TAR219U - POLITICAL THOUGHT
Ünite 7 - Alıştırma Soruları
1 ) According to Marx, which of the following is one of the causes of alienation?
A ) Pressure between two classes
B ) Making profit and accumulating capital
C ) Physically disturbing working conditions
D ) Monopolizing the means of production
E ) Non-material institutions in the society
Çözüm : Physically disturbing working conditions
Doğru cevap C şıkkıdır.
2 ) What is the value that workers produce above their wages, which is at the survival level, that is appropriated by capitalists as their
profit called?
A ) Subsistence wage
B ) Intrinsic value
C ) Exchange value
D ) Capital
E ) Surplus value
Çözüm :
The value that workers produce above their
wages, which is at the survival level, is called
surplus value that is appropriated by capitalists as
their profit. For instance, if a worker has to work
five hours to produce the supplies for the survival
of him/herself and his/her family, and s/he is forced
to work 12 hours, yet paid only subsistence wage,
it means that the capitalist seize seven hours of
surplus value. Marx asserts that any profit that the
capitalists make from the labor of their workers
is exploitative, because the surplus value can be
produced only by the worker and it belongs to the
laborer. Marx did not condemn profit itself, but he
argued that the profit should not become a private
property of capitalists. He thought that capital,
which was produced by all, should be owned by
all. In other word, private citizens should not be
allowed to monopolize the means of production
and seize the surplus value. In capitalism, however,
capitalist is “a villain, a parasite who lives by sucking
the economic lifeblood of the proletariat, and must
be erased from society”.
Doğru cevap E şıkkıdır.
3 ) Who is considered as the founder of collectivist anarchism and violent anarchism?
A ) Leo Tolstoy
B ) William Godwin
C ) Errico Malatesta
D ) Mikhail Bakunin
E ) Pierre Joseph Proudhon
Çözüm : The correct answer is option D. Mikhail Bakunin is among the Revolutionary Anarchists and he is known as the founder of
collectivist anarchism and violent anarchism.
Doğru cevap D şıkkıdır.
Anadolu Üniversitesi tarafından hazırlanmış olan bu testlerin her hakkı saklıdır. Hangi amaçla olursa olsun, testlerin tamamının veya bir kısmının Anadolu Üniversitesi'nin yazılı izni olmadan
kopya edilmesi, fotoğraflarının çekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla çoğaltılması ya da kullanılması yasaktır. Bu yasağa uymayanlar gerekli cezai sorumluluğu ve testlerin hazırlanmasındaki mali
külfeti peşinen kabullenmiş sayılır.
4 ) Whose ideas affected Marx's surplus value theory?
A ) Engel
B ) Godwin
C ) Ricardo
D ) Tolstoy
E ) Bakunin
Çözüm : Marx's surplus value theory adopts Ricardo's iron law of wages. The correct option is C.
Doğru cevap C şıkkıdır.
5 ) In which option below, are the stages that humans have passed through given in the correct order?
A ) Capitalism-Feudalism-Primitive Communism-Slavery
B ) Feudalism-Primitive Communism-Slavery-Capitalism
C ) Capitalism-Slavery-Feudalism-Primitive Communism
D ) Feudalism-Capitalism-Slavery-Primitive Communism
E ) Primitive Communism-Slavery-Feudalism-Capitalism
Çözüm :
Humans have passed through four historical stages, all of which had particular economic (the foundation) and political (superstructure)
systems. These stages are the primitive communism, slavery (empire), feudalism and capitalism. The correct option is E.
Doğru cevap E şıkkıdır.
6 ) What is the term as society without state called?
A ) Thesis
B ) Antithesis
C ) Idea
D ) Anarchy
E ) Synthesis
Çözüm :
Anarchy is typically defined as a society without state. The correct option is D.
Doğru cevap D şıkkıdır.
7 ) Which one is NOT true about alienation theory of Karl Marx?
A ) As workers worked long hours, they became alienated to themselves.
B)
Workers worked even without knowing what exactly they were producing so they became alienated to their work.
C)
The physical, objectified form of workers' labor was the product, and these products were used to exploit them further by capitalists.
D)
Workers were alienated to their species, their population, and their fellows.
E)
Workers worked to produce for their needs.
Çözüm :
Workers did not work to produce for their needs; they worked to produce commodities which will be sold for profit of the capitalist.
Doğru cevap E şıkkıdır.
Anadolu Üniversitesi tarafından hazırlanmış olan bu testlerin her hakkı saklıdır. Hangi amaçla olursa olsun, testlerin tamamının veya bir kısmının Anadolu Üniversitesi'nin yazılı izni olmadan
kopya edilmesi, fotoğraflarının çekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla çoğaltılması ya da kullanılması yasaktır. Bu yasağa uymayanlar gerekli cezai sorumluluğu ve testlerin hazırlanmasındaki mali
külfeti peşinen kabullenmiş sayılır.
