DRILLS FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS
Drilling machines
The principal type of drilling machines are :
The sensitive bench drilling machine
The pillar type drilling machine
The column drilling machine
The radial arm drilling machine ( radial drilling machine ).
The sensitive bench drilling machine (fig 1) :
This machine is capable of drilling holes up to 12.5 mm diameter. This is
used for light duty work.
Different spindle speeds are achieved by changing the belt position in the
stepped pulleys. (fig 2)
The pillar drilling machine (fig 3 ) :
This is an enlarged version of the sensitive
Bench drilling machine. These are also used
for light duty work.
Radial drilling machine (fig 1) :
Radial drilling machines are used to drill
-- large diameter holes
-- multiple hole in one setting of work
-- heavy and large workpieces
Gang drilling machine (fig 1 ) :
It consists of a large base supporting
A long table. The top of the table is
designed in such a way that several
units may be mounted on it . Each
spindle is driven by its individual
directly connected motor.
Multiple spindle head drilling machine (fig 2) :
The multiple spindle head drilling machine
may have any number of spindles- from
4 to 48 or more, all driven from the
one-spindle drive gear in one head.
Drill-holding devices :
For drilling holes on materials, the drills are to be held accurately and
rigidly on the machine. The common drill-holding devices are drill
chucks, sleeves and sockets.
Drill chucks : Straight shank drills are
held in drill chucks. (fig 1A) For fixing
and removing drill, the chucks are provided
either with a pinion and key or a knurled ring.
The drill chuck are held on the machine
spindle by means of an arbor (fig 1B) fitted
on the drill chuck.
Taper sleeves and sockets (fig 2) :Taper shank drills have a Morse taper
Sleeves and sockets are made with the same taper so that the taper shank
drill, when engaged, will give a good wedging action. Due to this reason
morse tapers are called self-holding tapers.
In oder to make up the difference in size between the shanks of the drills
and the bore of the machine spindles, sleeves of different size are used.
When the taper shank is bigger than the machine spindle, taper sockets
are used.(fig 2)
Use of drift to remove drills and sockets from the machine spindle. (fig 3)
Work-holding devices : workpices to be drilled should be properly held
or clamped to prevent them from rotating along with the drill.
Improperly secured work is not only a danger to the operator but can
also cause inaccurate work, and breakage of the drill. Various devices
are used to ensure proper holding.
The machine vice : most of the drilling work can be held in a machine
vice. (fig 1)
Clamps and bolts : Drilling machine tables are provided with T-slots for
fitting bolt heads. Using clamps and bolts, the workpieces can be held
very rigidly. (fig 2)
Ther are many types of clamps and it is necessary to determine the
clamping method according to the work.(fig 4 & 5)
Cutting speed and r.p.m for drilling :
For a drill to give a satisfactory performance, it must operate at the correct
cutting speed and feed.
“Cutting speed is the speed at which the cutting edge passes over the material
while cutting and it is expressed in metres per minute”
Cutting speed is also sometimes stated as surface speed or peripheral speed.
cutting speed calculation :
Cutting speed (v) = π × d × n / 1000 = m/min
there fore r.p.m (n) = v × 1000 / d ×π
Where
n= r.p.m in per min
v = cutting speed in m / min
d = diameter of the drill in mm
Π = 22 / 7 or 3.14
Feed in drill : feed is the distance ( X )
a drill advances into the one complete
rotation. (fig 1)
Feed is expressed in hundredths of a millimetre-per rotation of the spindle.
Eg: 0.040mm/rotation of spindle.
The rate of feed is dependent upon a number of factors.
1. The finish required and material of drill.
2. Material to be drilled.