3. Atoms and Molecules Check Point 01 1. Question If 100 g of calcium carbonate on heating produces 44g of carbon dioxide, how much quicklime will be formed? Which law is followed for solving this problem? Answer Let the mass of quicklime formed is “x” CaCOz— Cad + COz 1009 x 44g According to the law of conservation of mass, the sum of the masses of reactants is equal to the sum of the masses of products formed. Hence, 100g =x + 44g => x= 100- 44g >x=56g Law of conservation of mass was followed for solving this problem. 2. Question Which law states, that in a chemical compound, elements always combine in a fixed proportion? Answer Law of constant proportion or law of definite proportion states that in a chemical compound, elements always combine in a fixed proportion. 3. Question 20g silver nitrate solution is added to 20g of sodium chloride solution. What change in mass do you expect after the reaction and why? Answer ‘There will be no change in the mass after the reaction.According to the law of conservation of mass which states that atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. This means that the total mass of the products formed in chemical reaction must be equal to the mass of reactants consumed. 4. Question Ina given sample of ammonia, 9g hydrogen and 42g nitrogen are present. In another sample, 5g hydrogen is present along with nitrogen. Calculate the amount of nitrogen in the second sample. Answer In the first sample: 9g of hydrogen and 42g of nitrogen are present, According to the law of definite proportion, hydrogen and nitrogen are present in the ratio of 9:42 ie, 3:14 Inthe second sample: Itis given that 5g of hydrogen is present along with nitrogen. According to the law of constant proportion the second sample must also contain hydrogen and nitrogen in 3:14 ratio. Amount of hydrogen . ———___~_=_ = Ratio Amount of nitrogen 5s ee ‘Amount of nitrogen 14 => 14x 5 = 3 x amt. of nitrogen = Amount of nitrogen = 70/3 => Amount of nitrogen = 23.3g ‘Thus, the amount of nitrogen in the second sample is 23.38, 5. Question Why definition of an atom given by Dalton is no longer valid? Answer Atoms contains protons, neutrons, and electrons. Dalton was not able to explain this concept. According to him, atoms are indivisible particles, Hence, the definition of an atom given by Dalton is no longer valid. Check Point 021. Question Why is it necessary to use the symbol for the elements? Answer It is necessary to use the symbol for the elements because by writing symbols of the elements, chemical equations become easier to write as well as to understand and saves time too. For example: Zinc - Zn Hydrogen - H Aluminium - Al Calcium - Ca Sodium - Na Lithium - Li 2. Question What is wrong with the following symbols? Give the correct symbol in each case. (i) Sodium ($0) (ii) Hydrogen (Hg) (iii) Copper (Co) (iv) Sulphur (5) (v) Calcium (CA) Answer (i) Correct symbol for sodium is Na. The symbol of sodium was derived from its latin name “natrium’. (ii) Correct name for hydrogen is H” The symbol “Hg” is used for mercury. (iii) Correct symbol for copper is Cu. The symbol “Co” is used for cobalt. (iv) The given symbol of sulphur (S) is correct. (v) Correct symbol for calcium is “Ca”, According to IUPAC, the first letter of the symbol is always written as a capital letter (uppercase) and the secondletter is always written as written as capital letters. small letter (lowe! se). Both letters cannot be 3. Question Name any two elements whose symbols do not start with the same letter as that of the name of the element. Answer Elements whose symbols do not start with the same letter as that of the name of the element are: Sodium (Na) [Silver (ag) _| Iron (Fe) Potassium (kK) [Gold (Au) | Tin (Sn) Tungsten (w) [Mercury (Hg) | Antimony (Sb) 4, Question Why the symbols of few elements, like sodium, do not start with the initial letter of the name? Answer The symbols of a few elements like sodium do not start with the initial letter of the name because their symbol was derived from their names in Latin. For example: i. The symbol of sodium (Na) was derived from its latin name “natrium” ii. The symbol of potassium (K) was