Carbon Properties in Austenite
Carbon Properties in Austenite
APPEN
SI Units: Single-State
A
DI
Properties
X
TABLE A.1
Conversion Factors
Area (A)
1 mm2 = 1.0 × 10−6 m2 1 ft2 = 144 in.2
1 cm2 = 1.0 × 10−4 m2 = 0.1550 in.2 1 in.2 = 6.4516 cm2 = 6.4516 × 10−4 m2
1 m2 = 10.7639 ft2 1 ft2 = 0.092 903 m2
Conductivity (k)
1 W/m-K = 1 J/s-m-K
= 0.577 789 Btu/h-ft-◦ R 1 Btu/h-ft-R = 1.730 735 W/m-K
Density (ρ)
1 kg/m3 = 0.06242797 lbm/ft3 1 lbm/ft3 = 16.018 46 kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1 kg/L
Energy (E, U)
1J = 1 N-m = 1 kg-m2 /s2
1J = 0.737 562 lbf-ft l lbf-ft = 1.355 818 J
1 cal (Int.) = 4.186 81 J = 1.285 07 × 10−3 Btu
1 Btu (Int.) = 1.055 056 kJ
1 erg = 1.0 × 10−7 J = 778.1693 lbf-ft
1 eV = 1.602 177 33 × 10−19 J
Force (F)
1 N = 0.224 809 lbf 1 lbf = 4.448 222 N
1 kp = 9.806 65 N (1 kgf)
Gravitation
g = 9.806 65 m/s2 g = 32.174 05 ft/s2
755
⑦
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APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES ............................................................................................................
Length (L)
1 mm = 0.001 m = 0.1 cm 1 ft = 12 in.
1 cm = 0.01 m = 10 mm = 0.3970 in. 1 in. = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m
1 m = 3.280 84 ft = 39.370 in. 1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 km = 0.621 371 mi 1 mi = 1.609 344 km
1 mi = 1609.3 m (US statute) 1 yd = 0.9144 m
Mass (m)
1 kg = 2.204 623 lbm 1 lbm = 0.453 592 kg
1 tonne = 1000 kg 1 slug = 14.5939 kg
1 grain = 6.479 89 × 10−5 kg 1 ton = 2000 lbm
Moment (torque, T)
1 N-m = 0.737 562 lbf-ft 1 lbf-ft = 1.355 818 N-m
Momentum (mV )
1 kg-m/s = 7.232 94 lbm-ft/s 1 lbm-ft/s = 0.138 256 kg-m/s
= 0.224 809 lbf-s
Pressure (P)
1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1 kg/m-s2 1 lbf/in.2 = 6.894 757 kPa
1 bar = 1.0 × 105 Pa = 100 kPa
1 arm = 101.325 kPa 1 atm = 14.695 94 lbf/in.2
= 1.013 25 bar = 29.921 in. Hg [32◦ F]
= 760 mm Hg [0◦ C] = 33.8995 ft H2 O [4◦ C]
= 10.332 56 m H2 O [4◦ C]
1 torr = 1 mm Hg [0◦ C]
1 mm Hg [0◦ C] = 0.133 322 kPa 1 in. Hg [0◦ C] = 0.491 15 lbf/in.2
1 m H2 O [4◦ C] = 9.806 38 kPa 1 in. H2 O [4◦ C] = 0.0361 26 lbf/in.2
Temperature (T)
1 K = 1◦ C = 1.8 R = 1.8 F 1 R = (5/9) K
TC = TK − 273.15 TF = TR − 459.67
= (TF − 32)/1.8 = 1.8 TC + 32
TK = TR/1.8 TR = 1.8 TK
Velcoity (V)
1 m/s = 3.6 km/h 1 ft/s = 0.681 818 mi/h
= 3.280 84 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s
= 2.236 94 mi/h = 1.097 28 km/h
1 km/h = 0.277 78 m/s 1 mi/h = 1.466 67 ft/s
= 0.911 34 ft/s = 0.447 04 m/s
= 0.621 37 mi/h = 1.609 344 km/h
Volume (V )
1 m3 = 35.3147 ft3 1 ft3 = 2.831 685 × 10−2 m3
1L = 1 dm3 = 0.001 m3 1 in.3 = 1.6387 × 10−5 m3
1 Gal (US) = 3.785 412 L 1 Gal (UK) = 4.546 090 L
= 3.785 412 × 10−3 m3 1 Gal (US) = 231.00 in.3
⑦
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APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES ............................................................................................................
