April-2022

Hisby of Lndian Constitution

Conshthoh

Sou Bod
No livinq being Can be withou SouNo Law Can
be LwihouSau specially te mather of al Laus
Cons iion is Said as a Momer of all Lasit is
like toee tounk u of which all_other Lays tlot flow
ouHence
Ou No Law Can go agaihsf [Link] 1s
ountain d head of all lauaso a Condaythe Conshlukian.
Speaks aboud-the enkre Lountay the thas of he
Countay it tells_us So many thihgs about Countu i
dots yof el us about 0nly poli of he Couneyt
also tlls w what is h e Psyche
ho isa eason_Lohy a ConsHitdion not onl
mother of all Lawsa Cons kitation is dctlechion 0a
Countayand thais he reason Lohy fhe tonshikuhionI3
Lex Suprema t ts the Supreme Laa_o a County

ou oant o Sec the Natae o a oAnday sea i Cansti.

[Link] to knso Lohad is the Psycke o had Cundy
 ndia a Countay which is raches in e wotld
houg
hou mone tarily we may mot be geachest becas
beCausee
he othe powers Took away Our money there was
elorgs
chah
o wealth, but even today the oldes Civijzaion be lorgs
o India
Civilfzadion means asocid any Socjety to becomea
Socieg must be batecd on interdependence of righko}
Cach othes anel he aceptance this Inede pendenceCan
only Comne by LaLaws aze basially the instzuments
of orde cafed Social ode Right faom 5lakh yeave bat
om paleolithic man hich was basitally mighd s igkt.
om that leve we hove reachod tp mplex SoCic o
h e he bihdikg orte o any Setiedg is alwayu the Lau
Gat
But he uestion omes- oho will atuet he Law? there
will be he ght betoeen-ho will make he law anal
hat is ah the needof a Soereiqn Cin_jurisprudete
Austin's Sovereign) Saveregn is ha berson whose law eungy
person wil) accept h i s SoereignCan be of Varous
bes whex here uoas a priifie SoCiehyher was

on
the only
Monaxth Sloly
Sovereign who was the Rajan an autocrat
he ime changed and with the ossage
of ime e hae manytyp 0 of Sovcreign we no
also have uge the People that S_a reasoh why he
Sovereign_ Can be a lommunist Countay+a Sodalist Count*u
an auto aat ike Nogth Koea Can be a epubli,Can

be a Monarch.
this Sovereym is goirg to bihd its socie4 loth supreme La.
 there aTe uoo aspects _ef the Seul of our Indian
Constiuon

Sou o hdjan Lensilulion

he basi e thos he basic Philosoph

t dots not lome in one year olay Jone year, itfaked faked
Slou pro lesSo Centuries

it we go to hdian backgreuxdwe Sfarteo usiyh an

Indus Vally Ciuli2atHon,where we tind theughwe have not
been able to decide for fhe seedsbut whadevcr uoe haue
founashether i s Mohenjodao Lothal, Harabpa or
any ohere what uwe have und= tokancewerskipihg the
Natare Commerte ek: nother uao rcls ight tron
historitmes- wkat ís Tndja today tlecied a t a Hne-
s
ohen there Loas no other tivilizakiod inthe worldt is
inbuit in our bsgche Atex the ndus Vally we had Hhe
Vadic ageit uoas he age of Sheesticaz skzutis. Smihis
Uup- upanishacdsLoe irdthat here ther oa3 the Contept
of depublieven the Rajan' usas gouerned by the aule
L a u a s a r e s u l t weSee that he riakt tomthe
Carliest txtswe tihd that there is noO [Link]
pioles depublicanpritiple
here uoas a Reault agast BzahmaniSmbecause_ove
en od oftine in h laper of vak age theae was
 Some deadwood ushdh has gahred and suddenly we
ind he zevaul, JaimSm was the fisf Buehi
Buddkism, Sikhism hey o aised in right to eguality
Ou ght He eualHnot bonon 26+h Tanuaay 95
us there igh fromJaihism Buddhism sikhism
iHindu Law
Law does notprackce ertkal epualitywe
Loil revault agaihs that beliaionA hat 4ime even
oill
he kina uho Came frslly the
MauayansAshoka
paau
bxaughtrst
w ih he
ime pleaance
edvent_of
hohViolenteSecularism
o f GupfosInderratioral trade Starttd
and that as the
Hime when we ied that now Dolta
adheresthe International La Priniple
In the menn ime India s thuadedby manypeople
we have-Kushans hdo bactimsGreeks and later an
the Muslimsallof them Came becameIcians
and
they braughtheir own eBhos, thetir 0wn eligionthere
OOn UulHure Oncd on he fire of Himein the Cauld roh
Calle Tndia AlL got- brued tegether anebecame India
The Conshituion of Tndia becaute hoo it ef{lects Unil
diversik Conslilution s mof a book of Law
this IS he bot book of enhe Lndia This refJecks
Hhe ethesthe Sou the Philosophy of India IA s
nof thatwe closeq Ou doos to ofher uwond heres
many hihgs uhith_were appenihg in the uworldwe
found hat hee Loas Magna Carla uhieh Coame u in
unni at 1215,where fohe hiost hmeComm an
man
Man anted hs rigkk and he force by tok hs Tghth.
the magm Cara inds ikplate in CoattuianH
was a
lott lorious revolution latr onthe priciples
are veflecteel here. AmeriCan Revalut1onFrench Revolution
theideals o o lofy which vey new in the
were
world libety equalityfrafernity , Billof Righh e
Fundamenta Righks Kue were good hingswe had to
mbibe them
hdia wa as it is eplete wilh _a_vy rith Soul
it was urther enithed by the cimonds of ofhe Jdeals
Lohich w also incorpoiaBedin our Consiution
Limes ckarged, Irdustrialinaion Comihg in we Saw we

Sa ScienceComing in Colonialism Comihg ihA new

Souy oas askiaded Socialism CameinLommunisn

Souety ame
in eral aevaut by Russian Revoluhon 1914 lenin Came in
Marxism_Came in Cif whes for poaoT tsontee to
oipe out ever tcar tdom tvry eyu: Cusual words of Cardhji)
all these pay became a pat of Indian Constituhon

ThclianLonsikion a akchwork Constitution

No, in Pakhwork Pathes shou, al these olde ideals

om various ountrjc haue been Bo well blededoith
the labvic_ of India So that one Canhot See any pakh.
all these have been So kauhfully blended,and nau we
all
have a aComman Colo Saltron Grten khie ou
Indan Flag leck all the blended Coloas our
Conshfuhon Shows all tws
 Consiaion

Sou Bod
Fundanenle Fundamtntal DPSP
Rigkh Duhi
this Soul eflech-the loftyideals of mankind
3 -

Tndia of i citl2en:3 Dream

-Righs of an brdevidual esen agaihst Shte4

Becl of Conshluion CPaliy)

Union State Local Authox ity

CL/E/T) LL/C/JD
where Judeciis inltgaded
these are 3 LomparB mens, we have made such a Selper
Structure thatthere will be a Lenfal Govt hdra
'S oleided into
2g staes each she kave 0wn
ownSu ajeck matter to govern Some mattrs will be
CommonSomematttrsoi be ony beaajni
3late, In begning we have 2 tite Conshiuhon- Umiay
Ond slate. hen e ealksadIndia live in viag, thats
 the rass eot level Demodyacy is must thats hy
13d 74th Amendment Addedthis 3d t1ea
How Our Consktaion fook Bieth2

-Phasaih Developmenkof our Cohshikuton

O tastndia (o. Came od rader_in dta
Battleof of Plassey Buar anel B Duoani right were giuen
Grovt of Idia Act 1858
Cpue Of India Act 1935

was the Indian (snsikuhon Conteivedand bosn_OvC night)

was
No the ethos ofhe [Link] the Soul of the
Lonstifuion wa bo?h oith he ehtsaor prehistoric hma
of Idia. The Soul of the Constikuion has been spreacl
over hundrtels hunctrels of yeas ancd also cdwells oh
many
mang otign ountmies idealsas tar a the Bed 1s
Concernea,devide int y Phajes
the edvent of th Britishes
the ranB of Disaniata the batle of Bu0
o v o f India Aet 1K5whtn Imdra passa Under the Couwh
the Cov o Irdia Ac 1935

talu of Inda wve po A#rachu ndia way

gol den Spanso the sheios wet only une n Loia
habis ony t was hedaram of evey oun ty o Lome
 t Tnaia, that me Portugu ese have sthongelt Nag So
hey Came n Zrdia

I n u; lu93 Poatuguek were host fo to lda

Come
Vasco-da-Gama ws the tsf peson he landecd af
Calicat at kerala

I n 595 Dutch Came to lnda_(tiho aso had One

D he Strongeaf Nauy
i n l6o Cast Decenber) A g7ouh of Englsh
Bus
Cemet-Cuen tlhizabefh I. and asked for charer Cexlusiveinessnen
hs) to de in Trdia are bas hdiedtareswae oo
lessaS aresut East India o wa b both

6o3 the deaches

they landeo at
in India
SAaatasketoJakangir to let them Ska factor
facdoy
n Tndia but Jahangir reBusee, that peron was Wilam
Hau kins

I n lG IS Tho mas RoeCame aned Somehoto Convihco

Jahangir to Set up thadig a pos in India

East ndia Lo a a a poit making Co

Then a coveentrof hem Came haned Robeat
CI He wa So Cotup bu there wtye Sone
military As Auheck m him.
that tme black hole tragtly hopkened ih whith, ih
Lakich Nawab o Bengal lock Some Britishers ih daule
ho oom ane they Coul of Suuie and eied, ancl in
Tesalt Kobe Cli Attacked hNatwab of Bengal

aa2esulesult hbaftle of Plassey te halppere in 1357

in which giaj uc Daulah det was detalteanel hey wn

As ta Nauwab of Bergal L most imporkant S0 So

oHes us defea, all the muslin kgs 0ggaegadta ane
attackec Robet Clive it a vey Sad battle 1v
Incian Hstoit
_lns altle o Bukai-194
then Robet Clive asked tor Dioani ghh of Madras.
benga&Bombay

6 April 22
-Vasto da rana
ama Came Lncia On 20 y 1y92

Ist caverl6 East Inda o._tormeod

They mode then Preidemy at BombayCalutta Rlaclak
In 1bs3 caat Indioa lo bde Coat at odhaa amd ramec
ayor 's Court
that tine black hole tagecly happeneo h wkchih
Lohich Navab o Bcngal ockee Some Britishers in dae
ho oom ane they Load not Suzuie and dicdand ih
esult Robert Cli Attackedhe Nawab of Bengal
a aesuli battle of Plassey ta halepeveom12s2
inwhich Siai ud- Daulah def was oettatcel ane hey woh.
As tha Naoab of _Bugal a3 mostimporkant So

efles s deleat,all the mus li kigs Ig

oggacgatd
agated ane
attackecKobet Clive i t wu vexy Sad battle 1y
Thcian Hstay ,H_Las baltle of Buko-q64

henRobeat Clive asked or Dioani igh of Madras.

Bengal & Bombay

6 Apail 2012
-

Vasto da arama Came Lnclia on 2 0 may 1492

lst clavder - l6o0 Cast Inda lo tomed
their Prideny_at BombayCalutta & Maolaas
They
They Made
In 1b62 East India Co mde Caunt at Mod raA and amec
mayors Courl
By the charterin 26,they macle 3 Mayos lourts

hese Loere Ist Coutts of Britishexs which ook after

both Ciui and Ciminal matters, hey no w had Unitorm Law

-Betore 1926 no Cajmial Laws Were ceal

26 Chanler wa gien by King Gtoge I

Al Casesby o againtt Comany were dealt there

was s Judicial Sgstcn in ndia
GbveTners and Cauneils o tast Jndia lo were gienhe
bouweY o make laws tor these Cou

Sighi fiCahce o 126 Charer

Evenyfresidency had Coua_in Conmon Laio Sense
Foo the
For ast ime SepayadeCiuil and Crimhal matters
Lwere NO eskeblshee

The
2They wae as pour tul as e Cous inIndia
As they wee not tormed by he bast India
med by
lo hy
wee by nof less hon king
as a e Sult here oodkig was
king thmself_and
ut Paralle aa Cny
other Loua in thgland

The apeal taom MayoY/S (At laid betorc Paivy Count.

Loha cac the pintuples which kate o t applied2

tany printiplenot given then (ommon Lawrinciples

were abplitd i« JuaHte EquiyGood (oscience

n 1351 they won ottle offlassey becauseter

Pti Z MirJazar betaayed the Nauab of Begal
in 1760 they oon he ballle_of wardljusash_ ana
fhench oere de>eated

Battle of Buar
n 7s4 they uoon Balhle ot Buxar
7 ih 765 they got Dioani Ryhs

They had enly One objtehe - to millk Incdia

Theg
ad au aythis immediotely led to famine
atu one.

hen Regulatirg Ack 1213 Cmeich is also called

India l 3 and Lod Nonk Bill
 theve toas Kg Coer Grog ILwhen the ill u auted

Regulatin Act 1113 was the Is sep touwarda

Centelizu cll laus o Dhoa

om
rom that ine Cendenling kept grotairg_and in
he year 883 Chaa der it oas on Extreme.

I n 1333 it wa when Crudof

Tst timc laned
ook siep Contol and rqulaBe the East India Ca 'h
Tndia

basics
Basics o 113 Chadcr Regalateg Ad)
Before this all 3 governers of bombay Bengal ane
Macras were Independent.

* me
Hme Toverne of Bengal cdesignatea as Cauethe
Gene oBerga
xecutive Louncil were made of y members and calld
cDUerner General h_Counci
Cbverners ofBombay and Madrag lwere Suboadinade to
Cqoverner aeneyal in Couni silhihg at Calcut.

Tst CGover ner General of Bengal was Wanen Hasings

hat Hme Most peosper iou place wa pergal
cua due to ur le land, best weatherwater Soil e.

7 DV OxganiLarions Cant out o tkr 1713kequlahihg BCE

Supreme Coutt of Trdia Sodar i-pliamat l34

(2 Calcutta Eouett-Council.

Supreme Cau of Thclia Soday-1-Nizama 1114

-3 Sueme Cous were_made

t in CaluatBa then in Machaj and hen in Bembay

In k6 High Couts Ac Came and all 3 Suprme

Courk Cancelled One HHgh Cous esBalbhishe

In I862here were High Courl in Macdtes

3omayMachas and Calcutte
there were no Saprane Courk o 862- 1935

Ih la3s a ederal Cout o a esablished.

(2 Calcu ta Cunts

Calcutta Counal werR doing all o the executie

ook
 open
betuweenCaltutta Coun pverner Genera

as a esalt n in 1781 an amendihg Act Came

Cane.
which PoutYSUere amended

r the st kime h Bnihsh Cov: makes ih

entd
entr nb India as a gelernment.
The Code of Conout were. aid douh

Naio he Ea Tndia la. wa nade Ansuwerable

they Were Supeird ta acort eey hibg Kevenue
Mildary acks ek.

h AriLo22

Impor tante oHe Regulaing Act-1143

Jed to cfher Constlurional Heh
wsthe lS ine Lwohen the polihcal &Admins hahve
Selus of East Lndia lompany wam aecogized.
The onpa1y pouoes oereCurkiled deakcally ard
heg
he were ssopposeel fo he Neusihg theirCChu etes
Cvey 2o yes
 as aresult there una an open lontct
between Calcatta Caun pvermer Ceneras

Os a salt ta in 1781 anamendih Act Came

Came
0
in whith pourrS Jere amended

for the Tst time. h Bihsh Cov makes ih

ent ino hdia as a gelernment.

The Code of (ondlut were laid doh

Now the Eal Tneia Co made answerable

they ere Supied to àcort eveiy
Mlary acts ek. hi e Reennte

h AprL022

Importante cHe Requlaig Act-113

ed to_other Cons tituronacs
thethe 15* ine ohen
Status of East Lndia thebolikcalAdminis fahve
Lompanywas aecogrizeol.
The Lombang bowes toe Cuxhuled deahcally_and
they were suposeal o he cneuih heir Ch dou
t e Cvey Loycans
 Thtsgaa"
The wos atempt b unly all he derierica o1
the npang hIhdia

Tho Lwas S t attempt ocninisier the Brihsh held

Arts by lentral adminiatation..
Tst ime e hau Cede Rale of (onducs fr et
CiulServank.

tor the ime we haveniformit4 of Rulea & Pol1ties

we hav the begning ot the Judicial skm by the

CaeaHon of Saclar-i Nizama

CTovernay reneal o Bergal uwa basitally hauiy

hauiny
all baweYSLegisladtureJuditeay C yetu ive.
AI three Role into

Saclar-i-Nizamat is Sareme Cout amd Calcutta.

Counil both _had_elrecd conflkt with Covc ne GCnea
Of dergal. For hat Board of lontrol ag Caea kel

To Settle thecix disbates the act o Settlemen Came

in that au the amndmenk of Regulahhg ACLIT3)

I n kis selement At both the [Link] -Suprent

Coust nel lalutta Lounil3uesocee educed.
 hthey were now direcly Cpverner Gaeneral of Begal.
S e ta Setlemenh Act fastly ecluteal ha powts of
Supreme Cout Cnd Culcutha Counilancl Secoholly t
Loas clecideed that Hihelus and Muslins iing h
oould be souerhed
esidenty
as per their own
persohal laws and
no by Common Law

Coverner Genea in_Louncil lonsisting of lav>her

Gtneral of Bergal as xl a y membts of he
Counci t assst him

To addaess the
ShatLomins ofRegulating At he
CGov okcidec toplay mor poative Role:
they separatd the fanchions ot he lompany
Funccion ei e lonpany

Commerciol
Pokktal anel Aclmis t2ahve
By Compan L3 ritsh Parliament)

PoMcol
Polkcal ard
Administrahe unhonhau n be aken Ca
b BriHsh Parlia memt and
heEa Irdta lompahy CommerciolwnchioM o
 Dua sgsten o CueYament dsthteel
[Link] mattrs of Eat Iheha Lompony shall lo
decsdealb Lour6f Dirthi and ofher malitu b
Bihsh alament
Board o1 ontaol was in LonclonohichLas glutn
all h e Dolrrs

they
theywre iven
all Civil9overnance
the_ bouer to Supevise_anel Diiec
in Ihdia allmilitary mattersal
all
revenue operahon h ndia.

Boaad of Lontro_wouldbe in london_and it will

have Six membersC6 labihae mihi3teLoouldLonnktute
board ot lontrol )

Membes of Boal o LonolL-

U) kectauy of ihante

Secelavy of sfae ou Inlia

yPivgy Louncillo of shafe.

This Board of' Control wil abhaint the Cnenor Lrennd

OFengal ho thisgovernor gentaal no hacl to take
from e
ermission fox ang majo act he phad to_ do
 Board o(ntrol
This Act ww Pitls Ihdia Aet g178_whith uwas
olso Calleel Half Lot Act
Signicance of Pits India Act
-

for the Fiv ime ompany pessesslons weze Colles

rihsh poSsessjoh n India.

AL
Mou Called
Ineian Heiorie held by he East Iadia Compahy
B»itsh fewito hld n 4he ome otBrihsh
Moharch

227 B»ihish CovTnmenhad now Supreme Contro oer

Over

Compahs altairsin Incdia.

37 he Dual Suskm of Gout was staredmtans
achivibiu shal be look«d alkr by EastIndia Commeatjd
through the loat of Dicb»s andall other Lom p
chvihies tp be_Seen by Board of
ono
This Dual sstemeninaed Rght ll 8 s .
Cihicizm
Caitigzm oPits India Act 1su
which aa CommerCtal matHers Cnd ohich are not
wee nat menioo here wene lo k of
ae
Conyion)
 Cax licr the Lombany wtd h prachtc Corraphion ou

boar of Lontrol ee doihg the Same

No clear beund ariu bedoren he respongibilitre ef Beac

ol Lontral and the Lourt f_Dinchrs of H lmpn

So that is hg the Prth dia Act s Vrt

haphazard Act it wo basically_on act mak in
huny and exensively it wod made to Selrighthe
Requlahihg Act 1713 but he actua realon waLhat=
No Dihsh Gpvernment taset tasBed blood through Le
Suddaly realised that art
Company
Compan be and nouothay we

gona indushrialized verg- sem Soon So we neeel

Colonmea Cnd no place Cah be better than Jnelia.
Charter ef I193
CovernorTeneraLwas empoweraolyas qiven extremne
Poers
-
He Could nou ejecd headuite_o4 hs Counil

Charex of l813
Indijan trade Loere open to al_ribshmezchank
Monpoly of Eavt Lnclia lompay has endeel

bast Inda Lonbaty Oas houwever allouweol move so00 ds

esfern Compa nie
 this
Charter shaos otohg powers ofGoonOvur
diaNoto even Smallesf achon we aken Ca by

To be apointeol o ay s necesaty [Link]!

ualhlatons neecle
-Lwith thiS charte Social e foins in lnclia hae been
Slaree CHarbinger of Social retorma)
Secial RetoTS in ls13 Chaader-
iLakh Rupees sere_providedl rs mott edu tahton h
India
Chrishan Mssianazics wer alloueol to preach h holia
C thatst ime

This chatr clearly Said that ealso haue

we have moral
aesponsibility to inhoduce Socal laws in Tnodia

Sadhthugie LTO banned

-1st te in Mdia Science ajromoteof
-TS Hime 313 Charter rtiqnsd hat
litratue mus be revived 3o twas St heIrdian
Progessive Chose
 Keason of Conuersion
Hinduism never Staated uifh casf ealy yedic syskm.
Ce onl e cogi2es_Varnoa Sytemolevision o1 La bour
his varha Systkm slously "elenigafed by hecasie sysem
bmore
byhelater vedi agc
and more Crysaled
this Caste syem starisel becomihg
oith hime_ by the Hme_when
MuslimSCane to Dadiathis Cte syatm has became
very-vey CrysStalized and the louer Caste people were
taeated ery ShabbilyL that uIas the reason why jn
O u r Constuhioh we are recoquzihg this falt,any pesoh
always teelinqha he 1'S
Lohe born_jn_a louwer laste
who
not a humanCame
chaistianits beingas_
bei bath aesultwhe
hese do noIslamhaeand
any Cade
Or ditference of any Social Stata they bee believe that
Cvery man 1s equal Hence Cnybady oo Lsho was
SufCering in lower Caste Loculd automahlally be
atftacte and get Conuereto Islam and christiabit
because hereHhey were theatte uall That usas 4he
reaSon Lwhy there wwas the massConversSLON to Islam

anal Chriskanity
th Ail 2o22
AHr Didani of Bengal was grantd there wa
ahuge
Coyruption Camt and great impoverishment of Dhdia
aesult here were Successive famihes 1h_Benqal whth
led p many deadha then
Suddenly Baiksh goo ealheol
hat Idia atkrall wa a
goldengeoose Qud it shottd Should
Mot only t t the Eoat India lomlpana, OA a result hey
have degulahikgAct-1713.

Charder6 1833
the
the 1833 chaafer
vyimportunt r many reajohs
is
the
the lst Tmpotant gealan
aHaatitmaudeprovIS1oh4-
Lato Commission in [oia and in 193u he 13+
Lauw
Lao CommiSijon wad instimteol under Hhe chaiimanSh of
LereBabingtien Lord abingBon Macaulay He uoa how
ve tusk of wting Crimlhnal Law - both -Protedual
0 el Ca subs tantive.

2h nat mortant aspect _w the Lomplek Centrai2ation

ot India.

No we have rovenor genera of_India CroveTnor Genea

OBenaau wO now made Crove hor qeneTa of Indi
Noo u he Civhlmilitaadpos ettd Covernar
General of Irdia.
 like Croveynment of
ths CD verner
Ctovernor Genealof India wa
ndia havikg authority of enire ttmitory of India

Lord 1liam Denthck wa the tirst Croverhor

Creneral of Lhdia

thei_own
Regulations CLocal Laws maode by Loa govFor Ack whth
we hate
Purpose wer Changed and ho
apply tp whole of Tndia.

Agra, Agra became he

A me Presidenty wa Cacattal
Created an 1u _ Neembsr
paesidenc4whita was a

as the nw Coverner
Sir C:T Metcaf was appointtd
183u
o hepresidex
eduted a
The
The bowe ofEast Inolia lompung urther time it wa
ibecane adminis taatix body for ta Tst
he territoeie held by Eat dja Company
hld that all amel hia heir
were held- in trustot his Magesty
SuccessOnS

Charter of Iss3 LLast charke

of Charkrswhuths faxteol aom
itw last Charhr harther
arther ellowed
bllbwed
charkewhitha
1726 by
160 followed macle charker
A1123whih nelo
byHheRegulahing
in the
1143, (813
yeaswhich zezulted
7tnutable ofler 2o 1853 becaus it L2as
as in
O 833, Lcd Chaates
MeULr HARA= enew
 Ths
This Charr of l853 Lwa one of Hh most inpo1fant
Chortrs fo the frst tme in India we have Seperah
o leslahvt powt ad exetuhe pouers

CEven in_our pree dou Conkkufon ArSO Says hae

Loil) helempleeSeparahon of Powen be twean Lagislatiws
swell_o4 eyecui)

The most mporfan Cenituhonal ashect Lsa evcr in

H ustbryof Ceshtetn Tralia. the leqislative anl execuhue
tunttions
unthon of te Crovtthor Ceneral in (ouncil were Sebarated.

Nouw
6 membe wi hnake awk

Covernor Genese in Counil wd h be t main

Contro lling tactor ih fholia

-in Cover MOr Cenerai Councilherewil be Sepaate

coverhor GrenerainCountil amel no i l be Calle
Legis lahive lountilLohose Tob to make awt

it was in Cenker thats why he s oa Lellee

tncian Lenha Leaislahve Countrl. n prtSenal clay
Our Param
 UDVC Hox ucneal in loucil

Legslohe Countil Exeuhue

CIhdian lentral Legislotue Council)
Making Lauus Imbliment thoseLaws:

whle makingLaws Lwhat Lwere he brincils thy aplial.

They kad aready made modelof Britrsh Pnliamen.,

Bihsh
a

aC
esult the prniple_Lshich were Oapplied in
Par lamen ohile makihg Laws were streiaht wayimportcd
to theLental Leais lative Council-

-for he rst kme only Lauo malt HCDuerh

pouRs wad

as a Separate pouer of mant

eloyni2e

Said that therc mwt he an

Macaula Commiee
were
Jndian Ciuil Service Soor Hhe Tt ime coe
Hme

oih p Inthodute open Compehtion Syatem for

cun

Servanh. They woulel impliment he

selechon o Cui was goiha tr ake..
olia Laus et whichLeaislatiw Council
 Poluhcal aspech
appointeo
Cpvernor das Robent Chve Cin 14S8J,
cn
-

Covernor o Bergalatkr Battle otPlass«y

appointed by0 Gat TLdia (ompan

he od been Crover nor fr 2 teTm

-Ist 1+58-160

-2hd 1765- 6

He isalso Called father founder o Brhsh Cmbize

in Thdia

Hc went o Lordon in 76o cawe yetumed ih 1%5

ater tat he qot Diwani

-AHr Robat tae Clfve John Holuel 6 Succeedeo

Robert Cli as Cornor of Bengal in 1140

Tohn Holuoell replaced by Hen Vansittart in t

Same year ulpto 6 s

Robext Clive returnedin H65 ano again be Came

Croverharb bergal
n 967 Robrt clive kll il ard SAuceded by by Verelst
trom 116 +-}69.

Tohn Corier - 17%9 -1711

 12 April 2 022

Polihcal Hsry Conlihued

John Caxtier 169-1t12
113 785
Waren Hoatihgs 2 H He became Ist Ceverhor Gehtrd
Of Bengal in l14

John Machherson -118S- 1186 (Pitts India Act)

Marquess Coanoallis-1186-113

Paofexaionalined anel Bureaucrahiued Ecast Thdia Co

Knoan as ather of Ciu Seruiced ot lndia

Star ted intrement Sstem

He was_also knoon for '--

the Curopian Adminstaafie Syskem aws also braughl by hin.

CommerCia
for he Arsthime
private frade
s notallouwed
ancl Aclministrahve funchonLare got Stharateol t kt_w
knownb. or botn Reyenue' a_wella Fueu 'JudiialRetbrny

Revenuekehoms twas
Revenue were tbr Brihsherster us
ve heax.t breaking becast tor he hst ime a System lome
HhoLdPexmanent Land Settlement In Sinple woreA 1t
way called asZamidari 543km

Zamindari System- Aduiged bJokn Shore Hegave many

idess to Lord lernvallison a basca of hose ideay
Zamwdari systtm ame.)

Anihdari System
amidas were lonsidered os a paut o lov bodThey pacd
a Conhol Dver
the landof a baricular a r a ohere h
ued to do faxm wonk or wd to kt lent heic land
th tarmers and do the peauans. They wed o Lallec ht
veue ttom them on
bekal of the ki kings.
Zamindas ote ackually the lard lords, they LOere gien
l a d Leake ad aked buld for the iglast rent
hey ould pay

here wea obe te bid,in that bidwho So v

would poay aximumenue t gou Could
beCon
he 2amindar. He would bec land Owner otHose
Vilogeit was us duy t collet a Sula Le recnue
HBriksher. Hqiculkure uos totaly depended uhon
raAnin Cahe e L ain_or tHe was houh
haCoke Zamindas had o pou ha e wenut
Co
4huais draught amal here is n o Copso a peta h_

a an agnCukatst will pay

Ayrecurutsk ould be frced to bomo money faom
mone lender An gie te moncy_ to tha 2anidarswh
woud haut pay b t BnhskeH Mony_lendos sta
Starded Charing- gher ihitresh on e ler Loan amount k
a esulA,y loud neuer pay e inkerek are pecae he
Ces they Could not ay he inkuf they aould_die but
Hheir Clildren Laetould keepon woklhg h money- lenders
a result y all became boundeo Labours
monelemele ano Hat is h Loholeeciou Liacle statsd
Amd dia Statd gethi empourshed e and 2amjdars
oene kappy
Ih Cagete Zamindass oce ot able h_ay he woul
be
be hemoued C Semehind hey wee even piledl tem
an en, 2amidari would be auen p_amoter erse

In Maes_in South Tndia therewas _a palegarh Swfem

the oere baltally the landlods theyhad al judicial as Locll as

militarooer. Akhar had Stazked Mansa bdars

Mas ab dari wee bagí.cally nMad rad heso palegahs weye
more or le Mansab dars. Brihskers demanded 501. of
eir [Link] it did hat wend long e Palegauhs SBazled
%Aesalt when hamasMonot Cam he
vaalting
aho
abo lished4 Palegarh [Link] palegai wtre

Culea m(a2dars.
Nouo Bnhshes Came up with ano hra Tea. uy divecly
Contacted He tustvators LRyot J and hat led to 'Ryotwar
ystem thay oere also_vs happy ecause Mow Hy
were drectly dealng oitn Dritshevs Ad tor s
hey haod to Sfant e mahalwari Syiftm

Mahalwari System Tt basIcalymeas-You would not cdaxde

he lands in vev yarious in lds aras. in8Beshe
oke undedlam int mahals on_ Hu bases of uillag
Commnity: Mahalua Sgatem wad ta begning of e
pre3ent Revenue 8gshem in ndia am a a Hine
Loe had gDuth Patwari?_

Judicta Rfrms
he istudicialye torm Loas e mayo s Courts. Hhue w
establshed in Calcatta Bommt ael Madas in 1112.
elubovattd juditcial sstm Slauted i Adalat in which
Ctmna Qme civil juisdschons were seharaled anel for a
rSE me we had a Complex Set of Codes rules. awel
precedube n maters nlated b Hhdus e ha Hndu Paneluk
ape on mated elajed o Mualim we have [Link]
dealt otoadnng to e sharigat CMe hrikshers own ats
were ceal+ accoading to Co mon Lay: (s a ult
Giksh LasoSatuk Law ard persoral Lasall oe
wer be1 ued in he Cour
when there were Yothingt fal) upon-nDu He ammon
Lou
LaLs prinuipla -Justite equty cnd good Lonscience came ihto
He picture CAma all caacs were be decided as per thes
princles Noo uohen Courk statedit gaut ophcaturlt to
edutated Dhdiansha Could loecomu ateu layers tha
Could $ccue Hhar positins in Comaany
As aresut by inreaslnin ch o Lauyexthats
Lohat gncs aheadLith a sheedom struggleAIL Aedom
Struagles oere t g t bg e lawyes- like- french Revoluhoh,
AmeriCen RevoluionMayxis
3+ is alwaya a lawyer whe bHhA Change in fa Socie

AHr 1433
John Shore 193-1AR
Alured Clarke -
Lord Loellegely 1148- I8o5 C at his ime Tipu Saltan
wa lulled
attle of MySor
Margu Cornwallis-\&o-IRoS
Creoge Barloo - I8o ge CHea made txeouhy ok
Cewalior
Lord Minto -1867- 18 13 trtaty of Amitar
Lord Phansis ltasknga L313-1$23
-
Defeaked Ne al in 1814 (Garhwal & Kumaun
He was the Lst Covenher CGtnera
who esfgned on charges of conap tio
 Lord Amherst I$23-182
Responaible tos No>th East Burma)
-

in teatg of Yanda boo all Norh East

taken in Brihsh India..

Lord Lilliam Bentinck -1828193s(t Crouernor GeneaalofJhd

- Rnoom or Refors
So mah Reform
- Abthon_of Sah huga'
-

He Tntrocuced English for hughermedium o Edutah

Replate Persian by Eglish tor Hdminis tatiue Languape.
BidaesRoads oand Canals made n Trdia bhim.
by him.
Steam Boaks ihodured by him.

Judicial Retorm
Tst sebaresl Cout in Alahabad
Civil Court Sadar Ditwanj Adalat
Criminal Court Soasar Nilamat Adalat
He made Tndions-Dibuty Mags traBes amd Jurs
RemovedPersian a Lou4Language cund Shatedin
rengiora language Cin Distt Lours
aher Cou Ccoverned by Cglish larguagt.
AL the Laws opely Complted CJuuhe became much easic

hen ame Charlea Metcalf g 3 5 - 13 36

- Lod Auukland

Lord
Ellenborough - 1842-18 4y
HnTy ardinge 8uu 18
-Dalhousie 8u8-856
Dualng tenure ot Dalhousic 2nd Sikh warwa
tought and siltks Wee defeaded ogainand he Onnuxed
Lohole o Punsah and he jssuead Doctrine of Lakse

DocHaih D Lapse m ase hue w no natu ral her

then onevent of kig dung Baihsh
would tkeouer that kingdom.

i3 Apri.2022
3 Most impartant Cove or Catntral

Lwarren Hag tigs 1113115

-Lord lrnisallis
-oilliam Benintk -1829-1835
Dalhousit Came i 8 u s and he_brought many
inpashuchunal rekoamsbu theseintaastructual refor e
aith a puupose because he kheu Hhak ihnduutrializahon_in India
i a s a 6 highest Na hey anled xauw matenia taca
thsa quckly They eeded aail haks why ar te ast hme
auroad wte laud dawn in 195o from Howrah to Ranigan

Raul line for bublic ue laid down for H [ot ime_in 1853
thom Bombay tphane
in octo her s A r s t eleetis electnctelegmph lhe wa
aid dola n in Benga ombay AAalCuHa, Larene Voanaa
T A a h line Calcutta Oimond HArbouT
 During Ha tenure of Dalhousic 2nd sikh war wa
tought qnd sikhs weredefcated again and he anntxed
whole
Lohale of
ot Punjaband he
issueal Doctine of Labse
Docdain o{ Lapse n Coje thue was no natual heir
Hen on
Event of kig duing B»ihsh
Lwauld takeouer thar kingdom.

i3Alpri.2o22
3 Most important Covernor rtntral

LOarenHagirgs 1t73- IH85

- Lod omlallis 186-IA3
-william Benintk - 132-183s

-Dalhousit Came i h 18u and he brought many

inprastuckural rekoxms bu those_intastructual retorms e
L ith a
puzpose because he khes Hhat ihdutrializahion_inIndia
sas a i k highes Naa ey Lanled zauw makeril p taah
Hhs quckly They needesl ailhabs ohy zx He ist hme
ra oadh wee lad dawn in igSo om tou rah to Ranigan
tor Coa
Rail line for uhlit ue aid down for ta fit tme in 1853
tom Bombay Thane.
in actohess irst elelis elechic telegmph ine ay
oud cdoln in engal Bombay [Link] Lahed,Vananass
Acleah line Calcutta Oimond HaTbou
 nIg54 he Started bosl syskem in Bombay, Madras
Caloatta Cuniform post Rade)
He also starked PwD i Public works Debartiment
He pdsed idow vtmamiage Ac 1S56

Neaadive
Fought 2h Sikh war1gug in which Pa Panjab wa defated
whale Punjab became H part of Eng ksh Domihiov

Doctine of Lapse.