derived from its latin name “kalium” . The symbol of iron (Fe) was derived from its latin name “ferrum” 5. Question What is the difference between 2 Cl and Cl2? Which one of these two forms exist in nature? Also, give the atomic mass of this element. Answer The difference between 2CI and Cly: i, 2Cl indicates the two chloride ions. ii. Clz indicates one chlorine molecule which is formed by combining of two atoms of chlorine. iii. Clz is also known as chlorine gasClz form exists in nature. The atomic mass of this element is (Atomic mass of chlorines x 2) = 35.5 x 2=71u 6. Question Write the atomicity of the following: (@ Iz Gi) Hs i) HNOs (iv) NaySO4, ) Se Answer Atomicity: The number of atoms constituting a molecule is known as its atomici i. In Iz, there are two atoms of iodine constituting a molecule. Hence, the atomicity is 2 (diatomic), ii, In HS, there are two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of Sulphur constituting a molecule of H2S. Hence, the atomicity is 3 (triatomic). iii. In HNO3, there are three atoms of oxygen, one atom of nitrogen and one atom of hydrogen sulphur constituting a molecule of HNO3. Hence, the atomicity is five. iv, In NagSOq, there are two atoms of sodium, one atom of Sulphur and four atoms of oxygen constituting a molecule of Na2SO4 Hence, the atomicity is seven. v. In Sg, there are eight atoms of sulphur constituting a molecule. Hence, the atomicity is eight. 7. Question An oxide of nitrogen is found to contain nitrogen and oxygen combined together in the ratio of 7: 16 by mass. Derive the formula of the oxide and name it. Answer It is given that nitrogen and oxygen are combined together in the ratio of 7:16 by mass. Mass of nitrogen = 14uMass of oxygen = 16u and mass of 02 = 16x 2 = 32u Hence, we can write 14:32 which is equal to 7:16 Therefore, the formula of the oxide is NO2 and its name is nitrous dioxide. Check Point 03 1. Question How is an ion different from an atom? How is cation different from anion? Answer Difference between ion and atom: Atom Ton The building blocks of| Compounds composed of metals and all matter are atoms. | non-metals have charged species. The charge species are known as ions. Difference between cation and anion: Cation Anion A positively charged ion is|A negatively charged ion is called a cation. called an anion. For example: Nat, Ca2+, Mg? | For ex: Cl, S04, COs? 2. Question Predict the total number of atoms in each case. (i) Calcium phosphate (ii) Hydrogen sulphide (iii) Magnesium bromide (iv) Sodium oxide (v) Aluminium hydroxide Answer i. Calcium phosphate (Cag(PO4)9] : There are three calcium atoms, two phosphorus atoms and eight oxygen atoms.Total number of atoms = 2Ca + 2P + 80 Hence, there are total 12 atoms. ii, Hydrogen sulphide There are two hydrogen atoms and one sulphur atom. Total number of atoms = 2H + 1S Hence, there are total 3 atoms. Magnesium bromide (MgB There are two bromine atoms and one magnesium atom. Total number of atoms = 2Br + 1Mg Hence, there are total 3 atoms. iv. Sodium oxide (Naz0): There are two sodium atoms and one oxygen atom. Total number of atoms = 2Na + 10 Hence, there are total 3 atoms. v. Aluminium hydroxide [Al(OH)3]: There are three hydrogen and oxygen atoms and one atom of aluminum. Total number of atoms = 3H +30 + 1Al Hence, there are total 7 atoms. 3. Question Give symbol and valency of the following ions. Hydroxide ion, carbonate ion. Answer Hydroxide ion: Symbol of hydroxide ion = OH" Valency = Carbonate ion: Symbol of carbonate ion = C03”Valency 4. Question What is the role of valency in the combination of atoms? Answer Role of valency: i. The combining power of an element is known as its valency. ii, Valency can be used to find out how the atoms of an element will combine with the atoms of another element to form a compound. 