Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes

Francia, Virac, Catanduanes

A
MODULAR
APPROACH
IN SCIENCE
TECHNOLO
GY AND
SOCIETY

____________________________________
STUDENT NAME

ALBERT P. ENON

Subject Instructor

2ND Semester S.Y. 2022

 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
Francia, Virac, Catanduanes

PREFACE

Science Technology and Society, (STS) is an essential course in the General Education curriculum for tertiary
education. It was conceptualized to develop deep appreciation and critical understanding for the role of science
and technology in the development of people and the society. It deals with the interactions between science and
technology in social, cultural, political and economic contexts. It is an interdisciplinary course whereby
students are engage in myriad of scientific issues and technological developments.

Science Technology and Society was written an intense passion and deep sense of mission to contribute to the
intellectual development of Filipino college students
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
Francia, Virac, Catanduanes

MODULE 1

“GENERAL CONCEPT AND HISTORICAL EVENTS

IN SCIENE AND TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY”
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
Francia, Virac, Catanduanes

II. CONTENT SUMMARY

This module will give light to the development of science and scientific ideas in the heart of the society.
It is the goal of this lesson to articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. It
identifies government programs, projects and policies geared toward boasting the science and technology
capacity of the country. This lesson also include discussion on Philippine indigenous science and technology.
This module also focuses on indigenous science and technology in the Philippines, Filipinos, especially
during the early times, tried to invent tools that will help them in everyday life. They also developed alternative
ideas in explaining various phenomena and in explaining the world around them. This system of knowledge is
called indigenous knowledge, which is the foundation of indigenous science.

III. LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a. Discuss how ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin and Freud contributed to the spark of scientific
revolution and
b. Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like in Latin America, East
Asia, Middle East and Africa
c. Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of their contributions to
nation building
d. Identify actual science and technology polices of the government and appraise them on the
development of the Filipino nation.
e. Identify science schools established to promote science education in the Philippines
f. Discuss the contribution of indigenous science in the development of science and technology in the
Philippines.

IV. LECTURE NOTES

Section 1
“INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY”

Scientific Revolution

Science is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and where
science began. From the genesis of time, science has existed. It is always interwoven within the society.

So how can science be defined?

a. Science as an Idea
- It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the
natural and physical world
b. Science as an intellectual activity
- It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of
study involves systematic observation and experimentation.
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
Francia, Virac, Catanduanes

c. Science as a body of knowledge

- It is a subject or a discipline a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of
learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science.
d. Science as a personal and social activity
- This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better
understanding of the world around them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is
interwoven with people’s lives.

 Scientific Revolution
- Was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. It explained the
emergence or birth of modern sciences as a result of these developments.
- Was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying
moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful or condemnations from the religious
institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religions, and theological views. Some rulers and
religious leaders did not accept many of the early works of scientists.

SCIENCE IDEAS

SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION

HUMANS SOCIETY

Some Intellectual and Their Ideas

Nicolaus Copernicus
 This cause the paradigm shift of how the
earth and sun were placed in the heavens/
universe. It is the idea that rejected
Ptolemaic Model (earth is the center of
the solar system) and prove the
Heliocentric Model (sun is the center of
the solar system having the earth
revolving around it.)

Charles Darwin
 This has bought a great impact on how
people approach Biology Forever. This
revolution provided a different that the
“Theory of Creation”. The Darwinian
revolution started when Charles Darwin
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
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published his book “The Origin of

Species” that emphasizes humans are the
result of an evolution.
 Darwin published his book “The Origin
of Species” in 1589. This book is
considered to be one of the most
important works in scientific literature.
Darwin collected many significant
materials in order to present his theory
with overwhelming evidence.
Sigmund Freud
 This theory started to revolutionized
Psychiatry with Sigmund Frued. This
includes the “Freudian Theory of
Personality” that involves the human
development contributed to his/her
personality and also his “psychoanalysis”
that is process of achieving proper
functioning if human does not complete
his/her development stage.
 Famous in the field of psychology.
Rosenfels (1980) also escribed him as
towering literary figure and a very
talented communicator who did his share
to raise the consciousness of the civilized
world in psychological matters.