Revaul
On 2gth March 18S here w 3u regiment which w ih
Banracurwher mangal panday wa a peyon who kijlo 2
Britsh oeK and whenIdians were asked to artt
Maaal AndayHey huscd b cbey e brder Later he: he: L
Cnaed Ovol hangcd also. hen hus hews of hangivg Spxad
Over ollContonment in Ha ountry Tt was ferk-1s tme
ist major Incáslent of what Came be known 0
ndian Seboyor Sepo muiny i c h was held in Luenow, Meert
aharmpur &Ambala.
on toth May 1853 he issued hew Castaidgea. Hhuse
Cartridges wet ih Staled pabe wkch Oere greoded. The wod
sprras that ta greale wat eikmtr o Cous fat or o Pig8
fe ls a esut Hundus amd ma_limgusd to unseal t
CATkridges amd it eulkd in Vault_ot 1S+. Andl
Her is al t sa ltdes ntt toent to Delhi tnd lo cal
Delh Seliders alo revtet reualuHey hay tabtunad e whole
 Delhi That me Mughal Embor was Bahadu Shah zakhr
and again he wa praclaumed s an_emperoY oitui'n_a
month bevault wa3 xendecd in kanpur Luckna Danara
P
Allahabad Baruy Jagdishpar onel 3harti. many Stake diel nak
evault ike- Panjab, Souh bongal ek.
-

aBrihshes alrcady had telegoph ling so hey albedd

aztad
kned that whereand how mch trops bea reguino So hat
One by o n e al deftated.
ist of all Bahadur shah zafar delatel heu hahged
his sonsin Delhi and sent him Rangoon. on 20m septemper
hs sons
Is57 heg decapturtd Delhi.
-Om 7 June 1858 Rani Laxmibal died vey brillicntly ghihg
in 1854 Nana Saheb ran to Ne pal
skp hi Brihsk:
n kunwar
lES8 6irgh ditdtn tring to
was ane Of he ha ble
TantyaTope kebt kghhy till [Link]
amd
genealkof \8s+ RvastHe was betaued b Someon
illec hy Brikshers
-Revault o 1854 Cndeol in 1859
Now fos tha Airst ime Brihskers had
Hu but possible Hme
beCaueall e oposikion uere iniahed So Mou CrovCrov
decided lets take India_lompletly.

uDvlInmt nf of India Ac 1858s

E d atso talled Lht-Aet ot

w also caled The Act fo good Couernance ofTrdia)

Carta_ot Indian Libut
This p'oclaimation was Calles_ Magno
 East India and trmiterad all h
Abolshed Combvy Rrihsh Uot
PowstrnidHa uenue tp e
of her Maguty
Nou India ould be gouencd in te nam
Guee vicoa-ta)
VICCoy was Ha clirct
-Cqoveno Gencra named a Vilery
presentahive of Briish Crown in Tmdia
Lest Coerhor Gtnerx and Tst viceroy ou Lord Canning
Dual syatm o Grvt: albolsheed lcame trom Prtts Iclka Act
by eblacíny dual sysfem.a ntw ofkce [Link]
Secreary ofStade in Couneil. he had dulhority owele
India Administuion.

Mount FardRehou Secretag o sak hus

hu became S0
westu hat euen parliament wa only

heeritcally handlkh Indian Afai. adU decisiong Loere to

be takenoy SeCrtary ok slek. Secretarg o sfate nao
his own Couneil ae was only esponible p the
havina
having ExeI
Brihsh Pasljament. EkeeevM powerS were qiven to t e secntay
bfSlatfor Indian atfais aneHu Indlan louncil Costeal
ot 15 membos. All_o Hhem moye or le ) wer Cabinate miitks
The Counil wa made to asast him bud only had am aduiso
ole it oa a Cor þordke body Clould Sue or be sued)
-'Doctaine Lahse was abolished

8S8- 19s this wa t golden period for Britishes

bLcaue here were hobod to queshon hm
 3hau b Ihdha lEtononitally

1951s13 Pure Mrcanile þerod Lonly mehiw un h ean mone

1S13-
1S13-1S40 Period of Laissez fair Ctee markef)
# L866-144 Period of Finance Inperealism.

Dadabhai Naoraji Louy the main trpropounde ta

Cignomi dain of alth Hheory_aned waott a book ramtd
Pouery and Un-rihsh Rule in Lnda.18t1' in this book
'Dnin of LoelHatheory giuem.
HoLo Drain of walt_aose
In mughal tina people wd to do farmirg for hair Subsiskna.
they scd to gou thur foodreis By lamindari Systen.
e h a a to pay Ho Monay p land lardi orloose Hir bropuht
as a esult ty Sfarteal shitir o Coh Cohs Jha Sared
g2coing ottan Indago ek. Thu baie shilt ws fo fooc ieps
t Cash a s India staakd iprotimpoereshing Inpeat clu
Impatduha a t Mgligible by H bihshes ard i Inclicon
S expo thei gedshigh duhes ioe haged asau
Bihshesdletes sutd koe Canmilgin Inaaa..
Hadicats anel Cotkage Industrits Came a n end
3loul I-dian Markeksu declihed oral Bniksh Markek sthrted
oing AIL S eSultesl in Drain of wealth'.

AHer all Hua ncidenb, hons LwerC_no _one to voul on

situahm
AAAIAAA4444
 wat Bengal East Benqal
He u s a poulation of fhea wos a popuaton of
S4 milli6ns anol out of It y2 millioMg Chnel out of it
lions Oebe Hindus 8millibru were Mwlims
Jyt Aprl 2022
-They basically wantd t» devidecd aod rule 1dia, His ediusion
led t'Swadeshi mavement he INC gave a Call foy Swadesh
Mvemen_ in-1405 Bud t [NC deuided _ino two pas
st Extremists Bal Crangadhar Tak
BipinCha-draPal
Lala Lajpat Rai
They wanted a Complee cvault
ILhe The Moderates they only wanted ecanehuc
by-Cott Lokhle ek
Thisedt adiunston i lonqre4 anel ih lqo5 n Suat
Longre Splits _into Extaimisis ond Maderatesadaa Hushine
Muslim Leagu as formeelthis Uay Hs begniry_of oleuisia4
oiislon f Tndia and Pakistah a way easson ac
fd ongn o kha ongan o Mus lim Lea
-thae Is Ist in 1406 in Shima lonketente Lord Miao wa
viCer
t viceoy There to [Link] went to
vitedoy a
Said we have Sepaate denmands_ahd we Should kc
ke tteated
teateo
 wcs Bengal Ealt Benqal
H us a populaton of ha wos a poplahion o
S4 milli and out of t y2 milliog Cnme out of it
n (lions we Hinduk 8millbnu were Muslim.

u Hl 2022
Thep basicallysonta t deuidecd od rule 1dia. his dinsien
led to Suoadeshi Movemen the INC gave a tall foy Swadeshs
Mvemen inlaosBud TNcdevided inb tuo paks

Ist Cxtaemists Bal Cangadhar iak

Bipin Chadra Pal
Lala Lajpat Rai
Jhey anted a Complee evault

ILne The Moderaka they only oantecd ecanenut

by-Coft Cakhle ekJ

This Jed to adinsion in lonqre4 anel in laos. in Suat

Conqe splite into Extaimists and Mocderatesalso us hne
was prmeclhis uas Hs begning of oevisiaa
mus lin Leagu
olislm fTndia aned Pakistan. hat way a jeasson ac

thd a oigun o oig1n ot Mus lim Leagua.

there Ist in l06 inShimla lon krence Lord Miao was

is

viceo here to epaesentatiues went to vicedoy he

Said we kave Sepaade demands Chd we Should k theated
ScprateOnel hese le 4he fenesiS oPas lan.
Tke aere_Yesy qui hey Undersod
quickly Thetis_is becae Lord Lur2onhos Sored tha
Seealy by atkon of Bengal Carzon ho ied to devide
He Hind ael Mulim Ool no_he swceded to a

lange e extent qnal Hhat is why ounline

Mulim eague wa begnming ofend ot Ontd Inda

Sayyad Hhmad Khan, Stamteel Mohon dan Anglo Orlentd

Callege
Callege ot Hligah, whiih oay ramed in la2e 1121
Aligarh Muslin Universiy Basically 'Sayted Bhood Khan
ide Uísíon that's hy he stoaried oriental
Ve
eagu
Start o Mualimleague a bajitally ta slare begnning o
Akistan. Sine h Congras uoas altgeher anel ehs od
a Comlplet Swadehi Moiement t h s ware Such a mM
movemenall tu ihdustriu were allowed Brtish gody were
bupnedTnouans ought ha bak way to hit Hu Brikshes
L s h e economic ayIt we wil not buy thir
producleham cur induatry Lwue oper amel Hhay will be
tored to g0. Awal that w t resjon why they Staaeel
burmivg huir goods on oad pulblitaly Make i
Es talolishst ok Punjab Nahional Ba Bank. Inedia

Howexr becae of he splt Bnhshers [Link] broke

0giation .
 Suondeshi Movdme ws spreadiha yer
Very oell
Lok Manya Tilak took it - Bombayand Poona lweat)
*Lala Lajpat Rai took it o-Punjab and oher Noathen a e a
#Sagyed Haider Raa Deli,Rawal pirdi, Tammu., [Link]
Chidambam_Pile Madtas
Ata hu revault of 1eSNo ndia onikd, Kl nou thay
weye embovershing India thy wegctt
wee lotton, Co
IhdigoCash Covps ek. a wry louo paiceans eywert
Sellia i r gocls in Irolia.
tus as opokunity amel made
Aftr suat splikno tey wed
lok o Laws =
Sedition meehng Actlqot
Neos papcrs éneitement Att- l a o
CrimiLa Amene ment At- qog
Ack e Moo paleal SubresMadHe reajon_
ge
waHmd
way rad-India as Mot Unittol Congex had suddenly spld iha
2pa Hay Sena Tilak p Burma Mamdle Tail for 5yJ
Aurobindo Ghoshhad to 3 run ao (ondicherr)Aurobindo
was un sung
Sun hero of Irdia. Bipin chandro Pal a l s left oliht
Lwa
t temporary peiodLala Lajpd Rai Lcn to titi Brihin

Hhey oke up Ais Nakonal Movement by 11of

LAHer 1857 Bihshes again raliaedat they almostlost

Tndia Ao that S ajon lao hhod to give acforms
 List Chaudtas Indian (ounul s Acds Crov:of 1hdia HeH
Chaves Secrctaay of stade - Covt of India
16 OD
+ISCouncils
26 Govt of India Act 1858 Act-1919
413-Regulaing
Hs
A
Pits India Ack INDIAN CoUNIL'S ACTovt of Indra
Act 1935
I813 1861
833 18q2 -India Irdehencleme
I953 Act -1aut
BeforeIgS8 Al Lw Chartas
Cgien by k or Oueen J.

lndia Louncils Act

After Hae secaeBarg- of He SBadeand kis Cauail Came in
ower Ha losmul d 3 Ats
hse 3 Ach we enacledby Brihsh Paxliament
1. India lounelils A Act -862
2 Thdia Cauncils Ack -1sa2
3 India Councils Act- 909

1 Tndia Council Pc 1861 his wa vy-a Imlpor ant

Act
-

Ist ime they assotíaltel Indianu in Laua a

makirg
kig pmces
fo ist Hie te inhoduLeol Some Ioiana 1nh tani
Loy Conn ing a t vicero
6Vice
 He
He Nomiattd 3 Indian in hus Luuslahut lounc
Raja of Banaras
Muharaja of Payala
-Sir Dinkar Rao
Eaalicr Lohole lauzs were made in Dengal amel wenmadle
applicabl to Lohele_ofthdia Centerliazahom pole staned fom
of buenterlizahon
Reaulating At lL 1833 Charkr in 1861 prote
Skatd Per of Bombay Macdras anel Aara pcsidentia given
back t them
- Noco oe haue batk to back Stues pouer Slalyit wakes
Fcdoalism
eadd utonoms o f sBate whsch fozmsa bakis o
A
(ouncilu
+ Sceds o Fedralism in India I861India
HerC stardea shale Lesslkiv Cauntil
e ho haue neuw legus latie Counils for bengalBikarPunjak
Omd Noth eastern ronias as brovinial aunecils..
Carier thee oas ho bottolio s SysBema singlepesson
uSt to look after olelence inanteHome ck depastmenk
he Ac of of is6l for a Is ime inserko þoil tolko
System. Cone or tuwo de portment s under one þeason)
Poat fsliosystom wa enuisaged oy Loxd Canningz., (Presently exiss
tox e fist kime vicerqysallautd to pa ordinencus
witmout Congulhna
Ma pa Obdinames for 6 mon ths
May
Les lahie lcuni
csident_ Con pa r 6montha and 6_wecka
HPsenty
 Lndia Cauncils Act 892 menbes
we now osBly He number of non ofhca
have
wese inceaac
Cenhal cmd paovincial legs lahve assembly
he tunctons of leaisladive Counctils weremuch hmbre
Secondly
discuss Ha hudget
he ocre also gicn ta power to
hesentlyany mP_Can question on
Buclgc
Nomination of members allowed
fo Hhe hst time uce
o n recomendatn
Nominaion in centda legislative Assembly a
ot vIce

n
Povinces by Covanor onreCommenda hlon of cl1sfict
Oeardb, municilpaliHg, thambers, UniverSihiu
Amivdarsek.

190 5 (SwadeshMocmen
Movermeau
in 1905 aftr divsion a Bengal Swadeshi
Ome aged to
[Link] atsult Brthsherswoke up
giuc efor retotmS
Minto viceroy of Idta
Secretar of stok
Morley Morley Minto Refor
gaue deformwhh Wert_Callee
the
hegboth
Reformbecame India louncils AcE-1409
MoxleyMinto

1o9
3 hdia Counuils Acf
Sh fhyatom Calutta to
Delhi Capital Rbecaye
-

Bergadls
afyaid of So for the Sake of peas
the
they were
of Gengahey_permanently
from inlelligens people
De lk0n Rrtena Hllk-
Shfted do
 in 191 Morley ad Min Ihvicd Kin Ceoga V ndia.
in 1106 Moaley had annouhCad in Briksh paliamcnt had us
ovCTnnent Stoducg new forms to India and said we f
ave
give mor locals anel making a Comnitee tor
powers to
rmsTe Committke oill submit ik rport and both
Mole 0nd Mihto will imblimecnd hem and hente hese
etor were Crystalised into l01 Ac.

Fcaturc o 10q h
They made Sebarale electorate for maslimS
#Planncdhe rook of Commuhalusm Divide& Rule
& No: 0t Cental leqislative_Lounal wcre inccaed trom l6 to bo
Similar the poincial [Link] wa Aixed at s o for
Madrsbergal amd bombayomd tor oher small pavinces
Set uo 30 members
3 Members ot legIslahie Ceungl were devided n H Cakgori
d Ex- ofktio members- (vitexodik Counti)
Nominatd offtia membos
di Nominattd Non oicial membea
dv Eleced Member Conly educatedand xh people kauld uale)
No AdulSfferage
Membes Council were allowed o voke for
of lerslahve
Dther matters as oell. Cea lier they teuld only dscus ltdget)
S Tndians were Nominatd to the secrea of stak
U Satyendra pasad sinka (Lord snha

CoveT ner
Coverner jentad! wAs empowerco to nomiate 14 person to hus
gentaa
exetutive Comi.
g m April 2012

Administative Judicialand Eduta tonal Reorm

Hlministatie Retozy= in 1851 Ehgawe guered monety
loSSe a lomussfon was Set uh in Eng anel
Colee_Royal
Aumy Sanitar [Link] Lohich Suagest ta [Link]
tor impraikmen ok publie health in
Ddia. Under HA
deccomendation i way held hat loca hodies _ase o be
estab hskaewhich ill Collec local tak_cnd a a result Cily
imbevement atk Loee pascd in_Madra Runjalo e

Anothur mporkant step in 192 a Mumtcipality Act

whrse basit aim _wo Orgamist munictlpalihe and to
entmyt them oit local gv kunadsinother wods loca
Decenttrlization (wch Lox lan Scein Rid a um CAR).
Lovd Aipen in 188a passsa a resoluton o local sel
goverhment where lxal SelGoern bocies oill qt powe
buk lorl curzen hated he Lancept ot local self ge
beCausc he did Mot Loan to qive hem pour$ amal adu
wwhy it ooy not So cdeulope

I n 0t a CommisSion set u Called elecentralisakon

Lommissi0m 1okth
ecomandodat Cqushall have a
vay l onta on_odal self gonna aode
 in lais yesolkion
Came
Lond ardnge passd te Calleed ina HoTcinge Resolukitm,
resoluion Lohith Ciuil anal
Judiciapoucs iven t Panchayasswkich is nauu
h Gram Ngalasa Ad)_ rckleded

prezentoulonshituion cleuided int 3 Ties-

state
Local SefCovp Panchal4ads
wa
Munitipalka
Staattd rom Mayo Resoluhon-180bu only
for education omd publtt healtt
Magos Resoluton
Ripon 182 Growth of yrd
Decentalisaion LommI'SS on-19o Hu mend mata
Hadirge Resolukea- 115 Sars om htr

cducahona Refoums
I n 1813 Charter. |Lakh w granked or edatatien pups
in Thadia
In 1882 Hunder Commussion Came Cby lord Rikon)
wwdh Gugatstedprimery Schasl& shoud be under local
bode CPanchaat ek and Secondythtre should be On fomiely
h feu imary anel middlle schon.k Should be Bepaalol.
tor eduCahion oMuslimWomen Madda ek were

also Suggutea.
 fom H
One i
hi Lohich te govt chunt acepked hot t
oHundter Commsllm
wos
dCommenderkions
Schook. Cwhh ww Ca
Cau
hav eligicus educaion in govk
2S)
See Under A
Curon s
Raleigh (ommissi Came ad Lord
Jn 1102
Univeriike cmd Mot
ime itwe brougt tor H alucahiona
Glucahion
be
9ven to improve
more_bouwe
UMIversihes o
Coverance of Oniversikte Should be Cham4ed
ih Tadia
shew haut Cennet or Synelicote So
that higlur
aali
Sytm educahim s Could be systemia.

Act of which gave sts on alaouno cleulepment

413
of studexnk.
1914where Collgs were oliatod
- Indian Uiversitu Act
witm universitu.
in 114Saodller lommissipn Came tor Caluta Univrsit
iyeCommcoled hhe inter mediake Coures Shauld be

Sepauattdfhom Oniversity Calcutta Oniesit uoas mads

he Seat higk edud tion. local language was fo be
he mdiun upto Higk Sehool olter tat educaton wll be
povided only in Englis.
ACt of l41 took Conholof highs educatiom anol
primer eslucahion as Dnder loeal hôdy.
wood Abhof Commissio 1135 ohth aablisked ext
book Committee by intoduring textbooka.(Slmilar for ald
Thdia. TCache r pimny CduCahon Shalt be aha/nted
propeal Clomple ystem tor recutman
Sargan Commissfon -1944 It Commcnded Lompulsary
primey edutation to all childrenh Cboys irts) aged 6t|u
ea: CNlow in Ax 21A FR)
And alßo- -Enty in_bnivcrsik krugh Compe hition
bachalar deqee Ccante of 3yca
-

JudicialRetonms Belort 13832atial dishttn_uoas here in

judeceryJndian Judges uocre not allbwedh try Luroptans-

especially english Criainal. Lod Ripen one_of his La menbo
Sir CP flbe to dhaft a bill based on princibles ef eguali tor
human oal Claseg. there should be_Mlo Coloua dstinchion
Ilbert made that bill_and eo_according to that bil Indian
Judges oee granitd h poaers and Statud as t
Same hy
Euobian Couerpankt. This esulked ino aggitutiomHA
matter went Sohigh thar i rtachedl to Ha hzitsh Parliament
Dui is-RiPon oppoindtalone Tndian Judge Mitain SC
Ourir
Du
Du pressu Riþon_did Ha amememed whee Europíin
privilaged cCou were made ohua bial illbe dere by cunpian

ocialRetorms
-Prohi bition f FemaleTaantistde- Inknkcide 11aS
AcHg overnor tonehal of that kme u John Share he
okibied hild CHomale) Inankiide

Ahor Muyro Repork 23 Munzo wo apboshked by Brihsh

CrOvt he woa asked t send cpo
on Tron Jounalism he a hovh etommendaimsOn
 aastulE,
On-Jounalism Censorsip _on JOutnalssm
Act cf 1823 þaaedqnd it inposedl Complek Cewsorski on
Papes Ond books ot India. lalr by chals metcal CemSehi

in 1$2 william Berdick poased th Prehep Prohulitm of

Sai PatHha Ack182
M I$ Onotker important
Lav Came ik Civi Marmage
A c i was rst Lso Secula Lao an Marrjaqe before
hat hA LerR Teligfo mariags only his att alio alload
ido
bemarriage, inder Cust maiag inher rliqion
haage and child Mariage became llal.

[Link] re Act-I838-Paad by Lovd LyHon

in hus Act it wa Seid tat i e Vathacular or Local
pabes_Ceinskigakigpeople to Commit Conshirayagarin
He out than Coniorahip shall be inpessa
s tiCthon uas Cut doun in 1q9

Juhte miller ConmitHee 191 Lele milles uas Ju hic

of mgsore H He wa ppoinkd au faesdento
Commttee for backwae Clase
ReLLbmendouhiona by himi
to prourde ofesstonal educaton to kacktoard tlome.
Ymoe cpesentakiong by them in Cou body
501: Rexevahiona ivM recrulment in gouk: Joha
Free aducahon aee boo ka for htm s ckedulk cah tib
Resevahion Relaxahon în SCkoollunues hg oarm3
CtHge botel Grahminsainst ukS Ailler taidlee ye hort.)
Tndaan Jtr Jourhausm Act- 1932 to Control on Indian
JOuaalSm

COnhnui
that
DuringHe
Duri ime ot worldL,B»ihshers alsed
fouglt_in_Cuope.Alaida
they need Ihdian :3 million Solide>s lompenaahion
CAm Middle eastfar Britain ano even cied tle No
Hhae, heauy taxes were imposed
was audaded Inflation was
ade wae s»bhed
Cxms
Hare t e Muslim lequk Moderay cne
Unite againatfl Briishusdheetkes
ot Ccmq Came
Chematord Retoym
ceekrs theM the Mon huquu
w t h i S Mow Callee Covt of TnoiaAt - 1q1

gh Alail2022
sent 13 million Seliders
At t time ot Loolld Loar l Hay
othem even died
amd Labaurarsan many will do Some
-Imdia w aexpecting that dt_least Baihshers
Huir loyaltbut Bribshers nat even
in e n o
milkina. Trdia tor thair own neeclA
Compenaee and Staa ted
L a s aresulf suddenly ere wa
a
Complefe
Fox old ua
disconfentment sith Ha
BrihshersIt res ulkd as Untt
o Hindus and Muslímuoho
ealier separakes khrlaa
usee

maement staxted n and got Suphat hom kea

Congro
 nn la16 Gandki
i also Came Lndia.
Annic Besant Stuateo Home Rule movement n l16.
Lucknow Pact took bla behwcen INC and Muw lim Leagu
n a Toint sessionheld in Luckno. it was H last tme
oken Hindus and uslima sere ptsly ehe.
Mohd AL Tinnak playd Such a good ole to UniBe Hindus
Gwa 'huwlins & tt Saojin Nadu Calleol him -
Ambassador oHindu Mulim Uniky
Seeina
Seein Hihdu anel mulims Uittl C Home Rule moVMnt
ogotighdtned a s a reault August Declarahon took
place in 191
Montaguu was secetary f StaBe aoe he declard
begiu etorms. hat time vreoy wod hea torel.
Montaqut even Came Tndiaand saytd ox 6 months
did meekings wit Crou ame nen Crov bodis_Cno Hon
a paper Came out for Caituinal ekormy which Calleal
Montaque Chems ford Reforms cnel later it btcame Cvt of
Dhda ACE - la14.

Boic Ashec6 Ceout o India Hd 19iq

Council of Secvetary of StaBe in London oas now to

lomprise of 8 o 12 people and 3 of them ill be
Indian Onel rat alf of them muut spentlo yeas
in Inelia to be the paat of counci.
P a t of the expenseswoulol be now bozne by he Bnhshe
beort Hat India ueol to bea allexpenses
 Scchefaagof state will llou the aduite of Counci.
Veroy hod the power to NoMinate Os man4 members to
his Rxecutie& Countil_ay he wanla
A l eYmembex_o th viceroys Count wer to havt
a leas loytasCxperience in Endia
#Cental legislation wil Congis.t of 2 Hoau-the ountil o
shate Ctheuppe house) and he legislathivey assembly CHhe.
lower Htouse)
A Pescnt-
CouncilofState Rajya Sabha
Legislaive Assembly> Lok Sabha
Bicameralim of Centra Leaistaue Comes rom this la1a Act)

#Sthength Councio snds uill Lonsist ot 6omembes

33 were to be elected
24 we to belominated by uicRDH

Legislatie Assembl ill Cosst of 144 membes

lo3 uwere to be electd
w a l te be homi nated by Vceoy
# Eranchise (Right to elect) ws nat Unirial that hme_only
educateal and Rich þeoale were allaued to Vote.
#Tenurt w fixecl Apresc
opher House 5 Hears No cdisa luho
Louxr House 3 a s 5HearS
th He beter houu hove equal legislakive Power in
Case of Deadlock otcn Bil Viceraywould Call a
Toint MERK
 Povinces were OniCamea

hovinCia Leqslaive Council

#
t07 members Would be_eleted and 301 Loould be Nom/na d
I+Hme we See tat the oots ol Rebuab ie ancl
oeL Scen hes
DemaCaly
There was
Diarchy in povin
devidisg Ha Subjccs into 2 Par
ReseTVcol hl Taw lenmed

Important Matters Less Tmporkant

C taxakon, ihante La Lordtr Muwcipeltealth cducabin
hak or hcmsclus or provinc
AL Sourte of InCome Subjtt oith more expenses

Cverners were appoixedl fir Provihtesamo e qiven

Instrunents o Ihstbuckions LPreaently Called - DPs P)
a were basitallyguding pinables p an Qdministhatin
b viceo
#Separated electorals tos all mihozikeu-g [Link]
Anglo Indian, ChaiStianu euopiang ek
retomoN Ater lo yca.
*The po misedtor more

New o ffice of hgh Commissioer tor Tndia in_ Lonclon way

work of sccretary of slake.
opened and givch Some
for h Ist time Phovincial Badgelk weye 3eparatcofaom
the Central Budget
 No one wa _happy becue of Diarchy So Hhey staakd yevaul
Cgnst Diahya_aresult
bringin
Brihishes starttd briging
Dangeyous Laus
at hat time o a Commitee wa Created namtd
Chems fo
Sedition ommittse_Htadesl by Juaice R olatt anel on his
Recommendation Rowlatt Act Cme in l9o
RouwlatAct as like cmegenty Hhis ime
The Could arist any oneane immison them Lojthaurial
On base efSuspiCjon
H s was One of recol el sucess_of cu tredom Stagaa
laker con
AggilatonLikisim ol His Ac slarled tn ohale Txaia
Ganclki ji decidest hglt agaist Hus ak oel h e Callep
for Ha Satgagzaha on qApril 1919
[Link] on g Ai hey Anegted Crandlkifi cnd
all olCuniclbij aggitahiom inceosod it_sarttel
onst
in DelkiLAhemelabad Pun jab-
- Tn Punjabit Jas iwaoded by tuo
Dx kichlu Starte Syagaha in
D Sady«pal Amaitsar ame gok Anesteo
Riotira started in_Amitsa an o Ahril la9 Amiksa
people Staaled roCeim against s-Axet Cmel proledeal. Polkee
Fred on hem en_ people Skaxeol killing elropianwhtr 5
wce led
at Jalianuwala
ex day a bubht neetngLa helo i
3agh e On 13* April 141a these oerc housarals c beohle
\ncludinawomen Childen ett Ma wee NotAuare ot
bn o sa. Hy GenelDyer ordeed_indkcriminatdly
 Chilchruh
wherehundyees of men. Omen Comel
wee [Link] 12op people oor ooundecl(one of Ha
wonsk hagedy in Me wrld
Oo n 1 3 Maath 1auoc hUddham Sigh shot 4chael
\h Cakon
Michacl Duerwhen he way qivihg a leckure
He London. Immidliatel hewos_Aretea onl wos hamde
on 31st Tuly in Englune.
h19au his ac re bauglt back)

u s trngedy ws HLa ning poist o Indian h s y

becaue how here was a lomleke cmger them Men.
Cooperatin movment Sautee
Crumdhi Star e a mon- Coopehation moveme n la2
buunfoatunaBely here wa a n hejdent in 122
Chaui Chaua hcident in Lohith a_mob butnt a politestahion
and 2a polie Men dicd. Atr Hat incident Crunclkiji
oithdrew Hat ymovtment a twa agairst hu primuple
bLanelji
After he Chaur Chaua [Link] heros were Hse to
bok o ie young Here CohagatSikgh k)and a a
Hsulte ycform which wre expeckes o r lo yLas
Came cor ig. in |924Call ed as Simen ComiSSimi
Simon lomuiSSiom Hou were no Lhdlian hjch rejulftal,
Indaans Saying Simon o hackamel ndian ud
we wont anplrk Ddependence.
whtn Siman [Link] foiledhey oskes for
Rouhel hble Conkeen ce 11 England. CrundhiLJet
hd Rowmd Table (shferente th 1931 but w a b
 CA totau breakdown Cven Charchil madeot fun
Crandhiji(la llee Naked Fakeer) So Hhad he Ceyne bat
Aftx 3 Round table Cen ltrene Simon CammusJim
was _alce pted
Aeo which reiulted- Ceovd 6[ncla At- l435

2 Ai 2o12
Simon lammisSionRelport terms the bases of Ccovl o Irolta
Ack-1a3S. i s act o f 1935 Can be Saud tabt He one_of Ha
lavgegt souce of our puent day Conghhuhnbalilall Sauck
oour resent Ccns hubio is Govk of Thdia [Link] if ne

Sourte whiih ho catibukeo maximum Ho prezeat Da

Constitum uk Inalia -it S Gwt ofDalia l c-|43

I s Act Camt u_after distussion aomnitlca.-6 membes

Comtkew a s sck up- botom Hause of lomnsons ael Howe
O f Lords Lese werc 20 membtn/Repesentahves tom Beihsh
dna ane memher were rpr4eina H Pthcly slates
This a s He tommttte ohica oas wrtting Hus Qck The ptSidet
o he Commjthce was Ld Linlit Con aual Hu4 ad had
dscussiom for h Yean.

After 1 Ycars of [Link] hey Came ou with He

Draft bill _on 5m Feb 35 ws bill Las nas_clscusse.d
in House of ommon far 43 days ano in ltoue ok
Lords Aor 13 daA, ona inaly tha king Stgned s C c t
ae how it becamt Ceove of Tndia Ad-1135
 breakdown Charnul made fun
Cven of
Grondluiji.(alled Naked Fakeer) Se Hhas he _Cxne ba
Aftr 3 Roum table (on ftrenee Simon CammisJim
Rso oa altepted which rLJulted Ccov 6 hcdka A-l435

2 Ai 2012
Simonlommission Repor4 torm Ha bases of Crov o nolta
Act1a3S His act of 1935 Can he Said tohe He one of HLa
lagezt Souces of
pejent day Consthuhn, basilally Shuckue
our

oour þresent Ccns stuion s Goul [Link] cae

Sourte wlhck ha Cnribukee maximum Ho restnDa
Conshtuhn ut India it is gt o f Dalia ncs -113s
-

Ms Act Came up_atter discussion ot a lomnutlee l6 membes

Committe was seh u -bothfrom House of lommons ael Haue
of LovdsHesR werc 20 memhtnRepesentahive tom bzihsh.
ndia awe memher otre rbycin He Prthcly slates
Tis was e cemttte ohjcla uoay Likine tuis ac The Sidet
o He omsithee Las LodLinljtk Con auel Hh hod
dscussio for hYean.
AHer L 1y years of okscuianHaey Came ouEwithhe
Oratt bill _on_ 5 Feb 35, S bill was noo chscussed
in a Hose of Lommons for u3 days anol in toue of
Lords for 13 daya._0nd inaly he king Segned s act
n o how it beecame Ceov. of Thdia At 1135
 Act
C
This actwas last toahin acf of ue grikshers w s

was
ws vay
vey delailed act bccause the clemand o Cong e d
way fo foTm thr own Conhitutm. todass lonshthhm had
ots of asfech faom hus ack.

BaAi Aspect af Crovt o 1hia Act -1935

loverd al JA ack many bo int were taken hem.

l919 Act, many ck wue hken fhom Dneia lcunciks Ac
and Somt aspechs wcxe also k1ken fom He Regtulahng Acd

Ist Hme oe haAve ovihcial outnpmy it bug ot

o India Act 1135 hdia a Federahon
Federalism CUrout saw
of India Aisttdexation _Lonsis ttd of provinfeg cand staks
Hus would only comt efkchive ohen pantl4
statea woud sign Inshumtn _ot actesicnPeincely Stka
cdenicd to Sran So that Lenhal ov Lept unnng as

ano thals why l43s Att Cetuld nof be

pex 1la At:
ocloplred pokrly

h e vieo remained Hehead oCental_odminsthatim

ane Conkrued to hae al) Ha powers of administaatian
Finante.
Legislahon awd InporanHy
- Maxy aspec which wec noto infoclua we fihdTh
Ma
H modtrn day Conshitakion

Htdea Leyslatue s to Cois f i House

 TuLounilof skte uher house
Tha cleal
ksemboly Lover_howk
ven today whave
Hhe LowCr
Haa uppeu house CRaiga Sabha)Cel
House CLok Sabhou

Te Council of
StateaUbpc house ws Sulbpo Scd to (onsrst
2 6 o membe>s Out of HhoSe 26 membe IS6 Wexe
to be eleckcd from e rihsh Didia and lo4 to b
hominadedb te princely Stadea.
- Te federal ssembly wasto Consist of 375 members
out ofwhuth 25.0 were to be elected e legislahic
CASSambly of the Brihsh Indjan þrouince Lohle 125
Were t be Nominatea by te ules of pincely Shta
-he Cenhal leg1slahurt hacl Hhe to_passcy bill
bu betore He bill became lav ii had to get Hhe
aCcCMtot ta vieey Viceroy had Hae pouwer to
poss Ordinance

No Finante bill Coul be inbroduLed inthe ceatr leaslakoa

withoutHe Lonient of viLeroy
-T Indvan Councl olbolished os aesult nouw on
Hi secrelary of stak _would have o_a ar odui'sers
also te powes of Secre fary of stak_were Cur tarled
He was not supposed to be Iner foi ng with e Vceaoy3
T Te provinces were ven heis Subjechand here we
therc

Comple autonomy in Hhose subgech oere Subposea

to leok after

Diarky in povintes wne abolishd ou nat in Ceder

Two Dv'nces were Teafto Sindh Cnd OrTISha a

demad of Muslim League-aned also refosms uwere
onnouncd n he Nogth Locst frontier Province

CommunaSebabade ElectoatuwCe Conkhued arol to

plcas muslims rd Muslim rebeganahon_in fe Central
leaisure was quaranted
Auhomus provincial [Link] |L provenccs oce to be
Setu
No one again he Fedem Lourt a_established shich
w oasically hccursor of our Supreme lourt

Reserve Bank of naia LR 8I) wa_established

-we noo kad lsh Ftdeal Lst (nNn Union kst) - 5a Tkms
Provincial List (No Stale lst) 5 rk ms
ConcurenFs t Same - 6Ttems
Prine Slatcs ntyer joincd bo that ledtahoo_was hat
mAdL
 here
in 6 oudof pouinces Bicameal egis luare wert

IK BengalBombayMadras. 13tharAsJam àma Unitel þovihe

So inHus pro vne nou H woa an upper houe
Cnd a Lower house

SeparadeGlkcterates were noo pevided for Deþ»e3sed Cla3ses

Cschedule Costs)
is Candkiji went to tast Unil dealh bu to spp
Gcendli iDx. Ambedlkar sighePoona Pach ko stob Cachiji.
CAe Said oe dont
w a t Separateelectorate
ha oas e Ist Rale o Dr Ambedkar þlayed ih Unidy of
India.

Franchisc were exicn ded bu hea also only lo of

toal populuhim w e r e allowed to vats.

Cent Pblic servite CommSSm nahe cws Fedexa Pablre

service Com'ssim an tis Ack also Skuted Toint
Publi Seauile Commissin and prouincla puhlic Scruite
CoMsSSÍ6M
Today tkey [Link] a UPSC Cstard in_19a) SPsc
Crcd JesC (staka in la35)

Afl tas Ack Cin n31.) Loold TL shred, tler

war

Came into Pichue ano ikshers were gikg deleaBd a d

br e hat ime whole w0rlcd realsed that e ae not
Unbeasable, as aresalt Tncdians e e gettng So Cmrdet.
Ond po lidica Sikuatin clso
Cengtd
 M 114p (Lahor Resoluhon ) Mus olemamel
tor limeagut
Seadhe Coundb Qnol bu 1940 He denmand ws on
hig CDemame for Pakustan) u wore Pak1s fam was
Mveded
Chauolhni Rahna Hi

England Loasdelain badlu althey effeck Coaled be Seen

n Ihdia CInflio incase)YIndians w er_also Cankidond
dus to Ler
clecad,Malims a e denqnethgStparak Courty
asaesulk Cipps Mss10n 942 Sent by
Said that Hha will Conduct hem y
genal elecionsA new Tndian
Dorninuonoill be made CA ill be aSsociadtal by tamselues.
Minorities would loe pottecke which
provínce_do not utsh to
einCan make t i r Sapamte Onion
- Both
Congesa aa Muslim Leaque peleel Has Cripps Mission
Tihnah Saud itIS net qiuing wsSopaok Pakistan thats
wWh we are dejeckiy COYmgres aid- w e want
Cmplele ihcle þendanmee. Aer Lahor Sessim lemgu alicady
declared he LWe want Conple te Inolependence.