5. Question An element X forms X2(CO3)3 type compound. What is the formula of its phosphate and chloride? Answer X2(CO3)3 symbol valency From this, we came to know that valency of X is 3+ The formula for the phosphate of the clement X: POs x valency 3 symbol Formula: X(PO4)3 or XPO4 formula for the chloride of the element a symbol x valency 3 Formula: XClz 6. Question Write the formula of the following compounds. (i) Magnesium sulphate(ii) Sodium bromide (iii) Calcium chloride (iv) Potassium nitrate (v) Sodium phosphate Answer i, Formula of magnesium sulphate: Symbol Mg. SOa x Charge 2+ 2- Formula: MgSO4 ii, Formula of sodium bromide: Symbol Na Br Charge 1+ 1- Formula: NaBr iii, The formula of calcium chloride: Symbol ca cl Charge 2+ Formula: CaCl iv, Formula of potassium nitrate: Symbol K NOs Charge 1+ 1- Formula: KNO3 v. Formula of sodium phosphate: Symbol Na PO4 Charge 1+’ 3Formula: NazPQ4 Check Point 04 1. Question How formula unit mass is different from molecular mass? Answer Formula unit mass Molecular mass Formula unit mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of atomic masses of all the in a formula unit of al atoms in a molecule of the compound. substance. It is used for those/It is used for those substances whose | substances whose constituent constituent particles _are| particles are molecules. ions. The formula mass is the sum of all the molecules in the compound. The molecular mass remains the same even if millions of molecules are added. Example: The formula mass for sodium chloride is: NaCl, 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 amu. Example: The molecular mass of CO2 = 1x Atomic Mass of Carbon + 2x Atomic Mass of oxygen =12+2x 16 = 124 32 =44u, 2, Question Which one is a larger quantity molar mass or molecular mass? Explain. Answer Molar mass is the mass of one mole of substance, while molecular mass is the mass of one molecule of the substance. Molecular mas because it contains the mass of one molecule (made up of atoms). 3, Question Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds: (i) Mgo (ii) NayCO3 (iii) HgPO4 (iv) Ca(OH), (v) Al2(S04)3 the larger quantityAnswer i. MgO: Molar mass of Mg + 2 x Molar mass of oxygen = 2du + 2x16 > 24+32 = 56g/mol Thus, the molar mass of Mg0 is 56g/mol, i, NagCO3 2.x Molar mass of Na + Molar mass of carbon + 3xmolar mass of oxygen > 2x234124+3x16 46 +12 +48 = 106g/mol ‘Thus, the molar mass of NaC03 is 106g/mol. iii, HgPO4: 3 x Molar mass of hydrogen + Molar mass of phosphorus + 4xmolar mass of oxygen => 3x14+314+4«16 3431464 = 98g/mol Thus, the molar mass of [Link] 98g/mol. iv. Ca(OH), Molar mass of calcium + 2 x Molar mass of oxygen + 2xmolar mass of hydrogen 3 404+2%1642%1 3 40+32+2 > 74g/mol ‘Thus, the molar mass of Ca(OH), is 74¢/mol, [Link](SO4)32.x Molar mass of aluminium + 3 x Molar mass of sulphur + 12xmolar mass of oxygen => 2%274+3x 3241216 = 54496 +192 = 342g/mol Thus, the molar mass of Aly(SO,)is 342¢/mol, 4, Question Predict the mass possessed by certain number of oxygen atoms which is equal to the number of molecules present 1g of hydrogen gas? Answer Mass of oxygen atoms = number of molecules present 1g of hydrogen gas Number of molecules in 1g Hz = 1/2 mole => 1/2x6.022 x 1023atoms = 3.01 x 1073 Thus, the mass possessed by certain number of oxygen atoms is 3.01 x 1023 5. Question Calculate the number of sodium ions that are present in 212g of sodium carbonate. Answer Given: Mass of sodium carbonate = 212g Sodium carbonate is NazCO3 First, we need to calculate the number of moles of sodium carbonate we have in a 212g sample. To calculate this, we will find the molar mass of sodium carbonate (NazC03) = 2.x Molar mass of sodium + Molar mass of carbon + 3xmolar mass of oxygen 2% 23+124+3%1646412 +48 > 106g/mol ‘Thus, the molar mass of NajCO3 is 106g/mol. Now we will calculate total number of moles by applying the formula given: Mass of sodium carbonate Number of moles = > SOO _ umber of mO'eS = Molar mass of sodum carbonate — 212g = Number of moles = 28 => 2mol Now, we know that every mole of NazCO3 have 2 moles of Nat ions. Hence, total moles of NazCO3 is 4 moles 3.022 x 1023 x Amol = 24.088 x 1023ions Number of ions present = Chapter Exercise 1. Question Why are Dalton’s symbols not used in chemistry? Answer Dalton’s symbols were not used in chemistry as he used the symbols for elements in a very specific sense. He also meant a definite quantity of that element by depicting symbol. But a scientist Berzilius suggested that the symbols of elements be made from one or two letters of the element. 