Biological Molecules
Introduction Fundamental Biological Molecules Processes Importance of water
•World–›Elements •Backbone of life
•Elements–›Atoms •70-90% of body
•C,O,H –›95% of all body weight Condensation Hydrolysis •Below 10% protoplasm can not
Nucleic Acid Protein Lipids Carbohydrates
•Biochemistry: Deal with structure, •Large molecules are •Breakdown of polymers survive
•DNA & RNA •Most abundant •Diverse group •Hydrated carbon
Composition and function of molecules called polymers by hydrolysis •Very Adaptable physical and
•Synthesis of protein •Formed of A.A •Reserved food •Next to protein in
present in living organism. formed of small •Reverse of condensation chemical nature.
•DNA–›Inheritance •Structural and •Building block abundance organic molecules
•Carbon bonding with H,C,O form •OH –› one & H to another
•Information to next Functional role •Building of plant cell Called monomer (Back bone
organic compounds. •Hydro (Water) Lysis (Break)
Generation •Enzymes •C,H,O used in respiration of polymers)
•Organic molecules–›Organelles •Sucrose + Water–›G+F
Reserve food •Two monomers join when
•Protoplasm
“OH” is removed from one
Molecules and “H” is removed from another.
Organic Inorganic •This is called condensation.
Protein Water (3/4 of cell G+G=Maltose
•Most abundant by weight) Organic Inorganic G+F=Sucrose
•Structural and Salts •Have functional diversity •Water, Inorganic salts
Functional role •OH (Alcohol) •Water is vital for cell
•Enzymes, Hormones •Carbonyle group •Without water no normal
Carbohydrates •Aldehyde, Ketone function is performed
Lipids Amino groups •Salts–›Small amount but
Nucleic Acid important for cell
Polar Nature Universal Solvent Adhesive &Cohesive forces High specific heat and Expand at low temperature Ionization
•Polar •Polar–›Dissolve all type of •Water attach by H-bonding, this heat of vaporization. •Expand at 4 degree. •Ionize to H+ and
•Oxygen end (-ve) polar substances. develop cohesive forces High specific heat: •Most heavy at 4 degree. OH-.
•Hydrogen end (+ve) •Facilitate chemical reaction •Water adhere to surface, fill a •Heat required to raise •Ice is less dense than water, so •Required for enzyme
•Bonded by Hydrogen bonding •NaCl in water Na+, Cl- tubular vessels and still flow. temperature of 1g water to 1 degree. float on water. function
but strong enough to attach water •Dissolve mineral which absorb •Absorbing large heat without changing •High surface tension allow thin
molecule by plants and transported temperature help to protect rapid water film to cover membrane.
temperature changes. •Without H bonding water
Heat of vaporization: biol at -80 Degree.
•Heat required to convert 1g liquid
water to vapours.
•Help to get rid of excess heat by sweating
and transpiration.
Biological Molecule
Carbohydrates Proteins
•Polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone •Most abundant in cell
•Yield “OH” on hydrolysis. Role in cellular functions
•Abundant in nature Have “C.H,S,O,N”
•Have (C,H,O) Monomer is Amino acid
•Ratio of C and H2O is 2:1 20 types of A.A are common
•Many have different ratios e.g; sucrose
starch, maltose
Amino acids Shape Levels of Structure Functions
•Central Alpha carbon •Structural and building block
•NH2, R & COOH groups (Lipoprotein)
•R is variable either H or alkyl group Primary •Enzymes (Digestion+Speed up
•A.A joint by peptide bond between NH2 •Number and sequence of A.A reaction)
& COOH group. Fibrous Globular •By Sanger in 1951. •Hormones(Insulin)
•Dehydration process •One or more fibers •Spherical shape,
Secondary •Muscle (Actin+Myosin)
•Two peptide bonds (Dipeptide and vice versa) (Fiber like) •Folding of peptide chain, •Hameoglobin
•Insoluble, sheet like, •Water soluble. •Spirally coiled
•Hb–›O2 carry, 4 peptide chains . •Bean, Pulses, Pea
•Insulin–› 2 chains •Keratin (Nail, fur, skin) •Myosin
•Collagen •Myoglobin Tertiary
•Number and sequence is important • 3D shape
(Sickle cell anemia) •Enzyme
.
•Glutamic acid–›Valine
Quaternary
•Two/More chains
•Large size molecule
.
Monosacchrides Oligosaccharide Polysaccharide Imoportance
Properties Properties •Polymers of mono-saccharides
•Simple, Non hydrolysable, •On hydrolysis produce 2-10 Monomers. Form more than 10 monomers on hydrolysis
•Sweat, Water soluble, •Monomers are joined together by Insoluble, tasteless
Formula Glycosidic linkage. Source of energy Building material Storage molecule
•(CH2O), O & H ratio 1:2 •Common is disaccharides (Sucrose, Lactose) •Bond break in •Cellulose–›Cell wall •Reserve food
•Have aldehyde and ketone group •Sucrose+water–›Glucose+Fructose respiration •Chitin–›Fungus wall •Grapes–›27% glucose
•Have 3-7 Carbons. •Lactose+water–› Glucose+Galactose •100mg/100ml +Exoskeleton •Honey–›G+F
•Glucose and fructose from ring structure •Maltose+water–›Glucose+Glucose glucose in •Starch+Glycogen–›
in water blood. Future energy use
•Optical isomers, Sterioisomers
Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin
•Photosynthesis, Polymer •Stored in animal cell, •Unbranched chain •Exoskeleton of arthropods.
made up of many formed of glucose in of glucose. •Polymer of glucose and Nh2
glucose in branched, branched form. •Building blocks of Not digestable
unbranched chain stored plant cell wall.
in plant cell. •Most abundant.