Candhijin 1au2 stated Quit Ihdia Maunent hih

Coninuad or 3 ycoS ld2-1aus his Slogan do
Las or cuc
anclhi ji gas anesteo and he Startd a faut a
Agaon Khan Paate Pune he Continued at for 21 day
13m da itLIJ talsedthat
aa ha wOmSutur
bu he did ano Conleled 21 days
 a hat time violence Starttd in Lohele India and tor
He hst ime - Canclhi ji did not Said a wod againgtE
Violenteeven he Sajd to BrihshersHha you are sponarble

In l943 Netaji also Came ad Maee hs Tdian larichal

kus

Aam in Singapae His Slagan Loas- Dill Chalo.

Aam
Neteji Staateel mili tary Campaign_or hdependence o
Tndia all Thdian SoljdersCaptureod in Japan-Aade ltau
bpt got aleased by Netaii ans Joikel [Link]
residens om South eaJt sia calso Came
9iuen air
Ctor le Indian plakoral Axmyhdtan women

Goldd
Htadquatu ofIhdian Nahional Amywer a 2 Place
Rangoon And Sihgapoe kunols qiven by all Indians
a womenRegimend was alsoermcd Calleed Rani Jhansi
Regimes t it_was or tH fiBt Hime uhm Hus was
omen Regiment in Indian Nationa Hamy

ALoheleBataian ok Indian nkahonal Aamy jothel oith

Taan fought agaunat Bnhshers Dn hdo Burma Boder
bu unfortunaktly Japan was dekatedclue to Nonuc Aack

Unfn hunaddly Bse o klld inm Air Ctouhea on hus

Lwo t Tokyo in 1945.
Pu all hose csguM Bihshes Sot Cabiat miasion ble
tha ime Pant minsltr inengled Lond AHlee
hewasa lahour'o te Hme uohen Labour cavl Came in Batain
 hopes lhdions inetased) As a ysult. he now declared
46 thad Cabinale miss ion orll (ome to make recnudarou
garding
gcrdingConatiuka
h Thdia
eformswhch are tobe nto duced

3
aople Come
in Tndta-
L Lethckaietende
Lerd PHick Lawrende
CSccre tary ot stae for Tndia)
Stallord OibþS Chesident of Board of hade in
AV Alexander Cist Lod of England)
Adialita ieIhckargr o Nauy)
he arivod India in lqu6 and did
extensie_discussim
with Congres and mas lim league Cne
Coled abinate Missiombropsal
aut Hir popsal

Cabinate MisSon eposd

- would be a toderation of India
Comprisig of Brhsh
India ael Indian Stat.
-foreign affairs deknceLommuniation taill be dealt by themselve
here oun execukie, tora oon Legsain CCentas CovlIhelia)

othen dcsidual powers oill be given Provinces Prouihced oill

be deuideel nte 3Sechiond
- Noa h wcst tentier Po uihces CBalutkistan and Pun jah )
Bangal And ASS am
Cok Stake w LSOuld be tuir Own itzim
aov
 Demand o Pakistan was jecleal. Lohoe Inclia will have
federal Consituion in which hey coill have Sepakate
electoateg ame hey oill choose heir Cov
by taemsclie
Congrcss acepted tha plan. Howcer Muslim Leaguedejecded
becaule demand of Pakisfam oas net alled.
a3 a csulf of i s Cabinocte plan Mou we have a Cohstituet
sSemblyConsh twnt tssemblyw elected en Nevembe 1q46
in ohich formula ot 3 Cam

Congess mihoihies RepreseJaiea

members in eru
Malis
Jawarla Nehru Cuite Peidend)
vall abh Bhai Padcl Home)
Bauldev Siyh Delence)
Liyakat Ali inance) For mor » Pesidens of Pakstan
John_Mathai CIndustrie)
D. Ali khan Healh)
Rajtnclaa Phasad Foodael Aareculuye)
ag jeeuah Ram CLaba ek)

To t Shengh of Lorshtuent kiemblyL t be 339

out ofuwhich 26 Scas werealloteol to Biksh Dndia. 93
to princely stalea
lechans wete heald h July-Auguost- 146
INC won- O8 Scats
Mulim lage113 Scas
Small Ihdetndont gooups15 Scas

1 3 Scats ohich wce tor prinely Stades Hay ehsed to

Joih
ohale India haye ben rprtienel or He r t hme it
w a 1st Tehreanadive asitmbly
aPersons were not þou t of it Crandhiji ao Jihnah.

Idea that Conahtuton shall be Loritten by Coshuen

asscmbly oas given by Father of lommuwSm in Inalsa
aLSscmoly
NRey in a3 4 Scedls o t i s wee ih 1a3s asscmbly when

heu
they Saud- we will onlg acept_a Consituim whuth s.
wten by lonaHhuet setblyuhich oill aepescatHa
enkie India. 2a 21 member wrt Har in_bsembly
muslim leaqu boy cotted e lohtuent assembly uwhich set
on m Dec 446hecaust they were iSHing on S«parak
Pakis tan

oldest membu of sScmbly- Ba Sechtdene

Dr Sackidanarl Sinha -He was
inerim rsident
Later Decemher 14u6 Dr Raycncdaa Pasad tuwas elktfec
as hesident of Trdia lienku
 Vice pesident u Hmukharje.
inely Stades still het Came
on &s Ap laut_On 6 Ststts Kepresentatives Cam
Hu n t omplek diot btoten Hinalu and M limgin
all Over Tndia.
L o d Nauntbton Cat Came as lost viceey in Inaa
s Apl lo22
Mountbatten hied in beghming ha there Shold boe no faHin
but lok o problems alreody_been sBarkd. it Loas no unalceplable
tor Mulim leagus that, anyting less than PakisBan would be
Cuccepted.
VP Menon playecl Such a qood olch he emttatis
formaionoPaastan (the loB of demikmiu ohih Lould haue
gone to akistan acr Changeclby VP menonat he last mamet
The Mountoatten Came uoith he Mountbatten Plan A that time
Nehru oa bresent in Shimla oidh mountbatten and wa

playinae r y important ole becat Nehau and Menon

made ormula. Mauntbattn tok that plan a
Londo n Gre
Lothin 5 minus i got aproved from Cabinate in London.
Mountbathen ehme India met all the leaders custuseal it
wih Cundhiji. Crandhiji uzas not happyhe waa not aephg
tparkhion_at all. Howeuer he had ho ophions lett The
plan w made þublic_con 3zd Junu 194+hatis wohy Somehim
itiy callee tHhind lan CBecait Came on 3d June)

Moin ClawA o th Plan

o n Mualim and mua lim 07ea were dended.
 The
The
printelySalu Were allowed to got thur own
Independente or o join Tndia os Pakuslan
Baluchuslan was a aoption to Choose
Tht
The Bill o 3rd June boused on Mount batten Plan wa
inhodued by British Prime minister Clement AHce in e
house 0 Conmens on uhguly 19u and tus bill betamc
Incia Ihdepenclence Ac 141hs ac madle India Cxnd
Aukstan Schaade dominiospintely 5tale oere 8iven given h
Chojce. The Att laid douon toend measuTe tor_a hhton of ndia
and peki RakrsBan ths AcB Loa very Small Containca only
i

2o Sechons CAnel 3cheduly and now made Hoo Indepexdent

clomirionsIndia and Pakistan with etck om 5*" Aguw
aua CPakislon celebvoBeu ik Inde pendence on lukh Auguat becauwe
o 3o minus ime sap)

Aspecds of Tneio dependence Act-1947

hsty ended the Bihsh sule in lhdia _and India was now
an Indehendent and SovereignSahe faom 15h August 144%
Similarl akshan toa3 Cealtd an hdependent clominian here
Loee bounday Comission for demarketg Yhe Nakional Boundry
batween elion and Pakrstam_ theaeweTd 2 Slatea tokath wec
nuolved in tha dission One o unjab on he ust stde and
Dther d bevga. Ts oeemca bouncdary Commjssion to
demarate: was heoded by Sii Cyil Radt life thaki whu
Sometimes we Call Ind ia ancl Pkis ems-eer ntnahdnad 6ordos
Radcliffe Lie
 The ohe of Viteroy GrowT ner Ceneral way now abolished.
Noo a Cqovernor Gtneral would be abpointd by he cominion
Cabinae iiselffiom nou onwerds. Bridain' His Mogesky or
Her mageatg Cauk Lould have Mo [Link] ht (oshiaet
asscmblieof Indha and Paksfan Couldrdme and adopt their
Own Cotitukion. hey
Could repeal any act of Brifain includihg
He Ihdia Independence Act CTndia had rpealed Dndia 1n dependente.
Ast)
T L he do uhen Meo Consikhion Came into force Act
of 1935Loould be He Coverni bedy Conshhuton ofThdia
ofAce of secrclag of stae of India uwa_abelshed- Bihsh
Contaol On Princely ststks and tacaies with Taible Artas weTe
Camcelled tom I5 Augut 1947
A l l he igkh_of Bihish Monarth wee eded _and all
all
ogd kHe ike Empire o Indaand other royal HHles
wae endec.

AHe cpoinimenk_of Civi Servank And reseTvation 1

India aould he done by India onlgand al) the caisteng Ciuil
Searank before 15h_Auguit wil be Continue bilLnut-of Lxdia teelk
before Indeperdence ICS 1AS
1P IPS
India had very good rdahionsith Mountbathen,he bec ame
e st Coerner Generolof Independent Tndia.

Las vitecy aund Tat Cqoukenox Genera of lhelcherdent Jndia-

Mountbatten
Lattr C Raj Copalachari betame Tst Indian Cowrnor Crenera
of Irdependent Imdia

n Pakstan. fast Cmvernor rtneral betame Mohd: Ali Jihhah

An a qot ttr Liygat Hli became Ist PM of Pakeslan.
at the time_of lrdependence, he Sikuaion^ oere vey duthtult
becaue all the hintely Stau basically wanttd to be Sepazate.
when Tndia got Independence there were 552 rinl
Stata and out of ohich 544 joined Trdia Cby efok o
Sadar Padel 3 Staula denicd to join-Junagarh
Hyderabod
Rashur
The Nuoab oi Junagah wanted to join_Palustan but people
clenied to join PakisBan and a plelhisak was held and as
a
esultJunagouh demained in [Link] Crujaaf)
The Nizam of Hyderabod hever wanted join India.
Telangana aultd 0gainsf Le Nizam of Hy dera kad and hen
Sardar Potel Sent Indian fortes to Hzdlerabad dndHadera bod
be Came He Paut 6f India.

The mahaaja of Hashnua L not in favotur In he

mean knehePaMans and he Armed forts invaded Hashmr ad
Vey fasHly oupltdmore han half of Kaghmi No callad
Vex Sastly
Pok) hen Hari Singh osled br the ret help to
Lnokia md Sardar PatelSemt Indian tosC tn_tai Sinh
 Stqnea he hstument of atenion to Joth Irda bd wih Certain
Conditons Hose_Conclihonswere _in Hat 3o)

No he onshuent Asscmbly ad albady prmd ardl it

Lwas uwoking ohen Loe getIndlependence the enkre lomplexion
of the assobly changed Before Lndependenteonly Six pwhtely
Stata were joinedhe Lonstuunt siembly but a he Hme we
got Indeprndente all pincely skks Came to Conshikuend assembly
Now nclia a ully reseniks.

Chanacs inAssembly taom he Jndependente a Inclia

Ealier the Asscmbly_Lwa under he Briksh and from hdepend-
ece
ence it became Soveregn bod to mak oon lauws_and alio
i Cauld albogaBe allhe Law of b»ikshers.

The Asscmbly became the leqislahve body.

fanchomsto malke Lonshikuion
Noo Conshilkknt Assemblyhap 2

- to Dealaidh Paulamenkon
matts
Cenaklued kscmp

Roles

Pauliament Conshtional body

CV Malavankar DRajendra Prasaal
Chs speaka ol Lok sabha)
Ths dual functon Yemain_enort eotl 2626 Nou 1949
Hhe date on wich Coshuional amework Campleed

Ts Cotiuent Assembly_dhd Heo work imneodiately

#Adoption of Nationcal Flag Q4 Januaey 1450
FAclophion_ of National Song QyM Januay |45
(vande malaram)
# Fist Fasl electecl Pesident of Inclia-2yth
Janua 115
Acloption of Nahional Anthem ay Januar 1s0
Jan gan maha

h e Last scsaion af conshuent Assemblywu held an

January 19so and he assemblyConhnued aas C
proViSlonal pazliamen HI1 [Link] éltckion were helod.

?Tis Constlkuent ASSembly made one cloatting Commite on

9918194 for making he lonsihkan members were her
in to Commitee, Chamon a s - D Bimao Ambolkas
members-Alladi Kishna Stoami Aygar
- NCropala Swami

kM Munshi
Mokd. Saadulla
B-L t e Resigned due a ilnea (NMaclhav xao
DP Khatn Gia dital in 1q4 ([Link]

So [Link] and TT Krisknanachaí hweae not o 1ginally

memoers of drlhng ComnitHee fheg joined LlaBer beCae 8L
il nes Qnd 0.P. Raitan dicd in 1au
hthar esigmd cdue to
 Tht made hs dhalt, okich get bublished on Feh 1948
They
Qnd Spread to whele India ond asked tor YClommtlations
{anyChage euired they provided 8 months r s
people Sent thousandA of xecomendahions Cid MaCihciled
awe many otpeveclit. keebing all thinga in mind Setonol
olaatt was mode e onOc 1uK
Loa droaft pu into Cokshttaent a%embly on u l 19ug
Whenever bill isinhadued in the parliament-3 Readthas
Cre eqirtol
* s Reading NovNav 948
hd Rcad ing Staatd on 15 lov194g hi 17ot 9

oord oond disculion

tinal Readins ut Nbv. ua Cnd passed on0* Nov 194

So n a6" November l9u moion on tha diatt Ycsoluhion wa

possed and Signatures of he membes Leere takeh here wcre 19

membesin assembly and on a6 Nov. 2su membes ocreejcnt
Ond theg all siaues i for t the droft ConaHtuhion And as
Hs wil w Passed

ConsHwion wa now enactcd ahd adopted.

T Eortikuent Conskukon uhuch way Adepted on 264n Nov. 19ug

thrt wxe 315Aahcles
Schedulu
Prcomble CLo pastho join Ceaulier ho Premble)
D . Ambedkar Loas one of ts most
Ot
important tgad humirans
hdia thats why he is called a- Father of hdia
CongituHon, Somekme

n Hs drart conghitution. 26 Jan 19So dlaBe was choosemn

for Lommentement of the Conshitdkon:
the dade ot 26h Jan Loas ChooSkn becauae hen Laher
Session La held in l89 of Laher Langss. 26m jan l43o
Wa declored as Poorn Swaraj Diwas

The þrovisional paxliavnent Coase to eisB on t h Ab) 1452

Cnd hao the egular paliament stark uoarking
Conattuent Assemlbly (Lohich uoas formed in 1a46
the Same ConsHtuent asiemllg becomes dominion legislakut
Provisional aalsament on I h Nov. 19ut anel ends on 17th Apl las2

asi Featues of ndian Constitution

rjg fcm vry [Link] had bropouded the

Tdea that the Lonstitution muf be made by we the Pecdele
t15 we he people" from kom pouer must loa. tme had Chanad
earlier ime wos ot auCtakmonarth ek. bu then a lot of
water had {louon in he Gagesthere Loas Complete Upheavel and
evoluhon. FacnchReuoluton wa thethst tevolukion skich auad
and sloly even_in he
he pah tor rule of o he People
haven'tsurmer ditreniahan Came
people haves and
whith w as agaun forfectedbythe Bolshevik_Revolhon (Russ tan
o 191 in_o ther wordsmoods n 90o o Rul of tHu Poble
Rda
ople
 here
here wos no place fr ule of another person ie. a
kepublic
Thys Cons ituton which wos being writtcn had
S0 many eay rich
inpudswe had enh his tory o

Ihdia entire culture o

India enHre ethos of Thdia which
was rcachest cukure
in he sarld, on he o thez handwe
had all Hhe deulobhen in he world. wa ohe ther it Magha
CaataGloaious ReuolutionO hetnch Revoluhionor the
Unicahion ot Itla anel Germany 0r t e Russlan Revoluton
O o e r Reuoluton hat is the reajon why our Constituion
when it wa amedt o3 ackuall4 ahtad of its ime CMest ot
the coniktion- 9et coalk douon bytimeans thats the rcason
a Structure o cu Canstitdion emained a its we didnt had
Change he tonshkuhion tcamedously + is_indeed a Aribute to
Ckange
geniu to Da Ambedkar and his tamthat haadly any sthuckural
Chanaes g Came.

Baielythe stutkuial changes i Came IS

ukal

Ly Cons tikuiona Amtedme

7 d

and if we tellk abaut the Case Lokich braugk structual change

a Keshuoanand Bhahi 4 Cale (8autt a Conceptof Baaie Shua

Cven ill cheer didnt ned any sthuckual

70t e
changos
 Selien fcalues
7 Lnitten Constituhion ndian Conshiuhion a a wrtten Carskitubron
Lke H Amencan Cons tituhon
wittena
there are two tyha of tonBitdin
Unwittn Cengland)
ohat is ditference 2
In onwvitten contitution the present eoble ofHuse of Londau
avnd House of Commo Can Chanae Hhe Conghtwion,whidh neecs
e high level Poliical matarityEnglarel 1s 1hat raturerom
he y ihteption there uoas a Comblete eleulopment of he
trom Carta ohuch Came ih
Con titutional acumen Rigkt Magna
to te uarioy devlopmenkGlorious Reuoluhion ck. as a
England
eSultthe ad and
Palament
is aetHng staonger sBronger
Mstitution ofhe Parlíament becoming o Commonly available
that level o nmatuitu oas thereSo thats he reaaon why theu
Could afford to have an Onwritten (ons tituhion
Hat leel of
mo be One day we Iswilla also havewhith
ma
matunty bu as of now, India lountry hau Onit4
in Diesity India is a ucy huge Contr Ctcoaphually+
Poulaion wise)
India as thee Hers Onion Cbvernment
State Crovernment.
Local Self Ccovernment

Rual Artos Uban Arec

 ha s he rcason we have to kavt evc y matter cleared in
the
CoNSHHuion and thoat is one of tamajor readohy OUr
hy Our
onhhuhon is the mest detaied and lenthue Cona huhton Ih he udold
CHlL heConshitution o Yago slavia
Cam).
they Constihuion,/o{ India becake leg lengtkiek
becaue
Teogiophita tagons- Larg populaetion/ and we
had mak
ascharters ek.
+

The Conskkution of Lndia became lenghiat bt

caust
[Link] Reason- yaslnea oi the CeuntryLarge populoatontk
#Hhstoical fach Vaziaua Ack1a35 Act, Ria Ah (unils At
charhers ekt
Philosepkical Part- Furdamentsl Righks DPS Bek
CAmexca tdded þhilosophital pot_later ie Billot
Righks
Sngle Conahision fr both Cenlty and slete

Dawn from many Sout mdian Conattuhion drew hom

May LonshuhonaThough Idia has aken many hing
ommany Soutes but iis beaukfally blendea. Saying Dndian
Conaiuion is a paBthwotk Conuhtion s a huge_hsul f
rAmkoe dkar and his [Link] are the most brilliermt humanauer
n the worlod
Various Sourc

CTbw of India Act.l435 Federal Matters3

-olkce of Cnvernor
-Judice
Public Seruite lommisSion
Acl mi'his trahive Details.

of Cnvf (ohole worll tkr

Bainish Consihution Paa hamentay systen
Rule of Law
Lealslative rocedure of bills
Sihgle cihenship
Cabinate System
Lorits oB Fundamendal Righk)
- Palamentary Pivilages

Bi Canea lism

O.S. Condktation - Bill of Rishk CFundamen fal Righhs)

Independence of Judicery
Judicial Revicuo
Imrachment of President
Removal of Supreme Cou Juog es
Post of vite Prundent

Lrigh Conshhhioa - DPSP

No mihahion of memloex o Rajia Sabbo
manne r of elechion o f hesicdent
hench oshituhian Concept of eublic
- Ideals of [Link] ad
Frekrnly
Souic Conshiturion- Conteph
oSoualiS m
Ideals of Soual. economic anl
fundamental dutieu þolihical Jushte
Hustalian Conatituio1 Concept of loh (untnt hst
Join siting o 2 haudes

Canadiah Conatitution -Concept of Federal1sm

(shog Centr)
Residue powerS oill be_in cenkr hand
Cover nor olState to be appoinked by Centr
Acduicey Jutsdichon of Sc
Japenes Cenaitution- Pocedure estaklhshes by Law.
South Afzican Conshtuion Modes oAmerdment of Constitahon
elections of menbes of Rajyu Sabha
UCmany lonahituhion-Suspenjien of Furdamenta Rgkls cluring
emere
This hale hing hau been blerded like eerybocly who Camtb
Indua uas bleded all culture came b Endta Lns blercled ih tu
Cculdaon whch was on the ire of Hne: Our Castkhon nost
beauh fally blended as it fs in he whale wonld.
a April &o22
the Conatiluion IS he Living machanism how doea he
CoNlituhon adapt with he chaviginy Socio
economil
Ciicumshahces7 Ho does i l change as per he Chavudin
Sociologica Circumsdahteaih the ounlry 9
Any La hich doy not Chage acCodling
ime becomcs dea La, it skagnat and dekinately coind hitahion
Canno be allowed f stagnatebecause Consttution being he
mother of all Laws, thexe is no qushon that a conakkhon
Should be allowed to stegnate.

HoL doL change He lashdon) Is i eay easy

Change the Cenahituhoh 2_
vanMous Conaikutiaa in the orled Can basically be clubbrd ihto
a headinqs
I heading ol the Canshithon

Rigid Conshi kution- FlexibleLouhithion

the are ery dtHicult e can beamendecLery
Amend Sinblyhey Can be amended
-AmeiGan Conkihsion ike just ahy lao je any 0rdinar
Lao s amendeol
ey asimple majoriky of
ParliameAt
rittsh Canstituhtn
Blendcf Floubiliy and rgidiiy
Indra stards Someohere halfway bctween {lexibi liy and
Hgt rigidita T4 Can be said that Indian Conitution i s a mixfure
of flexibilly anl igidity On Some matiers Indian Conxitutien
is very flexibleiB meand thai ceertain Provisions ot the
Ihdian Constitution Can be hamged by a simble majoity ot tLe
ar ljament -means 50/, +1 3 Absolude lexible
Some bouisions are neitmer vey flexiblenor
ve gid
in all these matters pouisio of he_Conshiution Caun be
be
Amended by 9/3a ofthe members þesent at voih
anal. Some brousions are rigid, jt has to be pasedb
more thann Y3rd of he mojoilg_of both the heuwess +RS)
b
alonguoith. half ofthe state mut a ra hen it can be
amended.

chag
Flexible 2 whee ax liament has powerover stats Cchangthg
Hha bcurdary ot ht staku) Parliament Can chanae by
sUnle majoiy
Cue Change in the provISioof the Lo ikhhiaznath a Simple
majori
is it Amendment of Costitutian)
itis not an amendment it is a mere prouusion in
Lohichhat Akcle Can be changed by a Sinble majoviksSo
there isAothira Called Simpemajoihs Amendment b Simple
majoxit
Becawe He wod ame ndnent sheciically yaed in one of he
Azhcl is Ahle 38.
So Lolat IS Ancnclncntn Lohs huhon 7
Arkcle 38 363 would
Only tha rovisions wlich ae given in
Coshkute an amendment of Ha Cansrkuhion

In Arkcle 368 here are lupa of Amtnadmenk

igd Vey Yigid

Majoriky of house
Majori of t how

d membes present and a/3dmembers present and voig

ih both hu housd
voHg in both he
Houles
Hal of o staku mut atty

Anythingokch is not þrovided onder Arkcle 368 IS not

Anyin
an

Oxmtb amerdment At ua]

sAmed ment prctedure of Ddan Conuhkhion Flexible er Riad

The Amenelmernt prod procedure of Indian Conhkutonis not at
all Flexible. it is Rugid and uey Rizid. C per Al. 368)
ohat cver 1s not Conaidered as amend Ment are baaically
Sef Contained þrovisons in te Conhuton So Self Contained
povisionu by Sinle majovita in an Arhcle.
 he Constukjon ha lexibiliSome oISiono Hha lashkuhon
Cab be Ckanged blut had change in the Conutikion Loill ho be
deemed ox detuo as an Amerdment

Our Conslijutionis tedea or Unitay )

1s a showcak it 1s lik Veluet glove in laon hst.
Ftderal t
At 1 Povidu ndia hat is Bhaat is an Union oSkaked
UNOn bastally mama ind1shucable

state

mdstuclabl Deabucahle

Union Can alterChange e sBadts

Unjon Cant be cha»gcce
India i5 an Indesprulable unon_wilh destuctab Je Shatei.

tue federalism Onion ard states both ae Indestruct able

eAmerica CUSA)

nA IrdiaL chanye Or alleahon Can alke plac jh Stalks heretoe

the charattex Ishues of true d federahion K
Dhdarutable Union + Indes tuckon lole Staes

Alltakon in slate Can euer ake place bg Simle majony

federal No.
 By the Actof 135, India Loill be kderahon of s haru
and onincely staly oil be accebkd as Scparate ently.
muyt h a
egJammu and kaghmr and if tus happerd there
been moe thkan So parh of India becaue itis Sald o be
tedeaion thats hy is ii is used Onon'
hen w hy Hederarion wod is wes -
tolloindac the Chatacdercstics of federaion which India posse

Ther shauld be a dusion_of peioer India posse i's in

Schedlale 4 o{ He Lonahluhione
2ohstuhon must be 6upeme Law o Land
There must be wvitten Lohshtuion
TheCongtituhional þovisions mwt btrigd.
Tudicemuat be Supreme
Ihdependence o Jucicen
Characttr iskes ofederalism which lndia dacsnt Possexi

Exstance of sBate mus be independent ou Lndian Sktu

ave debendent on union (Axk [Link] ) Simple majorikt
parlia ment Can even Change State:
I n federalism. Slatd haue iks own Constiuion bu Indian
Stades clont haue.
Cikzehshu shi of slaku and onion are netded lc olual [Link]
o but India þossew only Single Cihzenshi.
slatey have ik own supreme Cout India hau only one
Suereme Lout and stateg have ik high Lout ohh CoNa
Under Supreme Coua
 Lists ae dfferent in federolism Stake

Concukrent
Didia
India hos these three hsts but the AJe not totally jndependent
e-if Rajya Sabha passes a raolution Supoa ted by &/3d of ik
members esent and Vohing whuch is Imporand br National InBerest
hen Union_Can make Lat on sale list. C1 year aB a iheAra4
mean Someuahere lists_are Connetttal

Duriyte Na tional Cmergeney all he poLses of slat gocs-in

hands oOnion
States when_do nat Combly Loith union id is deemed to_be
Soaluxe o fCcnsttukonal mMachinery Ark 365) and hen þissdent
ule Can be inposedin
t h e Stahe Onder Arhcle 356.

7The head of he 3tate iS Cmvexhorohose appornt ment and

Temoval depends upon the Besdent
The Centre Can inpos their executives Aule by sanding CRPE
whenthe La and is disturbed in_asht

hestake is Covened by AS (IPSLsho appoinded by

Onon
Hente hege are not he Characteishce of fedeaalism and
India dosentt possess call feakurs of federalism.
So it can be called-Fedtral Saskm with Onlarg Bias.
 docan

Noeoubt Idia 1 þeaa all fttarco rdesatism

India possex tdesol Sthuckc bt shivik is
pucl
ih Natur

Paaliamentary fzimo ov when Jndia gof hdepehdtnte we

hadl obhia

oe Could haue taken O we Could hau goht

he AmeriCan sysfem Of for arltamenary forms
Phesidents Called a Ameriah of gou shith wad
prcuaiiny in Brhsh.
Prsidential SgaBtmod Cot

The hae of Pauliamentary sgatunis he legslafive Syatcm

ana exeCuive goputting hand in hand tegatherj

Legislakure_nak e laws Execuive Imlehiment thost lats

Both kave Coopeaaton CAnd Coordination

The
huse of Aesidenhal system that here is
CompleteSeparahon of pouersLeaisla kure and executve ore
to tlly sepanahe.
I Indla would have aken pesidental saom mah
proplema have 0Sed a) nda Is Aat
and he Vostnes of Idia needed eueybody to be [Link]
in a arlamenay Syatmther indyech reprnsen kion anel
is

kclation that are mor Suwed t Tndia Thatae aon why naua
ejtckd e e sidental sysBemol Amcntaand oplicd
Brikh Systtmohat is Called a The wa Mnskr Mode of Crev

I callea a hy this nam

is
becaue Bihsh Paxliament is
Sikuaded on a þlaie west miader
in London.

n Parliamentary tom thexs asgia o

Nomia Cxecuke Real execukie

Defach
Englavwel Queen Paaliamtnt
India President Prime mihist r and
his Caunil.
Thert also a Syakm ofmajonts _pas ule
is
AIN min1stas aret colletkively
esponsible to paaliament
Legislawe maky he Laws and execahive impliment it he
Cxecuhia of India is also the leiskature ie miniSkeas Calu ako hu
membs of h leuslahiom

As mP make he Low
As miustes Impletment he Law
>The
The head of he minishers is he de faco. penen.
YRpentina is teum In &tae 5 M

In Cenhe >_ PpMm

afkr
atkr
The Legislature þemanentLok Sabha dissolues
is not
utveY.
e a s Cutomauhcally Unless emergencq ha been imboseo
Rajya Sabka dosen't clissoles but membes iie after evey 6ycas

sndua:s PaliamenBary syaBcm nd 7ihshis Pa liamentary Syslem

abselukl Same)
onshhuhona head of Inclia is elecked.
Lenshituhional hend ol oylandis monaackhial Lquren)-CHeredi

Jndan Parliament
#Indan is net SoragnI is Crtateelby arather

5vereun e lE THEPEo PAE

Bntsh aaliament Lonstderccl a Sotreaigh.

A Seculansn. India us a Sccalar 6tae.

Thdia is basically a very talended LeunBy
rght hom the beqinniawhe ther we Sta ronn the Aryan
Hme or Vedic timeswhen a ot ot natonalitia Came Iniathe
Greeks Sythiana Canme BactnanThe kuskans CameThe
Came
Ihdsa. AN ot hse were
Mus lims ametheChrisia Came tp
alcebteds a art ot IndiaThe peohle of Ddi accephtd all hee
Communh Oapat of their own Cauntyy a Tesult vauou
MuaAjonoLured in Ihdia becawe of lact Hoat India wa Called
he Colden sparrolo avd euxqhod wankd to Come to Jrdia to
plander Rigkt fom Pre-histic peiad India ta mest woy
Ouancad CountryAs a esulta badC pect ot olerance ad
eactephng eveybody was a bas ic {eeliry Luch became a
a o Inda. Thols he realon why ,Lohether it was Mughals ule
Gruphats rule eeybodd lved hoppil Cmo olerant to each other AlL
h festivals o muuling wce_(elebiad by _Hindus cone uktvMa
and w Sce the vestige ot is even in_pejent day
So Seculansm is hothing which hod been eme Suddenly ih
O Count The Scalarism þart sBem_out beof blerane
Secularishm lbauically means Aephing othty egia clqiona a
and qieg it_a proper jespec
In moden day- wordolerante Comes ou a aContept o
Seculaism SeculaiShm Can be devided into Ark

Negoive Seculanism PasiHve Seculisa

the Secularism of oest [Link] All eligion ae
they_dontt ecognise eligíon as acates in same uay
o a patt_OA state o ith respu &cqualit

g o o opartsien Composihion o India almas qo1

opeople _ae Hindus thakss the Keazor why ik auay big cdager
Dblomiy HinduRashha ndia Couldalio fallen intis trap os
Napal was the only indu Rashh that why il is Impaahve
SeculoriSm should be made o_vy Eom Coyner stone of the
Coahiauhonwe Caldn't Close our eyu p all lgjoni Intact
equal tpect aol equal 8laty is o be awarded Ttas he yadon
o e olloed positve ecudaxism in Tdia
Sihce the Spiait of Scculansm is ot Jndia
ver Psyche
the toleunte way y impar kant þort but also the Socio logital
mpac haue been Sth, he tolelance has been Came out as
Natual Phenamenon _an the qrooth ofhistory ih Our Counthy

em Seculag
The u2hd Améndwment Ack z added the tem o he
amble earlien it uoaa not here
wa i ntesio to_add his 4tm? = No euen i we have no
added Secular Our ConHkukon et evey Sfage ensurs that

Me is Seculansm So badically wha Indira Crandh did oal

thar we are Secular
baaicallyt proie the oold or minority
in haturebut even if it wa not added Seculaism oas So
implic in our entr (onshikkton
Ho i is Implicit 2
Eaualiy bebre Lav
Right to equalhy CA4
Equal Protechon of Law
I nIn pramble Liberhy_of belict aith and wship i's pouides

A 15 - there will be no diseaiminakion wih any CihLen

ot Religion. thats whescYvation

On qrouds 15s
not made on the name elkg ion

A l6-Equal oppoakunila in jobs ar execuhve paat.

A t a - Complkte ght b llauopropegake phoesoney elkgim

Art a6- Relgiou denominatims have a gkt to mahage
hear ownndamen tal Alkun.
 No taxbe levied on ang personor any e lgion.

Educationa_lhshi tuhors of sfate woill no provde

2elgiaus_cebuuation

but where Ha mi nority ik o u n

has No ole of stc
insitude pode the
then theymay i's h e r e

religiau education or eseTvations

Case-TMAPai

At Basic DPSP Uniform Ciuil_Lada

Abril 2o22

Indeemde nce oJuclicesy

the whole ConkiHon Staels on 3 Separate Prillers
i Legislature
Exetutivee
Judicey
the Consi fion is de devnded Mto 3 41es all thus
ies have theirhee Pillers is Union
Slae
SLocal Covt
Indhan Pasliamentary Syacm, legislutuae ane
axecuhive ase
boaicall olled has one The exeuhue ie. MiisterS are also
legislature there are chanc os hat Legislature and execuhn may have
Common Intocgt hais uwha it is necesgary that we have Comblete
indepedend judite It is imlaortant hat apþontmtn of
udgs Shauld be kebt absolully aoa trom. Cxecuive
ey h e wa thaee Judgs Case:
Fix Judgs (ale
Sccond Judqes Cayt
hrd Judaa (al
in uhich he Collegium of Jdges uas made tor appointment
tritd to excuie_rde in thc
o Judges. The legslahut brirg
opbointment of Judges by inhoduuingNIACby afeoinkng
judical appoiniy Commitee whith hos
many minisfes of execuhve
Law Min1sfer
was a vey dangerous amendment of he ConsHkhion by he
inuolbol in
egislatuhe because the execuhive is Mow trying tobe
ment of Hc/SC judgu ThaBs ohy NJAC w a
udec
judeci AppoinB
Struck doion by SC uHra vitcs of the Conatkhon i it wu
a gahst he Consituion_of Ihaja

AtSo Cltaly dkhles that here mut bc Complek segegation

of Pous belween he judiciy and executive. and thads the
reson why NJAC being a part of the ConsHtuhon_even rday
hu itsonly the paber aspect of he omsihuhon. h a s been

Stayed by the [Link] is the hdependence of Judiary wch

ho given India a balante. I Can be Said that he thxe
illers of Conatitasion
Legis la tare
Execuhive
Judiuay
Care he syn the ses. Thy balante cach ather
 Heo they alante 1
fLegislatuye cand Execuhue tay t become unconshtuhional

The Judicey Steps in

Oherwisc, the legislature and the executve ouldhave changedl the
Constitution.
Right om the beinning whentuer there_uwas the ospec
of Consfitution under a three tohe t h e i t was Raj Narain vs
ncura Crandhi. i gave a Veadict againsi lnduda Candhi oor
whetherit was Hhe 9ustion of alopoiniment o Gvernoror
appaintmed of Presidents xule in_Skle ox he question of
appoiniment ot SC and HC judgaor it was he queshon of
maor
majont
Shucture
OT- he question that eyislatuac_Contt touch. the Badit
All ae anwered by S
is poer is Called asJudicial Reuitw. Judatiary reuiesthe
the
Orders ulesp e by legislature Lshith is agaunst he conahihhbn
he udiciany oill Set auide.
A the Same tme it judiciary under the garh of
Judicial euitua doy judicqal leasslation ana that is also
UnconRHhuiora
Judiciay ihda piet nat to make laws
The judtcia goea_oulboat in the garb of
Can
judicial xeurew
ihclulge in judicial legislation.
Cohad is Saheguatd hen?
Aemoval of judgaIs in he hands of
in vemea in leg1slatue. the legislature ock in he
legislakure So if
Juaice
eMoVa of uadge
Hhats why itis abeaahful balance
between he ltaislature and execuhive ih ke one
hame
he
the juditiany on the other. 34 is. tus tantashic. balante
whith has qien India value of democvay with other

Ceuntysdidn' have Caje

his aspert we have Seen many times Shah Bano
Danial Lahi Cauc and mmny more whee the sC shikes down
Sce 3o o IPC As a aultthe bet beauty of the
Cona Hitution is hus balante be tween exeutive and legislature
On bne Side and judictary on other But it does net meas
that judiciay an go outboat judicary is Controlel by leslaBu re.

nLn Judiciay loe have a fcleal shhuthurewe have

a Singleindtgratd judier juditiayhe judiciary is in e tot
Ppaamid
SuptmeCsaY

HghCaut

Lower Couk

the beauy of intkgexaled judicíaywhich is an indeperdent

judiciary A a esult of indegatdjukitsiay he judgmenk of
S is binding on evey Couet and evey taibuhal all_over hda
the decisions oHgh Courk axe bindny on all lower
Courts under in a stode. Every Sabordinate Cbutt in a State
is Douro by decisions of HC Ond all Coua [Link] ing he
Hgn Cours oe boud by S decsionsTis integdteo 0spec
one O ona way maAnHainina ega Cletorum
 in our Counry In USA Federal judisa implimentihg
teeral Matters

State judiciary implimentina

State mater
Many ime it Cacadty a Choos

In India the hames of he Consiuion eniures that

Lhele India is bird_douan by one Law Iwa a brillint
Staoke by the ames o he Cohskuion. Another specEwhich
he amerieued
thaB SC beiny the apex Cour a higkut
Cur they had to that all he judges walka tainly and
enâut
hely Cnd thati s the eaSan uhy we ind hat there is a
Securiyof
Secuit enure thee a - Secunity of Seruice Conolitjonal
he
theexense o Hhe S are hayqtd on the Consolidated
unc o f India, the judges Conduct
Cant be ciscusscd in the
paslianienk Qnd the þauljamends Condutt Cant be duscussed in Cousk.
i s a a beatui ful thing a balance in our Conakikation.

