. Labeo B. Hippocampus C. Anabas [Link] Answer Scoliodon is a mammal while the rest three are fishes. Thus it is an odd one 2. Question The scientific name of lion fish is A. Synchiropus splendidus B. Pterois volitans C. Torpedo D. Caulophyryne Answer lion fish is called Pterios volitans. Synchiropus splendidus is scientific name for mandarin fish, Torpedo is the name of electric ray and Caulophryne is the name given to fanfins. 3. Question Which of the following statement is incorrect? A. The chloroplast is Spirogyra is spirally arranged without pyrenoids, B, Needle-shaped structure in Pinus is a leaf. C. Dicot plant has a woody stem and its leaves show reticulate venation, D. Pneumatic bone is an important characteristic of waves. Answer chloroplast in spirogyra are arranged with pyrenoids. All the other options are true statements. 4, Question Which among the following is a Pteridophyte?Answer Figure (a) is of Pinus, a gymnosperm, Figure (b) is of Funaria, a bryophyte. Figure (d) is of Cladophora, a thallophyte. 5. Question Identify the incorrectly matched pair from the options given below. A. Largest bird — Ostrich B. Bat — Bird C. Egg — laying mammals — Duck - billed platypus D. Mollusks — Soft-bodied animals Answer bat is not a bird, It is a mammal. All the other options are correctly matched pairs. 6. QuestionThe fish belonging to the phylum — Arthropoda is A. Cray fish B. Devil fish C. Jellyfish D. Starfish Answer Cray fish belongs to arthropoda. Devil fish is a chordate , jellyfish is a coelentrate , and starfish is an echinoderm 7. Question The type of symmetry found in coelenterates is A. asymmetry B. circular symmetry C. biradial symmetry D. radial symmetry Answer coelentrata are radially symmetrical, as they have vertical symmetry around acentral axis. Question Pick out the incorrect statement. A. All chordates have notochord some state of life. B. Birds have a streamlined body to reduce resistance during flight. C. Whale represents a huge class of fishes (or Pisces) D.A true coelom is derived from the mesoderm whereas pseudocoelom is not lined by mesoderm. Answer whales are mammals, not fishes. All other statements are correct. 9. Question The organism given below belongs to phylum.Female Male A. Platyhelminthes B. Nematoda C. Annelida D. Arthropoda Answer Ascaris belongs to nematodes, They are not as well differentiated as Annelida or Arthropoda, but have different sexual forms unlike Platyhelminthes. 10. Question Sea cucumber is A. mollusc B. coelentrate [Link] D. protochordate Answer Sea cucumber is a coclentrata. It has a very basic structural organisation as compared to Mollusca, echinoderms and protochordate. 11. Question Ina taxonomic hierarchy, family comes between A. class and order B. order and genus C. genus and species D. division and class Answer family is a taxonomic group between order and genus. The order of taxonomic hierarchy is as follows:Species, genus , family, order , class, phylum / division , kingdom 12. Question Among the following given options, a pseudocoelomate organism is A. sea anemone B liver fluke C. Nereis D. Wuchereria Answer Nematodes are pseudocoelomate. The others are not nematodes and hence are not pseudocoelomate. 13. Question Which of the following is a warm-blooded organism? A. Ostrich B. King cobra C. Crocodile [Link] Answer ostrich is a mammal, which is warm blooded. The other three are cold blooded organisms. 14, Question Similar characteristic among whale and crocodile is that [Link] both are cold-blooded organisms. B, they both are warm-blooded organisms C. their heart is 3-chambered. D. their heart is 4-chambered. Answer Both reptiles and mammals have four chambers in the heart. Reptiles are cold-blooded organisms, while mammals are warm-blooded organisms. Three-chambered heart is found in other reptiles, except crocodile.