TABLE A.2
Critical Constants
Molec. Temp. Press. Vol.
Substance Formula Mass (K) (MPa) (m3 /kg)
Ammonia NH3 17.031 405.5 11.35 0.00426
Argon Ar 39.948 150.8 4.87 0.00188
Bromine Br2 159.808 588 10.30 0.000796
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 304.1 7.38 0.00212
Carbon monoxide CO 28.01 132.9 3.50 0.00333
Chlorine C12 70.906 416.9 7.98 0.00175
Fluorine F2 37.997 144.3 5.22 0.00174
Helium He 4.003 5.19 0.227 0.0143
Hydrogen (normal) H2 2.016 33.2 1.30 0.0323
Krypton Kr 83.80 209.4 5.50 0.00109
Neon Ne 20.183 44.4 2.76 0.00206
Nitric oxide NO 30.006 180 6.48 0.00192
Nitrogen N2 28.013 126.2 3.39 0.0032
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 46.006 431 10.1 0.00365
Nitrous oxide N2 O 44.013 309.6 7.24 0.00221
Oxygen O2 31.999 154.6 5.04 0.00229
Sulfur dioxide SO2 64.063 430.8 7.88 0.00191
Water H2 O 18.015 647.3 22.12 0.00317
Xenon Xe 131.30 289.7 5.84 0.000902
Acetylene C2 H2 26.038 308.3 6.14 0.00433
Benzene C6 H6 78.114 562.2 4.89 0.00332
n-Butane C4 H10 58.124 425.2 3.80 0.00439
Chlorodifluoroethane (142b) CH3 CClF2 100.495 410.3 4.25 0.00230
Chlorodifluoromethane (22) CHClF2 86.469 369.3 4.97 0.00191
Dichlorofluoroethane (141) CH3 CCl2 F 116.95 481.5 4.54 0.00215
Dichlorotrifluoroethane (123) CHCl2 CF3 152.93 456.9 3.66 0.00182
Difluoroethane (152a) CHF2 CH3 66.05 386.4 4.52 0.00272
Difluoromethane (32) CF2 H2 52.024 351.3 5.78 0.00236
Ethane C2 H6 30.070 305.4 4.88 0.00493
Ethyl alcohol C2 H5 OH 46.069 513.9 6.14 0.00363
Ethylene C2 H4 28.054 282.4 5.04 0.00465
n-Heptane C7 H16 100.205 540.3 2.74 0.00431
n-Hexane C6 H14 86.178 507.5 3.01 0.00429
Methane CH4 16.043 190.4 4.60 0.00615
Methyl alcohol CH3 OH 32.042 512.6 8.09 0.00368
n-Octane C8 H18 114.232 568.8 2.49 0.00431
Pentafluoroethane (125) CHF2 CF3 120.022 339.2 3.62 0.00176
n-Pentane C5 H12 72.151 469.7 3.37 0.00421
Propane C3 H8 44.094 369.8 4.25 0.00454
Propene C3 H6 42.081 364.9 4.60 0.00430
Refrigerant mixture R-410a 72.585 344.5 4.90 0.00218
Tetrafluoroethane (134a) CF3 CH2 F 102.03 374.2 4.06 0.00197
............................................................................................................ APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES ⑦
759 .............