Fundamenta Righh -
The hilosophical þpaa of he Conatikuhon One most
important Cupe Of our Conhkukon is the Fundamenl Righi Dn
modern clay Polikesight from
abow kundame nl
12.15 he Mogna lark w a al
rignk 1he ua betuxen the SBake ama beople
whth slaaled in MagnaCasta în 1215
which Lonh nuAt,_even
13 a long dawn war
tody and thatsthe acason why whche
Consh tation_ Cone ub specialy atter h French and USA
Tesotuion evoluioh hey muyt guaaan eed Fundamenta Rghn.
 b a c Human Riahk. Th age called kundamenkl betaus
the ae to the existance Of he human bein
Paat IL of the Idian Constkukion quarantees Six yh
4 undamental righh-7Right Equaliky
7Right to Freedo
7Rightagaint explortahion
7R1gkt of freedom of rligion
Cultual and Educaional righi
The ighi to Conshilutional Remelies
the Seutnth fundamental Rigkt wasRught b proptrl i`no
deleted.
Polikcal denocracy cuutmahtalla inpliy tundamenal Hglk.
the broblem is. the Souereqn in kams_of Aushin has alwau
been actHig Loith Cruchy o r Aabitrarily against he Comman
to prokeck the Subgcch
peopl: Fundamen tal Righh ar basically
han Suprtme Coturt
aSatt agains theSak and no les
uaranea FR Oder Hxkcle 32 in the tom ok wHk.

Are Cne's fundamtrdal vighs absoluke

in a Social arderno undamental aighty ae absolure

AL Social Righh a e subjeck o ealonableestchio.

ho se calonable eahichtoy Cont be lett to he imaginahn of
hose
Cour. Hente theae undamenal righh a t Suhjgc to Raonable
ehechons though many stnichony are not enuisaged in the
of
man which had but a hue had
euphoria indeendece we

made shs way slouly Onol Steaoula into OuT Fundamenku Riahh
through varios amentds
Diacchue inalles ef slale palicy CDPSP)
Lt w e a
ne un kay in geHig fhdebrdentee
were under he
Biksh terial ule or almost tuo decade
hads the Cadon Lohy Loe had o ade the revolahionary Change
n fhe Sociey Ths eudlutionary Change lould be anythin

#We Could haue gohe to Communalism

ye Could have oa Candanh_ uway of like
t

OeCoauld havean indwtHal _hation.

A aesult there ha to be a road map given to a
SHatt to run India The India of my drta Road map Should
also be hex in he Loghikuion. The oadma whth gieu a Stat t
folloc his deals At given ih the bim of ciel Hues ik the
alirechivephnulyof Stade polity.
Are tunela men ights above the DPSP2
FR_
Cne OPSP CAe two wheels of a Chaiot both are
eaualy imorlant
IMnervaMills equally imbortuni _in our ConsH tuhion.

Fundamensl Duie-( y2hd Amendmead Act J ahich is also called

aution
nini Cani in la36 rovided in Part W-A
ie. furdamenal duties (Art1A which Contained 11 undamanl
Cuheg hee ae Mot jhcable but yet thcst are remided
lonsider Ones duhes ton

Unversal dult Fanchise to sucecd ce macracSoveregm

iS nece ssoaily o hale the þouwer o r Soveregn is we the cople.
 thoat ss tohy we kave Universal Adult Fronchise s
that Bhsh providtg
he gnghtof Voty t vy ew people. 1A is the becuy of
Our Con4Hukon hat we dont have Separate elecho ales Oro
ovide +he pooest pesson to Vott 04 like the echet pena
hch ihcead the self &respect of he ste It maku
Common peison to feel imporHant ina Count
Ts een enumemu a Common prinuble calleo a
Secalarism is totally reilected uhen here
there
Righ o Cqually
w a 21
IS Universal Aelult banchalse. Earlier the age of vokirg
eas but Rajiv Gtandlhí by 6 CAA reducelhe voing age
18 eas even when
Iwa dekiadely ery bold experiment
heBrihsker gave tus rght to only fe

Singla Ghzenshup
theActAt of 435 Sau a federal stucture but h
tamerspu the Sirgle Citzenship aspeck in the Conshhutom ths
t he dual uten ship ealskal
bi
to bringIndiane
there
apesonIf
muut hau am Idian Senhiment in manyplacs

Cmergency Pavisions
when Idia Loas aeking Irde pendenee thas was a
me when Ihdjan dd Mot anted any torce But at he Samne
me the frome> of he ConsHhuton realised t t ou Cori
Con be ina Condikon o{ be breakdaon then that ime imbosithion
of emergenty heceeybmergency IS enuísaged 1n ou
Co ithon in tree tabe
 Reident Rule Cstale's Emerqency1Ar356
National Cmergeneg Chk352)
AFinan Cial Cmergenty Ht360)

ndependend Bedies
The (ontitution clso envisages hat Centain bedie
Care neededto be ihdependent lertain bedis are madee
made
n indlepedent Congtikution baedies
2ElecHion lommuss(on
UPSC
Combtoller ana Audtor General of 1hdia
State Public Seruice CommiSSion
hege inde þendent bodis enáures to not tohave
tavourit by State or onion Formahion o I»ale pendentbecies
Creogaun. an independent uok ot our (phsHkh'an.
Thce her cf Cbvenmtnt
Our Consi tion has ree Her of Covernmend Syakenn-
Plegislahtre
Union Crovernment Execukve
Judttia
leqislature
7State Crovt PExecutive
Judiuar
PMunicibalilis (Lqisatane)
Local self Ccowt Panchayat lExecahue)
Cam Nyyalaua Cjucuiay)
the model of all hec Crov Sgakem 1S Same.
had two tert OHainy
Sstem ot Ccovt but bu437d amd 1ut CAA
hetd Her ie local Self qau was addea.
 Lntaoduction
Our Conituhion 1s Conarstof 3a5 Articles The
act whch ae added by 13 And 4u onshiuhonal Amendm
ar Claua th art af Sepaxade Arhtls
here a 12 bauk ih our lon^hi tdion ama 12 schedules

Paeamble of the ndian Conhthion

inablesof shtutoy Inltrprehaion he baare funchion o
he
me preamble i s to explain Cetain fack which are necessay
to explain
Alam Prakash
v
SE o hazyana14g6 S
The Thdjan þreamble (ontaini he idtals of_aspiakon of h
people of Jnekia"
Palkkinla Satd preamble is the _idenhiy Card of he ConsHla'm
hy ooking into hasone khovo philoso phyanel
polit ofour Caunt

Can the preamble aken as a lao to be tktn againad aguin

Or to onla when a doubt cuises )
Our rtamle tells 4 Huiy-one should alway reaa that
an Cotuion fR w snat i hot s he Source of Our
Cokukon) me sourte Of e on Htdiom S he matter of
Lauws onnd alloays the Sourte is Soverexgn.
who i s Soveregn 9-
Cmal nobody Lohether
I is " we the people of Drdia "Nothing
Pas jamemt Bestdemt Pm ek i s above oe he people

ohat is lhdia 2
Lndia s a SoregnSociahetSecularDemotrahc ano r p u .
CounBry
whad is the obsechin 2
India takes ikobjtckve rom ndh Revoluion ar Amentam
Revoluiom Tustie (OSSR )
LibertyEqualiky oma Eaadeinihy
when he Cohshiluion of ndia usas made 2

Adopltd 26 |u|1qug
Enacted
Commence mend Commencement is paouidedin At3
of Indian (ostitukion Tt Pouidu I5 Arhicles and ikuf shall
Come into orte at once qd maining Povisíond otou
Consiution shall fome int _bite en a6hday ol danuaryaso hch
is he day ered in uis- Lonsiudion as he lommende ment
o he Constiturion

nel a 229

a lof of ontoesH had avMSm on HestgtiCance o H

who is Sovereian
Iis we the pto ple of Drdia" Nothirg Cial nnbody Lohe ther
Paulamentheatdent Pm ek s above oe he people.

Lohat is Ihdia)
Indla 1 a Soverian Sotialhtt SecularDemotraic an rpublrt

Count

whai 1s h objtckivn9
Indiatakes ik objtckiverom henth Revoluion or Hmeni(a
Revaluhion ushite (OSSR
Libeaky Bquality and Enadtoit
when the Conaiuhion lndia oa made 2

Adepled 2 6 u|l9ug
Enaced
Camencemen Commencement is paovided in A314
(ist
Of Indian (oaikukion Tt Puid 15 Ahicla ard ikedf shall
Come ite orte a once qd tmaining o viafondoour
ConsituhoM Slall Coe int pxte on a4* day ol January50 hch
iSheday ateed in this lonstitukion as the lommente men
oo he ConsRkuhion

&lo of contzoesH- od aistm on te stgrtiCae o t

Preamalt
Lohether Pacanlyle is LPaut. ef (onhkhon2
Can be Amenclec 2
Pacamble tels the bayc pkilosophyetou ntHahan.

fubdamaral vluusH pamle72

Raliky u Consitution 2
Ola is the Sove rciqn in buY Conittion)

Km. Munski one Calleel the Prsamble as ta hevecope of our

demacatic ubli Man pesple have called it the nost
precious part o our ConHhutian.
AR Caly oas Repeance: erubai Union alt1960s
in t i s a yinpo ant atkr Came uphe maih Gushon
haa t b decded w-whether tus ContHituhion IS a part o
our Lona Hluhon 2 wkether the pcamble halds an inde penden
SouKle l any Subslantiu pouer and i n berukai [Link]
se held Hhat No thaugh it is a key t ta Corikedion:
ik aver important dcumcak but it is nel He port of
LonatitutonThe onl wse whith be sca
e pramble could
for hat whenever t arhcls of t Constkhion we
or we coba ble of Moe than one meanig
Gmbiquou
hen h þreamble Csald be ud to decipher hose Contusios

also in Gopalan Stake of mada aso S

when an act s ambiguDUA then he_preamble Cam
wd tothaco lighk on those povlsionsbut it caprat be
wwed t (ontaol an enact when he enatkment is clear ond
Unambiguo In_other wovds peamble Canhe Ceale
 i
Ambiguy So Can only clear londulow.
he et eaTlier vit oi SC saJ hat
hcam ble is o a very limed purpose

then eme Reshauananda Bkari vs s ofkerala la13 Sc

isLoLw Classic he bench loshitadesl uf 13
member Judg. The sheld- Peamble rrkus the bat Struchure
o the ConshtutenIt popoundedta Baai Siuchur thca
means tha bastt Stauckure ie. Hanga ethos o te Cosihuho
Cant be alttrsd Hhatis tohy he Pcamlble Can be amnell
n eamble vcy clearly tornm te Part of Indian osituion
Hhe povision of H Constithton.
wa poee mernl because itwaspassea Sparately_ cloeznt
mean ibecome Samethiout sude He ontiduhion. Pacamble
is mt a mere Cotumen to deal with ambigauhesitseh a
bollolla om Le vary mo man It tells w eveyina
abou our [Link] is oa era Spiuk_of our Conshkhion
Rwe Squeae h eConsituion into_a Lonceatmte it would be
tha preamble
Sia it conlains all þar of Ha basi strachu of
Lonsiution then hoo Can t he said it is not a leat oE
Owr Canahtahisn.
That sHTcason wky Reghavananda Cale o
kettel
Overxule c R Berubar (ae. amd held-Preamlble is the
paat ol Lorahhkon.
tis meatter Cs me up in mawg Cases
LIC of Indya v/s Conaumtx Cducakion_Reseaih Cente 19454
 The Court eiteald he keshavananela's Co4e +hat
Prcamble is ta inegzal pot lankhkkim
another Cae-ic Dalavi vs Stale ol Taml Nadu 1446 S.c
SCreli p>tamblt do
inhis Hon'Hon ble on

Struck doon ha pensjon Scheme omulaked hu Covof

Tamiladu t rant enron to Ank Hheli Aitotrathe Hon:bl
Sused tha Pramble omel struk doun this þrouistm

lader on anothe lase lama-inwhith everymtn was hoto

Cc omd de Cho made it lear
Cale w - Miherva Mills v UOT 1a8o SC
In Hus Cae ue qushon Cama, whethe omtrdment Can be
made in Ha lonsituhon2 pacam bl Can be camended în
Similar usaC helonsHuhoM sameneled
Whethuri Cam be Camended Uneler Hrt 368)
Held in Keshuoancndlats Conand explaikael in minerua mtls ( a
ane heldSinte a preambl 6 the bart of Ha Coshituhn
Con be amendeel Under Ar: d6s only: out twhile omeadin he
Preamblebne tig # is tp be kapt in mind- hat amy Hha
in tu CosHhurion ah Can be amended but Mot ha oaue
stuckux 6 Ma Coshtshion. Al Hhase haimy uhch ms a
purt oboic shutu ot H preamlale they ill nat be toluchad
I sveny lear tha te ideals of our Co kuin which
retlechedin te pranlble u h bet sthatkue
Memtfer Came up ( ano Case
PA Lhamdar Stadt of Mabarashka 006 S
the
he Colelen geoly whth a Set ub n ua CnsiHtion eu
lexd down in th nanble. hente pream ble Cannat be rouchad
f a r as loastc sButhat pinetplts a Lonterheol
only ohce was tha prtamble Omdee and 4hat was by
42he Amtwdmcad
Act l a 1
whuth added 3 ord Socialist
Secular and
int-gag
all thsee Ore nmo wk aains
basuc Structuae So thalS uhy
Hhoug the ools Secular or Soctalist weanof needcl to
Lonidt_daon in ta _paaimble _as ik is Onvisages alead_in
He hovigto ot Le (oaikuion

So Lahar is a legal_pasihion cane hat is He uklits of

amble1 e pramble is ta ast imporland doinman i
Seks ou te hasIC shttur of lorskkuhisn
ight 1n Ha
beqegt ís an integeral pcart o he Losiwhan anett
Can be ameneled only a pe A 369iS [Link] oltoune
Canno br d o Ctate cmbigutie it can, be uedwhercewerr
any ambigurtg exisBs
Sloly anodl steadily the preamble 6 bei Logi'ed
CAS an impoatant paat of te tenukio I kH not only e
ot ony
Philosa bu also polty oB Ha togkhakon
Preambe Pex Sc- we th people of Lhdia' rave deided
o lemnla i descrilbes th epublicam democrotic chazacl
e n iCosti tukon. imtans that all Hepoor Stems ou
rom Hhe People anythinq and everyHiugohith we See in s.
County All h i sHhiay (Parljamert, Presidert PM ek)
have been Creaed by we t people avd we apcole
Ourscluca elliry ud Hhat if we have to chang Han t only
a o chanaig is qiven by a o ourself Luch
ahcle 368
Bud danger Came hat i one polscal pok
goys (omplete Power iCan Chanae demo CracinAo
CLahoChacy ek. Tisw ralsed in Rcshavanands 3hat s
CaC hen. Scleared ha ha bastc stuure Cant be
Changedaud So inkervontion_oB judiley aken plaa
Though the aapeet ot boAIK shucwe was qiue
bLohat exacty uoill Conskihde baate struthure is Cullee
Out tader o manu m a jualgmtn which Came ader

Lw thPeeple af dla hauig Salamaly Resalued to Conuhue

Idia in a SavercianA
thought fulsy decded ar
India iN be a Sokrtim,

I is idearelent Quthorilyof ta stke.

peck o Soerugn a thee

Iakenal As p«c
 txheanal rhal
b a t a l l y mtan tho we Can
Lrdia is not Subytet to te
Contol o ay othtr lountr leqs labe _on a Subu.
CAwd we Cam auqwire and Prouidee Sgaod for ta puaple
torian Ceundaryt deraitor o but them e oill haue have t o
evem give away any trny be Ha Sub4ict tn the divisinot
leysbtie pouwt
our Consituhionin schecdule aud
Sub jech o a povisi
limiteshios impos«dby othereise impose many limithions
Cur CoNiturim ie. Subjecko uniomS teJkA Loncunehat
hise hing wy cleariied by-kee piin mind hese linitaiam
or He qaod
Magan Bhai [Link]-i930ag La (an be macls
SC
people
cearited by
Sqtheics vs g4 of UP 1990 S
(G TudgA beach

it is HA_owerano obligaion of_a Severgho potet

the rgk ane priuilkges of ik citiend Tkisi s Calec as ta
octtine Paren Patriae sa he Doctihe o eteg Seuread
isel hat of Raem Patriae. shich mea it is te paur anal
o bligasion o SoUerign p hottct ha
its ckens Ths aspect inuaked bohin iale atioral aswella s
domexk loak to po kect hegh o ik takzuthera s
no erpprouisiona in tu tonahilkios whick propsunds the
oloctriR oB laien fatrjae The doctrineot aronsPakziat.
dexiued rom u Pcamhle Rlla DPSP f s Cosiktin
a powcr o a eqtslakua Lither Uion on stae) / t
hus t be clerived rom tConshthion o om Hh Sthseule
AL eowers t e ConsHihhon
s organs o
Ore dehhed by
the ConaHthon. AI Hpouwer a l t an
es ticed by tte tour Corne of h Canstiution. hass the
eagon tho
hLohchever leaslature goes bezodha Cons Htuhiony
t Sudiclar whichpuh an cnd to that Lasit 1s a.
Sudicio
Nudicíaw who is te atch Dog to enzure thot t [Link]
dot not claim an4 exta Conttutional
powr S0any potwer
wch canne be justked undes e expres 3 pouisfons o
Cosihtion (annet be exerCIsedb He o orgomot a
Con hitutna Tus all ws Clear frd in Maaamhai Case

Socialist-ii ua net in tu origna Caiahituhonm. us wod

was added by u2aCAA Basjcaly it was o bina toh
e O,
Concept o Sotalism
ftoable owu ik erisante oom
CbgcchResolahionTaoaharlal Nehu gave he objecki
solukion_in Coashuens asembly on 13m Dce. lau6. Al
Aln
pinaiples 04is which way enakined in obiukve
yeSoluim lleckce in pcamblt. So the objechive assoluhon
form baus o Prcamblet an be satd that only
Sourte ok preamble is objcie esolukin ths objechive
esoluhionas ado ptd on nd Jam14u-by tonsh wnt
Msemb. The preamble can be Called he yod Hed veston_of t
blogechv e Solution Jauoaharlal Neha Nehru ft uwas mort or
l Socalist (n s approachon Centary when Thaua qet
is ihdependene boaitall wA bemod when e have haB
D e world use been qiten a r rigs
when wld- order starid it w Capitalíst.
 he book wcal_otNatios a s bancally he Yuling
oook of Ha wold by Adam gmih th$was tu man
ploso ph oeni wut. apihlst mode mtons ue is
Mo ole Cowenment. Maiket ontes balance themsels i
i Demandsupely and Pica. Th o Lokele esB nahions Applid
S dochine aa Lonkin k{I Aa ndustiltzahiom_ Cam no
b t s whole oald deuided inb tuo Pauks

Haves Have ho
CBaurgeois CPasleharial)
They decreasd -woaktd in induie
became mare ich thy htcaled
be cama poor

Kaal moxx opola Revolt

n e phioso ph
MarxiSm Naa syskem Inhoduted by
Fallad Kaz MAYx
bae-based on egualikwhere gouk aku
Proparot ich people andldrshibue
SaLalisa far Hhez to al Ha apect hecam- Soialis

Amduntd
Communalsm
 Du en iheguality in Capi-sk Povesta a n t out
iks peak amel hoealised HatCovt nerds to Come.
In Cabitalst modtl, ha model o Socalism das addod
w it is Calleel a Miked_ModelTLrs model was -

broug
Cov take he Con hol modss of
o

produton anocdstibue to all

his s Calld fabioh Secialism
Sociaist Madel
had twe sechs
Hwad at extreme in has modal
Caov katontol oRven Humon
beinas ane fell um- what to do one
whe p ot i s 1G Called CommuuE
Socalism: Ceg: RuMa China)

India ook Fabian Socalisma mild [Link]

te Crovt takes th mean o ProducHion ame dsi buk Ao
Lower tlokCif we a dau uilseruaion to $sT/&aws
eh it Lome trom Fablan Sotialssm y

P t ComnauLnsk model alko fotled Rumia devtded

Cxel wcar vsu0 , 1479 S

Soctalism aima to end Pouuer 1g%ranceoe Seajt ard inepual
Dopporunikt Socialtm alldus naional1sahion amol
Stat ownoaship meaas poduchion
 Fabian Socialism wasby Ne hu i Nehau ji Loas_alwa
Coihcol

on thevicto ofSocialist Countr Cromdh í was

ylew o Agaaian Soialism wth wag ejectead by Nlehauji

bu ladex hs Conept ofIndustaialisatm ale chia
applie Co Cqandhi j s ConetoB AgraHiam Socsal1sm
hch we see no china s a saper pouefal lounta
And in 2o02 Jndia reaused agaictltr aarecalkre IS o
be taken 0s íme movina tDce i AgraaNom Socia|ism

3dMayLoA.
Secular Alrtady dascusses

DemoCha
Demoay I is basitally of poo ypa

ftrect

their powes
People exercise In Tha
Directl SWitzerland Peopleeptod
i hos u_devitey i r owneprejenkHg.
Hat pexson will
udeuiles oDAect Demolaacy d t make Lasws.
A peck ot eleckiong
Refecnelum law is e £ered LOmes uMdea tus
eople be fore it nado
Inithahve rople iittakt te bil C Lolal bih)
Rucoll t selected person dos mot_distharqe dst prep2rl
 abian Socialism was Coihed by Nehau i Alehau ji Lou alwa
on he vico off Socialist Count Crondhiii was t
yleo o
Agaian Socialism uwuth wag ejeced by Nehu ji
b u adtr hus Concept of Industaialisahom faed Chia
applel Co Cqandhi j[s_ Conko* Agranna Socialis m
hch we See no chi na is a Saper pouerful (ountay.
And in 2o02Idia aused agsettar aqrttalkre is o
he dakem o s bine moui oce js Agranom sotialsm

34May o3
Secular Alcady ds cussea
Denab Cha4
Democay is basitally of too hhe
Bigect fntikec

People exercise teia poes In 1hdia.

Direc SWiBzrland Peaple epten
i hos 4 device i r ownae prezekkbg
Hat þersen oill
udevites oDiect Demoac e t nake Laws.
A aspeck of eleckiany
Rfacndum lew is e ffercd LOmes uMder thwS
eole before it is mado.
Initiahive rotle iitat He bill Cy Lkal bih)
Recall ifseleced person dlo mot disthatqe dudy reply
 voker Can eCal)
Ple bisike he mater o publit_imporlante is at asked t
peoble for Hir acetamce e UN Sd t Plebisik n
Yashni Junagarh ple bisikk oas hetdl aud people said Hy
want o l in Ihda. the people dicily dectde He pubji

Democacu doetma a polikcal cltmoCatit albo

includes Socid demaCag tconemidemecrac lequal Hgkk).
India is llasia a democay whith meaN by th peole
D ople a o r a peapl

Repuhlh-I s s a skcie odemodraty

Demo ac
Choo tyka)
Moyarchjal Republic
Head is hunidkto) Head Sate isalueaya
Queen Elizabeth T eltehed and for Sho peMod:
InDdka the eleuhd head is fesident ad hetains
in hus ohce for 5 ycasT Conept of repulblic Came from
Fench voluion I meams ouer is wih Ha peoble and u
not Concentrated one pean.
In pub lcall people oe
equal Cnd ho SeLal
SpeLad
ghs axe thee whe holda ohte oa Countay oice of
a Countrywhith exists is done rom ta appoinhhment 0
Selkti whth S olso een duidel b e tha people'
 In Lholua, it is a cbublit deadon bung we don haue

ay pueleyed pesond
And to Secu allis cilien
Ju Hle Sotial tConomil and polihital
ee shoula be Mo Socal iser dasHncton batol on Caste

Creeal Cslour Yae Sex lígiom ct

Eonomic Jukte mean non discrimihatiom
Disti ibukiw Jushie Tich Jows mart ax
Poor Pay no a
Polikcal Jwkie mta qualpoliita Righk.
Th wore Jhte s akenom Russian Rauoluion.

Liba o heukterbstonbeleath and worskp

Libeay s oneof e most fumdamenal igkt.
Likty ot mind s most inparkant thingA man must be e
trom hs mind he shauld hei be Scrvikuda ot anyone
Libea s akea em Exench Reualuim

tqualuy ok shtu and o}hotaiky

tquali s a Concapt lovered by clemouay qndl
RepablicEven our fundamental Rigk Sart from equalily
A u-1e). Eveybody ha a gkt to uoke Acult sufeage-
whith is Uiversalall hese printhle ae of Cqualitt

Fraler ni 04Suinghe dgnity of the ihaundual ard he

Cuniy avd inicani ty of he Naktm)
wos aed mee a he to{t FratrniH4 "S neeo wa more
nohtM ConaHtuhion in makina but. now, it
n eneedes ymore
balkward Classes
itha Aao
Religieus Mncria

Ineltta Sawhhty Union ok Iholka l2a3 Se

CaJdg Beath)
the suheme Court h thar ernithy assur
cktgnity o anindividuas has Special cle uance in 1hda
3peciall in e Conkat o backiaad ne.

or Cenhutiespeople hadlonktal daun upon Cauk and hy

have not been allaxa to paeticipale in social lithats uwhy
it was mort heeded to upltt Ha backwod classe anel has
wh we give eservakions
Man udgmenk agajnane agoún Said India us a
plae r rligiou miheihes AllHa mihoiky choose o jemoin-
in India and sine they themsulus chaosed to lie in Inalia
So it is t cduky o majoito rakrnse wiHn Hhem.e
Should ba made Comforablewith as hat ot Majo i

ag
Lnadia Satwhnea O Ors VUOT
The tou held. in.a tountrg like gurs wim So man
c s truchve lortaot egidnalism lommanal 5m avd linguali sm
he unty and thlearit ot be India Canonly be resumed
by sþiitt o brotherhoodTholia hadOne lomman Chuns amd
eel he is Thdgan s t rupeCtie of other
euey Ci 2en Should
Caje
s ha
Lohch cbesenhtd _only epcople
Conl tiuct cssembly
Conhtutim made by thcm s Vaud)
The Hon ble Sc heldY if is bua Hat they daudn't
Consthuhiam is hot
epesened all but cutleast thty cacnkeaThe
hr all c euen ipauide
itpouide
adtor ajority i t is eaually
Cim
Scrvakion to minority-

Tn our
n our Lonshikaent auscmbly s tocna sizBh clay ot
Navem ber lAu4 do Hecby Adopr
Ehactaa
Grive it e ourselv
his lendi
ttin
15 Aatcl adopkd Ond eracted on > Q |n| l244
Rat all on-26 Jan 1450

he painkhy on heamble donc by-Nlanellal Ghsse

The whole Conthuton_Loa hand written and in Calligrapoy

Pyem Behai ano later itwos wittn m_flooina
ialic design by- prtm Behari Narain Rauzada
 ScHeDoLES
Hac schtdluls parh Lenklution)
Yes
or he amend ment_of scheolulas, is i t meded to Amepel He
Cohhhion2

Schedule -1
1 was subshhuted by * AA l956
Coves Arhle and 4
I decidu Staku ame UTs Name amd ta)
Jammu and Hashmir _bccurd in schedule L_
Art I r d t a that S ghaat shal be Union of shku.

l s Tamma cid Kashomir a part of Lla )

It s a þart of Ddia a it ot ocumd in schedlule L
ItISapvt a part ot oniorahith 1sindistruthble.

CurnHy here_a r Staba

8 Union teniornaJLk Ladclakh

Dadha ane Nagar Haveli mergecd into

DamanAnd Diu
Schelule-2
Sen Second Schedule cdeals wih the Salang - E

Pesident 5 lakh Pm
Ctoverner [Link] 3.5 lakh Pm
Sptaktr
Depuby speakor
Chautman of Rajua Sab ha
Depuky chait man u{ RS
SupremeLoutt ( I 2:8o lakhPm
Suprcme ouat Judge -dSo lakhPm
Hgh Caur LJ 5o lakh Pm
Htgh CatuaJudges :35 lakh_ Pm
Comrolle am Hudaos Ccemera

*Does Schelule &ovude the Salaria of vie aidentPaime

minisBtr MfsMLAs iMs ek 2
No
the
he Salarits of Judges o SC anel HC qne ckuet juskce are mada
hy Lhgh Lout and Supeene Cout Judged
Salarie awe LonditionN oSe Amendmank Ae o Ig
uM May aa
Sala of ute Destdent.
Pesidendoc nat have kus oun Salaye_he gefs
Salar 0 Cleiman of Rajya Sala awe vice Ppekjdon
perormsPaidents duy in us albsan e ha ddauss He
Salary ofesudet

Salaries o Chaimam speakec

dul o So many Amenemens in Lokauabla Hy
Are Crouernea lby Lolakha ulu

Sala a Comtroller And auditox Gtnu=

Hedegaas a salary a muhas Ha h jodges
o Suhtme Cout obaa:
r entaoler and auclitar geneal oluties Pavde
and Londlikion of saruice Ach-14H1 H Lomtidler ane
Qudity Gtneal shall lbe paid equa to the Salaiel o
Sudges ot Ha suþreme Cauyh i ASo.m

Schedule3
Lohoever gek HeConktuhona Post as o jake an
Oota oaH ae ien in Jrd sekesit Schedule hee
Cre a Loay o akig an oath-
ds I Suear in he hame of Cod who have faith in Cmd)
i I Solemnly affiim Cuoho doesm hae touain Cod
i athexsE)_
 au of oalhs arhert

Alleaiante to ha Seche cy o
Cchlinn
Iwillhaue [Link]. aHus oata is 4akon byall-
Allegiauce to He LonsikuhoM- minis tera
ot Iralia
wo ever SubnK H ptm of his oSe
fox eletion or nomirohimter i t thy val tatnuillb-
MPs qwd_MLAs ae also. pushdino=
needed to ake His Oata 6ua Secxh A

here axt y MPs_and MAs in Lrdia

Nominae Eleck

Hey botA take oa

OATHS
Oalh or amiMskr jor the ian
L rue a n alegiante to he CanaHhahon
aitn
I 0ah of Sece
 Oodh fcx a liniskr r a Stale
ue im and allegiante to H Cantikahon
0ah ot 3ecret
A oath or affrmaion o Candidak br elecHon to
Pauljea (b ubkald Sovtttignly axnal intugrityof
India) M P o r m A

=whoeue, Camdidake provoka e_Lommwal uli in

Tdia. ey bak is_oah thay mut not orget 4at
t art uer oah

8 a oath or_alttmahiam bu mewnber of Parliamen

Celected or nomiadtd
to ushald Swgnand integty of India
Oeoath eally cusckarge udubt
JIT A Cardidate oelechon p H leqslaurt of a skk
CSame as Candidascbr [Link] to ParliamertJa mLA
VL 8 Mem berof he Legislaturt o ashk Celeched o r namiw
(Same oA member ofPaaliame I B
I Juclqu of Supneme Court andLamptroller axe
Aud tor-Genaal of India
uhold he [Link] hL Laus
V Sudga of High Court
CSame SJudg)
 afkrmakion by resjden A t 60)
Oah or Lonshthon anol Law
[Link] o cleknel e
oell- bein4 ota_ people
aso b deuok to u Seruice and
O t Induia
Ltakes oah in front o CgL or in his abgc a Khior
most udge o supreme Celu

Oath or alitnaion by e Ccrhor Ard Is9

mekenvenket Ono delend e Lanahthonandl a o
Ane b_deuak to he scuite ana well: buirg of
peale o his Slak
takug oata in hesenee af Cot Hgh Coutof tha sksk_
r in his absenc hLsenormosJudga of o at Couetf)

Oata oalkimainn bu H uitz-Acsideast(Axt 6q

- paitaklly dsckage a duly
aka oáth in_patna of Paident r Someeple abpoAkd
in Ha bhalk by kin

Schedule -
Allocakon ak seals inLaunil of Slata (Rajga_Sabka
Stas_in Lok sabha Apd RajgaSahha au aA peraopulahn
Moxi mun stasgh ot Rojya Sabka= 0
A pruent -233
the MP_ofOne s t epeserk tha equal Moo
eople theM p_o anotherStahe doe
while Computiry Ha Yumber ot members o Patliamont
intly l number MPs allouwedart qiven by
LorHthion
In_Pajua Sabha maximumumbers o4 MPs_allouacal.
art
&50an UP ha maximum pobulaian=
we make go ms rom OP hon anotherStde will
harte- haudlg get an eptaemstm
So tomake euergting Unitorm in Hhe loumtr

okich Callea babaahonal rresentatim. in other uooeld

a nMpma Cometrom anguohert hat may be Reaala

Tomadaue, punjab or any aher shke allohem

will be rpdentg ual numbtr of Þeaple

gSupbota UP_lot n people arala merit

cleaxy meam-each me epresenHng lo peolple
Similarlyin sikm it thee are lo pcopleHa coil
be One_MP
and in Chaneltganh (UT) here ar Peaple No
M
oill
b e here.
 Delimiahon _oConahimentig

LHs Steat uith an examle

Suppose there ate 3 LonsHtuencica-AB_and and all

3haue lo keople eath Maua here 1S mB.8)MPCB) ane
MPLC hr H 3onabikueniea [Link]
Maso Supbase pobulahon inGeades in CondHuency A ane
j t becone 4ohen Conahluency A will be scalea claon
Cnal Lonsikentl an Caill panel anol again people-
Lill devided in equalpnporhoni mtansall3
ConsHtuencies aill Mpu have ao locople_each
Breaking d baumdeui ot Loshueny to aihaia-.
equal poporhion is Lalled- Deliniakon ot lantiuentia

h s exextise at delimihahion 8hauld be aken byt

atr eery Centu hu So muh o chaosorisc hile
elinikion iha veg dangeaukxeaisetaalis shy ow
keeb stponing itnexk deliniaton postpental to o26
b u Conahilukanal Amendmeat At

maxlmum Na ol RS y Seak UP (31)

Secone Mahaaihtn (9)
Thiad Taml Nadu (1)
Fouuth 6iha and weB Aeng Cl6)

RS Seaks ih JammuL koahhair O = aeo ganization

Att-o1n)_
Total No of slaku in Irdia å?
Union tritorics 8
Nao4 stola ohich shall have
epegendaion 36
Actua No of saa AUT ohick
haleReenaion 1

OHer 5 s UT are haidng- Sa lspopulahsn

HaE s_Lsdd _not epreus in Raiya Saka

UTs Lakich cla nat haue nhsesahion in Raiya Sabka

-Chandigarh
- laddlakh
Dada amd Nagar Haueli and Daman and hu
daman ane Nitobar klands
-Lakshadueeh
 5 Ma 209

Fifth and Sixth Schedulesaxe more o r less

oour Constikion Sixth excepHona
scheolule is euen Calle Mini Conti
hert eATC Cexteuin areos oith have been Order
the Conol of schchuled cTtaJ or
Stheekulea ibes, oall Hhes
tibes koaue calwap been backward,
because Hhey ar tibes ,as
a result
heir deulepmemt has no bee 0 s good anel alSo he
have their oonibal [Link] needs » be protectedl.
So he trst þoind is thas, y they c r e vey-uay Uraderdeuleped
hat is he reaßon wh Hhe Shall be
gien a special saty.
So that heir deulopmentwill tolk þlace in_adifkren Ly .

Lnhe rible axcas déjded inw 9 pax

Schedule 5 Schedule -6
Covers So many tibs. unaler tais only fe tribu
2ohereever ere s lok of CAre Covereel: uohich art
Concentarion on ibs those peuallu mentoneol in
CATcas are detared a Para 2o
Schedule a a avsl atkr declanly 7 heeLau whit ae
Specral Las OTe macle or Hnem Mot appliale b thte
and also gium special eatmest ribal arcas demenhioud
Ueler explaiahim.
this schedule deals ohly
wihafu shku- Assam
MehalagaInpurak Stk Mizm
 Schedule -5
Uder i s ot Scheokule. 4 Stees are not Coucrel ie
HsSam MeghalayaTipuraand Mi2oam because Artas o
heae ySlatu ar lovered d Uhder 6 m Schedule
Ne Couernor of the skk will make
aport
ano he wil Send it p brestdent hat uohidh ae He
Schedule CAreas Qne hen he onion i l l give dirchon to
He stet 4h hous t un odministrakon o hue
Scheduled r e

huch crca ae Callecl Scheeuled arcas?