•Bonds are diff than starch
and glycogen.
•Can not digest by human
due to lack of cellulose
e.g cotton
Biological molecules
Lipids Nucleic acid
Properties
•Heterogenous
•Composition: C,H,O,N,P
•Non-polar, Insoluble in water Acylglycerol Phospholipds Waxes Steriods Terpenoids Introduction Nucleotides
•Soluble in ether,alcohol, more •Composed of Glycerol+ fatty acid •One glycerol+2 F.A+H3PO4, •Long chain fatty acid bonded to •Non fatty acid •Non fatty acid •Formed of Nucleotides
C-H bonds, less oxygen Glycerol–›3C compound, each have Linked to N-base. alcohol •Backbone of 17C (4 rings) •Water insoluble,Isoprene unit •DNA (Deoxyrobonucleotides)
OH, OH is polar so water soluble portion of •Triglyceride–›phospholipid •Hydrophobic •Differ in functional group •Give rise to terpenes,Rubber
•RNA (Robonucleotide)
F.A react with OH of glycerol. when phosphate replace •Solid at room temperature •Cholesterol precursor of on condensation
Functions of lipids Fatty acid–›Long chain, hydrocarbon one fatty acid •High Melting point Vitamin D •Carotenoids (red, orange, yellow)
•Energy Storage have COOH (C16-C18) •Hyrophilic head have OH •Resistant to degradation. •Aldosterone (Regulate Na+) •Carotenes (Orange,red)
•Plants(oils),Animals( Fats) Saturated (no double bond,plamitic acid, solid) •Hyrophobic tail form double •Water proof layer on plant leaves, •Sex hormones (Male, female •Xanthophyll (Yellow)
•More C-H bonds or unsaturated (Double or triple bond, lipids layer in plasma membrane fruits, animal,sheep, insects charcters) •Widespread is beta carotene
•Building blocks of cell membrane also called oils e.g oleic acid. (Orange, carrot)
•Insulation •Human body break to form Vit-A
•Hormones (Auxin, Cytokinin, •Beta-Carotene---2 Vit A molecules
Gibberellins,aldosterone, testosterone)
Polynucleotides
Mononucleotides Dinucleotides
•Single nucleotide e.g; ATP •Two Nucleotides linked together. •Many Nucleotides form a
•ATP–›Nucleotide + 3P •Adenine dinucleotide combination with polynucleotide DNA and RNA
•Adenine + Sugar –›Adenosine vitamin form Co enzyme.
•Adenosine+ P–›AMP •NAD+,FAD, NADP+
•AMP +P–›ADP •Oxidized and reduced form
•ADP+P–›ATP •Oxidized form (H+ acceptor)
•Energy currency of cell •NAD+ & FAD used in ETC and
•P-P bond is high energy bond, act as H+ carrier.
when break release 7Kcal energy •NAD+---Niacin (B3) DNA RNA
•ATP–›Produced in respiration as • FAD— Robiflavin (B2) •[Link] (1916-2004) J Watson(1928)
food molecules break and energy [Link] (1916-2004) presented model in 1962. •Polymer of Nucleotide
release. •Double helix, spiral stair case around central axis. Ribose sugar
•ATP+H2O–›ADP+P+7Kcal •Diameter–›2nm, base pair distance 0.34nm. Four types of nucleotides
•Pentose sugar, 4 types of Nucleotides (C,G,A,T) (C,U,G,A)
•Base projected at side of strand Single helix,Uracil instead of thymine.
•Two strand opposite and form double helical structure.
. mRNA tRNA rRNA
Carry message to Transfer A.A Body of ribosome
ribosome from cytoplasm in combination
to ribosome with protein.
Biological molecules
DNA as Heredity Material Genetic code Conjugated molecules
•Chromosome (DNA+Protein) •All information is encoded in DNA. •Molecule formed by the combination of two different
•DNA is responsible for transfer of information •Gene is unit of heredity. molecules belonging to different categories..
•1928–›[Link] used mice & [Link] •All organisms depends on gene.
(Pathogenic and nonpathogenic) •Information is transfered to next generation
•Non-pathogenic bacteria absorb genetic material by DNA.
from pathogenic bacteria and change into pathogenic. •A code is sequence of 3 Nucleotides (Nitogen
Avery, Mcloed, MacCarty base+Phosphate+Sugar)
•Virulence of Pneumococcus due to DNA can be •Code specifically amino acid to be bonded on
transfered to non-virulent bacteria. polypeptide chain.
Hershay & Chase •4 base (A,G,C,T) are involved which make 20
•Study life cycle of bacteriophage different amino acids.
•Phage have DNA in protein coat
•Phage inject DNA in bacteria and leave coat
outside
•New virus made inside bacteria.
DNA–› Data Bank
•Have master plan of all characters of
living organism, all data can be encoded using
(A,G,C,T) RNA as carrier of genetic information
Lipoprotein Nucleoprotein Glycolipids Glycoprotein
•All data e.g; skin color, size, inner organs, •Transfer of information takes place in
•Lipids+Proteins. •Nucleic acid+Proteins. •Sugar+Lipids. •Sugar+Protein
ears in DNA two steps
•Membranes of cells. •Chromosomes •Brain & Plasma membrane •Plasma membrane &
Transcription:
Egg albumin
•Transfer of genetic information
from DNA to RNA
Translation:
•Transfer of genetic information
from mRNA to A.A in a polypeptide chain.