Cradle’s of Early Science

MIDDLE EAST
- The revolutions in the Middle East were a
product of the development and growth of
individual nationalism, imperialism for
the efforts to westernize and modernize
Middle Eastern societies, and to push the
declining power of the Ottoman Empire in
the Arab Region.
- Dominantly occupied by Muslims
- A Muslim scientist named Ibn-al-
Haytham is also regarded as father of
optics

MESOAMERICAN
- It has contributed a lot of ideas or
discoveries for Archaeology. The temples
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
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and pyramids left about of Architecture

that leads us to study more of it.
A. The Maya civilization is one of the famous
civilization that lasted for approximately 2000
years. These people are known for their great
works in astronomy.
B. Mayan knowledge and understanding about
celestial bodies was advanced for their tie, as
evidenced by their knowledge of predicting
eclipse and using astrological cycles in
planting and harvesting
C. The Inca civilization is also famous in
Mesoamerica.
- Roads paves stones
- Stone building surmounted with
earthquakes
- Irrigations
- Calendar with 12 months
D. The Aztec civilization
- Mandatory education
- Chocolates (the Aztec in Mexico
developed chocolate during their time. In
the Mayan culture, they used it as their
currency)
- Antispasmodic medication (prevent
muscle spasms and relax muscle, which
could help during surgery)
- Chinampa (agricultural farming in which
land was divided into rectangle areas
surrounded by canals)
- Invention of the Canoe
ASIA
- The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent nationhood along the
improvement brought by it internally.

A. India
- Known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works
- Famous in medicine
- Notable for astronomy (they developed theories and configuration of the universe)
- Also known for their mathematics (standardized measurement of length to a high degree of
accuracy and designed a ruler)
B. China
- Known for traditional medicine
- Inventions of Chinese civilization were compass, papermaking, gunpowder and printing tools.
- In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records on supernovas, solar eclipse
and lunar. And comets.

AFRICA
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
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- The fight off against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.

- Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known medieval forerunner of chemistry.
- Astronomy was also famous in the African region
- Metallurgical works during times
- Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in the African continent.

Section 2 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING

Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines

 The Early inhabitants of the Archipelago had their own culture and traditions:
a. Own belief system and indigenous knowledge
b. Keeps them organized and sustained their lives and communities for many years

 Pre-Spanish (embedded in the way of life)

Science Technology
- Planting crops that provide them food - Building Houses
- Taking care of animals - Irrigation
- Food production - Developing Tool
- Interpret the movements of heavenly bodies - Musical Instruments
to predict seasons and climates
- Medicinal uses of plants
- Metal Age Influence
• Gold and silver jewelry
- Trading with other countries
- Indigenous or Folk Science

 Spanish Rule
a. Brought their own culture and practices
b. Established schools and introduced the concepts of subjects and discipline
c. Learning of Science in school focuses on understanding different concepts related to the human
body, plants, animals and bodies.
d. Technology focuses on using and developing house tools

 Life during the Spanish Era

a. Became modernized
b. Filipinos replicated technology brought by the Spaniards using indigenous materials
c. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities
d. Galleon Trade
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
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- The galleon trade was supplied by merchants largely from port areas of Fujian
who traveled to Manila to sell the Spaniards species, porcelain, ivory, processed
silk cloth and other valuable materials
- From 1565 to 1815, the galleon trade contributed to the change of culture,
language and environment for both Philippines and Mexico
- The Galleon trade was a government monopoly. Only two galleons were used:
One sailed form Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000 pesos’ worth of goods,
spending 120 days at sea; the other sailed from Manila to Acapulco with some
250,000 pesos’ worth of goods spending 9 days at sea.
 American Period
a. Public Education system
b. Improved engineering works and health of the people
c. Mineral resources were exploring and exploited
d. Americanize the Filipinos
e. Recognized the learning of science
f. In basic education, science education focuses on nature studies and science and sanitation
g. Hospitals, clinics and health centers were established including public hospitals for lepers.