Pat C clause 6
1. Schealuled atea in ohsituhion meansSuchaleas as
he
the president may by
order declare to be a SchedulelO1t
So to declare an area a s Scheduled
Cea. no
legislaton is quired the resident by Sihgle pres tdenhal
OrderCan declare an aeato be_a Schealuled
aa
a.a)schedulea a r t a or paat ofa schedule arca nma Caase t
be a sthedule ma
area by a preidental ordet
aa scheduled area Can be inccased atten
Ceverhe of Hhat state.
Cohaullehon b
b) Altta sheduled ata by rechkcahon of boundanjcs
C) whex the boundand ave alkrd the bibs of ano they aea
Can also be th pat of Scheduled arta
a) Ay_ozder Cam be ancelled anc a r8h omder oil_be made

Scheduled Ata- Mostly ibal ara shich Are So m a r -

Indiathey ore ih dee forcak, tmeu are not dtuloped.
he ata herc hey live ae declared a hduled aca ane
the union give Order
acLordingly hoy ar governed. Diecty
Tgardinggovc hante ot these axas to He stat.

to he are Coveynead2

Poat Bclause.y

Lahereer hexe isa scheduled_area or Scheduled tibe tho

Skall be_a Iaibal Acluisey Ccsunal oho ail) gocn them
TaibalAdvisoyCounilshall okaIs ofhot more than d0
membese_but of skom y shall be cþreaenhig schealule
i bes in he lagislativ alcmbly of he Sa t mtans
yu membusoi be MLAs
uidedi he numbers ol yeserved seak fr MLA
Or lesu haan thad 34 Seah hen the eatre-maininaq
S a Shall be Rlled oy other membeH of hose ibe.

1 t shall be he duky of Tribal Adusoy Counil CTAC) to

aduise on Such matttrspetaininngto the Loclfare ancl
aduanamdnt of he scheduled tibex in hestale

t h e goueno wil noa make Tules

egordi na
a numlotrs mem oeS of hm Cunul amd h
ol
QApointmcn eh
 (6 the Conducsof ik meeknas and ih braceelurt (n geno
ALAlL other ihcidentel matters.

ClauseS Las abpliCable to Scheclulel Crta

(1Gouethor by
by Simble nohthcakion Can make any Uion
la inapplicable or staBe law inalblicable and also
Can make any la os pat oLas alpplicable in hee arca
Subeth tb Such excephions and Moottahions 04 may b
speciea eccding p the neeal o has arta.

) Rqulations uill be made by Crostrnakeeping in mind

ha okat shaldd he the best tor thenm.
thssetqulakond may
Proib 8umct the tra fer of lana
Or

Allot lad o tm hem.

)Ralote the Cauina on 6 busi ne of mohey lenas
b pesonA
These peoble skli fall nder foul trick of mony lendes
hads wh CcDveY hment made an act ar money lenders Called
Money Lender s ACH to proct thee nnotent people hom
mone lende

3 Ceverhor Can Set aside any Union or sht lao andCan mmke
his o wn la br Hha arca

4 Al theregulahon made bu Couer hoT Shall be oended b

Hpaesident
Lha Is PLSH Ac 96 PESA Act i Panchaye
Extenion o Seheculed Areas Act
The Panchayai Ra Syatm of rala which
Came through Hhe 3 0 Amendment uill also be applicalble
t Scheduled [Link] that Panchayai Ra syatem is
here in tibal Aeas
It sel Lovernante through edihoral
ram Sabha in Scheduled es_asen

HhEndmat o h Sthedule
Part 0_ clause-1

Tes schedlule is the pat o Lenshhrion SoLan th

Omtndment of His Schtdule be Called e Cendh hhor
GmEnelmcnt7
Porliamend Cam aomcnd His Schedlule by a simpl
ma prilThouh a ith Schalule Is H hast of He
Conshtuhionbut i neednot b&Amemalecl us Conhtwional
amenement Under Ar368 a simple majoriof Hhe
parliament is ensuh Ccld Varor cpCal ay of
t prousior of his Schealule
 Schecule -6
This Schedule is also Called Mini onikdion, it
Dpplis only in the crea of ASSammqhalaya Tripura
Cne miloyam

Para o Table

Pant (ASSam Paxt 2LMeghalaya) Paxt 3 (mi20 ha a)

The North Ceachar 4RhaSI Hills Drstic 1 he Chakma
hills Dishict & Tounhoa Hills prshich DIstic
a. he karbí Arglo 3 The Craro lhlla 2. The Mara
Dist Distnic DIStct
3 The Bodoland Pax A (Iibural 3 The ee Lai
heitoria otta Tibura krihalaeas OrStrict
Drsc DISthi

- tohallo dshich are Covered by Hus çchalule

thuae
Hose 1o dastrick are CallealAuton Dmus Dstich
itmean Jur
the han their OOn Crover nwnt, t t e own laws,
her oon economAtheir ouon elechionthas whg
AS Schedule is Callol muni ConHkuhon

Any lauo of Ihdia 15 not applied he they haue hir

Dwn legislakure xeuuhie ano JucuCuy
 DiSferent ibu Can be ther in one Dstritt So hey C
So devided rgion
thgar Loise intha Distic i
One tribe in_one reaion an another tribe in ano thtr regim.

Para-1 Autonomud Dstick cnd RegjondA

G) Districk in Part L I , [Link] II of Para do CA
Autonomu Districk.
) T here ae dilktrent ibu in an auo nomus_ dusbrct
then he CroRrnor_Can devide he chsarick aneas inko
Cu onomu OAS Lohich are Calleck Auonamuus reaion

3Couernor may b publit Nohkiaion

include a dea in park of Para as able.
b excluale CnA ata iom h e
C Crcae u new aubnomul DistncE.
d inreale e ana.
e)Diwnish he areo
t Ote one_or two autonomus cusBick
(G Al he name of ay Autohonmus Distitk.
h Define he boundanes f any Autbnous Dis trit

Cb vermor Cannot do all Hus Suo Moto a Commismon will bc

-

mad or Hus Oder Para 14anel Coerher will aller

toepo rt of e lommisMOn.
auordih
 Paxa Censhhhon of DIstrict ancl Rthonal owncil

U) Thee shall be a District Counl ot br each Qubnomus

cusBnct. in which maximum 30 membes will be hoae.
Out of 3o member, u membes willbe nominatel oy
Ccovr Mor aol þtople wilI be eleckel.

a 1f here ae diflerent hibu in_one DisBrict then hepe

will be a RtagiorelCcuncil which will look agtr only
ha qional arta
in Meakalaya.h e e a Khasí Jaintiaane taro
e
hibes they hae Har Separak xaions n a n aqen reyn
h e is a Complek ibe thon a Rewonal CouncilCan alayd a

be
be mads tor hat ragnon

which uill
(3 Every D1shid Counuilwill have heir own name

Susel
be Congiderea a Comleke body (orpozak ,whch Cah be
Ceuncil
CAne Can Sueie. a Complek le_al entiby The Ragioral
Shall also haik oon name

(4C5)-Distric have all h pouers b , chane tgrona

hen hat will be
Counulhas Mot ivtn a power
Covtred by dishict Ccun

C) Croutt hor shall make the ule br their hrst ConNhhuh on-
Com oSi hom,
n whuch everythuna wil be preacri bed e
Pehtaion of Conshtuen of tmb nes separahon tom
tahe ek a H roledurth Shall h»stMy be berfoa nee
 elelehons wil be
bu the lovernorafter thak Hr oon

Co nducka

ecf Elechonin Irdlia

atnCa For Iribes
- MP Hutdnomu Dishic
MLA - hy at electea for 5 ycass
Local Radiek

6A) The elechta membexso the Dishict Ceunal shall holed

he ohte r the tem of 5 4caonle dslels onder
Pona-1 Nominatd membexs shall hsld e ote a t he
bleasu of hu Coethor
Provided in Cwe oB emtrgeny he Sam prouaIons
Lohich ae applitale h Lok Sabn CExBenhon of Lak Sabha or
one year) wll be applid o DisBickA Couh ik means Distmtt
Coumci)s hre will he extemeled for One yeal:

Para l6 Dissclution_of aOistitt or a Reuaa lounul

T CoveYnoY feels that he4_are dloih SomeAnh
Thdsa Akuita the e loernor Cun Order o r u dissoluhon
O Dishnc or Regioral Counil on Reccomtndation of Conrssjm
onder Para -1y

Drsrict eun will run he [Link] heir Area

e Corkha ills Cauneil uns te admnishahon of
Daajeela
th londud teir Own elethoy
 Para - Powcrso DIst»ick_and Reional Countib o make
LaIS
La Lans Matters Allot mentOcupathion or eSethng
obexek
Managementof foess as loeatis a big_Sourte of oeal
e CTimber Assam tak ek)
C s oB Camal_or water-Course fr agricukure punpos
d Prathce of Jhom Culhivahton ie Shifhny Culhvahon
CHhese ao bad fo Sol)
e Establishment o uillage or touon Commstieano har poe
f) all maHurs qadling uillage cne town lka- adminstahion
I'ncladig bon polsepubli healta Sanitalim e
Appoihtment o Chiet or htacmam
hhheri Irherikane aus
ú Mariagad divotce laus
) Social Customs

he
hey are
Capable make hir own laws he Lauo ,

Mad by
mad by them skall be Submuthe o Couernor and Haose laus
will not be e echin unhll Coverhor qiv his atend

Laws hmade by for the aMen Lauw wl

Dustrich or AssonkCome in
Peghona Counil over no force
 Para-u AdmiKIS rahionof Juile in hutencmu DISth
Cne Rqion
(uillage Caunls and uillage Couk uuill be ht r
tial of Coua k and ad Caje) behoren he parh all
Hhe sha bclang to Schedulkd tribes within Suth aea
heydon aqise Ay out of e Shule er Oie-
village or touon Council_oilldecide hat usho oill be u r

TheyTht also hau appella þauers So htllcxexise

hir awn powts Le out of Appeal in upett of
all Suk and ales biable by uillage Cuneil or Louat

o n l y ogaize Hgh lout ot tat Stukand Suhea

Cou
they mauke heir on Lauwsown procedurta and Hir own
Cou

Pocedurt o be ollbuotd by Rqjonal Ane Dishtt Ccuhil

or i r appeallale Ccun
enfortemint of Ceesionaane
cll other onillary matkers.

Para - 5 Conerment of CPC anel CiPC

onlyonly Ae Goernor for tnalof susansing oEotany

Lsw of he awo nom aa 0or CaeA whch havt
Punish memh- of Death oa LI or
Impi onmet mane than 5
 cas heCroveTnor. may app CPC or CrPC

)Loverner mayma wihdraw or nadthyay of He bowen

Conferred On ca dishitt Counul

3 CPt Cnd &PC shall nat apply- Ha fral of any

Sut.

Para-6 PooeY of DIStait Countil

The Disthitt Counl may Lonshruck Primary Scho
cksptnenMarkk,konsPonds Reads Road hanpor
wakr bale ek

Poar-
Thce will be hir own fund Calld Oishrch fud

Para-
-Thy oill deude ur own land Rauen
will_dectda ur oon far
taxu on pro i n
tuxs on Animals Uekiclaboak
MaintenanLe of Scheols
Enter aun ment, Ammudemenrs

Pora-
These plats dre Minerak rich plaLes ho a uCence
OT MIherals Shall be provided by hem ondy awd h
royalHs wll be taken by them&clue
POaa-lo7 Control on
Money lendi
ending
PoArC 12 ssam)
No Lasos of ssam Legs lature will be olid Har
Specialla
Specially he law elaled to Liquor_s no act of HA
legislaturi prohibikng tLonsumphion o amnon-dishllel
alcoholc liquor shall pbly
Paa12 A me ghalaga Same a m )

Para AA Tipura Same a am)

Par2 5 miLoram Same _a Hiam)

Paxa Ther 6xpemcihu oillCome homloniolidakel funed

Stale.
Para 14 The Coveno mayat a poiht of ime, abbojnt
Clomissiomto examineand rpor on an pert
matter specihedhy im elaking te adminsBraionof Such
clishatt h e epot of evey suchComm'ssion with8 tte
ettom nlommendakion of Crouenor shall be laicl
beore He
Ske legislahure Nos he Skhe will ban i t amd provide
budge br h a arca

Paa 15 A any poiht ofHme Coverhor 1s ahsheel tha

Aon
de So luhom of a D1Sict o Tgio naud
C Att
or

Counuil , is ikely to endengeL tha Salohy Irda he he nma

lily
 Onull or Suuptnel such act or cSoluhon or
Can Suu euel He Lownil

Para 2
OPaliament May hom tme o ime by La ma
amnd by oddiioM Vartakon_or heal S scheeu
Parliameynt Com hange it by SImplemajorHhy
T will not deeme do be CmOmendmen Ondur
Arhcle -368

h e are d scheouley whch dae Hhe bort

bfhe Cnshi hion by_don reqin onshthiona)
Omend mem o amend
Onull ot Suhtnel Such act o r Soluhion or
Can Su enel h Counul

Para
Paljamtnt may tom Hme o himt by Lawmay
amend bu ocledlitionVartakom or theal i s scheslaul
Poxliamet Com Ckangatby simle majory

wi not deemed to be an Omendmnt Oneur

Arhcle 36

S o het are schtlules ohth a tha pat

o h e Conshi huhon by don' reqi Conshituhma
OmEnd me to amend

Moy 2o23
Schedule 1
Sevcnth ghedule epen basie aspech o
tderalkmiwich is basically Separaion powes ve ive
in has Schedule in Lokich he are 3 lisk Union isB
Stae list ans Concurrent IistCImportand hings_ae al
with He Unio

List I Union lst

Defenceof India
Naual, military and air forces Camd amy othe Atmd pre
Aams fircarms ammun Hon 0d explosivs
fAbmic energy minevalLsourLA
Central Bureau of Intelligence and dhgahion CCB1
Foreignars
Uniad slahions Onganisation
war and tate
Extha dihion
Railway
Shipping and nauigadion
Poa declasd by la
Aitways airtatandl nauigahm
[Link] helegaaphi ieleplhonesLwiels ek..
Lurrencylainage nellaaaltnder, prign xchange
Fore ign loand-
Rescive Bauk of Ihdia
Post okte Saiga Bank
Bamkin
Ingu rance
Onion Publie Seruice CommissionUPS CJ
Elechons to Paliament
Audt ok Acounk of the union one of he shues.
Duia o Cxise_ on peoleum
Taxes on Inome ome oker Lan Agrjultunal inoe
CA Mamy MOre.

LIST-1I STATCLIST
Pabhc Ovder Lao and o rder in Stale
Polite
PriGons eormatong Boxslal inshtukn ek.
Local government
Pulblic halh, Sanilshion, hospilals ave dläpenSau
Pilgimage
Intoxitai igue
B a l s ane gtourds, Cremahon grotunek..
Libadiesmuseun ek.
Hariulhue includirs argiulkual eeucahon and rsrath.
watr suppha imlgaton Canals ek.
Lana
Moneg- lendig
Alcoholic liquors tor human Lonumpho
0piumndion hemp Marcoic dtugs
loxes on CohSumphiom_or Sale of eleckricit
Taxes on_profemions tads Calli anel emplogment
Toxes on enkrminmenCamlemeu ek
n e l many mort

LIST J - Contunen list

Crimira ais
Crimiral Protedur
reventiw Deento
Remova trom one stak to ano ther State prisoners
Mamagg omd divorte
Tyanster of Pro perty
Contratk including Pantnershib agenyeku
Actionable wrohg
 Bankaubhy CAnel insolvency
Tut and Truleey
Rdministahen ok Juhte
Adminishanys-4eneral and ocial tutres
Evidente and oadks
Civil Rotechut
Conlempt olCout
Foass
Tnde nicnd induahial and labour dispuks
Legamedital and other prolasimy.

Deapite of beivg LonCutent 5tat Canho make a latu

Lwhich is eþugnent ta he Cenral law.
Art-25y Dochine ot Re pugnanty
Schedule - 8
baais of this Schedule thot. India being Onihyin
Diutrsily shk has b rcegnine nst only undmeu pghk hut
languagu ofminihes top Cas potehing elanguage
minortie also included in tunetameual ialkk) or His puspese
Slae needs t decide that ich lakguagu ax to be
eCogniled

Hou mayLanguagae theren Eighlh Scheolule2

22 Lavguagt
1 Assamese
. Bengal
 3 Bodo 9h CAA 2003 2. manipuri 41S CAAl19L
Dog 13 MaatH
i
S. Crujaan l Nelpalí
bihdi [Link]
1 Kannada l6: Punjabi
8 Kashm 11 Sanskrit
9 konlka Ig. Santhal 91HA 200
lo Mohilli q2d CAA 260 Crble's Languan)
Malaualam 19Sindi t CAA 196
do Tanl
> Chglish het tere un &1. Telugu
Languags 0s Chalsh toos Urda
Calready ued in ergting
that is ohg We needid to
beCognize hege laguagis
Pat XVL
ofhcial LarguagusLAnquage o Onion)
Ad 343 ofical language of' ke Onion.
CU Official language Hrdi in Oovnagari Scipt
Numerals Tndernatignal forM of Indian Numeroals

engl1sh languuge Union Shall Conki nue o we t er.

ofhcial purpd ohere it oy aheady in
wa) for 15 YeaYs hom the (emmencement of Me
Cona hi Hon
 Duided udent mau duzina Hhuse glad authernse
wewe o Htdi oih Chglsh Langug
3 Aler I Jeas Yarlfamen by law provide a H
w o
a ) te Chglish LanguagoOY
b t Deynagarn-tom o nume Yals

H 3uu omhission anal Comithte ol Paaliamemt on

ofhicial languag
A Commissio wa be Conuhte rn tive
ater tr ive yeay
Of Comnaindement of Censlikuhion ano e r furHher lo yeas
o

(omminemat ol [Link] uakere hese ill bu

A chatmana o memben eprejenhing cufferent lauauages of
eig kh scheeuds sho would ecommehe to He prehdent=

) a ) he bogpoaive we o Hdi languago of u o hcta

pureosesof UnionM
i t h o n on thewe of Hs English language_for all or
On ofHe otial burposes of e Onion
(CMe lanauag to be wed for al or_a of H purposes
menhiones in Ax 348
h e oum of numerals o he de tor any one or
Moe Specuhea pupos of he ion;
e) oher mater elhnd fb_ me Commisaion by Þrehden
tgardiglanquase pr lommulicaion hetween Oman ael
Stak o Cypee Ont stak to ano Ma
wile zetemmedi riomendig,Commisgin Shal have
hoe
ou reqar to-industial_cultual ane ScinnhtiL aduahlemend
qe person balorg igto non-Hihdi

A Commitea o 30 membes ao members o hote o

h people ayueo of memhen ot H lounet

Committe shal examine TeCammendaton) oCom53ion

and rebort to Pauiderk thair opinion.

Regjona Lanquagus
Ha 3us OtAicial Languags or lanquagt ot aShade.
Sae mag o leisakurt mau adopt one or mo
D H larguagu n he of L stak or Hirdi for

Ar 36 Lanquae authornsed by Uhion Shall be the

Rctad lang uaga tor Communi (aHon_between ohe
.
Sate ho umother skke Qnd between stet and Uion
Phovided- it 201 more Stales, agTee n make
Hiuei Languaga tor oital (ommunícahion betcen Ham Hhon
hy may u .

A 347- Itþresidut u Soahs hed that a Supstanhal

pro porhonot th Sale Populahian desire uk any
Laneua CSpokeh by them) be rcogieby Had ske.
then
then eventit doemtbctome apa of eghkh Schcolula
 t Paurden} Can noh i a ocial lan uag o thot
Stale

Langua of he Subrtme Couet High louuta tk

At3us >Lanquas in SCHC and for Ats Billa ek

u Nehok Notusthstarlirg ayig

Onll Porliament aks amy Lau
a all roceedings of SC_nd HCs
b) the authorilaive texk
) A Bilks inteduced in Parliamcnt or in Skt leaslakurt
i AlAc pamed by Paalsaenkoa she 1eqrslakutor
Ordirane by Paident or Covtrnor of a Shk.
Givall oders ulequlatien auel by-laws uneler
Conshtuhion or undlerany law made by arliamtn or

Stat leHslaturt
Shall be in Ehalish languaga

)Notaithstanding anything in lay_ Guermor of a Skutc

witm pxior Conent of Pesidentmay authorise Hindi or
of Shedule-3in proceedirg poceedi of HC
a lag
hawin
hauin piiple set in that staf
povided- Not aþlicable on
Jualamend Oecaee

Ox Oxder 3cd H
G) Notonhstardury ayhing in iStale legislakur preson
Ony o mer larqwgehan Ehg lvsh
br or Aeh, Bill, ordinnn ck
 m raslabion of ta Sae in Chqlsh shal be deemaslto
be autkei tai

A 349 duaiha IShom Comnencement of Con

ya
no Bill or amendmerd prouisin tor lang uage be
edwithout permission al Prcudeu T þrwdent
Con only giR Samchon aeCohicderin elemmendahins
of Ccnnmis3jon 3uuy amcd ha Teport olembitlee 3uu(

Spcciol Directives

3So Lanquag to Tedo of grances-

y anquage Con be uecor qrivanceto any
ter or
athorihostak or Uiom
ve
350A Mother n tongut at pihmary saqs Dirtthiv Prnupi
Tha langua otmether-tongus hal he taugh
aprinmery Ste of educahon fo ckilcdn belonyina to
e linquishc minoril group-
Judgment by Sc Kannadain karnaa ka w mads
Compulso
HI Class 6mit wal Challanaec/
ih SC, Sc Jhfied it_as
per s Ark:35oA
351 2 DeVebment of Hinda Language
Oion shall promo k u sprad of Heli
Language5o it
serue aull elemen b of Combosile Culkoe of [ndia if
or Vacabulary dw from Say knt prmery Qal
necesary.
en ay otme langua
12-Ma 0a8

Scheclule 9
when India got ik Ddependdene tha kime the
rald b proptty oa fundamendal aiakt, there were los
of lonullord CZomindos Who kave a huq landhaldings
So tha first [Link] akich_ has to be carritd out in Lhdia
w- evenly dashikbufon ok enkt land o Tndiabecaune
India s an AgricufUtal COuntry and whale Coluntry wy devjce
into tuwo clases
( Zamindoars who have lots ot landsane village
C2) Poor Phesanh uho have vey Small ad holdiigs
that is Lohy Ceilika lacs has to be ihtoduced a
Agricultura Reformahion laws ha to be ha irst ing b e
mplimentt in India, [Link] again tha tundamene Mgkt

LAasos assed c h Lare Osknsibly again

hundamcntal ighk, [Link] Hhey wee dealing with agital tual.
landa. So r i s purpose all a laws which wert agais t
urdaneyaml Rghh but wc nesded or Setialism_al ot thtm
WeTe Camailea uhaler one Scheaule with a Niheth Sehadule
all a a aiven Lonsh kutional xceplante by he Consthitn
kel
Thee all ket on baing added ladtr on ater
Keshsonand Bhari Cake t Hohlole Subeme Cout held
Only these laws Can be put in Ninem sthedlule uohich do nmot
offemc t - bagic sBauctarto the LonMhi t i
why o e Scheaule 9 A those laws which. were
againgt undamenml ughks, most of them dealt with
Ah
Aamcalkral luos. all o them Loere validaleob an

Akcle icaicle IB on agriulkura| laws.

So
S o all 8u Laws o schedule 4 are e t i holtolskameirg
tundamenhl Righk

Schedule-1o
The Tenth Schedule i a lau by ilelf here ano Other
Tekrene of tha mater Conaini s schedule in the Conaiturion
hacallye Tnth Scheelule Laas Ceakd ta kiqtt freqluem
floor Cressing CAaya Ram Ccaya Ram) membes in poliHc3. Earlier
Ha MPs 0 MLAs would Sift sidea o te other po lihical

par Cnel Covernment toould ll ane the gouk: would be

forme, tis natrally beaded oxrulption, Nepoism avne hu
whole DemoCay beLamea Mockery To nip the evil in the
bud it w necar wot Anliclefechon La o be Hud- made.
So tu Anh dekchon lau is te lon Schedulk, Anhidelechon La
isappliable to both- # b e Parliament as well a leaslahi
asemly So i s not only applrabe to Unin but also a
St
Bric of lok Schedlule=
whenever a þerson i a n MLA oy MP and he
ha beeelectol on barty hcket and hen if he aives ub
he mempeskip bf har paaty then he no langer mains an
 MLA Ox MP .

I a party ha issea whip to voke in hudsror

He mofion. if MLA cloesnak ome ill
against any MP or
anel he will be disqualiHtal now_ he
be deemed ay de fechHon
Lill neithey be me noy MLAunlem the parly altepk

Nominatd Membes- I t a nominmted member is mem ber

o a polihtal parh he il se ontinue be hat an
i he qih that paliital parthen ha Same pro uiSfar uai
be apbled o Cleciecl membe
T
in Cade nomenatoe member doe not be langs Ay
oliica pasty then he muut join a parhwin Sik Mantka:
h e does notjoih in 6 monh e he 1S hot allaued o join
latkr

Mergar TH two Pazhie get merged ae change thur patdy:s

Mame it isAlletatdIA A/gzd Menebes o a þarb
Joins anaer par then Anki defechion_lo
Lowont be abplitahle
lessless than @/3rd Membes merdeS then theq al) ue
heqall_oho
quited air pa il bedusqualitie
who ildelermina-
AlN pouoeo [Link] is are gjiuen td speaker
o lok Saloa Or chairham. hut decrsioa of speaker w
nd no Court Cincbding SC) Coluld inlerfase th that
matter hut hen inl9g2 O Supreme Cot udgment Cam
Kihoo Hollohon s Zackslhu 1a02L SCin tais Judgment
twa held thar This is againt ta asit Stnucure
 Judicia REvieo alwa a paut of badic strutturt So
i s hiny washuck doon and maB 1s toh Para
o S A Schedule inualid

a Heuse" meshs House o Parliamern or he

Legsslakue fAssembly or Houe of snte Legislatu
b Legis latue Paaty mea MeSe oho belona to an
polihtal par
Ovigihal paihita par mcans te pasty wlich
MP ane MLAs Seleced

ora DiSqualificahion
Subjec to he proui'siona CPara 5 ) membes shal
bedisquali tied rom beineMP Or MLA
It he has voluntarily qiven u his member skip ot Suh
poliical pahyior
b I a paaly ha isSed a ukp to vote in ve auoY O gal t
t Meion and if he clos not ComeHis oill be ceemed
0 deketion aud he uill be disqualidid. if hat þolihal pary
ekentt ha not Condoned witminIS das fom Such uoh
dat, he wont be the member of por anyo nether
mp har MLA)

Exlanvho
a The member of a Mouse 3hall be decmed belong e
polikt þarrby uhith he wa Se a Candidakt
Kv elekin.
 b) Nomi nakol Members-
G ohee he Is membe or dw payon is nonah
l l be deemed a belong to such polthal poub
month
gU T he becone member Ot ay þaky within 6
cfkr he takes his s&at, deemed o be a member ot Lat

Pax
Eany any membereleced on ticket of an4 eherparty
part
and aAkr elecrion ein join an otker part
be disgualitied

(3) E any noitatto Member did not jein any pouin

i s t Six manhs oer gcthing s Seatand alter 6 Monty
h e pins ak paaHu he shall lz disquali fie

(A) LH a barsan L3as a membes of he houge on he eve

Of Tenlh Schedule je when Henth Schedule Came in to
actionTenth Schedule was added by 52hd CAA-118S )
Cweither elected or Nomirale J Shall

) where he oas_a [Link] ot polskical Parly beere

tenth Schedule addedwill be oleemed to be e member of
Same polihical part
1) he Same lauu oill be applicable o homnaed members
well

2 So when tus lom Schedule he

Came ntv ens lante by he
by
Shd Amenmat Ac 18S on St mach 1asS
 Same law would abbly,wheher ohether it is
electeebersonsOr i t sma minaked persons Same
lcud uohich is gven hee fr h Comir mPsLmLAs.

Para- Merger
one patgot merged toit anather pauy
us is not the ground disdis qualihiahim
eeg - Paots X oins Putk y ond named tuir par
a z hee is no issue they ort alltot o do Se.
whole paaty ha been mergee hen nome doegnt
matter
TSome Paemembrs of a parhy did not acceht
(b did no magt
merger thun merely becau e d they
not a dusqualihiCahiom, they Loil also ConHnue to be
an MP or MLA
1f Xand Y mergd and named ua pay Z, hen
itwill bedeemed hat hay are electel member of Z
(2 ess
Hhe members who merged with ahe hes patarees
han rd then all members who let ha Shall
pas
be dkqualiHed, it they need to qut he paty hec muE
be &/3d members f epaty
Para 5 Exenpho
Any Sheakr or Depur speaker ot04e Houße Caeable
ar

Chair man 0pu ty Chair mah

or lagislaive tumil
have Cxcebtioa o uis whole
Cwumer Uníon Sale or

chedule the wont be clisqualiHed unodler s 5thelule

 04 long a they lon hnue t holdhe oke

the by rtalon o hus elechion to Such ohegives

up his membership of bolihtal bauy ha belonged to, as
ong a he holds such ofhce, aer hathe Can ejoin that
polikcal pauhy or
any oher bar aalon be dusquali he
Para 6 2Decislon
in Raiya sab Chai man, in lok sabha Speaker
Sinilaly in uidhan Sabha Deputy Sþeaker
in vidkan PanishsuelS Deþuty Chait man
ha pouwer to toke suth decisioy
garcliha dsaualiahon
Phouided If it happens to be amatter o_disquahhahoq
of ay member e Speakey 's or e Chalma_deuim s
hral but f thabpeng tobe th Speakeasmater he malter
that whcther dis qualky he sptakr or net en he
Assembly OI he pallament elecB a nember s decide
Such matker.

Para+ ar ot Juis duchian of Co INVALTD

in ani dekecion mater no Court in he Countay had
HS toa S« aside by Ha Casekihoto Hoilahon
lachilh 142 Sc

*
 Schedule -1112
Iand 12. Schedules toere added by He 73
ael 14MAmenamer At
why cf hae schedules India is an agultual Coun
aue Indla livey baitally in villages and ha s the rtaben
why t Ss meceary hat hasSkoot leuel clemeCray Should
be [Link] our Democraty have Pi)lers

The eaislatue The cxecuhive The Judult

all Hh 3 illeas must be +hcc at the lowes+
level we alrady houd i a levels
The Onion The Shkhe
eneeded itat Ma Jad level. so Jass doo
level no we have ta Panchagadi Raj Sgstom in uillagas
os ar as h towns are Concerned e hau amunipality
fo hem and all the powers wuch Are given tu them 5
aeldee ihmany clae o Ark43.
&q powerS were given to Panchauatin 1 Schedule
(3 )
ad n 12 Schedule (9u3w), 18 matHswere iven
t OTbam Self Coverhment
 ant-1of the Constitution
THE UNION AND ITS TERRI TORY
At1> Name and texloy of the Onion-
Tis Aahicle CleaslySays Hhat, here Qre
names of Tndia ie Imdia ond Jhaat

and abeu Uion Or Ambdakag Sad

hut
Hhe i l be 9 asbelt Of h
Onim
. V

Union is not baied on Stats haue ight

no
agree mckt of slalesa
to qwt Cleque) Thdia
States and ik emi pris are gijven in_ First Schedule.
what ill_cohaH Ate the ttiters of India?
U) Territorica of the Stode
2) Onibn triories spedhtd in Tst Schedule
3 ) A terriory which ue acqind
- oa, Daman ard Diu Dadha and Nagar Haveli siKkim
Pondickeng ch
134h play 308
Hos he wod Unicn' Camecut bom he uwod Fedeaahen')
In a Fedemton thee is anageement between 5Bake
fo join Union In India we did not haue the luxu of
ecleralism because there wcre more than 5oo StaBeg Lohth
Congruen ed Cine made Incdia w e see he Cov o
ndia Act - 1135 i t was enuisagedthat Lndia Shall be a
Federaion of States. Havover_Our Conshitukion dcjectel he word
tdeahion and insed wwed the wod Uhion The uoord
tederahion changtd inh Union by the objcciv Asoluhion
passed by Congkhent AsSemblyunder he leadexski ot
Tauoakarl Nekru and he urd Uhion_usas picked ap rom
te obiechue esoluion..
Dnion baatcally meansTndestuctibleUnian hoxal
Union is always indestrucHble In America there are 5o
States but noh o h e sBade Cam be Seþarahtal rom Americabut
Phere een the steta ae indestautkhle, thatS why in Amerida
thee
it is Dndestruchible Unjon of Ihdestructible Statea but in
India Statea Can be de3 toued by the Union So in India
is Indestauchble Onion of Destruch ble Stedea"this matter Cam
bere the Sc inhe Case o -
Raja Ram Pal vs Speaker Lok Sabha ao0 SC j t way
held thar Tndia is an Indestruchble Union of Destuclible
Uis At 3 and 4 0f he Conshtukion tegether Cm power he
arliament to make laws to torm a nes slak bu
Separahon Ot any tei toay om an Stale or by Unhng
two SBalea selesor
Dr more or
park of by Unitna a tmty
 oto be a
puatof any Stae and in doing So ie inceaki hg o
dinsinishig the area o any_State or ho alk i boundar1c)
Accordingto Art.13) the kriloy of India shal Con þrise
CC The tenitovieg of the States
b) The Onion texrikries
sbecifird inFis suheclule , and
C Such olher ritotica as
maybe agurcd.
his malkkr Came ule betore the Sih the
Ccse o Re: Bealbaai unin 1960 SCthe
Qucsion Came- isn't this
clause allowing
giui poer) o Tndia to Include cther Ccuntriea7
- Decs
fat 13) qives pCwe to India to acgunt mdoies)
No It merely reCogni2es
automahi absoa pkon and
assimilaton in to the kmitry of Indiaany emibry
whch may be acquised
by hclia and
eniesy
al an inherent ight, a
a
Sovreigh t daes not give xight to India to be an ex þansiohist
So in anether wods acquiation_oFoeign
of Lnktmatonal law
krniory is the doman

which n1S widerUnion o Dnclia cr Teniy of bda 1

C bih are Sawc )
Ohion o f India iS oamed of States
Temi to of Ircua Cortist of

Staies Union fem tories Acqusihion

So, taitoy of India is a wider expression than Union of Indkn
 temBarles-
Because of hs Sovercign fct India has acquired mahy
Becase
and
e pa, Danan , Diu Dadaa anel Nagar Haveli Pondicheray
gikkin
a n g teri tory iS to be aken _or qivenhen Can
Pas liament use be
ils paxyaCons tikuicnd Amenclmenk oill
qired)
OR
To amend Firstshedaleparlianment can we ihpoc
Or_Constituiona) Amencdmnd l l b ereqired?

This matter w clearehitd in he Cae_o

Babulal v/s State ol Bombay19Lo SC
the SaMe qWsHon aOSe in his Caße beCauR he pro blem
Came in |96o w thert usere Some areas of Ihda n
east ksBan and Some_aras of Cat Pakistnn CBehari enckve)
wee in ndia Nehau j4 agreed o ink1ckange those area
So
So it was cleared in this Cage Hhat -

to ChangeH ixst schedule Constiluhonal Amerelment

is dequid. As a jcsult gih Amend mans net way Passed for
tans ering Berubar Endavep Paksan.

So ohen Croa Daman Oiu Sikkim ek wee

acquirtethen theConaHuliorol Amerdnmenk ook plate everyhn

Simlalyshen uwe gaut-

0Berubari union enclaves gthCAA bok place ih 196o.
) Recenty lootCAA Came and Some enclaus uwee givcn to 1dahgla desh
 S0, h e givir purposttwo Cons htuhonal Amenglmut
acs wCN þassedqh ao loo m

an anothe queshm aiSod in the Same mater hat wa-

in he Cae of Union of Idia vs [Link] 1910 SC

the qushon aMsedhat- IfInclua qives lease to Bangladeah
then Can iB be Lensideaed as Secession 2 and itwas helcd ha-
giuing on lease_oill not be Congidered a SecesSlonSs or
that casen Conshkuhonal Amendment not rtqurdd.

Ha 7 This Atktcle Jiues Complek powr the Parliament

Firstly Secenclly
to admit nes Statey iro to establish new-
the Onion of Ihdia
Cthose shadts which alrtacl Cthase Stales which
exlst cld nat cxis catlicn)
Subject to

Re: Beru bari Union Case

Ititis o be gien to 5ome other Country or
t it s b be lekan into Union of Inclia fom
Some other CeunhryFirst Schedule mst be amerded
by he onshhkonal Amrdmend Act
 when Ihdia oecae Irdebendlent Ddia, iB w civided
in 95o on tha eve of Phe Commencement of our
Constuhion, in 115o India w0s deuided inb y tes of sk

Patt A Paat B PartC PartD

roie of viteoy Princeky staks Smal princel Andaman-
Crovenor Ccenea hey hatheir own Steles-
hese are he artasleqislatuHe whch weee Nicobor
of hshers- Hadea odl Jamant Called- I5lavds
Hssam, Bikar Ome kashnair ommissjanerS
BombayMP, Madhga Ghaat prouin
Madras OriSSa_Tauancere Hohin. the oek GoveIntol
Punjah unitksl vihdhya Pradeth. by Chie
Pyouines and. Mysort, Patuala Comnu'ssímLY
oe Gengal ane east Punjab, Ajmer, 0ho pal,
Raistam Mahaashtrd Bilasbur Cooch
Behar,Coo
basically us division_oos Delki, Himahol Prcolksk
made on he banis o thur kuleh Mani pur
rcoqabhica arcas oel Hstory THpura
when Lholsa got i Inoleperdence thar Hme
here wer 552 StaBes, out of which 544 joined Inolia
Ca o her 3 Stadesrkud to Jojn- As a reulk- Plebisuk
was held _in Junagarh and people cheoseo to live in Irduia

Hademload was taken bg sendtng Hmy fortes Cnal in

Jammu and Hashnur Raja Har Singn joined Trdia with
 Condihionwhen mor than half Jammu gekayhmuy ta ken orer

Under Ark
bu Pa kistem, instrument oi aceuion_wa signua
3 o Spe cial status oas giuen to HashnirohiCh o tently
inishea in 8ola.
an then India ond_deuided into Pars
Paa P a r t BPoad and Past C.