TABLE A.5
Properties of Various Ideal Gases at 25◦ C, 100 kPa∗ (SI Units)
Chemical Molecular R ρ C p0 C v0
Cp
Gas Formula Mass (kg/kmol) (kJ/kg-K) (kg/m3 ) (kJ/kg-K) (kJ/kg-K) k=
Cv
Steam H2 O 18.015 0.4615 0.0231 1.872 1.410 1.327
Acetylene C2 H2 26.038 0.3193 1.05 1.699 1.380 1.231
Air — 28.97 0.287 1.169 1.004 0.717 1.400
Ammonia NH3 17.031 0.4882 0.694 2.130 1.642 1.297
Argon Ar 39.948 0.2081 1.613 0.520 0.312 1.667
Butane C4 H10 58.124 0.1430 2.407 1.716 1.573 1.091
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 0.1889 1.775 0.842 0.653 1.289
Carbon monoxide CO 28.01 0.2968 1.13 1.041 0.744 1.399
Ethane C2 H6 30.07 0.2765 1.222 1.766 1.490 1.186
Ethanol C2 H5 OH 46.069 0.1805 1.883 1.427 1.246 1.145
Ethylene C2 H4 28.054 0.2964 1.138 1.548 1.252 1.237
Helium He 4.003 2.0771 0.1615 5.193 3.116 1.667
Hydrogen H2 2.016 4.1243 0.0813 14.209 10.085 1.409
Methane CH4 16.043 0.5183 0.648 2.254 1.736 1.299
Methanol CH3 OH 32.042 0.2595 1.31 1.405 1.146 1.227
Neon Ne 20.183 0.4120 0.814 1.03 0.618 1.667
Nitric oxide NO 30.006 0.2771 1.21 0.993 0.716 1.387
Nitrogen N2 28.013 0.2968 1.13 1.042 0.745 1.400
Nitrous oxide N2 O 44.013 0.1889 1.775 0.879 0.690 1.274
n-Octane C8 H18 114.23 0.07279 0.092 1.711 1.638 1.044
Oxygen O2 31.999 0.2598 1.292 0.922 0.662 1.393
Propane C3 H8 44.094 0.1886 1.808 1.679 1.490 1.126
R-12 CCl2 F2 120.914 0.06876 4.98 0.616 0.547 1.126
R-22 CHClF2 86.469 0.09616 3.54 0.658 0.562 1.171
R-32 CF2 H2 52.024 0.1598 2.125 0.822 0.662 1.242
R-125 CHF2 CF3 120.022 0.06927 4.918 0.791 0.722 1.097
R-134a CF3 CH2 F 102.03 0.08149 4.20 0.852 0.771 1.106
R-410a — 72.585 0.11455 2.967 0.809 0.694 1.165
Sulfur dioxide SO2 64.059 0.1298 2.618 0.624 0.494 1.263
Sulfur trioxide SO3 80.053 0.10386 3.272 0.635 0.531 1.196
∗ Or saturation pressure if it is less than 100 kPa.
............................................................................................................ APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES ⑦
761 .............