 World War II
a. The country had a difficult time to rebuild itself from the ruins of the war.
b. The human spirit to survive and to rebuild the country may be strong but the capacity of the
country brings back was destroyed was limited

 New Republic
a. Focusing on using it limited resources in improving S&T capability
b. Use of Overseas Development Allocation to improve scientific productivity and
technological capability
c. Human Resource Development

INFLUENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF S&T IN

THE PHILIPPINES

External Influences
Internal
• Foreign
Influence Development Colonizers
• Survival of S&T in the • Traders with
• Culture Philippines Foreign
• Economic
Countries
Activities
• International
Economic
Demands
Government Policies on Science and Technology

“In response to the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government, particularly the DOST, has sought the Expertise of
the NCRP to consult various sectors in the society to study how the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the
ASEAN 2015 Goals.”
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
Francia, Virac, Catanduanes

The NCRP (National Research Council of the Philippines) clustered these policies into four:
1. The Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance
- Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to the curriculum
- Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
- Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT Broadband
- Local Food Security

2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space, and Mathematics
- Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities
- Outright grants for peer monitoring
- Review of RA 9184
- Harnessing science and technology as an independent mover of development

3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

- Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN-harmonized standard by full
implementation
- Creating an education council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical services and care
- Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based research as pool of information
- Allocating 2% of the GDP to research
- Legislating a law supporting human genome projects.

4. Biological Science, Agriculture, and Forestry

- Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementations of existing laws
- Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
- Promoting indigenous knowledge system and indigenous people’s conservation
- Formulation of common food and safety standards

Famous Filipino Scientist in the Philippines

ANGEL C. ALCALA
- Research into Philippine amphibians and reptiles, as well as the conservation of
the marine-protected areas.

RAMON CABANOS BARBA

- Inventing a way to induce flowering in mango trees regardless of season,
boosting the local mango industry.

EDGARDO D. GOMEZ
- Gomez led the World’s First national-scale assessment of damage to coral
reefs, work which led to him being conferred the title of National Scientist
of the Philippine in 2014

AGAPITO FLORES
- Inventor of the First Fluorescent Lamp

ALFREDO SANTOS
- Noted researcher in the chemistry of natural products
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
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EDGARDO QUISUMBING
- Expert in medicinal plants

EDUARDO SAN JUAN

- Invented the Lunar Rover or Moon Buggy

ALFREDO MAHAR LAGMAY

- Research into Natural Hazards and Disasters in the Philippines, in
Particular Volcanic Hazards

AISA MIJENO
- Developing an LED Lamp that runs on just table salt and water

CARMEN VELASQUEZ
- Filipino Biologist
- Conducted several research on parasitic worms, especially fish parasites
which provide rich material for her book entitled “Digeneric Trematodes
of Philippines Fishes”

Section 3 SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Concept of Science Education

- Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science. Teaching science involves
developing way on how to effectively teach science. This means exploring pedagogical theories and
models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and progress effectively. Learning science, on other
hand, includes both pedagogy and the most interesting aspect, which is helping students understand and
love science.

Science Schools in the Philippines

1. Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)

- This government program for gifted students in the Philippines. It is a service institute of
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) whose mandate is to offer free
scholarship basis for secondary course with special emphasis pertaining to science, with
the end-view of preparing its students for a science career (Republic Act 3661). The
school maintain a dormitory for all its students. PSHSS students has proven to be beacon
of excellence. When the students graduate from the school, they are expected to pursue
degrees in science and technology at various colleges and universities locally or abroad.
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
Francia, Virac, Catanduanes

2. Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project\

- The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children quipped with scientific and
technological knowledge, skills, and values. Its Mission is to:
a. Provide learning environment to science-inclined children through a
special curriculum that recognizes the multiple intelligence of the learners;
b. Promote the development of lifelong learning skills, and
c. Foster the holistic development of the learners.

3. Quezon City Regional Science High School

- The school was established on September 17, 1967. Originally it was named Quezon City
Science High School. It was turned into a regional science high school for the National
Capital Region in 1999. The was school was the product of a dream to establish as
special science school for talented students in science and mathematics. The focus of the
curriculum is on science and technology. The school still teaches the basic education
courses prescribed by the Department of Education (DepEd) for secondary education.

4. Manila Science High School

- The school was established on October 1, 1963 as the Manila Science High School
(MSHS). It is the first science school in the Philippines. MSHS aims to produce scientist
with souls. In order to do this, humanities course and other electives are included in their
curriculum. The school administers an entrance exam, the Manila Science School
Admission Test (MSAT).
- The MSAT has five parts;
a. Aptitude in science
b. Aptitude test in mathematics
c. Problem-solving test in science
d. Problem-solving test in mathematics

5. Central Visayan Institute Foundation

- It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation known as the
Dynamic Learning Program (DLP). The DLP is a synthesis of classical and modern
pedagogical theories adapted to foster the highest level of learning, creativity, and
productivity.
- The school takes pride in its Research Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP) established
in 1992, which organize small international workshops
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
Francia, Virac, Catanduanes

Section 4 INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

IN THE PHILIPPINES

Indigenous Knowledge System

Indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life

experiences of young children as they grow up. They live
and grow in a society where the members of the community
prominently practice indigenous knowledge. Their parents
and the other older folks served as their first teachers and
their methods of teaching are very effective in transmitting
cultural knowledge in their minds.

 Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous people are:

a. Predicting whether conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animal’s behavior and celestial
bodies;
b. Using herbal medicine
c. Preserving foods
d. Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties
e. Preserving and selecting good seed for planting
f. Using indigenous technology in daily lives
g. Building local irrigation systems
h. Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties
i. Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits and
j. Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
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Indigenous Science

Indigenous science is part of the indigenous knowledge

system practiced by different groups of people and early
civilizations. It includes complex arrays of knowledge,
expertise, practices, and representations that guide human
societies in their enumerable interactions with the natural
milieu: agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining natural
phenomena, and strategies for coping with changing
environments claimed that it is collectively lived in and
experienced by the people of a given culture.

Indigenous beliefs also developed desirable values that are

relevant or consistent to scientific attitudes as identified by
Johnston (2000), namely (1) motivating attitudes; (2)
cooperating attitudes; (3) practical attitude; (4) reflective
attitudes. These cultural beliefs therefor can be good
foundation for developing positive values toward learning
and doing science and in bringing science in a personal level.

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE

Uses guided by composed of

Science Process Skill Community Culture and Traditional Knowledge
Values

1. Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring,
problem solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting
2. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values such as the following:
a. The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator.
b. The earth is revered as “Mother Earth”. It is the origin of their identity as people.
c. All living and nonliving things are interconnected and interdependent with each other.
d. Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural resources. They have a
responsibility to preserve it.
e. Nature is a friend to human beings - it needs respect and proper care
3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and
communities such as ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk astronomy.
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
Francia, Virac, Catanduanes

IV. METHODS AND ACTIVITIES

Modular Type and Distance Learning

Activity 1:
1. Review the History of Science and make a timeline highlighting the major discoveries and
developments in Science.
2. Follow the format given;

Intellectual Ideas and Development and Discoveries

Cradles of Early Science

Activity 2:
1. Identify several Filipino scientists at least (10 that are not stated in the lesson)
2. Research on their contributions in the field of science
3. Submit your work (send your output in the google classroom)

V. ASSESSMENTS

QUIZ I:
Answer the following question:
1. How can science be defined?
2. Do you think the church should intervene in scientific activities? Why?
3. How did society shape science and how did science shape society?
4. Considering the current state of our society, do you think science literacy among people has contributed
to the growth of our economy?

Scoring Rubrics for each item

Points Description
 Students understanding of concept if clearly evident
5  Student uses effective strategies to get accurate results
 Students uses logical thinking to arrive at conclusion
4  Students uses appropriate strategies to arrive at a result
 Student shows thinking skills to arrive at conclusion
 Student has limited understanding of a concept
3  Student uses strategies that are ineffective
 Student attempts to show thinking skills
2  Student has a complete lack of understanding of concept
1  Student makes no attempt to use strategy
 Student show no understanding
 Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes
Francia, Virac, Catanduanes

QUIZ 2:
Identify the following question:

___________________ 1. A Filipino scientist that invented a way to induce flowering in mango trees
_ regardless of season, boosting the local mango industry.
___________________ 2. Expert in medicinal plants
_
___________________ 3. Developing an LED Lamp that runs on just table salt and water
_
___________________ 4. Research into Natural Hazards and Disasters in the Philippines, in
_ Particular Volcanic Hazards
___________________ 5. Invented the Lunar Rover or Moon Buggy
_
___________________ 6. In this period Filipino became modernized, building hospitals, clinics and
_ health center
___________________ 7. Research into Philippine amphibians and reptiles, as well as the
_ conservation of the marine-protected areas.
___________________ 8. Gomez led the World’s First national-scale assessment of damage to coral
_ reefs, work which led to him being conferred the title of National Scientist
of the Philippine in 2014
___________________ 9. During this period, Galleon Trade was established
_
___________________ 10. Filipino inventor of the fluorescent lamp
_