CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Prepared by: Emelyn E. Gimotea
T-II NOHS SHS
Preparation:
Prayer
Checking of Attendance
Rules and Regulations (Reminders)
Learning Competencies:
• Describe reversible reactions (STEM_GC11CEIVb-e-144)
• Explain chemical equilibrium in terms of the reaction rates of the
forward and the reverse reaction (STEM_GC11CEIVb-e-145)
• Write expressions for the reaction quotient/equilibrium constants
(STEM_GC11CEIVb-e-146)
• Explain the significance of the value of the equilibrium constant
(STEM_GC11CEIVb-e-147)
• Calculate equilibrium constant and the pressure or concentration of
reactants or products in an equilibrium mixture (STEM_GC11CEIVb-e-
148)
• State the Le Chatelier’s principle and apply it qualitatively to describe
the effect of changes in pressure, concentration, and temperature on
a system at equilibrium (STEM_GC11CEIVb-e149)
Objectives:
chemical equilibrium in terms of the reaction
Explain
rates and the Le Chatelier’s principle.
the mass action expression for a given balanced
Write chemical equation for homogeneous and
heterogeneous equilibria.
the application of chemical equilibrium in
Recognize
real-life situations.
State the second law of
thermodynamics and give
examples?
RECAPITULATION
What is the third law of
thermodynamics and Gibbs
free energy?
Task 1: Answer ME
➢ What do you do when your stomach
Motivation: growls from hunger?
➢What do you do when you ran out
of money?
ACTIVITY 1: LET
US WATCH
THIS…
Process Questions:
[Link] observations can you draw
from the video?
[Link] kind of reaction can you
observe from the video?
Copper sulfate pentahydrate (which is
blue in color) has five water molecules
present in crystal form. When heated, it
loses the water molecule thru evaporation
creating an anhydrous crystal
Analysis: (colorless/white).
The reaction is reversible, which means
that as soon as any water is added back,
anhydrous copper sulfate will be
converted back into the blue hydrated
form.
ABSTRACTION
LET US DEFINE SOME TERMS:
A chemical reaction that proceeds
in both directions at the same time.
•As the product decomposes back
Reversible into reactants as it is being
Reactions produced
Ca2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) CaSO4(s)
Equilibrium
➢ When two opposing changes occur at the same rate
➢ State of balance in a reversible reaction.
Physical:
evaporation condensation
Chemical:
H2 + I2 2HI
HC2H3O2 + H2O H3O+ + C2H3O2-
Chemical Equilibrium
The point in a chemical reaction
when dynamic equilibrium has been
achieved and the concentration of
the reactants and products remains
constant.
Dynamic Equilibrium
•the rate of the forward
reaction equals the rate of
the reverse reaction; AND,
•the concentration of the
products and reactants
remain the same
“The state of chemical equilibrium is a highly
dynamic state. This means that though there
are no change in the composition of the
reaction mixture and no visible changes
taking place, the particles are continuously
reacting. Also, a system at chemical
equilibrium can be easily disturbed by
changes in the reaction conditions.”
Equilibrium Constant
•The equilibrium constant (Keq) is a number that
represents the concentrations of reactants and
products of a reversible reaction at a given
temperature
Keq or Kc= [products]
[reactants]
• If the equilibrium constant is a high number, the reaction
favors the products; the concentration of the products is
greater than that of the reactants
▪ was formulated by two Norwegian chemists, Cato
Guldberg† and Peter Waage,‡ in 1864
▪ It is the mathematical expression of their law of mass
action, which holds that for a reversible reaction at
equilibrium and a constant temperature, a certain
ratio of reactant and product concentrations has a
constant value, K (the equilibrium constant).
WRITING EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTANT EXPRESSIONS
HOMOGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA
• applies to reactions in which all reacting species are in the
same phase
• The concentrations of reactants and products in gaseous
reactions can also be expressed in terms of their partial
pressures.
HETEROGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA
• results from a reversible reaction involving reactants and
products that are in different phases.
• However, the “concentration” of a solid or liquid, like its
density, is an intensive property and does not depend on
how much of the substance is present. Thus, pure solids
and pure liquids, including solvents, are not included in
the equilibrium expression.
Kc = 1[CO2] / 1 or Kc = [CO2] or
• CO2(g)+C(s)⇌2CO(g)
𝐶𝑂 2 (𝑃 𝐶𝑂)2
𝐾𝑐 = or 𝐾𝑝 =
[𝐶𝑂2] 𝑃 𝐶𝑂2
Other Examples: • PCl3(l)+Cl2(g) ⇌ PCl5(s)
1 1
𝐾𝑐 = or 𝐾𝑝 =
1[𝐶𝑙2] 1 𝑃 𝐶𝑙2
Calculating Keq
1. Write and balance the reaction equation
including states of matter.
2. Set up the equation:
*the concentration of any solid or pure liquid is
left out because the concentration remains
constant
3. Calculate for what is asked.
Example 1:
Example 2:
Example 3:
Try this…
Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all
species for the following reaction if the initial
concentrations of H2 and I2 are both 1.00 M.
Sample Calculation: Heterogenous Equilibria
At 350°C the equilibrium constant for the
reaction CaCO3(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO2(g) was
found to be 0.15. What is the equilibrium
concentration of carbon dioxide at this
temperature?
Le Chatelier’s Principle
• states that if a stress (changes in
reaction conditions) is applied to a
system in equilibrium, then the
systems adjust to reduce the effect of
Le Chatelier’s the stress applied.
Principle • the stress that may affect a system at
chemical equilibrium include change in
the concentration of either products or
reactants, changes in temperature and
changes in pressure for gaseous
equilibria.
Decreasing