Thexe was a huge demamd in_ Pan Dndia to

cleuide India on lirguistic baalswhen Hus madter Canac upb
a Committke a s set up to -alook inh his matkr heComittee
as Cohatt o Jawahaz lal Nehru
[Link] PaBel
P SiBatamayja
they all ejetBcl Huis idea by tha HL_pxieak
Syahta 1s kne andit shall be like His only and SubultdL
Hheir po ih_ 1949.
AHer hat Hhere wee Simmenina Distontemt a
it oay waithih in the Conshtuhim thad - Hindi sgaing
be
he he okcial lanquage eachionsStarted trom Alhia-
Procdesh in Scuth India In_Hndhxu trndeh

One ar ea_wad OMothe was

Urdu speaking Area Telugu Speakiha arca

Telugu sheaking peple Loanleal to qet separaltd om

Mad becawye madhas was includeal in Andlhaa Predazh
 hoe wa a Comblete agitahion all aroud a r a a
Sast,
CohynesS& worker name PoHi Srccaamiulu went on ast
and dicd afkr 56 daysof hunger sBikeo Her hus
cleath he wa 4uxmoin in whole South Lndia1evegon
hook ams ad Slured demarnding Sebaration on the buis
O anguage the gov a urder gread pessuc ano
Hhen anether CommSSion oa sed up, callad tazal Ali Commision
Mete ere 3 mem bers-K.M. Panikkar
i h1955 HN Kunzu
Jushice Fa2al Ali hairman
They subnmstted their xport hich appocud the Sepazahion
on the basis o languageas the tound no wg in it -
that i f one laguage Sþeakingpeople are allogether as
aesult theu no gave HComendcutionaand gou o
Ldia accepkd tho[e reCommendatongand then Parliament
Passed States rcoagausadion at -1956 and Staks uwe haw
made on linquistc basisnalkrsly the Constuhora amend me
wa rquicd becauwe Fist Schedule has to be Changead Csmplekely
Cnd thats uh he most Important Tst SBructual Change
inthe Fst sikedulee of ConsHukon took place bu
Constituhional Amend men ActlaSG

E ech of h CAA 1156

Iemoved A 8,CD Staes and ne skles were.

Mode.
In is ne scheme of staBs here wer Stats and
6 UniOM dcifuit
 States 09
Ardhra Pdadesh Assam Bihar Bom bayJammu anel kaahhi
Rurala, Madhua pradesh MadadMysore Orissa Punjab
Rajasthan UtHar
Padesh and west Bengal.
in ormaton o hese state-
Hydea had go meed with Andhra Pradeh
UN te Prouince became UHar Pradesh
Pun jab and PEPSU were Combjnta
mgsoe lakly named a karhataka
B Cochin and auanore betame keala

Union Texsitoxie S -C6)

Andaman and Nicaba Islanda, Delki Himachal Phadesh
Laccadive Minicony and Amihdjui Islands Cuohith_w cluster
of Islandi and h namtd a Lakshaduxep Manipur
and Tripura

Ho u Shades inCcasdo 8 sala2

The fust shsde to be bikocated ua Bombay
Bombay w deuided inte 2 Pars-

Became Ish State

Mokarashdra ujaat
for Maathi Spea kin pr Cruaah spea luih
bto ble pco ple
Cist division of 19o)
AHer His division Dadza and Nagar Haveli kwas liberaled
in 195,Ond admiisthahon wa lamed on Hll 196) hin 1961
Dadra and Nagar Hauelí uoa Made a par of Unon tervitorig
o Idia by he loh CAA-1961. Aer hat Coa, Daman
ane Diu all liberated from PorHugucsby
b Arm in

1961 ane now hey wee made a par of Iholia os Union

in 198 Coa wa)
eriBo by 12h CAA-162 (later on
enioy
made aSepaaak sthk).
Pondicherny Nowcalled [Link] was ruled by Frch
hey gave Pondlickery to India willigly in 195u, arel
that ito is why it emainnd a n acquiied kiby til l462 in
1962 it was made a þarsot Trdia termally as a Onon ernitoy
by the 1u CAR in 1962 n 1963 agaland was maole a
Sceaae sBate, it was Separaed tram Assam. and became 16ta
Stnte of Tolia
On stNeu. 1966 unjab usa deuided int 2 Shs
Pajab and aryana in he meantime Onion Tenitory Came
our of i t t L08 Hmacha Pradeh So in 1a66 Haruana
became Hm slak ok India ana a Union teritory. Hha way
became
Himatkal Pradesh behird the Spanetfon of Haryahe faom
om
Punjab, there wa an agiktion by MasBkr Tara Singh (rom
Akali Dal a Ae Hkali Dal blayed a huge ole in seþarakon
of Punjsb or Aunjabies), at hat time shah Commi ssion
wos mado, as a resul Hotrana oa Sepazatea om Punjab
on- dst Nov 1966 Union TerriBor ot Hmachal Pradesh as
iven Complek stkus of a sak in 1141 qne_Hmathal Pradesh
became 18 Slade of Igtia
Nax+ huge changatook place in Reongnisahion Act
Norlh &e tast in 1912n wkich Manupur Separaled om
AsSamand it hecame mStoc of Tndia Ttpurea olsSo
ASsam
Seabated om Assam Qhe became &oM SHale o India.
and leghalaya became 21 sloe o Indha Eaalier Meghalaya
wa cm Au tononmu Sulo-staBe ol Assam they haue thei 0on
legislatuae anl own Council o stae. bw þeople of maghalaya
didn Bke to be a Sub-sak ol ssam and demanded
a Separate Slate then autonomus Subs kle aa (ancelled and
Sta.
qiven the satu ol Sepaaate
Meahalaua o
Nov Ceme jp Sikkim +il 9 u Sikkin Loos ruled
Chogual in 194t Cwhen B>iksh aule erded 5ikkim becanne
The ptctorode ol Tdia. Sikkim was vexy Impaant tor India
keep
a it ia he border o Chainaso it was impoatant to _keep
silkim as Bufser Stade. slosly ther a_arevaut againt Chogua
h e n Chogal asked for helh fom Indir Crundhi S ob y 35 th CAA

Sikkim Came in India as Assoiak State ard ths n:} 2

was inhoduted to te Cesitukon and ot Schedule Cof that hime)
added. Aer tho Indina Crandlki held reluendem anal beople
Choosad to oin Irdia as_a Tult by 36 CAJikkim
be Camepas of Inolia Qhd also At 20 and Jota Schedule wa
ehealed oy36AA
AfHer in 1 8 3 SBateg were made those sCHe
Mieam Arunacha Pradesh au Croa, the became23d2u 2
Stoles [Link] earlier Aaunoachalfradeslhand milonm uere
Unuon emi btia
Tn 2aoo Chhahis garh became_a nes Stete
which waA Ssbanultal from Madhya Paadeuh ana that b hao
chkatsghk [Link] 26 Stote. Utanchal Ycienha Utaakhad
Se paroted rom Utar radesh and became 2 stahe of
Lria On Jhakhand 5epamttd tom bihar Cnd be came
29 statt of Idia a e after Hhar in doly Telangana
 Scpaakd om Andhra Phadeskane becane
[Link] became
Sseana hen Jammu ane Kouhm were made Ujon
TerHtory So again it denain 28 Steudes, which w a
Terry
Delhi was gien a Special s tatua, Called NCR i

Nationa Capital Resion by 61h CAA 1941, in_whichnearby

ara ol Delhi ie. Faridaboo Grurugram,Noida Crhaziabad
Mahar bur,Geakr Noida Baadur Gath ek all heseareas
would be Covered under Delli Adminis takon there woulc be
Own les lakon Assembly of Delhi, hence Deli got special
Stetu for he Alministaative Conveniohde ahel Naioral Cabital.
Regicn oa made

Name of staBes ane Uion Tioiehkich ieeChahyel

Onitd Phouine beca me UHar Prodes in 1150
Madas became Tamiladu in l96
in la13
Mgsoe became Karnata ka
Lacadive. Minitony and Amindiuí Islardls named as La kshaduweep
in lat3.
Onion Teritory o Delhi became NCR Oclhi by 64t CAA
In aoo6 UHanchal named a Utrakhand
became Padu cherry doo6
Pondicherty in

Ovissabecame et odiska ih aoll

1GM May od

At 3 Foamadion and Alleralion o slaBu

Pahament Smple lao
form a neStode
h c a s k the ata of any stak's
cC)_dimihis.h- thearea of any Ske,
d alle he bounolaales of ah stak s
(E) aller the name of ay Stak.
houded axea &haa o be ckangeoouncliey.
hauto be attead or i rad n bedatided or tha name ha to
e_ Changed henbeBor puttirg into the paliament President
Loilekr ws_bill te He Conteahd Staes for meraly expressing
iues these_uieus a medy adiseaduisoy in nadure
Pacsident ma o may net atept it_he mayrject them in toto.
a t imepiad tog Vies ae also decided by presiden*
Explainakion-19 here inclaux ao e Statu include UTs.
Od in Amuiso staule does natincluda Okion Tcriitoiy
Exblaination-2 Paoer to paxliamen ta oim a new skt
includs Union daiwies

Hxt Laus made arder ahcles and3 prouide to amed

Ist and yth Schedule
1) uhen a new State or _onion exet- temitg is o be mode o
any Shte or Unioh termery is n_he_dauided or a Change
is p e made in slak or onion erntoy [Link] natually
ih First Schedule here _will be an amenament and Seats in
Roiya Sabha wilalso be changed So there i | also be an
amendment in Fouh Schedlule the First and Fourth Sedules
are Ha pah of he Constituhon, So fa lhe ameneneat _et
thesc Schcdules Loill e [Link] AnCiuehrcat orele1 H»Bicle
368 be cquicd 2
E n t i c in Ist and Um Schedules Can be doneby Sinple
by Stnple
maorittot the arlioment A te time Lohen bill paseol by
Simple ma jorihyit will be enkred in fst and fatuath Sthedule
ane fer his CongHluhora amenemenel unoer Arhcle 368 _u
not equd. Thad's why Sammu ane KashmirRerganizahim
att s the not CondhthoaAmndment Ack
(Hs Contains Supplimertal_ie shith is aelukee ihidenka is
Lohch lows i h hat and Conscgenl ic vcason behind
Phovisicns)

Part-2 Cikenshib
Na one Can be oithouk Nakonality eveypeion who
belohg Certan_Count s Called he ch2n_ot hat
Country CiH2enshup give a n denit he very ideni
of apeon is Hhas be belongs to any (ountayhere a
t two yhes of beclein_any ountry

CHizens Aliena
Loho belong to that who co net belong to
CouUntt that Colnhy
Enend Ene my
with o hom we age hauing
faendly TeoMOhy
 Hou he Haecdmen oCiditen ahel Alic a e offerenk)
There a Such ighs ohich are aualable to
evcry onne like Augh to lufe available to exybody in Trdia
exther Ahizend orforegionerd but hee are Some 'ghs
widh Are available. only to the cih2ehs e 1gkt againkk
cdscrimiahion On groud ot TeligionzacecaskSex ek
(Ast 15, equalityof ohpeatuhity Cn 6) cultusl anel
oducahonal zigkh Art [Link] 3,igt b vek inelechons
igh o Conteaf _A an_Mpor MLAght to hold Cerkuin public
o Leiceskurdamental dufia e only imbosel o cikizen 4ha
whu Cihzlenship is Hhe vey-ve important apect forfor any
ang
iclividuals lif
Theente la o CiHen shi of India
Can be _deuidee
into too pauswhen
Thndia got Ircle pendencethee wee
So much s exodusPeolehom India were toing Pakis
Pakistann
tan.
and people fom [Link] oming to Ddiathat ime it wa
verg imborlant ta dedermineJhe her whe is cikien anal who
s not Thal's why Arcles5-|l immediatly applicd on a, n Nov

114 +his Hingws chucd hy Art: 394 luth Suya hA

Cricles of cih2enshipill be inpli mend inmmediately The last
part o Cihenshi ie. Arkicle -11 Says thatIn tutuse pariamast
wil make las tgaadig Cit2enskilp thad Ame situahiens were
dbtfeentpeolle wexe qoing- Pakis tan and Conuy hom Pakiskn.
So Ontewhen it all geh seHledthen the laws shall be
made hought fully- As a e sult Parlya ment has whole
powe
hat it Can male fuather laws or chzenahip itself by
virue o Axticle - So Hhat Parliamewh n o Paad Ma

Citiztnshp Ac 1g55
sowehave & tpes of las on CIkensib

Constitwhio Shuhutory
whih came at He Hme o by vue of þotders
Phuttion Onder Art aiem
Prliamnt, o oks ih own
Losir. CikizenskipAc 1155

The cikens i b Act - lqss has beem amendael tor Tha 5 me

198 194 aoo3aco5dol9.

Reason of amcnol mens betor 261a
here wee a huae exodu Hom Bangladesh aoune H
o Thdiu ard sttakd
yeeA 1L So manu pe þle Came

3siding in Nath East and Benaal hey wee illea mig rans
(Ha Hme inenahonal boydes of Drdia N nat So storg
Lacs o people amedua tp a t whole poliHts meea u

thoy Stared making air Raion Cardsin Indiu as a

Tevatlh skurtd in ksam. S studends bedy Could not

absorbe itthe Sta tedl Cominq_on o ads_as a rC3uH cikze
act hak o be amendedto Coverup hese people.
Amendment of ol9
1Le Amerdment in aoa tok place hecaus there Loere So
may peoblewho we -(Hindw, SikkaJaAn 1hudkist Parsi
Chnshams minones in Pakis lan Boqladeh omel Akganis ken
pro SeCueel hese mnonBid in hur toundr un awa
vom tho The Came to Indi a and Started living in
Delhi a geugees8 he pyesen rou hoght Ha He
peo ple a livitg 0 Page hom yea hnm
 neither e tik2en of India no the citizen of an o4her
Counies heCannot Go ih any ofhe r Ccuntay a
thy ll c
muslim ountrieg as a roslt gev: hgt ofwinpsuidiey
eii2enip D them cihenskb wo be allow ed to the
mulimu becauuse they all Came ttommuljim Countrjea there
muslim ak not get dortured ay they ak he u'noH'hes Ha
Soimuslims Came thucugh illesa endy they won: get
Ctinenskipother han muslim will be allowed to geB cehiaenship
Drovideol- he all Came em befe December 2ol
So Cihzeghib ac s Hhe Prezemt act which ells he
Lahole 0speck of cikienskib in Dndiahence h e are 2
etsitprouisions o cik2enship in Ihdia-
Cohsittional Prnvsfonaane slatuo ry prauisiom

Conshikional boviaiou

Aa S Cikiensluk at commencemenk of Conhihhian-

he ist «quireend br Chzenskip - hepeaen mst
be Domitilkd in Tndja.
wha is he mat hg of e Lood [Link] 9
Domiule has came up or Censidecahion ín 4 vasious Supreme
Couat Judg menss Centaal Bank of Inoia u Ram Narayan 1155S
it waa held Host Doitile means Reden G)_an intenthion
to livi here permanenlyjt S cuffevent tom Rndence
One
one mayhe
ma of a different nakionalihy but he may haue
cueren Domicil So ih above udlg men 5upreme Cout
Sd-3 I [Link] o have a home but f will_alwauy
hawe d o n ' l e i n o Hhe w0nds LaLs Say h a ho Ohe
 Can live wihots Domule La attribues a domicile o
eue esoneom though he may be&oam'n aroumd al1
ve
his e h e bruaihe a battulat k i t r y a l l pexson
0per lauw must haue a doucile
So Oomicile mcan)- Raident ) he ntenhon t endu
Hh ber manentl
His not necessary tha Nationalty and do micile
b e Syhohymsone may b Tndian all hus ie wk
he may domiciled n USA
Al Mose Brihshes_who were worki In Dta
CAne wankd to eide in Tdiaall heca m Indliad
and Sume habpend with chinest people a ell
who were FUnnulng hee Hneir businex in Irdia

they all becameIndian becouse ot ouStons und

Arhle 5 otha Conshituhan
Aicle S, Sayd al thesepeople shall be ha cihln ot
Tria
who we clomicilkd in Ihdia, anod
who uere born in Lhlia , or

3 either o whose parans were

Loho were liviry
he Coymmente ment of
bon in Tdia or
nIrdua, no less tham 5 yeas becre
ConsH tuhion of Ihdia ie 26-1- 1150
Soamgbheigne no were liviin India hkre
Commeneement Of Con i tuion toy Mot leas mom 5 een arel
inentee to be Domtiledin Trolia hey all became
Ci2es o Lhdia.
 in he case of - Abdus Samad v Slak of wet Bengal 193 SS
was held Hat bu cdomicile Meana permanent home Donucile
means the plate whucha ptrson ha hxed a a hoilahon of
himselt and his anily not for special
Cmere or plemborary
upose bu with a pesent inlexhionof it hus oexhmanent
home. pomicile o cho ite is thud th TezuE of a volun lary
ChoicR

Hx6 Citizeshup al bhosc celewha ighalec Pakistan fo

Dndia
Sa Ahcle 5 Lson be abblkcable Hhosc who nugsald
hem Palaslan, ag it deals wih he peaple uwho Came ndid
om als tan, they all wi be Considered adeemeol cili2en

Ca) he or either 0f hs panen's or either oB lis-g1anel

poaen uene bom in undeuided India (Indid \s defined in
Cov:of Irdia Hck 1435 mean Undivided Indiawhih uu earlier
Idia and Pakistan)jand
(b) djMighated hom Pakis tan_be tore19th July jqu? and
ivihgin Irdia Conhneuy or
i) ithe miqhaBed on or ht atler hJuly u8 then
he ha to Jet nqIskred by applyihg togshahon o!fhier
aA per he norm lad doun by louk: ot fhola.
Prouided He mast get regs kaed_ [Link]
o mmene vonent of the Lohshtukon ic. a6 * Tan. 150 and
he must be iding n trelta for 6 montha immidiakely
he oe beastrahion
Aticle Rigkls of Cih2en ship of_Cerih uigranh
to Palusan
Those
hose oho migraded to Pakislan afer 1sB March Jau
their H2en slup were Lane Canteled
Atkr hauihg higrated who ekurhd to
Paouldel
Ihdia he has tske permit of Permanent reun or

besetlemcnt Ond ater livihg t o r 6 Menth he has

anad atBer egashahon he will be
applu
apbly tor regstahion
dee medmigaled o Irdia afkr 11Bm July 19u

Ahcle Ss . Pescng o Ihdian origih eiding oudside Tndun

T deals with hose person oho alIndiang out
living Outside ndia
Tf he or either o his paenh or ether o is hand
paens CaTe born in Undevided Lndia otd iraily reSIding
buside Dndia shal be deemed to be a Ciien of Ihdia t
he ha egisknd a ihn of Idia in the Embas it
will be apblicable even afer 1as6 is Commencemeat o onshthon.

the
Hahcle who ae cahie ooign State Can hetbe
Chizen ol Thdia
No one Can acqu tuwo Cikenshups
No t any pe son
who has alad aken any other_Coumtryis CAh2enshup thon ,

he oon be able ho get cihmenshie ofTndia. The momenk

he acques he Cikenssp a oanothe Counhy umart
Ouwto ahcally he will lose theCthhenshipo fhda
h s quskon Come up tD Subreme out that whe i l
clecrde ta he has takon any Ghenskip C ef
 Statt ot Andht.a adesh vs khader 1141 SC
in tha Iudgment Sureme Csurt hald athe qusshm
whether an Thdjan Citen ha acquied a
fertign Countrys
CiHzeshih o hotIS o be delerminad by Central Cov
and nad by He Cour

Aticle -o Cennuanteol clizenghip

who became Citzeno India os were aleady liuihq
n thelia shalI Cenh nuu tu be Such cik2en.

Aatile 1 3 Parlia men to qulale the igkt of cihi2enskib bg

Parliament ha been givem al he poeSthat all las
acqusikon trmnitahion oY any matter mlakd o cih2tnskip
hParliament oil make lau bn ta n persuanceo His
pouer ha paalfammt hot pse the Ci2eship Ack -1955

matter Camc u in
Stat toding Copoiaion vs ommtrCia taY offiter 163 SC

The cih2enship acE ass was enacked by th Patlid men

becaue ofepouwer giuen uider Arhcle -1 hat iS why ha
DoLesot t Cik2cnskp Act 1ass actually tloos out
otCoyi tuton. cnd it iS writlen in [Link] Act -1955
h a - Any Company Or assuaton is not a Cih2e
Cik2ens are aluoaga idjviduals.
1h Ma029

Brcad aspech of Citizenskuh Ack 1955

Rw AIL ihe amendments

Hou CiHzenskip can_ be acquircd 7

her 0 5ways to atguist Cihiunship
C1 By i tm 2 By Destent (3) Dg Regstaation
4) By okuralisaion(s3 By inorporahion Of tamy

1 B Bith As far 03 Bithis Lohternedit is ver

imbotlant asptct one Hho takes bidth ih any Couhtay
i beLoMes he Couny o his ailerskip

( took biath on or afkr

whoever Jan 1950 and hfore
Tuly 18t in Indiawill be the ciH2en oB Thdia
iapective of dationalty of ki's paren
The child of foaign dißloatu posted in
Thdia ox Alien enemy ner gch citilenskip
in Lhdia by Birth
D whoever ok birth on or after 1st July 190 but before
3d Dec2o04,wilL beConsidercd uhun ol Indta,t
either6B kis aenh u Ciki2en of India at tha time of
us hiath.

ON Don oy Afhr 3d pec. 2oo4 if-

a The Chld is horn Ih hoia0A
 6both the paen are_cahu of dia, oY

One of the parchh ciH2en of Lndia anel ahothet

One is not an illegal migrant

Q y Des.cent7 (whoever born outside Ldia Oh

O afkr 6Jan 150 and bre lotm D1291L 1s
a cten of India by Descentil his father isa Cihien
of Ihdia.

i foa perSOnborn on or afkr 1o Dec laa2_ae

be bse 3d Dec20oy in ony oxeign Caunhy ahd either
o his baxensis citen of Tndia Hhen he will also
be conxdertd as Liken o Lnda by Descent

11)who born on or athr 3 Decooy_oudside India then

has to qet egisted in Indian Embass in that Counhy
bolit Loitkin oheyear of his date of biBh. I Could he not
qisieedoithin one yeat then he oil eed the þernssion of
Cenal gov or exknhon oPeMod
His poaenb kave to _cleclare that Haa miner cloes nof
hold pssost of anaher Lounty ad us bith 15 gskcd at
Om cian lanSuladewitua one year ol e dak of loith o
with tha herhission of he Centeal Crov:afkr he exbiy of
Sald pericd

3 By Regishaahon 0- what uill be the pre1essl any

perSo 0nk to jat regisker«dinIda
 3 Ciien
Naurally hat pesson oill be egisBerd whe 1S not
HheCiten o India Cg-Any ogner

He must be a þeraon of Indian origin H meanshe or

ether o us pareu oere bon in Unduided India or
alr boahihon oB Dhdia

dy He Should be _ovdinaly caiden o f India

(a)Loho lied in India atlkastor 12 Monks beere apbluing

)belore thea 12 manthshe has alleast lived in Tndta

oxbyeas out of 2yea
If a bexsan is nof o Indian Oxiqin
SLwho haa nanedo an Idian then Can gek esered
a Citn of India bu feafolloulng Lordlhion under

Minor Child Lohase botm paienh are Citun o [ndia

Ca skaed he same Lia
A qron u person whose bothHa_pacns are
CiMen of [ndia Can be a s t a t rtgis kred as H
Sarae LOa

(U) 13y Nataalsahon Only enhal gauk: deals wit e

ciknsp by Naturalisahion Stak hay notwn to do
wi i Person will f apblg br Nataraksahon and
Centra Cau a n him (ehttake oE Nakaaalisahon.
 N ie period matkrs unader Nakuxalisahion-
7when any person is doing Uery dustigwsh Seruice in Hhe
eld of- Ar, science Likrakute world peatePhulosophy-
Muman Progex ek Crov Can natualse them diectl
7Wholiixd many yeers in Incdia, and don'haui ahy
so
wish Dbeside oukide Dndia get maied Loith Lnclian eh
in Such Cases ey Can atoly br Naiuralisahion

when e Cqout makeahem Cii2en by Naturalisahion

PersonShould net be of hat Counby ahithdocs net
Nauralise [Link] kuid otlations shall hethea)
qU whoter isacqlairg ihlexship by Naturalisahion Should he
oad to enounce Ciiunshik o his oonCounty
JiDhe should ontnously liued in Lndia tor1month ahe
be tore Hhese 12 mont he shall lived in dita for llyta
in lat4 gea
( He mat be o gcod chaiatterit mea he Sheuld nat
haue Conuickd tora ofknce n a
(V) He mut haue khouwledge o an lanauaa Lountra
Countru
in Eigkh
Scdhedule
VI) He Shall_unde ake hat h e geh e erh kcak ot
haaahsahion, he Loill eaide în Tndia and t he is
doiny
he servive of Crwof Lnda_ hen he will kee doina Hhat

at He ime of Comblehion of egsBrak on they all who

getbaegisBeved havo to take an oath ot Cohshhhion ofJdn
that
clo Solemnly alkinCor Suxar that I ill
bcar Arue
tue a t and allegiance to Ha ConsHhion 0t
Lhdia a by Law eshblrshed and that I will ar htully
obserue
Obscve he auss of India and fulhl my duhcs a a
t nof Trdtaa

S By hor þokakien of Tmeg ohen Ihdea

aqui any stak then h people ot thal stalk
haunally become the uiken of indta entral
Gov SStues a haltkiakon hat by d a k the
Loill be cikhan o ndta

Hoo do e las our (itizen shi

the 0re 3 \Ways v les lose Indiancienship

U)Renountishon LESome one iS Mot minoro o t unsound

mino hen he Can moake a Clare declarahon udler an
ahidaviE, that- I am givina up my Tndian_cthzenshi
H day when Hat declarahion qek qislksecl ha won
he cit2en ofLnalia any lokgep-
Howeuer when declarahonIs made dlurinq H
war it gek Hhhold s Crov clon atcept dnounuiatio h
war me beriocd.
The moment when any aduF gives up is ck2nsup hen
Hheir minor Childsen r e also no onger n uk2en of Idia
B y lerninahon fhe memend when an Indian
alcelps He uihzenship of [Link] aulomahcally
us uens of [ndia ges ternincued
u s prouislon also not applied at t he o war

3 By Da privatian Comaulsoay terminahion of Indian

Citizenskidp
Under shat Cirumytandel anbe dane
U The cihzenskib 1's ob tuincdby traud
(2) I cihiren s Shoulhg dhsloyalhy to He Lonsihutlon_o Drda
3 1a bersononlafullyhaades or Commlnitakj Cnemy
darina a war he wil be debaiud of hus cik ansap in

Irdia
Lohoacquvad cikunsip by eusthaion or Naturaul1sah on
an in any Country he gels inpi'soned for wo
geas duria 5 ya of his eg1s taahm or laturoulisatM
then has
Hhen na- Can be deþried of Hir cih unsib in Ieula.
5) TA an Thdtan CiH24n ifdes oukide Ihdia Lonkinously
to a ithot ang reaonthen ako he an be debrived
of his cih14nsRip.

Conceptat_PersSon of IncuahOrigin (PIo )_anel

OverSeas Cilinen o Tndin CoT)

Thoe oho wen Non- Rastcde nt IruansNRI) who wee

no Ciken o Lrea buw they wished to iht in Indda
then tey Meeded to egsker agaun and ae agun as
May
Hmes the wed ko Com
Heneeded to otprth apply fo uisa
gadn anal again3o du to thesa many
hem Could hot Come avd aya result those huedtmeas
Lokich Should have Come in Tndia cid hot Come becaus
Red Tabism in Lndia.
+o end all theea SyaBem wa stauted in 9oo
Called Person ol Ddian Caign CPIb)
hty we given a Card Called Pro lard

PIo Caxds uwere Issueal uneler The uinusty o Home

ASairs
ho Could 4aka benihis of i s atd
2
Ay perion oho hau ever holded Indian Passbeat and
and
he or hs parenh o and Pandns born in Ihdia Cbefo
0 alkr Paaihon
houided Thse people Shetu 5hould net he a Chuna
ot gansfan, Bangladesh PakasanBhulen (hina
Skrilanka and Nepal

Berh to PlO Cad helle

SMag did net need visa
h e dud not need t a i e r i t he esde br 18o
dasys
Hey Could visik ayuhere in India

Ry tricho
Hhe Could not do de earch uoork
h Lould not do Missionaay work (e loners(onek)
h e y Could not do mauntainehg
 he Could not uisit any staitladl ata ot Inclua

Lakr it O alised thas 18o dayg a hat enough

shall be cdilutd. hen Hh lonept of OveTSeas GHn
Thdia (oCT) Came intu koe

Overscas CiBien o Ihdua oa)_

ACE Gnel it
Thi provuision_o OCT iS under Cihzenskup
beCameOberahve fromhd Dec 2ocs

Oder us neua coneptangbody oha Lwa eligble to become

_Cih2m o Indta on 6t Jan 19So or afkr 96tn Jan: laso
he ad euerbeen he Cihen of ChdiaO1 aller the
Ixdeevdehee ol bdia he hadevr Rsided auahche Onder
Tudlan eneihrg
Leven it he is nat an Induan ciHlen) is
eligble for OC1 Catd
Howeverhe should hot be om [Link] or
Pakistam
Benifk to OCI
mulkhle enhy in Irdia and MulHarpose liklorg visa
Nlo heed to e4rsler hetoe olite

Ratichons ae Same A PIO

I h e uoant to beco me Lit2en ot Indka henhe an

bRgishaion oy Natuaalisahon
941 1Maudoa2

what LoillCongtituke HH Basic Structure of the Cohifithbn2.

Basi S>uctue e tho Coni hon 1s very ethos
the spiail of the ahahhhon ohich ackually- makes Drdian
Cchsi tuhibon the Indian_Cohshituion Any chargeor ay-
intringement would change_he very Nakaxc Colour ethes ef
ha su shucture The basic sBuctur noktanly deal oth
the Shuctual bat buk also the Spiit of the Cons hithion.
both Loill Conshhk the basic Stuctut
In Kasavanahda hah Cae bas1 shuchure theo
hio poundled ala Loe qet to knoswhat he Baic skruchurc
through the vaxioly Sudgmenko Suloreme Coure
kesauamanda dharh case only popouncled the theayo4
baucStructat it didntt tell shat he d e L strucku

al vauious judqmenk of SC rom whih

there
t Can be enunmeratte Haatwha Constoutt h _basic stuctue
o he_ConsHikhion
Smeo4 tho Se very LmaozBant Judlg mens asutert

Qhel adso what makey the basit Struclu=

U)Supremaly of the Constituhian Cons tituhon is

Supheme ahol the merdate of the beohle Cannot overrale
the ongkuhoh his thingw Hrst kime
the provisions n
1913
ClaiKed by Keshuanandla Bharhi vs shle_of kerala
(2) [Link] Democrahc om of lrovt.7In India
Crou 1S Democahc and Repubic as welSo i
IS nopossible to bring dymashc rule thyoughamrl menkh
Skrucue 0t. ho
becauseDemotraCA and Republic BaSic
Lons h tuhon
s of Thdi
CaSe 2 eples Union fer Ciuil Liberhu bion
2o03 SC
C3 Secular Characle of the lonstituhcn of the
secular Countyand SecularCharat ter
India is a
sBauckun o+
Consituhion Cannot be changed as s a basi
the Consh ian:
sStale of Tamul Nadu2o01 S
Casey IR Coelho S
keSauananda Bhaah us S okerala 1973
doo4SC
M Bhargava vs UNicrsity Granh CommiSsfon
2SR Bopanaau v Onion of Ihdia 19u SC
2yalsamma Paul vs Cockin Ouversity 116 Sc
Ismai aruqi us Union of India aa4
$

doun that secular clhratttr

AlL heseart eta Clearly laid
Statt basic Stauctut of Hhe
a
o a Conahituhion of
Conshhhon
lonshhuhion ThoughIndianCohshHhin
( ) Fedeaal Chaxacker of he charackere Cant
in5pityet hefederal
loutrd by-
be negated, h e fedezal aspeB wa
doo6 SC
Kuldip NAyar us Dnjon o fIndia
in the Kesavananda dharh Cae the fede ral
et also
Character of the Conhhion as a part_of bait Structure
 Sovereagnhy Cannot be
5 )TheScLereignty of India Hhe Conh tukna-
1sa buic St>acule of
ven auway i

uo6 5
CaSe kuldip NlayarusUnion 0 Tndia
This is the mos Imborlan.t ashect
C6 Judicial Reuiew
Judicial ReuiewIS on o biggest SauloursoE_our
the

Consttution because wheneverhe

execuhin_oz thelegislakuse
Check oni is
passes ay unCohs Huhoho Order, the
So Jucicial Reuitw is he_aa of tu hasit
JudicialReuieu
basicStauctuje

IRCoelka vs Stakof Tanlladu 2oo1

S
Cass
Unioh of Ihdia 199 SC
LChandea Kumar vs i491s
DelkiJuditial Seruite Asjo iation vs St ofruat
Ferhilizex Larhozahion kamgar Unioh us Uhion of Indua
11g1

kesavahavcla Bhah vs Stadk o kebala1 9 3

S

kihoto Hollohan vs Zachilhu 1993 SS

S
S R. Bommauvs U o n o4 lhdia lqu
Minerva Mills vs Union ofThclia 19xo S
niohhioh of Incdia vs S6 Vohta deo4 5C

yee_and Lhdia is a Democacy. S0 t

Faiz Elechon
we dorhave tree and i r elechons the whale Conshkuhi oh
ill became als So atis why ree and lair elechohs became
a bartof basit Structure

Case Indira randhi vs Raj Narain 1115 SC

8 Juiscdichon of High Ccuot under hrt 226 And and ot

the supeme Coutt Under axl 32 wit Jubisdichion
 of Hah Coutts and Supreme Cout are h bas C
Stuchue of he a nah tahion i t was clarded b

LChand&a kumar vs Onian of 1ndia 199 s

)Rule of La I t s a very imborlant as pec a

Rule of Law is he 3oai Structure
o

thats why
the Cony Htuhon:
Case IR Coelho v S tale of Tamilpladu 260 S
2Supae me Cout Advotales on Re Loid AsSoLtahon
vS Union o Thdia 1994 S

lo) Demacm
CaleKihoto Hollohan vZathilhu 1943 S
Peoples Uwion r iuil Liabilidies

vnion o rdlia dco3 C

(I) Thee mutbe a balance hetween the Funalamental

Rigks anel Diechue princiblaof She Politics
Thet is a harmoneyat balance be twoen ERs Ane
D PSPs 1 wa cdara Clanhed y
Minerua Mills us_UMon oIndia 198o S
(12) Limuted amending Pawey_of the Paaljament Parliaments
Pouser o amend unot absoluk the are ma
obecht iIS UnConti tuhional then Cannot be amended
So imited dmending9 powe of e Parliamer Came
u ih Minerva MilS vsUNioh of Thdia and hel1d tha
 Power o Omendikg o t h e Parliamen1s not absoluke.

) Separahon_of Poer beBween LegislatureLxecuhuc and

There must be Separahion 0 power of
Judicia
Judiciny
legislaHonExeuhve anol Judiciaky ohich I'S a Ditechve
Priniple Uncler As Hcle-50
Coy IR Codho vs Stskt of Tamil Nadu 2001 Sc
Resauanarda Bhai vs Stte of ktinla 1123 SC

o f Judiciay be
) the Tndebendente Tudiciary Can
Subsexuient to anybody + this thing is also a badi

Stauchurt of Ha lonshuhon
Cuss-SBate of Bihar us Bal Mukund Sah 2oo.o S
Rashh vs Stat ot3hakhard 2o03 Jharkhauel H

s ) ParliamentayDemokaacy is 15 alsa Ha basit

Stucture _0he Condhtuhor lajd olaton by-=
Kuldib Nayas vsunion o India oos C

lc) Mulh Pashy DemeCxa

Cose KuldipNayar UNon_efTndia cok&

(7) PrMible of Cqualikg

) The tesB of Reakmbility EveTy lauo muyt be rrasoxa ble
held in
Indira Gandhi vsRaj Nara4ah Naxainh 1475 S

D C tgh Inieity of the Natho CSovCxreign t9)

 hascY2ovisions Lohich axe not acteally amencing lout
It Can hang he Consh tuhion

Hoc Can we Change the (ohtuhion 7

when it IS dlone through Hhe Sinple naj'o
1t Cantbe Calle amercment,it can be callec Changeh
the rovi'sion_ to U the wod aMendmentfor thes
the
+he scope
proUSiony would be wrohg Ther are ouside
of the Ar 36
Mattershuch Can be Chanqtd bySinple hajnal y o t
Dar Liameat
( Admission ond Estahlishmen of hes Staky Ar 3ane
etc
foTmahion o ess Stateg altahon and ame chauge
tor all hee scheslule 1 Ano scholule y also be thangal.

when a leg1slatve Loungil abolished and_Crcated Under

Ar 169

3) Chare in nol Schedule emolumenk ek

4 Quorum in farliament tha nere Shall benin mini mum

memb of Parliament t Can be decided by Simple majoiy

Mar hoo muth Percenlage ot Quoum Shall be there

S) Salais of he members of arliament

6 Paocedures of e Parhlament
G Paivilages 0 the Parlia men(InCtese ox deCcaje)
Use o English langusge in he Parljament to_ue o het

) Toal No of udges of he Subreme CeurE

C1o) Increae of
o f Jurisd1chon o Hhe Supreme Cou

UDTa decide that-what shall be he language o Ho Onion.