8)
I. Dialectical materialism is the scientific foundation of Marx’s theory.
II. The roots of dialectical materialism lie in the dialectic method of Hegel, who developed a theory of history focusing on change.
III. Marx claimed that the dialectic was a conflict among worldly interests, and ideas were the results of such conflict.
IV. According to Marx, class differences caused conflict among human beings.
V. What ended a historical era and caused the rise of a new era so far has been the struggle between opposing social classes.
Which of the statements related to dialectical materialism above are correct?
A ) I and II
B ) II and III
C ) III, IV and V
D ) II, III, IV and V
E ) I, II, III, IV and V
Çözüm :
Dialectical materialism is the scientific foundation of Marx’s theory. The roots of dialectical materialism lie in the dialectic method of
Hegel, who developed a theory of history focusing on change. According to Hegel, the world moves toward a goal, which is
predetermined by God. He called this goal as “idea” and believed that people could not understand, change or escape from it. The history
for Hegel is the process of change brought on by a struggle that only ends when the idea is fulfilled. Until then, the existing state of
affairs, or any “thesis” is to be challenged by a new idea that is known as the “antithesis” in his perspective. Then, a conflict occurs
between the thesis and antithesis, which is called the “dialectic process”, and results in a “synthesis” that consists of all the good parts of
both. The synthesis then becomes a new thesis, and the dialectic process continues as such. In short, history for Hegel was unavoidably
progressive, today’s reality would become a part of a better tomorrow, and each new era would exceed and improve the former one.
Marx accepted and adopted the dialectic as the essential logic of history. But, he did not accept the metaphysical assumptions of Hegel.
Like Hegel, Marx also considered the dialectic as a means of accomplishing historical progress through struggle; yet he changed it since,
for Marx, it was materialism which inspired the dialectic, not spiritualism. Marx claimed that the dialectic was a conflict among worldly
interests, and ideas were the results of such conflict (Baradat, 1991, p. 152-4). According to Marx, class differences caused conflict
among human beings. What ended a historical era and caused the rise of a new era so far has been the struggle between opposing social
classes. Humans have passed through four historical stages, all of which had particular economic (the foundation) and political
(superstructure) systems. These stages are the primitive communism, slavery (empire), feudalism and capitalism. The antithesis of every
stage emerged within that stage itself. For example, private property emerged in the era of primitive communism and created social
classes.
As also understood from the information given, all of the statements related to dialectical materialism in the options are correct, so the
correct answer is E.
Doğru cevap E şıkkıdır.
9)
Which of the following are true of the following matches?
I. Economic system – substructure
II. Resources – superstructure
III. Social institutions – superstructure
IV. Religion – substructure
A ) I, II
B ) I, III
C ) II, III
D ) I, IV
E ) II, IV
Çözüm : The substructure and the superstructure are the two basic parts of societies. The substructure is the economic system and the
material base of a society. The two components of the substructure are the means of production and the relations of production. The
means of production are the resources and technology that a society makes use of. The superstructure of the society is composed of all of
the non-material institutions in the society (for example religion, government, law, education, art, values and ideology). In every society,
the social institutions in the superstructure justify the economic system (the substructure) through values and norms.
Doğru cevap B şıkkıdır.
Anadolu Üniversitesi tarafından hazırlanmış olan bu testlerin her hakkı saklıdır. Hangi amaçla olursa olsun, testlerin tamamının veya bir kısmının Anadolu Üniversitesi'nin yazılı izni olmadan
kopya edilmesi, fotoğraflarının çekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla çoğaltılması ya da kullanılması yasaktır. Bu yasağa uymayanlar gerekli cezai sorumluluğu ve testlerin hazırlanmasındaki mali
külfeti peşinen kabullenmiş sayılır.
10 )
Which of the following is/are true about anarchism as stated in the book?
A ) Promotes the elimination of state to liberate people from political domination and economic exploitation.
B ) Argues that a society without a state would result in chaos, confusion and disorder.
C ) Believes that the existence of a state hinders flourishing and progress of its citizens.
D ) Surfaces as the purest form of democracy as anarchism believes in self-government of individuals.
E ) Advocates the abolishment of national government, as people are able to govern themselves.
Çözüm : In popular culture, anarchy is superficially understood as chaos, disorder, the collapse of order, confusion due to lack of state, or
violent disorder. However, these are not the aims of anarchists.
Doğru cevap B şıkkıdır.
Anadolu Üniversitesi tarafından hazırlanmış olan bu testlerin her hakkı saklıdır. Hangi amaçla olursa olsun, testlerin tamamının veya bir kısmının Anadolu Üniversitesi'nin yazılı izni olmadan
kopya edilmesi, fotoğraflarının çekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla çoğaltılması ya da kullanılması yasaktır. Bu yasağa uymayanlar gerekli cezai sorumluluğu ve testlerin hazırlanmasındaki mali
külfeti peşinen kabullenmiş sayılır.