TABLE A.6
Constant-Pressure Specific Heats of Various Ideal Gases∗
C ρ0 = C 0 + C 1 θ + C 2 θ 2 + C 3 θ 3 (kJ/kg K) θ = T(Kelvin)/1000
Gas Formula C0 C1 C2 C3
Steam H2 O 1.79 0.107 0.586 −0.20
Acetylene C2 H2 1.03 2.91 −1.92 0.54
Air — 1.05 −0.365 0.85 −0.39
Ammonia NH3 1.60 1.4 1.0 −0.7
Argon Ar 0.52 0 0 0
Butane C4 H10 0.163 5.70 −1.906 −0.049
Carbon dioxide CO2 0.45 1.67 −1.27 0.39
Carbon monoxide CO 1.10 −0.46 1.0 −0.454
Ethane C2 H6 0.18 5.92 −2.31 0.29
Ethanol C2 H5 OH 0.2 4.65 −1.82 0.03
Ethylene C2 H4 0.136 5.58 −3.0 0.63
Helium He 5.193 0 0 0
Hydrogen H2 13.46 4.6 −6.85 3.79
Methane CH4 1.2 3.25 0.75 −0.71
Methanol CH3 OH 0.66 2.21 0.81 −0.89
Neon Ne 1.03 0 0 0
Nitric oxide NO 0.98 −0.031 0.325 −0.14
Nitrogen N2 1.11 −0.48 0.96 −0.42
Nitrous oxide N2 O 0.49 1.65 −1.31 0.42
n-Octane C8 H18 −0.053 6.75 −3.67 0.775
Oxygen O2 0.88 −0.0001 0.54 −0.33
Propane C3 H8 −0.096 6.95 −3.6 0.73
R-12† CCl2 F2 0.26 1.47 −1.25 0.36
R-22† CHClF2 0.2 1.87 −1.35 0.35
R-32† CF2 H2 0.227 2.27 −0.93 0.041
R-125† CHF2 CF3 0.305 1.68 −0.284 0
R-134a† CF3 CH2 F 0.165 2.81 −2.23 1.11
Sulfur dioxide SO2 0.37 1.05 −0.77 0.21
Sulfur trioxide SO3 0.24 1.7 −1.5 0.46
∗ Approximate forms valid from 250 K to 1200 K.
† Formula limited to maximum 500 K.
⑦
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APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES ............................................................................................................
TABLE B.1
Thermodynamic Properties of Water
TABLE B.1.1
Saturated Water
Specific Volume, m3 /kg Internal Energy, kJ/kg
Temp. Press. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor
(◦ C) (kPa) vf vfg vg uf ufg ug
0.01 0.6113 0.001000 206.131 206.132 0 2375.33 2375.33
5 0.8721 0.001000 147.117 147.118 20.97 2361.27 2382.24
10 1.2276 0.001000 106.376 106.377 41.99 2347.16 2389.15
15 1.705 0.001001 77.924 77.925 62.98 2333.06 2396.04
20 2.339 0.001002 57.7887 57.7897 83.94 2318.98 2402.91
25 3.169 0.001003 43.3583 43.3593 104.86 2304.90 2409.76
30 4.246 0.001004 32.8922 32.8932 125.77 2290.81 2416.58
35 5.628 0.001006 25.2148 25.2158 146.65 2276.71 2423.36
40 7.384 0.001008 19.5219 19.5229 167.53 2262.57 2430.11
45 9.593 0.001010 15.2571 15.2581 188.41 2248.40 2436.81
50 12.350 0.001012 12.0308 12.0318 209.30 2234.17 2443.47
55 15.758 0.001015 9.56734 9.56835 230.19 2219.89 2450.08
60 19.941 0.001017 7.66969 7.67071 251.09 2205.54 2456.63
65 25.03 0.001020 6.19554 6.19656 272.00 2191.12 2463.12
70 31.19 0.001023 5.04114 5.04217 292.93 2176.62 2469.55
75 38.58 0.001026 4.13021 4.13123 313.87 2162.03 2475.91
80 47.39 0.001029 3.40612 3.40715 334.84 2147.36 2482.19
85 57.83 0.001032 2.82654 2.82757 355.82 2132.58 2488.40
90 70.14 0.001036 2.35953 2.36056 376.82 2117.70 2494.52
95 84.55 0.001040 1.98082 1.98186 397.86 2102.70 2500.56
100 101.3 0.001044 1.67185 1.67290 418.91 2087.58 2506.50
105 120.8 0.001047 1.41831 1.41936 440.00 2072.34 2512.34
110 143.3 0.001052 1.20909 1.21014 461.12 2056.96 2518.09
115 169.1 0.001056 1.03552 1.03658 482.28 2041.44 2523.72
120 198.5 0.001060 0.89080 0.89186 503.48 2025.76 2529.24
125 232.1 0.001065 0.76953 0.77059 524.72 2009.91 2534.63
130 270.1 0.001070 0.66744 0.66850 546.00 1993.90 2539.90
135 313.0 0.001075 0.58110 0.58217 567.34 1977.69 2545.03
140 361.3 0.001080 0.50777 0.50885 588.72 1961.30 2550.02