2) ohole lao of Cikiiensup

13) chanqein elechon oteolune of Parliameao ste

leaislat
whole process o Delimtahon o Con htuenci

IS) A mallexs of Onion tenibrie ane changg in 5 anel

6th gchudule

Al theue are hot echnically Amexdmeah

Axticle 368 Chr bneadnenk)

Amend menf of Conshhahon al ik Polcduse
Clause 1 Parliament amend the Lonshuhon by
Can
way of 0ddhonuaniahon or eheal any rouision.

Claluse 2 Inscrtcd by Qum CAA 193, and accod ing tk

tis Claust Saysbill must be þas ed In eachhouse
of the Rarliament by Majprity of tokl membeashuhit 50%t
+)
a3 of the members brsen4LVohiy
h e bill gela þassed ih both the heuses jhdepedently
Gh loksabha ana Rajsa Sabla then i shal p be
to the
eSented to Hhehes tdent who shal give he
ill and here ubon the Conshtuhon Shall sancl
Amended as_per_ the erms of he bill.

P2ovided thee ae Such ameredmensohich heed

bekre pxstnhiny to Pen
to rahkied by S taBe legislahure

legislakun will ass

Stahe it
by Simple majori
CNot leas than halt of the Staky)

those maticrs a e
Axf 5y 6lechon of Presiden
Art 55- Manner otelechon_of he sident.
A 7 3 exknd hepower of he Onion
Ar l62 exknd of he execuhve poaer of he Slele
Arl 2u| Hgh Courk for 0ion Berritorig.
Chabe r y_ef Part 5 The Uiohjudiciay
lourh ih he stafes
Chabttr 5 ol Pat6 High
7h Schedule
2ahy of me list in
}h_Parliament
Re þat [Link] OStates
t o Amend the amendin Axd: 36
 7 I I f he Conaiu honal. Amendment is clone of hose
hose
ma ttesshich deal i t h Federalism ano lecderalism is
pat of he basi Stuchure So it Cant he hshed

Clause-3 Tnsered by9Amtndmend Ac it says

funda menlal aighk_can be amendes his clause iaj
Ubheld in kesavanahda bharh Cose.
BUT
Subject to e facks hatil Fundamenal Rvght
Cona i ulu the basIc Stautkure then it cahnat be amerded

Clause-y Ths oas SeB ajide by the Cabe-

Minervamills v/s Union of Tndia |180 sc
i n tuis Case claueu_has been det declarad itznih
Onlonsi tuhoal because ik iS agalnst the bastc S zuctue
LJudical Revieo o the LehsHtuhion.

Clause5 Pouwcr o Parliament is limiled por no

cbsolulk_Cowar, his is aar of basi Shuctune
Hhu's clawe pouided abso luke pouer to par icment So
s was also Set Cusideal by Minerva Mill_ cas

c l a s e yLclause 5-was ihserked by the y2 nd cAA 116

and bo th weht declared inualid bby Hhe-
Minerva Mill3 Case Cby sureme_Court)
 Philo sophical Parts of the Cohshitu tion.

Phlosobhical park of he Cons huhion Can e devided inh

3 Paak
hose 3 Pak a e

Dieche Princtply Fundanenbal

Fundamcnlal
Aughs o Slete Poli Duhey

barh of h Conshkuhon
hese 3 are Philesobhuca
ohers are Sthuctural Pas uljch are called Po ly
Po li

Fundamental Rights
Conterneol,whale
as lar Pundamenl righs ae

Port 3 is undamenml rigkhk- Aahicl 71-35

Fundaneneul Righs are baicnlluHuman Righk ane are.
most undamenal to exisE

If executive or leqislakure does any Cruelylike-

Stasts making xbitary La Such mattersRighM of
induidual are mast ImaorBant,becaule they are

human we e logu2e even lghk of anmals The

Prevenhbn oiCuel o Aumals Act 1960 So how Can
Hh human righk be igno Aed So that's wh he toncebt
D Human Rughk Came
 a3d may oal

Fundamenta Righs CAre basically tho seghk wlich a

kadamenlls to the xis lanceof th Human beins as-Sthxme
Cout held. in Maneka cavelhi ys Union o Ihdia 19785
hese rdamenal 1gkb e prsenks the eesetu batie values
Charished by the people of Hus CounySince hHhe Vedic ima
Ond hy cn alculakd o prolct he digity of h Ldkuidual
ad the Covditions in Loita evey human beig Can deulolohis
Pexenaldyto th ulleat exlent. hese Loomd ol the
pevsonal Suprcme Cou
aflecs he basie Fhiency Fudamental Rigas in er our Cond htuhm.
Ewry Human Bina Lans hus fundamenn nighh
becawe erson I$ a human uwho barn oia Certaun Rghk
which are Called Human Righk. Riaht from thu beuin peole have
been Clamerin or her fundamenl Righs i lbaai atgks.
Twe See the histury o 8ihin in lQ15 Cin he 13t
Centary the ptople revaulled againt lKibq John and kin
wa brced S n their demad-that no personwill be
Cnuted oitheut an reajonThs famous document 3 callead=
Magna Carla ,actually ihs a fountaun head oi all humanigkks
O FAmdamena|Righuk i n our Lonshuhion) Th igkt ox
Hawdaml ighk is along figut uhich basially Stantad In 1215
ith Magna Caxta. I t onHnued ih 1628 whem Petihon of Righ
heeted to King Chals I that he ba thall giue away his
power oHa Pax lanek: Tht ha r of poe rom Monarchy
o Parliament Ctp kae ptople), and then he Bill of Rigu whch
cActuall rasemed Hhe bouwer from Monathy o Parament
wcua poea in16 8q..
 A Century la tey Monarthy ay bo headoeb
a

b He Facnch Rvoluhion. Rule bf Public CHha Rapubliyibe

equality Faadt nity Was a Cextain Call ok s Clarion Call of h
French Reuoluon and almos at tha Same ime (\tke easlhes)
ad Amertan Reogniton o Furdamental Righs. The onigíal
CcnsHhwten of America was faand in 118,but i did not
Conined CAMA tundamenlal Righs as a TesulE here n a hu
Cahon Conthituhion and he First to
againjt a Ameritan
Amevd inenls o fAmeian Constitudion were intod utedto add
Gill of Righs, oe Call it Fudamtntal Ri'gkh.)
Fudamental Righs ane baically Human Righlk

Rig against eperessien obbression gkks againat tarontof

the Sta
Ho an Idvidual pcect; his aighH liom
he one way is to enumeae their turdamental iq hs Amel
4 e Shmde iniba it the achion can be aken agains

Stae who will 4ake ochon) n India Sureme Lout ill

Take achon moe or less i i 1S about Furdamentnl Rghk.

Lhat is Eudamentl Righi

h e at the igkk ohith a enjoyea by Human bung

Ageuihst whoa Art AliCalole 2 hese

Mot or leit S a shlt but hen e of He Furdamenial
ae alio avalable against individuals.
Pgh
ater Came up in=
tor beme Craht ighk u/s Uibn o India l482 Sc
eoples Uion
Fundlavmenal Rghs ae mosHy haw be
it oas held hat-
pro ecled agahat th Stae bud hon Hhors ak Certajn aicl
 ohich Saus it has be pioakced Amainst Lndividuak i t
AatsaHt 11 Art18 A 23(1) and Att 24
baaically Fuhdamevlal Rigkh are only Avalable againt
Hhe State, bud hen Lerlaun resfritiohj haue been lud doon againt
Privake Lrdiv1dualsSo-
Aae Fundamenal Righks Cnly wailable agahat -he_Slak 2
Noit Is Avalable maye againstha stae bu in lextaih
Arhicles its also available againt individuals.

Arc Furlahnendal Righti absclue In Le dian lonshthion )

No. thoe gkk Can be Superded i'n an cmergent4heyever
the is proclamaion O an emergentyuder Art 352 the
he
1ghk can he Sspended Hhere ar 2Arhtles whuich
Sheihtally Says thot Fundamenal Rghk can net he 4iven
Aamea or( ane Makalu (A 33 and 3u
Lwhenever there s a martal lao opeahon in He letntry-
Fundamamtes Raghk wil b held in abeyante
In sarkg Lohenour Cou hhukon Came inh orte
Oriqihally ther Loee Funda mental Righds

Kigkt to Right Apuint culunl and Rigkt to Congi

Equalib Exploi tation educaiona Fropat tuhiora
Ast 14-18 Ar 23-24 Rigks- Ak.24-30 h31 Reud
Reptaled b At 32
Frte dom of
Rigkt to Fret dom uu CAA
Rettgion
At. 19-22 Ar 5 Aaently Conh: ugk.
 Some Fundamena Righk.
availahle to. eueayone ushe ther
art
he is a Ciizen or Fortignor RigAt lik
Some Funda
mental Rigkh ac auaulahle only o Cikzens
undamenee ighuk are not ab solue s te Can Impge
heasorable TestChons hen our Cona Htuhion was made
her weN Mo es tnichonu but later it sa Teaised Huat hert
will be Chaos ih the
Country i Fundamental Riqhs wfl
bo let withoutTestickon and has hy rearchony
wtc
mbosedhom very stCAA.
Fundamenal glkh ae mosly agains t CATbita
acs of Hha state. bus in Some Athcles it iS also auailable
against ha Ac of the individuals As far as individuals are
Contened Hheack of individuals againt indiuiduals
not Covered under Consihahon, becawe we alzeady havt satuo
laos oy idividual versus individuals. Hhere are ordinay lega
btuidy aae auaslable o theu but t an undameral nigkt
16 inhinged by He Stak its no lonqer Ordirar legal re medy
be cawe aat is Slare hat is why emedyClaimed agaihst Ste
Unaler Conshthiona wik

Paesogativ Laaits 03dinary wIts

tmeamAFundamenal Rigkk - itkled dqainat 1dividuals
Ore ihieol by the Ste in Smoll matte
Connot be hled in Supreme
Couri} cam only be tlkd
n igh Courk
 te hih u t Subcme Couai Ciulankes 7
to
patroqahue riBs whith in frihg undamendnl, s 1S
Hhe onlyayhen an idivdual Can go divettly to the
SupRme Caudt becau heaeFundamenal Ruykh are Cruran te
hatrs uohy Fundamenal Rigks are [Link] means-
an Indiuidual has agt to go to Hhe Cout ifhs fuda menal
Righ ga intrigad
FLndamenel Rgh are
Huma Righkthcn Canhey be
Culailed be caled)
Affer_QYm CA thouqh itwas upheld in ke savanarda
haahi cal but also twasgaud Hetif undamental
deal wita ba shucure
gks
then it Cannat be amtdeal or
pealed
1Paaliamentwanh o_ Cuthal Fundamendal Rigku
hem i Can omly be _done thxagh Lons itutional Ameement
Pasliament Cant eAhit fundamenal aiak ofIhdividuals by
CA
Cn
odina
OdinayAct an ordihatStatuke Cannet Curlail Fundamental
Righ Ccnsh uiona Amedment ct has to be paxed andl alSe
Shall ho ouh basi Suctarc
Excephions of Fundamenal Righh are also her onale ArHtleg
3LA 31B31 Read uoith gn Schalule Haese all are he
excehHons_Sauiks Eundamental Riahh
Axhcle 33 Saga hatAv med forte s ek. who work
híh very
very difheultCitums tanhceswhexe ert
life CAa \) cdeiaely 4ck intihged their Rigt p
Silarly it hee is
Aam
Hrmy ule anywhevt O Marha Lauo imbosed Cuca txBatme
Conditihn o ha ime t tundamendal Rigkk
gek
indringed Under MoY a l LAo hon no Lomblain Can be
Yhade So in Sckedule Aiiclej- 31A, 316. 3IC 33 and 34
where the
he limlaion 0r extehon o FurdamenalL Rigkk ax
iven
There are oHencs Lohich are CaBed
fhDug Fuwdamenlal Righs h e ae also alled
hraug
Censhtuhiohalokences HhoseoHences e hot Cakd by
LPL bur are been ordered by tha lonshituhon.

Unlaucha bili (Ahle )

those
2) Human tralficking Arhicle 93)

So the Sec 3o o Ipc which uoas amendea in ol3

Hs isbaaitallyactoding to Hha 0>der of Conihtuhon
becase Consh tuhon wils hat Human Trafhickig ane
Untouthabilia Shall be an cence in Lonhinuahcno
us Stmhutory oene te made The Onouchability_ AcE whuth

preont Called ayThe Proection of Liuil RigkH At -l15

bosically has is he dichale of he lonshtion

Fundoamenlal Rigkk are mostly against h smk

Lahat is tLe mtan ol Stak ) fpt ths purpage Art hos
been Cafled o kll he meaning of Se
when we See thedekination 1s Sas there are aspeck-
speco he Sak

2
The Covt Cnel CTDV ad LeCal and o ther 0her
Pauliamdwto{Irdia Legislaurc Cuhoaihg in t awthon ie
of Stake texntorg of Ihdia
 So Ha wnt an be hied aqaist all 4 Pask of e Sheke
ist anel 2d Paab hclude xecuiut ard legislahutgan ot
theStae cf bothe. teonjon ond Ha shks. here 4he
wod 1S alo bvErn mtnd
what is Covernmert 2
the Ccovernmen bostally Ag
mear deparhmen ot tu govt or

those who a ae ordet he conto o Sush debas mens

Polite Dbastment Lhtome tax epattment, torest Depaskmenk.
Agiculhure Deþattment ek al hau a [Link]
Vancuorgan o he CDvernment
then ohat about the Pasdens o ndiar and Couernurs o

ohether President or Covinoyhe 1s me head of he execuhue

Ord ha1s h reajon whtaey are also Cosideed a Shk
So hd Presiden uverhorininge
o he mnal.
Rig oagbedya wnt lig againa him
3 Loca uthorihe the dehyahon o local autharths
iven n Sa 3310D tGtncial claues Act1814
oro is general claudes AcE9-
MeT
ae deltrahion íven ih gental Claws Act and beca
tha r neral Clauses So itisappl1cable o eeay La
uleas he lao h ik oun dekrahon.
HLordi nto geneaalHule of [Link] hahion
ien n one la Can be we in any omer laws
1s thero anuy de hhoahon in ton, ti twdion7
 Detihahon clocal Autho n hos Under (ttne ral claude, Act
ocal autherity shall mtan amunicipal Lomhutee, cstmct
boatd body of Poat Comi$Sioners or other cauthosttyegallyd
nkHed to or entrus ted by the Crouern men wih. the lantrol
Dr ofa local fund.
maragemnt muntibal or

it wa direced Hhrough a Judgment ha

what will be h basi dustinchve cature of Lecal
Authen y
Cae Union o ndia us RC Jain a81 5C
Supreme Cour discussed Hhat, o be t t Lecal authonhy
Lohat Condhi tuenh are roi'red

Thee Shal be the leqal estence of Hat body a a

Searat bad
Then Shall be deHnedara of ey local body hy
Loork in dekired aeed Ara
members of e local badies Shall be eleckd Colixct o indixe)
9To To Some exacs bodi ate autonamudi4 meani they
Can dteide heir oon policses oithas any Oustde Interference .
thoy are elagible o decide Hheir oon poliey.
The power they gel to perfoym duty shall be rom Skuk
itmeam theg are given legally
6 Ewr lotal body should houve he ight, tat they Can
&ause thuroon tumd

f all hese þoinh are Sahsftd hen they Cam be Called loaal
Mu dple Comaties n villages Cnam mchast ele
bod
Oher Huthoriheu The LOord other authonh had been
ha been
n th eye o Storm tor a very lorg m
Autoi Aulharihies mLan who exeruses powtr over otherl,-
who Can give Orders Make lawsmake requlahons ek ane
hauir pouer to n brte them
hen what is he_meanury ct othe_autkoilfie )
Those author lHes whith ae othey han execuhive arollegss latun
of Oion and stae and lotal authorikes
This Poikt has been in the eye of th Stosm b
Veay ueHo long Hme Supreme Coult haj given vaio land mork
Judamon On tuis as to [Link] he other authorhes.
vohch Conahtuke te skk there haue been o huge oleula pmenE
in s law rom he vey begning teuenwday t 1S
the

ii wSta tta o m -
Univesity o madra) vs Shanthabai 115u macdn jHC.
In s Judgman Hrst Kme Machas hgk Count had o inttr Þret
e meawng of J o r d Omer quthonhed anel he Maclra)
Higa Cout hee hod, speuially hose bodilshth have been
made by Special skhuks ha Loill becalled a_othe auhe nHo
Their cirtum ferente e Inttrpyetuhion Load veau narrow
Swrejecka g Suprtmt Cuut in t
Jda ment of-_
Ujjam Bai us Shkt of ue 1962 5
an also_n the udgment of=
Rajaathan shle ehctntity Aoaad s mohan la1a6
in Hhis audgment , h Supieme lat u d - p Lohtder
 other authovity thal whrth 1s Crealeal
a only authoity by
Sbtuks is a
uy-venyaroo vieo Suprem CouiB Sasd
the Concept of. other authory 1s vety ide oher
than these whth are Ceaseel by stakukes who are Undler e
Conthel of govenmens of Ldia will. also he Consideed a
Oheauthonhey. So hameansitan authority Crealel by a
special Staite indiv idually then i i l l ba takem as
Other authoity
Many Authonhes are not ctalael by shuhdes but thee u
lot f hod us the meanirg
geu Conto)on tha So- 0
CToveIn ment (ont rol2-
inth Cae f Ajay Hasia us Kalid mujib 191 S
Lwa decsded aat ovk onhol mean which are
Cuulakvely inonciallyunctionall and odminus 4rahvedy
under i ntrol of Covernment

So non Statutorgbody which u iancially unttonally

and odministhoively ualer na Gonment they are also She
Am Onder Omer
auhorg
n t
Case- Manmohan Singh s_lommissicner Onion tcantey
Chandigah lat5 sc
there a ruu Nanak Khalsa Hah Schoo ih hardligarh hat
non Slatutoy authonihyits 9S expense ganesl by
Covt heir Cmployeeswert governedby Panjab Servite Act
s k t h 1s kmnced oy govt emblogas apboialesl oy qovt
meely it 15 notMode b SettdeSo Sube me CocAat Sald
I S otherauchoty becouu t IS Cumalatively hnanaly
 Hunchonally4no ad munustrabiely Lonrolleab4 he Gov So
itdeen doentt matBerhat itIS take bShatuora law
Or not Mean, it Cruru nlaak khalsa Higan sthcol inthgus
udamenda igks hen Hha wit þehihon Can be hled
0gaiht thea

Can Privale Banks Paivatio incthtuhions e be Ccridoded

0 athex authorihes)
n Cal=
Dnni Kaishnan vsStakt oAnclhaa Prsdsh la13 So
S Said, anu priuale
Banl Privat inJhkuhonwth iss
neitmer Cumulahuly nor inancrally unthonally and adnuustehin
Under theu are not 0ther authoihes.

'shat abcut bankA other han ivat banka like SBLRBLk:1

SC Said 08 thy are Cumulahvelykvaucially uuhonal
and odrnishahvely Under
the lontro ot Jouk SD they all-
ill he Cendidered a ohtr authoi'h.

Conpcation like- Aixport Lnttr naional and othta publi

Sector bnaler talinys whilh are Comptnielan theybe
Considered a othe authonha ?
Reaaaduna tus, d ImporBant Juclgmenh Camu-
R D shety s Tnlenahional Aia post Authunty 112s
3 o m Prakash Re ki us Union oIndsa 1 ) S
in bothJudymant. itwy held hakto check whether an
Corpoahon oner Quhoyi tO not, thee Is a teyt f themn
what ave he tess?

17 Cab1tal_in thas oporahon of Cavemment then hat

Outhoi ty 1S other auheri
21 sale has a dee Gmtrolon it then also t1S oher
Quthorihy
S74 hur unchons are fo impothamce anal gouClosely
monios t hen it IS othey authonih
mean that hoO geutinerfarein thad Co poahion
So Hhose Co
povahonsof whith si Shaea a e of
govt amel their 6oogdoB Dixtclorsare of Croverh ment, in.
Such mattersit oill be taken a othet authorth

Heme heneuer Grov 15 inucle inanhally, funchoraly

anol oclminis tadinly he4 are other authorihes

Aac Co-operakive Banls other aulhorihes

Th Cpov ha no Con hol on it hene it 15 not other authori

rder shich au locpeahive banks Ceakd )

Co-oeaahive bank3 Or Soticko ac

Lshet tobhether-awat
whethera wal Board an oher auhariy
nough oa4 Goazd madt by stakule buk it is not Contao led
Cou Ahantlallyfunchoraly Arel AdnusthvelySo
fheg OTe no onr ahonhey..
 Paivake Banks ike IC1CI HDEC ehk ollo RT and
ABI also_ check on hem then whj hey arc notundler Couk7
IntheR Cases also he tat 1SHa is it Conholed
by Croh kantalyknChionall and adiustahiely o r net
ymere ollewing cadmunshaiu htad clets hat make it adanisbaha
mevely
head
hene any Privahe Bank nfsinges Hundamenlal ighk
*
hen oLorlt þeihion Cannotbeled.

DocsJudiciaay S included in he wod Shake2

Hws matr Came in the case o f -
Ujjam Ba vs Sak of uP_labSc
itway held that1 any judicial authorih4 a gua
Juduial auhoisypadiay an order uohith Some one5
tundamendnlHghkthen he ophim is AppalReuisitn Reuie
ethence judiiay dloes not Cowme under Hag danahon o

i Loa zealimd in the Cas

Ruba Ashck Hurra vs Ashok Hutha 20.a) S
ih his tae 5-Je Judges benth e:afkrmd Hhat any Tudicial
proCeedun decs notihfrihga fandamenhl aighkthads ohy that
hot shle
Bu Judicaly a louses.

2
Not Stot ) Stak
0 Judictaxy gvhg Rule makihg poat
Drder Cx Judgment
 whe hE art xercisirg Rule here theCAre
makirg poust
Stk where the art doihg admiNstahikunc hon

s maHur lamt in-

PCGags Excise lomissloner HP 1163 SC

Is udicia a Stk
1 i 1 s achrg in ik Juditial pro Cesse hen it is
htaSadtbud ohen it IS Comihg ih Rule nakina Power
in odninishahve Capaci then it 1s a slae
Lohee the ar he
Rule making_houwer there are

Stak where theu at doihg admiistaaiie fumc hmd

+hey are she.
hts matter Came in--
PCGar s Excise (ommissloner HP 1463 Sc

I5 Judiciaru aStake
1i 1S in i
acHng Juditia proCesse thenit Is
Not a stae but hen it I S Coming hRule making Poer
in administative Capacth then it is
a S»,

w Aak 13 1S So important)
I a a aight hot enfortiable hen had oill bea me.
paper l ohich kas ho value So it Can be Seud thot Aa: 3

giues teeth o the Fudaumental [Link] that inkringement of

fundamental tiglk_Can be takan t Hu Cout
Hoo testk Can act against is pecple Slae Can
act agaitÍA peopleby 2 a A

by execuhive order bylegslahive Law

a y las infrin the oa
Fundamerla RgkB ofay pe5on
pe on
the he Can diectlg go t o e Subreme Cou whe guandees
fundamewa aiqh
 Lohat uoil Coua do 2
he Court will Check hat la whether matlao went
againat ha Proui'sim of_our Conshtuhon or not11nohe
wody Cout does Tuoutial Rautw
hiough
FWtough Hs Judijal Rauieo He CaunB will cheek whether
a y law 1s [Link] lansiuhonal provisloh OrCu'h
H CoHluhonad euisio it 15 aga'hst then itConnot
be apblitable. Judiual Reuicw i te paat ofbalilstuckure
which does not le the leaislatune te-beqene overboard it
doe no alloo leaislakut to go btyonal Hho lenshihuhion
14_tae Say thad Oudctal Reuino_1s he most impor tant
weaonof Judiiad
Judiiara to kee is leash the legslahive body
hen. we won be wOn
where the Judicial Reuie too.k bith2
om A 13
why )
becaye Onder Judicial Reunc i tCanbe Seen thut ha lao
made bg e4islakue is actording o ConsHhuhonal prou'slnsor
hot Lohetner it is hreakin He undamenal Riqk or hot

No when use Come o laws

Hao
ma e of laws ae thec7
laws Can be dleuided into y_paaks under & hads

Lagislahve Las Non legISlahve laws

Pexmanent laws CFor ever) Ctomary Las
Temporar (oxdinantes)
DeleaadedLauas CDyelaws)
 anylau. whether legislative Or non leg1slahve, itit
1s agaungt H Fundamenal Righa Cannot be alloued
we Can alsSo deuide th laws into dpricd

(U he lons ti tuioral 2) Post (onshi ahioeal

was the amything Callec Fundamenlal Righh behore

94m Jan. 105o
No, here wer no tasa Eundamenal Righ before lommenement
of the
lndh tuhion.
whemit Came )
Fundamemtal Rigkk camein ig5o oitm Ha lommthtement o{ Ha
Cohdithion
Haus i Camel
Through ([Link]
Shall we apply FundameaklRguk Rtrosbechiicly9
Since Fundamenhl RighkLoere not there that 4r imt Sso
C a t be applied Rutaospectiuelyit oill be auely pospeciel
weSee Qaihsh law, thewe made before 19So and many
ofthon Violaki Fundamenbl Righd, Canwe hroo awa
their lawS9
I1S also not postible iaS ihsh laws are shll efleckive
Ond to give devi is du it has to be Conceived that laws oae
wnkin
wonkih n Lrdua , but also Fundamenh Rsgkh shall be abblied
a d f Gihsh lasds tramp les Fundemewtal Rghts , hen
Hou Can it be allowed
T i n Baitish laws Some paak cue absolukely ine but Some

ba violudes Fundamendel Ragkls. then the pat shith viclat

undamenal igkts ox nct in Hhe ConsanarKe with Conshuhom an
that þatt Shall be blocked
Eclipse
absoluely fne Violaiv

h e part Lokich is violuhiveoill be made n_ Lonsohanle

oith our Cony tuton, then that patt an also be alloed cnel
Hae Lehale lauw Can_be applied.
aShado skall be bud on violakie parhasit Cannot
be [Link] ha 8»iish laua tremplin ou Fundamenlal Rugh
thad shadou is Called Ecipse
Thi's Decthihe is called Doctin of Eelipse

That uksh [Link] is Lshally against the Furdamenlal Rigkt

i Anh Fundamenal Righk Hhat l a shall_be thrown ouk

Lauo S afky he lonsi tuhion

Tf any aw is madeohich is against t fundamenbal 1ghk hen
that La is SHI born Law (Dead born child)
the Dochihe of Eclipse Can only be apblie to pre Conshtuhon
Laws not to tHhe þest Conhtuhon lawk1f anypost onsh tuhonal
aw is against urdamentalaigkhthen id shall be thaowh ou
becauseiB is Shl bon law and Can be Eclibsed s h l
be jeclesl
 In he ords of Jushte Rrishna iged
in Eclibse CosmehicSurgry is done, andin post
Conshtuhona laws CoS meke Surgery is nc allowea

in another oordsany best onshthonal laoif it 15

Cagainatundamenligkhit is dead ban child 1f t is a
p Conshtuhoa law Sinse Mo tundamenal aighh existed , hals
he eascon OMY las made by the Bihshers whith wa offena'
tundamental righs that Small bart Can be Cclibsed and
made ih (onuonence loith Lonstithon hanhat chld is
hot a dead chil

Noca t hexes a law Which 15 posk Constituhian (afkr a6t Jan l )

oich is ve good law bu Small patt of Hhat law 1S againt
Fundamenal Riglkt Cannet be Contckel as il s shlI botn
Child So. Lwhat is Ha oplion i4itCant be Laircttel 2
hhan that paat shall be throun awayand es+par is 9ood
C
lau So that i be aflitallein ta bestConshihhond
laos dead part 15 Seuedthatis ohy s is Called
Doctrine of SevCability.

ood lao Bad law

how heve is a post Conihhhoral laa. Lohih is atly Joocd

but paHl ogainst the Consition t e Cat that fark olich 3
net good, bu hat bad pa»B ua the heartof thad las. Hhen H
Jeft part CAnhof be Survivcd Ohly Small paa Can be Seue re4
Leto oiut ulih ha law CAn Suaui ve hat bar Cannot be
 SeveedLaithou whith lao Cannel SuuiveSo Seveability
has t be ih Such a way ho whithis truncaled Part
Par b u it Can stand a it iSe and the ethas o had aw
Shall no be Chagus

Dchine o Loaici
Loaiver meam) togfve up aiglk,o givirg up fundaomena ngkH
inAmenCa Can be done ho people Can giveup ther hurclamenl
-

Rigkb bus India I S a new demauaty unlika Amerita

Suprme Count said Fundamenal Righk cannat be given ulo
the fandament nghs a hese baggage skuch evesg Indian
has bean given to put on his back and no one is allowed
take it o Hence Dochine ot aver iS not aplkhicahle in Thdia.

Aet 13 CO It won be allouwed that any la includiing mhsh

la 4 inhinge Hhe Fudamenlal Rig hk but those laws Can
be ste sit aigktby eclipsing he bad paat and Hhat las
will he acuived

(2 deals oikh post Con huioral laws- ani FR laus shall net he
tade
ha thencnkire laus Lontt be ejected bu thal þat Lohidh is
Contaveming he fundamendal Righ that þaaB Can be CuB o .
only that þat toilbe cat aff Lohih is againt a Fundammenl
Righs as that past 1s void. i ii Can't be eclipsedand made okay.
ho ha to be aon o in another twods Hha Cam be Scueted.
and hhe Dochine of seveaibilisauil be app lied
 3a-Laus ihcludey- Odinanee Order bye-lao.i ule egulahon,
nof kcakon Cus tom o USagei
Cb)i deals o ith lauo in force if here is a lawwhe ther
t is applitd oy not b u nof depealed Ino that an
be aphlied euen tbday-
(TE in_hat law heres any ihagainsFundamenkl
Righs ha Shall be eclipSed ane loyhecel.)

wha is Bue laos)

to louer
Bye lauos are
delegae oxr, uich an delegaked
level or exectuhve to make kurthe Snal) lausLhath skall na
go aganf the law of Parhiamen

( ) Amendment onder And 36 las or nat2

T amenelment under A 368 15 law hen Cant
touch Fundamenal RighkiE it ts no la hen i t tan amel
the Aundamenslrg kh

Qym CAA Saud Hat anyy amendment to Lomahhhiomu het

law,it means i t Cam amend Furdamena) Righs

yLAA Came in Consideahon inResavahanda

Bharh ca whjth said Qum Amendman Act 15 oka4 LonsHth nl
amendmens Cam amenal Flurda menhj Rghh bt fFuncdambuk!
Righk Are h pat of e bas ic sthucture hen it tant be
amends
 Chaaccterof Funclamtwlal Rgh
Fundamenal Righs basically expressConshhohal
prou'Sion limi iha legislaive powerand Contolling he
enhre legsslaturë.
tarlier Shaes Lorhe all poeytul many imes slaks
Loih teir power hanbled individual'sighacihizen SBaaked.
devaulhng _(h 12215 and it esulteel over So many Centurlg-
th ighk of Hepeople hacl to be made înh Subrema atos
H ighh of He_pea ble had to our and above a_Powers o
SoYereijgnwhere Ha Souereign rekused o acebe, like. in Fecnch
Revaluhon H Soucruigns headas Cut off and peeple took
Hhei poe Tishgat ba tundamndal aighkhas gone ito
lo Cenurieg amd that IS ealon Lohy hse have Come to

Earlier i4 wa th ule oi kirg e kirg was eveaying

and e ole of H peoble w a minuscule _paa 1ght in
he enc Now the tables haue uIned and Haundamensal
dighks as He rigltot we hi peoble e e þeople aae
Cteating
Cheat H Stae Cant_be alloted o take anyohe s
Fundamenal Rigkk,i h kature [Link] makes any lauo
law
Lwhih_is againt e ights of he þeo hle they haue b e
thrown_Out
95 May 2022
Lohether the Dockine of Sevthability Can be aplied
againtt th (onahitulioral Amendmenh Act
This maker Came in-
Minerua millk Jus Union of Ldia 118o S
here wese & Sections t h e y2nd Amendmens Act
Ses. ad Sec 5s these Sechan uere again^tte lonshhhian
hes
thec t Sechians we Severtd rom 42nd Amendndak Act ane
t of He LonsiHuhioal Amendment At held ualid So
evem hConshtuhoral
euem amendmen ach an go Hatough Ha
lest o sabil

n another Cale_al-
Ak Ccopalah vsStak of madras l15 S C
then u Prevemive Delomhion tck-1950 inuihuth se i4
wA ujslakive o At.22 The lout Seuced s [Link] am
Hrtvenhve Deknhion Act-14so and oce tas Seehon uwa
emad he st of Act w absohukely e

Judicialpronguncemenk on Pe lons tituhonalLaw

octrine of Eclipse
In t lase of
Reshauah Staleof Bombay 1951S
it wa held tha: A Laws enbrced at he lowwenement
h onhtuhim(4so) ohich wee inlohsisBent with
o
HRudamenda Rgh Conterto by Pad ll became
Uoid to thal ex lent

A ques hon arised h the Case o -

Lathmandas vs Slae ol Bombaylas9 S

those loaws Lokick were honsi lent with Funda mental

Righk wer th Void a_initio 2
aheldheld that H Ha enhte Paatm (oncerhig Fundamand
Rigls of the Canakkuhon is prospechive and n o Rdkros pective<
and h a is the alon uhy Since there weRhO Fundamnal
auailable Hhad is wh hoselass were no Void ab iiho
Riglkb
an another Case Cam u -
Abdul kadir v State of mysoe [Link] HC
In HuS case it uwas held t-AnupoLeeure whith
againat tLe Fundamemal Righh need no be tolloweal
euen il La pescribeod bu laws
laus which wcte
Pre CenHtdional

anather que hon_ Came up beBere He Suhreme Couat in Hh

Case of- Qasim Razui. s S e al Hadeabad l453 S
queskim ose- TE e prececeding Were alrtadyover în_Pe
Lonshhional law. hen Cam that matter be [Link] 7
Nobecawe hose matter Lohich have aleads been_cdeided
bebre te Conkuhiom- Comnemced all hose_hae oelame
nal becau Pa I of hLonsk huhimtannat he abblied
Reospelticly-
in he Cake of
Sani Sau us Union of India 1155 SS
t was held thet thee i s a deþriva hon o
Fundamenbl Righ. in Pre onsi huhowal laws CAnd it
Conhnuts then iB will be Soppod when lonshhuhio
CommeneA

AA far as Decdhine of Lclipse is Concer nedl

in Judqmet of-
Keshavan vs Shae of Bomba 151 S
veycleasly Supreme _Lourt held Hat a law befor
6 Tan 1060 iiB wa intringingth aat t of
the lonshtuhon ir Eundamonal Rislka i t did ha betom
Noid in toto bu which paat is againt Puda menla)
i h that Laill he eclipsd and Hhat Can be Chargeal or
loreckol.

In t osds o Judtite Rishna uer

Is Plashe Susger Permissible or Demo liHon
Of Seckon ihevilable"

in H udament of-
8hikají vSStae ofMP 1955 SC
thre
there was a law prior t 1150in that gou auHnonsed
nationolise Road transporkHS a aganst Fundamentd
Riglk tus art was lSE CAA whih
povided special paver o tcov o Caka on qhw toade
provihecl
or buihe)
 hee oa a Cena Prouines Motor vechicle Ac
H, in.
in

ohich Gov wad athoriscol to nahonalise Road aspor

Lohith was againatHe Fumdamenla Rizh becaus euerybody
ha aigkt Tade and octupaion henceit u6

eclipsedby IsdCAA1451

Dochine of Eclipfe is not applcable o pesk

Conshtuhonal laws he reaion heig ha iCan be
Clloweda t h a t a law uhsch is Anh-Fundamen Righk t

be hamcd

Doctrine Dochine_of
of Seuerahility
sweoabilit basitalyaphlie o H
past Conahhuhiona laws c itvery clearly Says hat
Stae shall net oke an law uwhich takes auay o r
away
abridga e Fundamelel Rigkk bu Hhen i law s made
ane a þat o that law is bad hen here is ho ncecl
to ejck whole law
becaw he rtason is Hatonly Haese pah of
the lauos are not exishin hich are Anh Fumdamunal.
Righh
Matter Came tor_ He htst Hme inHhe Case o -
AK Cobalan vs Stak o Madras 145 o Sb
wher he Supreme Cou held that evan i Aa 13 had
not written his hen also becaune Funaa memal Rtghk
uranteed thne is asomahc imlplrcahion Haar It any
lauo is masa agansFundamenbal Righs tha is stil borh
lat So CaseCaseofAk npalan sad Ha Ar13has
bee addee i n ConatituHo as a meas ur_ot
abundant Cauhion e n iit wa_net been addedIt
would hot haue made a kuqe duference becaule In_a
Cale Caw legaslaive enactment ohich tasgremes
Fundamen Rigkkauderet automahtally us rull and ve id.