2, Question Atoms of most elements are not able to exist independently. Name two atoms which exist as independent atoms. Answer Helium and neon exist as independent atoms. Mostly elements of noble gases exist as independent forms. 3. Question In which form do atoms exist in aqueous solution? Give example.Answer Yes, atoms exist in aqueous solution. For example: Common salt (NaCl) dissolves in water (aqueous solution) and breaks into Na* and CI’ ions. 4, Question Give the symbols of the following elements. (@ Aluminium (ii) Cobalt (iii) Arsenic (iv) Radon Answer i. The symbol of aluminium is Al. ii, The symbol of cobalt is Co. ili. The symbol of arsenic is As iv, The symbol of radon is Rn. 5. Question What do you understand from the statement “relative atomic mass of sulphur is 32"? Answer The relative atomic mass of an element is defined as the average mass of the atom, as compared to 1/12'"the mass of one-carbon atom. Relative atomic mass of sulphur is 32 means the average mass of the sulphur atom is found with respect to an atom of carbon-12. Question Write the ions present in (i) Alp(CO3)3 (ii) AIBrs Answer i, Alp(CO3)3 : There are total two ions of Al3* and three ions of C03” present. Hence total no, of ions = 5 ii, AlBr3: There are total three ions of Br” and one ion of Al?* present. Hence total no. of ions = 47. Question An element has a valency of 3, write the simplest formula for sulphide of the element. Answer Itis given that an element has a valency of 3. Let the element is 2 Valency of sulphide (S?-) Formula for sulphide of element X: symbol He 8 valency 302 Formula: X2S3 8. Question Name the compound represented by formula K2SO4. Answer The name of the compound represented by formula K SO, is potassium sulphate. 9. Question Give the formulae of the compounds formed from the sets of carbon and oxygen. Answer The formulae of the compounds formed from the sets of carbon and oxygen are: i. NaCO3 - Sodium carbonate ii, H2CO3 - Carbonic acid iii, NaHCO3 - Sodium bicarbonate 10. Question The formula for the sulphate of a metal is MSO4. What is the formula for the chloride of that metal?Answer Itis given that sulphate of a metal is MSO4. By applying criss cross method, we can know the valency of "M’: symbol MSOs valency 2+ Hence, the valency of “M” is +2 Now, formula for chloride of metal M: symbol "ye cl valency 2 01 Formula: MCly ‘Thus, the formula for the chloride of metal is MCl2. 11. Question The formula of carbonate of a metal M is M2CO3, What is the formula for phosphate of M? Answer It is given that carbonate of a metal M is M2CO3. By applying criss cross method, we can know the valency of “M”: symbol M. COs x valency 1+" * 2- Hence, the valency of “M” is +1 Now, formula for phos symbol a valency 103 Formula: MgP04 of mi Thus, the formula for phop! al is MsPO4.12. Question () Which element is used as a standard for atomic mass scale? (ii) What is the value of mass of this reference atom? Answer i. In 1961, for a universally accepted atomic mass unit, carbon-12 isotope was chosen as the standard reference for measuring atomic masses. ii, One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to exactly 1/12" the mass of one atom of carbon-12. 13. Question While searching for various atomic mass units, scientists initially took 1/16 of the mass of a naturally occurring oxygen atom as one unit. State two reasons for this. Answer While searching for various atomic mass units, scientists initially took 1/16 of the mass of a naturally occurring oxygen atom as one unit. The two reasons are: i, According to them, oxygen reacted with a large number of elements and formed compounds. ii. The given atomic mass unit gave masses of most of the elements as whole numbers. 14. Question What is the difference between 30 and 03? Answer The difference between 30 and 03: i. 30 indicates the three oxide ions. ii, 0 indicates one ozone molecule which is formed by combining of three atoms of oxygen. ili, 03 is known as ozone gas which protects the earth from ultraviolet radiations. 15. Question Ifan element X has a valency of 3, then find out the formula of its chloride and sulphide.