145 415.4 0.001085 0.44524 0.44632 610.16 1944.69 2554.86
150 475.9 0.001090 0.39169 0.39278 631.66 1927.87 2559.54
155 543.1 0.001096 0.34566 0.34676 653.23 1910.82 2564.04
160 617.8 0.001102 0.30596 0.30706 674.85 1893.52 2568.37
165 700.5 0.001108 0.27158 0.27269 696.55 1875.97 2572.51
170 791.7 0.001114 0.24171 0.24283 718.31 1858.14 2576.46
175 892.0 0.001121 0.21568 0.21680 740.16 1840.03 2580.19
180 1002.2 0.001127 0.19292 0.19405 762.08 1821.62 2583.70
185 1122.7 0.001134 0.17295 0.17409 784.08 1802.90 2586.98
190 1254.4 0.001141 0.15539 0.15654 806.17 1783.84 2590.01
............................................................................................................ APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES ⑦
777 .............
TABLE B.1.2
Saturated Water Pressure Entry
Specific Volume, m3 /kg Internal Energy, kJ/kg
Press. Temp. Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor
(kPa) (◦ C) vf vfg vg uf ufg ug
0.6113 0.01 0.001000 206.131 206.132 0 2375.3 2375.3
1 6.98 0.001000 129.20702 129.20802 29.29 2355.69 2384.98
1.5 13.03 0.001001 87.97913 87.98013 54.70 2338.63 2393.32
2 17.50 0.001001 67.00285 67.00385 73.47 2326.02 2399.48
2.5 21.08 0.001002 54.25285 54.25385 88.47 2315.93 2404.40
3 24.08 0.001003 45.66402 45.66502 101.03 2307.48 2408.51
4 28.96 0.001004 34.79915 34.80015 121.44 2293.73 2415.17
5 32.88 0.001005 28.19150 28.19251 137.79 2282.70 2420.49
7.5 40.29 0.001008 19.23674 19.23775 168.76 2261.74 2430.50
10 45.81 0.001010 14.67254 14.67355 191.79 2246.10 2437.89
15 53.97 0.001014 10.02117 10.02218 225.90 2222.83 2448.73
20 60.06 0.001017 7.64835 7.64937 251.35 2205.36 2456.71
25 64.97 0.001020 6.20322 6.20424 271.88 2191.21 2463.08
30 69.10 0.001022 5.22816 5.22918 289.18 2179.22 2468.40
40 75.87 0.001026 3.99243 3.99345 317.51 2159.49 2477.00
50 81.33 0.001030 3.23931 3.24034 340.42 2143.43 2483.85
75 91.77 0.001037 2.21607 2.21711 394.29 2112.39 2496.67
100 99.62 0.001043 1.69296 1.69400 417.33 2088.72 2506.06
125 105.99 0.001048 1.37385 1.37490 444.16 2069.32 2513.48
150 111.37 0.001053 1.15828 1.15933 466.92 2052.72 2519.64
175 116.06 0.001057 1.00257 1.00363 486.78 2038.12 2524.90
200 120.23 0.001061 0.88467 0.88573 504.47 2025.02 2529.49
225 124.00 0.001064 0.79219 0.79325 520.45 2013.10 2533.56
250 127.43 0.001067 0.71765 0.71871 535.08 2002.14 2537.21
275 130.60 0.001070 0.65624 0.65731 548.57 1991.95 2540.53
300 133.55 0.001073 0.60475 0.60582 561.13 1982.43 2543.55
325 136.30 0.001076 0.56093 0.56201 572.88 1973.46 2546.34
350 138.88 0.001079 0.52317 0.52425 583.93 1964.98 2548.92
375 141.32 0.001081 0.49029 0.49137 594.38 1956.93 2551.31
400 143.63 0.001084 0.46138 0.46246 604.29 1949.26 2553.55
450 147.93 0.001088 0.41289 0.41398 622.75 1934.87 2557.62
500 151.86 0.001093 0.37380 0.37489 639.66 1921.57 2561.23
550 155.48 0.001097 0.34159 0.34268 655.30 1909.17 2564.47
600 158.85 0.001101 0.31457 0.31567 669.88 1897.52 2567.40
650 162.01 0.001104 0.29158 0.29268 683.55 1886.51 2570.06
700 164.97 0.001108 0.27176 0.27286 696.43 1876.07 2572.49
750 167.77 0.001111 0.25449 0.25560 708.62 1866.11 2574.73
800 170.43 0.001115 0.23931 0.24043 720.20 1856.58 2576.79
............................................................................................................ APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES ⑦
781 .............
TABLE B.1.3
Superheated Vapor Water
Temp. v u h s v u h s
(◦ C) (m3 /kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K) (m3 /kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
TABLE B.1.4
Compressed Liquid Water
Temp. v u h s v u h s
(◦ C) (m3 /kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K) (m3 /kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
TABLE B.1.5
Saturated Solid-Saturated Vapor, Water
Specific Volume, m3 /kg Internal Energy, kJ/kg
Temp. Press. Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor Sat. Solid Evap. Sat. Vapor
(◦ C) (kPa) vi vi g vg ui ui g ug
0.01 0.6113 0.0010908 206.152 206.153 −333.40 2708.7 2375.3
0 0.6108 0.0010908 206.314 206.315 −333.42 2708.7 2375.3
−2 0.5177 0.0010905 241.662 241.663 −337.61 2710.2 2372.5
−4 0.4376 0.0010901 283.798 283.799 −341.78 2711.5 2369.8
−6 0.3689 0.0010898 334.138 334.139 −345.91 2712.9 2367.0
−8 0.3102 0.0010894 394.413 394.414 −350.02 2714.2 2364.2
−10 0.2601 0.0010891 466.756 466.757 −354.09 2715.5 2361.4
−12 0.2176 0.0010888 553.802 553.803 −358.14 2716.8 2358.7
−14 0.1815 0.0010884 658.824 658.824 −362.16 2718.0 2355.9
−16 0.1510 0.0010881 785.906 785.907 −366.14 2719.2 2353.1
−18 0.1252 0.0010878 940.182 940.183 −370.10 2720.4 2350.3
−20 0.10355 0.0010874 1128.112 1128.113 −374.03 2721.6 2347.5
−22 0.08535 0.0010871 1357.863 1357.864 −377.93 2722.7 2344.7
−24 0.07012 0.0010868 1639.752 1639.753 −381.80 2723.7 2342.0
−26 0.05741 0.0010864 1986.775 1986.776 −385.64 2724.8 2339.2
−28 0.04684 0.0010861 2415.200 2415.201 −389.45 2725.8 2336.4
−30 0.03810 0.0010858 2945.227 2945.228 −393.23 2726.8 2333.6
−32 0.03090 0.0010854 3601.822 3601.823 −396.98 2727.8 2330.8
−34 0.02499 0.0010851 4416.252 4416.253 −400.71 2728.7 2328.0
−36 0.02016 0.0010848 5430.115 5430.116 −404.40 2729.6 2325.2
−38 0.01618 0.0010844 6707.021 6707.022 −408.06 2730.5 2322.4
−40 0.01286 0.0010841 8366.395 8366.396 −411.70 2731.3 2319.6
............................................................................................................ APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES ⑦
793 .............