Fundamenhea Righh has been takem trom

US [Link] the Bill of Rigkh).
Is therea Simila pouiaion a Axt:13 ih US Conshtuhion)
No haa is ho Specihic povision analogouso e
SAme Art: 1 butfhem mah Judgmnk un
Amenitan Lenshi huhion_iSpohra tha Same Hiwhith is
portayed in Aat: 13

one of hese Judgmems-

MarburyS Madi son l&o HmeHCa

Ths waA HoIst Cate_o{ Judicia Reuie in He Woald)

in s Judgmen it hel
The Us Lon tuhion very cleculy e lab Jshed that te posihon
is Same A in Art: 13 o Indian Londhtuhiom.. and hld
hat ay la in Amenca which is agauint Hhe Bill o

Rag hk il be Struck daan

whak weapons hey w il we
The wcapon is udtctal- Reuneo
n tho Case ok-
Hesh van vs Shle o Gombay 1951 SC
i w a held thar any ontonlhihuhional oapect ohe
las woula be tohelly illegal ighk om he biaBh o
hhe la and henceit Cahhot be sek ig and it
Cannet he pu urder Dochihe o Elipse

MPV Sundaarcimiervs Stakof Andhia Padsh lasgs

was held Ha-
Law Can be OnConahihuhoal elue to 9 Rasn-
thnse oo healahA Ore

Lackof it violatu
[Link] EundameaklRiqkh
- Void ab ihho

itan lao Lhsch is untondi hutora because Hhe

legslaku did not haue the poey topoik thar
Cannok beseh righktbecaust i i s dead la power was
hok Hhe to þuglaa butit an law arhally viokte
an Fundamenleal Rikkit ompletely usolating Aundamenel
ighs then whole law i l be ejeckd bu t i t only
i n i s HaFumdamental Righk to terhain extnkthat
extent uil he t o Ha Rosto la l l be kint.
Lut of

violadus FR.
 inthe CaJR of
Chotey lal vs ske of uP 145 Allahabad Hc

GuesHonaristd Can Court inlerkareoith la when t

IS ih BiN slage and agait Furdamenal Rsghh
itw held HharHs is pre ogahve of leqisutuue h e
Cou Canne he allowad to inker Pate a a naslent S tege,
at a Sage when it is a bill he Lourk can onls [Link]
when t hay_ became O lau.

in the Ca o
Habeeh vs Stak of Hydeabad la53 SC
it hela har wheneuer Hhe lau ha e ugnan
povisions hen the Dockrine o 3everabílit ppliea

the qulhon ariad=

Hos or Order what Condikon_ the Doctrine of Sevcrability
appliea)
the laW Can be Sevetd on ly on under Lerhuin Londihn-
which s s laid daon in-
Mohor aenea Taaders v skle of Andha Paadesh laFu SC
in this udgrmonk Honble Supreme Loutt Summarised h
Rule of Seueabilty C Unde uohat CiTCUmstantesa law
Can be Seuehed

(D Intenhon o f the lemslature i t s moe Concen hah ng on

On
untattd þart (the park whuch is Stuend Hom
CAN bSevered
2 The baat which is mixed up
offis So inriCaltly
Cid ard it Canh he ut alt withaut Changing yer
0
ethos o Hu law e hale law shall be tjectkd

3 I4 h bar is Severedthen th uwhole aw loscdik

Stea then also hee Shall be ho Seut abilikg ne
l ashal be mode

u whert h etauntatd past is bo Smallthen ih hutBer

to njcth th whole and make_a nas law

In te Case of
Slsle of keralav sI NPehtr 1930 Sc
In tis audgment uhie kriskna ycr Said-
1 Plask Surgey pe3nisscble o Demalihon_o
Sechion ineui lablewhen plahic sugerg is net pemiSsible
nD Dochine of Sccrability be made alppltcalble-

Can Fundamen Jal Rigks be uhikd)

in te Cae of-_
Crolaknath vs skle ok Punjah 1141 S
whee majioritdeusion, wile discussi 13h(A
Saud Ha- Paxliament has no nigkt to Carlail or Rastrict
Fundanmenal Rigksby bading any Amendment Cndale
held thot Consktuhional Amtndmenk wert law under u
Delinatono 13 qne (it Is law than itcan!t
Cural fuwdamenal ngh
 Thelea1sketue cacted by oassing 2yh CAAagahA
Cgolak nalth udgment ohere hy dealy Saud hat an
Consitutional Amemdment Ack het lawand i it is het
Law
Las the it Can unail or dhmt Furodamenal RighH-

y CAA wa challanged i n Locus classicus Ca o

kesavananda Bhai vS Slatt of kerala la13 5 he
9ythCA w ubheld ih anoher_worcls Lon^hhuhtonal Amtndmnt
AcE Can Cutail or gestact Fundamendal Rigtkbu he
Resavaaada Bhati Judgment ald doun a new aJlpeLt ot
Baslc Stucture and Fundla mena Right Consh tute
Hh boIc Shuchue Han Ha
annet be amended by a
ConsHhutonal Amendment Ac

A Queshn aHSed in te_ (ae of-

Yoin vS Toon Area CommiHee 1452 5

If o e is a ontlict ot Fundamendal Riakk Lon whad

what inkerpclahion Should H Cout fake?
SCheld, when He ApphCation of one Fundumenal Riglt Come
Conflict with anomer ih Such Cases all He paas_6
Conhi tuhom muthe tcad together and harmoniously

So ohen to fundamental digkk Came into Con fhc

e te Ceut must have a harmoious Cons truchon and
Seaohdh Fundamonal Right shouddukuagh He other
Fundamenal Righ
Ono ho Quahon arised hat
Who Can challage h Cons i tutiorality of hestauk-
\n he Cas o
kianjit l a vs Union o Ihdia 1950 SC
t oasheld Hhat only those
thosecrsans Caa challange
those
laos(whích (entroavemes Fundamendal Rigls)Lshese Rrgus
have bean aleeel
S0 heþeason who has ho tundamenhsl aigh
Cannot Chsllahge avaldity of such sBatules

ths mater also Came up in another Supeme Cour Cale-

Nabhiaajiah v Sle of myso 452 5C

itLoas held Hha i HaSmkuk oþerales on a Cenhatt
e i t h e r parhy to Haonhact Can ckallange lat Sauk.

Is a lompany cili2en of Indha I t hag undamoul Raqhk

inHeCareo -
State Tadtng (eapoatiom vs CT0. 1463 SSc
It_as Said Hat the
[Link] a
janS hL
legal enhty a s a Cult_om pany Canno beCalled H
Cik2em of India ano hence an undamenl right which
D cih2ens Camnot b gven o alompay
buut ano ther
mattkers Came up egarding us on
in hu Cases of=
RC Lon ber s _Uon of India 140 S
gennett Coleman kla_s Uon_of Indka 113 S
 Ih bota he Case the mater wss Company 1s not a
iHen lompang has no Fundamenkl Riqh Bu
Sharhalders lompany are NatutalPersens
o

il
Fundamental Rigk ot_Company Shaeholderin{rirgus
hey Can03e heir Fundaweanl Rughs

Doctaine of Waivver
in he Cose of-
$okman behaam vs State of Bombay 1955 Sc
LhAmetta it 1s He þreogahiue of individuals t
wavt oL their Fundamenwal Righk but India u a nw
Democracy
Demolrag- Cn hue Fudamental Righk Are qlven_ as a
Publi poliy hente undamente Righh Cannot he wed o
by an Idi uidual.

ther was Dichotumy of opehion on thi's

Judge VenkaBraman Sasd- Rigs Can be wav o
alttr allt is his Rig he may or ma hot want to
enjoy hem bu a majori hed Mad Pundameakl nigy
Cannotbe wauo ol

nother Judgment lame veqadag Hs matter

asheshat Nath /s The LomuSSiuner 01 htome Tax 1151
S
Ts Judg ment AA also Mot UanimoL but the
majoni
held Hhouk The fundamenal gkk_Canno be wAed of
Amerian Dochi na Or Amenan 0 a o ife Cannot be
applied o Ihdian Coihion whateuer may be huain
HmenCa hough we haue taken Fundamenel Rialbom
ill o gh and Hhough AmertCan Conshhuhon allows o
Indivnduals to give u Or v e o his Fundamealal Rigks
buk in
Ldia we w l hot allo tis. because India is ahtu

DemoLray too nascent DemaCra Aha to qiue Fundameaata.l.

Rghs s public Paliy_as_a eulE dlachrine ot aiver
docs het apbly o Fundamendal Rigkh
appliedto Ihdtan Cohshtuion whateue may be Hue in

AmemCa. though we taken Eundamemel RigH rom

have
to
ill o ugh Cand Hhough AmeHCan Conshthuhon allows
individuals ogiue u OY oave of hs Fundameadal Righs
out in Lhdia Lwe wil) hat allow us be cause LndllaS a hew
Demelraey too nascent DemaCraty CAho to iueFunolawmemtal
RXgkb s public Policy_asa result_ dloctrihe of oaiver
dloes hot apply to Fundamenlal RIghk

Q6nMay &o22

The Rigks given by Fundamental Righ

Right to Equality Arkcls14-I8 con taind the akt to

equality The vay furolamental oB a Democaty o r eoubli
ha hudaham
IS basially equadiy, Cqualuky is [Link]
becauewithaut equalihy He very soticky u o 3 dleuided into the
haves and havenak s 0 the shugale ot Manki have been tor

qualit latliex Hhere wee Monarchs they ould Sunuie by

ihvoluilaHhe deuine ight to rule that they ocae chosem Ohe
i'nvoluig
but sloslythis image_way
by godand people_ujedto Accepk
byoken nd no daubt the basi Claion Cal fer eqality Lemg
von Ehglish Parliament when Hhey aak hat he Patlíament
Should be given e ighk of the k b u th ighh of eua
were fouebly
aken hy the cihlens in the French Reuoluhion
yench Reuoluhon uws the one o a basic tourch beares foi
Righ o_Equality tha Concept_of Rebublrc aHseSom
he hench Revoluhon Cnd he most fundamental aspech ot a
Rebulblicis the Rugh to qualty
The Ragl to ualitis So inporBantun
Meden da LonaiukinaSpecially in Democake
Rebulslic Conshhhbns, tha uen Suheme Court oent to ta
xtent o Saying in iIndita aandhu
vs Raj nlazain 1145 Sc
thad the Right to ¬quadiyis the basic Stuctue of H
Londition So euen a Supreme Coutt ha ecogniled Hao he
Rigkt to equality onatutes the bait Gtuctue of e (onshhuhianand
hence ah be amended ox Lowed ot
Equality mean nat only polica qualt
it is also the Soio ceohomic
equalityEqualita is Hhe bades o
SoclalismOr evan to exheme exttnd. he lommunISm The entite
wos tha Monarchial in
begining buthe new world Order 1s
bajed on Riglt o Cqualty and no LoondkOuz bzi Const ton
tu
strah wia ths very
basicndamenal Rigkt okaualiy
Equalisheuld not be Seen aa amoe jargon, þeeble oant tal
equalis Real equallty mean that everybedy eans well evry body
uhealt and everyhodg is saliy in tau Same boat However
hee are liteaay Cxpressions and ih law
tera expreion) co
mater what maHer s Lcgal Terminologita
Axhicle 14 Seh th ball ollig by iung wo
LoMep, in lerms o legal Rminologio.
Aalicle14

Eauality be forc Equal prolechion_ol

Jhe Law the LawS
Naa akive Contap) LPosikv Conceht)
 Rugk o cquality uranted witon the kiitory of Irdia,
ha cuside ta ternitory of India
7Ri qualit is availableto ey person in Jndia and
euey person includey Cihems ano anoh LiHmens

AquCation anisad in Supreme Coua in the coge o

Naimal Human Righk Lomnsiim vs Stale of AauachalLAucesh la16

Canthe oreignes be tcaltal a boa with other_people

in Indiain tams of haking Gtilensib of India 2bicauue
Rig o Cqualityavailableo ecyson in the
Henoyof Inda
In tus Judgment the Ho ble Supreme Cauat held-
thaHeaugh he s Rig to equalily available to all
Cihi2en and non Cihlen HooRur Cinenskip is one maltr
Lohick isSubgetto the-pouers o H Crov o 1Lndia the
oreogaie o the Cau of Inclia Cannat be taktn aay Underr
sakcle: we do actebt that toneign nahionals cla haue he
Righ to equalithy bu in textain mattkswach hakrally Can
be bajed Pobli Poliky, the4
on
may no be giun equal rigks
0ik2eN in the matkr o f Cikzenshi

Aat14-Equality beore Law 2 Equality betore la bantaly

Rwe of Lavo, euergbody is Cqua anal euerybady must obey
the La egtually, nobody Can he given a dilferenhial trta tment
just beCauke he happes b e aUIP
As
Jennings Saya Eguality behr
las iS Negahu oncept
heca it denies Special privilagegfor any pe rhtu l pexsum
Rule of Lou is very impot tant Onaler Comman Lau hat
won't give sþecial atment
uer pesons equal and lato
tany berson In oher Words he oule oLao whith was
Cnuncialed ih English Law by Diceylays doun the basIC
Pos tulate ha no man is above law: No man wil et
Special privilages în lad

s haHer Came u befo the Suprme laurt

KC Sarkar us Rajesh Rajan 20o5 S
i nhis it Lou held nat mPs and mLA_are het abov
La, they Loill he thtatd eaqually in jail like oher prisehet
anad afler tus Judgment sþecial privilage to he Ms and
MLAs eH Stopped in Jai

Equal Protcchion ofLaw The background dt Equal Proechonof

Law is here in Ameaan Lonshtuhio The 1y m Anendment
of Amertan (ohshtukion sed a erm Nor Shall anys a t
deny
deny to any person The Cqual ProBechion of Laws So taom
4he lytnAmend ment of American Conshtahion we got his ex pa«8Sio
Equal Protechon of aws
Bolh the expressios uality_betore law a l
equal broBtchion o las aphly to ohole uoorld. even niteel
Nationd in is Unild Nahions Declaration of Human Rig ks CODHR
194 Used both he expressions Ondex Aahicle +wDHR)
AL are equal bafore Lauo and are enHtled without hy
Diguniminakion to equal prolechion of Lauos and t wa ed
in Arttcle 14 0f Idian Conshuhon
 Lauo o Equaliby is like Gaumukh of Ganga Carga Can
be aken a So man rg whith flo inb river as tributaris
we Can saftly Say Hhat the fountain 5owte is Hxt: l4.
AdHcle Jy is enuolvec in almost evey matherlke-
Seculanism, Social juskce in India CLonomi Jushie ih [vdia Polita
Auaice in India Prokchiy he xighh ol minaushay ard hahy
tem equallyhence Art 14 is the fsunin headof thihigh
Riuer o equaliie
Equal Po kcHon of laus is a posiliue lontep
becauei gives Rits and Cuality befoae lad takes away a
righb Cqual prokchion of lao isabou gething Rgual beadment
ih equalCixumstahteallpersonshaue the rgkt to be teated
Cqally in oiher wardg- if he priulages o t o be gien Hsh
a hepeoble shal get them eguallysimilaly if lhabilktes
CAre to be imbosed then liabilities will_also be inbosecl
equal
O matte_XCame belo the Supaemelouat-
SainivasTheatre vs Gov: of Tamil Nadu 992 SC
in thus Case Subeme laurt Said tha he erm quali4
hefore Lao and ualprokechon of Lasss are dosalutely
dilfeent may- be So mauy tuihga looks like commen ih
bath the [Link] bu they do not mean he ame Huha

4he another aspect is=

in Equalit befbre THE LAW meang lau in genci-
Sence
Ond in Equal Prclechom_o LAS it meanHe speciftC lauss
whith are ih tove.
So it means Equality bebre the ethos laso ard equal
Protechion of_cll he skakutony lads

One Badic Aspetof Socialism

C TheThexe ae2 thildin in a home one iS healt
CUnd ana her i's lean and tun

Healig Child Thin Child

dglasse olmilk
Inequalit
1 glasofmilk 3 glamey o! mik- >tauali
Cso tha he Can
betomehealty
S0 hatCqualitu means = pesple 3hall he aalkd
eaually n Same Condihons bw these omo aat hot in he
Same Con dliion ad eakd egually s not equalit
us is inequalitg

Egualityis-tor hote-usho a n same tooHng budt

h e prihai þla of equality is appliea to unequal people
Hhar s not equality whth meangit domen jn ug
Countru
Coumtr who haye been downtrudden ae whe have loeen
the brunt Of Sccal empathy r Cenruries ard Centapje
Pacing
iSpecial laws Ore made tor hem hen it Is not I'nequalítu
Cvon in las 2-3 detadA women_ haveCome uh Socially ton
eCono mi Cally k.
B when two heal ty childen are there_and
One is getking 1glass of milk and another 15 getig
glunes of ilk >iis is inequalit
theg bot shall be \reaed equally

MAben londgua Tpepte eegalaeadmtat

ohen inequaltreatment gien to equal people this
inequalityis Called Class legislation
+his s agais Ard \y.

when Unequal eatmeat givcn to uneqLal peoplet u sIs

CalledReasonable Classiftitahion
Reasorele clahakion is acceblable ekt undar Ard:14

t s maHer Came p in he t of-

Chiranjik Lal Chowdhuri vs_unon of Indsa 1151 Sc
SRKDalmia uls Jushte [Link] 195s_Sc
slate of Lest Bengal s Anwar 1a52 S
t w held ha-(classi kitahiorn s s(an be allowodih
Ar: 1 i t is baked on reasonable rouds of cdustncho
n othey wnd- i the classihicattn iS arbitay 0rHta
evadie Omd basedl on Hha same peable then it will hot
be a rea3encble classikcahion it wil be class legislakion..whith
Cammot be allowed, Reajonalsle classtkiakon
hoalcally mean
aeaingUneually unequal peoble So onecqual peopl
 but
1hey
they ae rtaled Unequalli15not axbitsa
1 1S Hadonahle gzouhd r dgktc hion.

A quesHkon Came up in the call of

DS Nakara vs Union of India.
Can cla% legislation be pexhited)
fus mater Came_ub iK_a oter ol þen lon he
Cetain beniih were being gien to Somen_ pens iones who
were hinrg before 31st manch ana those who w
rcirina
crira a Pa 313 marchtheg were not being given Aezu
benifik
SC Said hat they both Are pensloness ad u's Is
aa bittard to deny these oho a xhdg atk 31h _math
' s is Classlegislation Lohich Canno be allowtd

NofiB 15 Sad to negualily is allouwed i it klls

nder reasonable classrhtaton then_naturally the queshon
arises- what is the te3t 6f Readonable claäihcah'on2

thuis
this maHer Canein & imborkand judemenks
R k . Dalmia vs Jushce SR Tendblkar 05 $L
Slhle_u|s UC Shukla 113o Sc
3 tests Came ou from hese jualgmenk & from_R:k.
Dalua and 3rd est from V.C skukla Jsdqmumks
Ist tesE R.k. Oalnia
The Reasbna ble classihahion mut ba toundeol on Intelligible
Dlferenait meana the dference uwhich Can be See
clealy ohat ousHingushs the too and is Hhat duference
So Toadorable that it shall be glven Specialhatmet

Lnd tes Rahonal

15 that Inlelligible Difercntia aclaBcd to mouin aim?
i
i mean sc[st are given escruahn hen_ sill
thes Stano on equal fooing o Greneal Cat? Ys.
hon it is Aeajanable claiitaion..

Id yShukla
There must bea Nexus betiween the of he
cikenlian
basrs of Classificahon and he obiect of the Ac
Supxme Court Said tha w e ar not goin ustraint ohly
to aHona elahonskuibs il shouled be SomeHh moe t
means - Sc ST 8elting rtaeruaköon then ill p they
hanohand h hanol So it must be hanain hand elahon

IH 15 olwaya peaSumed that Law s made or

the goodo he ptobleAlI he þeoble must be taeq ted
equallyih_ pivilages and lialiliks buB then evtybody
is hot equa in Tndia or in any other þlacea0a_ult
Classiicotions are made Hhe question anis
who Loill clsity 9
Court No ik not Coualis Job the_Couds job 15to
Check ohe ther he claga ifica kon has been done or hot*

Legis latustoill deaide hat ahethe it is zasorable clawhadt

not..

Or man ytargtlonomicallywcaker Scchton eae hot

Censidered to be in rajohable clatskahiom

at he Hme o Narasimka Rao lo esriatlan

to Eo s wa pobcsed-bu it oa Shuck dotwn

Bur nouo Pasliament asSoothe lau anal iwa

Calisad h a t the poo n_be hoh SC andl hon ST but

giving esCTuaim to the ninorihiy 15 horeaaonable clouhahn.

Doc classikcafion 3hall be pefecd ?

Re Special Coues Bill 1978

Supeme Louat Said Hat deuiding pel fkectly is dikul
kaskwe don' say Hat it shall be done Scienh htally or
Matharmabically ox logically. pack Reakonable Classeicahom deehds
pp ohen legislatte talisesthat Hhis (s He gkk
tjme
 No i a erson_Ao benitit onder calorable
clas ihcakon and nouo hey a r on equaltooHh hoc3
iLon be reaSonable classiticahon anymoNthey sall be
rcaled egualythads why in heCak Tndra
Sauonneyvs Unon od Tndia the concelpt ot Milk laye
lawd doDn Those S ad ST Loho alrady beam u'nis k
1AS 1Ps heis childen shall net aet yesesuahibn becalwse ha
wont be Reasonable claihcakon. even he Conshkuion Sa
ha hescavahion shall be given Hll lo yeaxs but we didnt
perto ma tha indiyathers ol Conskkuion hougkthalis
0.
Lohy nuded to be exlended.

The Lawuhich Lwas eajonable Caaler betors lo,ar Roy u

bu not rCaarab le now, Can ha lau be stucktoldaan

Yesod
0Many ime Subem4 Cou Said that 314 or ugpA
ofTPC oon bechamgud they ax tonhhuh'onal but
hew ime haue ckanged ard ik 15 ealisal Hat these laws
Shall he exisk as theg don Come Under readoable classihicabiom

Thee is another_danger also-that Reasonable

clasihaions are becomi vole banks for polihisy
in he Caye of Mohd. Sujat Ali vs Uuon.a India l13USC
Supt me Loust Soid thak Reasonahle clasafhcation is se fal
Sexvant but clangezos Maskz.
Reaao nable cla rticabjon Is made to make Onegal peable equal, not
erythhashall be clsithed in he hane ofreaoable clasaihahion
because it Can betorne double eaed ood a w.
as m may &o2
he
the most impodlant hung 1S-
For ClasSikahon
Objeck to be achieuved Qnel He objck 15 vecleary giien
ih th pramble of oud Cona hhuhon_ to ackhie Hak objtck
E
istly it shall be checked thout whe all are nat etal,
Cist
they are
they ase equal then resoutes shall be dusk»ibukd equally
he Case

Ajay Hasia vs khalid Mujib axi S c

he matkr aa^- inan exam 33h/_masks kepHor
Dral inlerusea
Hon ble Shelda tis Is njushce ntervito shall
Len n not
more tham IS Marka.
Cmore or less us sakm shlllod

h the Case oP--

Mithu us Stak of Punjab 11s3S
Se0b was sluck doaon betause it Loas olkerenhah
betweenpersona who are CommttHth murder
Loho Commis murder durin imprhonment he4
eut deah penalty 0ne ordina person ek ther Lik
m pisonmen or Death.
SC hele ho- HS is not Reosorable clasaiHcahon not
based on
ahionaluy hence it is Untons
Htuhonal.
n the Cale op=
Suneel JaB leg vs Ststeo Haagama
 n Hus Cale moteu w those who wcre from
rom
Ru Shools s . Teseruahon uwede giuen to hem
Sheld Hat- Hus is nat bed on hBelligible Differenhia
and stuck doon he esTVaHon:

in he Case ot
Aix India v Nergesh Meexza
he malter wa Air India made a rule tha Ar hosksse
shallaehix aB he ageok 35 o r i she gek maed o r
gts pxghant aithin ujuax ol joinirgol htr SerUte then
then
She ha to leaue he Sruite
Sc helod tha- his ule ak no Sencemales hot gat
ied under Same ConditonsSo his s nak Inteligrble
Dikeenia and hey shall nabt SuHtaad meely becaue hey
r tmala

Validily ol see ua 1PC

in the a^e ot-
V. Revalhi vs Unon of Indsa l187 Sc
the mater Loas u/s 44t m iwomEn are not made lahle
thus skall be Seen fhom he Poink o vio of Aclal trer
Husband s wife and adul ber wlte shall also he purAshed
SC held at - she Cannot be puni'shed aAt ISallows
Itand she Comes undes tasorable clsí'hicahn.

inhe Cale of
Githa Hariharan v/s RBT1191 SC
Phe matHei Load. sec6 of indu minovitu Guardianskip A
 cleary menhoned hat Father is Natual uardia
So Moher Cannol be Natiral Cruardtan onhll athet t Deth

ho- t father doy noB lakt Cae of chuld Can a

mo her
be h nakbal Gruardianeven 1f kaher is aliu)
in this path brtakig Judgment Rule ot Hatmoniald
Censthuction was applied amd they Sald go wlh h e
ethos_of Cquall'tyeven he law Sau-Alter ahe
and iCan also be tad as - f ther 1s nat taking azt
Chuld then mo ther Can be t e Nakural Ccuardian o
child even if aher is ali

he equoalit bnder Arhele lu s baAical4

basd on Reaonable classrkcahen must b lax andJust
when it Can be jt) when_we apply ptnc1hplk o
Jushice, Eqita and Crood lohscjente itmeans when we
a pH
pe h ule of Natural JuAhe So he one Hadshe
oReaoul,l clasiiahion an be whteEqw Anl
Cood (onscience Thatis why Art1y 1S utydynamic sechon
that's why it has a lot of [Link] Conno ahons
when here 15 the mater of Realohable_classrfhakonahy
classihiahon whith ishot juut ould be achuallyolehimena
to he So cieky. It is imbarahve thal allclass1h ahany
wch are ialonable must be based on Jwkceitheu
anad vey-very imoorlamt hat test of Hajonalaily

Con thtac be Single berson Clasificahioh 7

the

yex. as hou a many peoplewho gel special beulf,

e Preside nt of Indin hime mins,kr_ck.
 in the Cose o
Pv. Shasti vs Uwion ofTndia 194u Delhi H
ano beore thud n-
Chiàanjil lal Chowdhri us ONion of Lhdia 94 195o
itwas held thol- eha Reasohable Clasaritahon Can
Can be
made apolicalde to onebersonohly

hat Can be h e bexe ofclassificahon-E

there a _ mayheads-_

D Geagraphi(al 7 Thexe aie many aicasohtth need yzervahon

Cg- Hll staions, Many atas of nloath s t the sbeCial
tdeatments Loere alloweed to them which a e
geograpkr cally 1h
problem. they ged specialadment undera Arhcle 341AA
to 311 arta like NagaladMi2oyam Sitkim Sme ajens
oAndhia Praduh ek. are given 3pecial trtadmenk anal
aTe juHHde a s
they are Couered undler Crecgraphical
Classi fcahon.

( ) Historical Consideadion Sbecial eatment givcn to the m

oho kaue been er uer ek. the ovision is there ih
CPC sec. 8à 6 4hat HA ex-ulars will be
qiven immun'ies
hom iv pocedurt
matte_ Came in Mohan Lal Jain v/s Man
Sihgh l162 Sc
SC sad
hy
they are given Small immunhiy whch are giuen too
given
oTeignTulers as well ahd ha has been king So 5C
uheld Sec 88 oP CPc and said it does not offencd
Ard 14.
3Nalur of Business nature of buli hem a n diffeacnt
+hey shall be tatattol dfferenty as Aimals in 200 Can
be equatte wilh Animals in c r u
Big qnd Small wanufackures shall be treated dulkzctly
GiD whee
het 15 davgeroug_work in acthotiesshall be
tald difkrenBly.

aCase ame in Sabreme Cous shich hadl So

na tachou
C a a - Jaucd /s 3hale of Haryana oo3 S
the malter , in Haryana panchayah Ra Hct l19
Cchsh utnality was challairged beauslUnder us Ac
sho everis hauing more a n thildren_Canno hold ofhte
in Panchayah Rojsyukm
Supdeme Court held- a the opulahion is nising dau
dau
byday in Iroia hence Huis is vey goed classifraton ad
IConsidercl to be based on Intelligible Oifketn a

he Case of-

the
Maajog Dcbey /s HC Bhari l156 Sc
mattr a w a s *qardinySc 197 of CP
Lohich Sup betbre kkihg logni24ne agans Publi Ser vant
ehe bernisSion o Cov 1s needlec.
the gueshon ansawhy Can't taynizance be takenolirect l
Lwha bermisSibn_1S heed
SC held at This is valid proviston itdu's immuntt
1not iven then no pu blic seTvent will work and any
any
Tom duck and hany Cam
Can Harrass pu blic rant. Ence
Huis 15 neLessag
 an anohes impoaand Case Came up- in-
3ale of Hoayan Ja singh Qes2 oo3 SC
the maltey _was Hatyana
Cpu wCM
aiving Tcmi SSi0ns
bu hose people e r e xcluded thro who ever cud Dowd
Deata, murder rape, child
muzder or involued in NO PS ek
SCheld- 1his iS Raioreal Classikahion anel we are
ith Hu Claisihication. agrte

Can the leucl af edutahiombe IheReasanable

Classfirahan
Y. Reasonable classihcahion Can be butd on eduahonal
qualsahoy
Taxahian Taxation stnuckure is puely Sotralist
in Thdia.
Les3LT Intome Lesertax mor Incomemer ax
even
von shich IndusBries are not eaining well Nla lax hr them
ne ihdus trie which are eanning trom all aoud2 Tar zom
Shatig.
Agricuturt is eremb Bed
Hence Tax lawsan
Compleely bajad on Reajohable Class ihCahtn.
Wed nesbu Tut
Somekme the Shak cots he power to the execuhie
to make classiktation: If Hus
parr Comlekly giuen s by
legisla kure to execukve tis is un egulateal poRI ard Hus
is aaahnst Art 14 So any
delegaktd pooer without any
regu lutio nsoould be vidahie ot Art 14Ang s he ach'on
mus be reASOna bleReasonabilit IS
Very_bajes o
any
Stak achon
 astale makir a Confrac wculd IE haie to
fal fell he pihcleo A 4 or tst of bcasonabiliy7
Loedmcs bu test Shal be apbly for is whrch îs ey
Olc) Ghg lish Lawwhich Came o Aom the Case e
Hssociattd Paouincial Picture Hause Lid. vwednes bu Lorp:
1944 Chg Law
Ts judgment Set ou Ha Sanderds of Public
body decision ang ospect ot_unreadorubility inany Puble
pedy
Bedy decision should be Guashed. hente een aB he
time
me oConhatt Sale Canno he untaSonable..

tus nater Cam in-

Damoh Panna Sagar vs ML Jain_ oo 5 Sc
in thss Cae iB ua held thas Evry achon othe she
is Subject to judital tuito in anather uwordst ha
Act isillkep 0r itaional or Sufers {>om Proesslm
impopnicty in uch maBtrs Ony act of the Ste (an lo
quashed

in such maHes-Prosioebstopple. oaphlies

there wd a prate bamen land.-so shle Hhounk

it sclkar ad gave iton lease on ver [Link] prite
and oho bok is land devloped Hal ino a esort ard slowly t
betane woald feamous esotthem sate Suddenlu
brice ao mode it lolat per Uu Mater Came_ino SuhCme Cotad
and held- heae estophle opples 1 ou Cont go back on gour wods
g h May &oa&

Arhicle 1y anal Admlsstona

Any Scheme oladmissions mtalwayy ensupe
that the mexitoxious sBudeny tome rthRigt
to equaliy Staah19hk om he _begaing hen we sart
gelhih admisSion merit is not the baishn its
if
a uiolation of Art: l4. 1haks wh the v Lohce pt of
LomMon Enterance Test (CT) is basld on bet pihtiple
iMeriin CET everyonegek equal opporhunit ad only
bestCome toth. So Common Enkance Tesk are always
oduiacod o be hek because hese are h Sureltuways f
ensuri Cqualily-
n Hhe CaJe of
D.N. Chanchala vs Shake o! mgser 111 Sc
ueshon_anlsad Can Distritt wise dustibuhon be allaud2
Supaeme esut held- No, thisshall naf be allowadas
Hu's is not Reasorable clusttahien. but if oniversi ties
Lose claSsitita Hon_is hert then can be allowd as us
I5 easonable a Skudent is gethiby beut in þost
racluakonwho studitel acduaton faom Same Unive r$1 y

Stae wIse Doui Cile Reseivah»)

bnde us 3 lak wee keebig moTe Scak
desanved tos hose ho were do iciled in tot pezhtculor
3take an le Sea br ane thx Shk
 +uS matr Came in Case ot-
of Irdia 118y S
Paadee Hain vs Uion
ita held that- to have uhole sale ccruahion givi
Has Skk) s
eServation to those oho are domicrle in
coh stiukonal s 15
badt oh Domucile ok slede is on

hot ReasSonable Classilhtation

T her is ang- backioard arca o1_No dloctors are

here hen gwing Such deseruahions to m6BS Stucen

thn Hus is Reasonable Classiicahon
then
And
Oniversity wise allocation was alloucosherc- Someohe
ha Studite om on uniusi he mayget preknhce
ih the Same Oniversitu

as tar a raduae Post Cnacluale anal Superspetiali

Courtt are Loncernedall hree are to be aken-
Sepaaakl.
Tacluakes 2 weghtage Can be giveh to the Same Oniversi4
peeple
Post Gradustes Renidents Shall not be given weightage
Superspecialit Courced Sc Saseouahion Shall ot
be given p Superspeiality lource
Tn Graduahion_ on what base) weightage shall be
ien
 will debend as - mar are Cov Lnsituhons
many
man are Private Inshulions
Many oa Privale Cot auded InsHhuhiy
all this mater Came in-
TMA Pai foundehion v/s slae of karna la ka co 3 Se
CAahier Priva le Insktuions were keepihg 5ov.
Seas tor fublic based on Common Enkance Test CCET)
and 50/_wee ace Seates CPaymen4 Scak)
h the Cae of
Unni kishhan vs slale of Ardhza Pracdesh 1393 S
this is also Called CapiBahon Fee Case )
hiswas ubheldane 5 c said that they ade Pu
Inskuhons So they Can do tui'sit means thece
un cuided ihsHuhions so hey Can keep 501 Seab

Howeuer Unn Krishnan Case was overrule d hy TmA Par Cas.

TMA. Pai Case it oas held Hhs, he System o ree

Seates Payment Sealk) iS worg all admissiohs mudt be
On
on base of merit, whether they are auded or un aidedauded
or
Purclg Covt educaton insi tuhonS. Meaik Shoald he he
only ovtrnih faccor
Concept of verhle and HoriZon l Rescavahon
g if the is loo Seak- out oftha
or Sc - 11 feroomen 5o/
for ST - 5/.
fov D8 10
eret Dstribuhon of Seakslike 4s Called veshical Reseraha:

and Horilon al Reservahon l5 when-that o Sta devides

in H blloing Manner
Seah Candidak So tor women
Na i t SSaud 60 Gene al 30
hat 57 will 30 SC 15
be es0Tvod for lo ST
Loomen--thon thtse i l be cushibu ted Hor1Zentally

this loncobt Came in he Casus

SLoah Cupla v/s shate ol u a15 S u .
Indira Saushne vs Uhion of India laa5 Sc
and i t wa dealt in great delal in the_cast ol
R-Darta u s RPSc o01 sc

in tis Cale Lohen women asko for eiervahon_M

Je Rajsthan Judicial Seruites hen sC held that women
JMiC will be gien Honi2ontal Reservahionnot yehtal
Rsevahm

Reservaions which not perm'ssible

are
(D Region wise Reservahon Cbu who Studied in that
Sckools or
Colltge the Can be favoured and i's 1'5
gion
Lonsituh'ohally valsd.)
College olseReruahon.
n he slake
(3 D4'SAict w'se disti bahon f seek
o

(D Reseruaion of Sedes for wards analemploye 0 eclucahonal

Tnsi ttong.
 thee al)_are Hhe Crux o e vaioyjudgmens
one ting which is upheld euerywhere is Commoh
Cmtxance Tcst ( ET) ,tuS is he best way even 1h.
priua inshtuhions ghal take admh adssion Oh mtit

Higher he elucahion mihmum dilution o SxderdA

means when educahon is hughey the reherua hon
Should be le.

Axticle-15
Axt I5 is bastally hasel on qualy ok trtal ment

Clause 1)
The Slae shall nat digciminadte againsB CITIZ EN
Axt 14 oas aphlitable to both Aliens as wullas Ciht2en
bu Aghts underAt 15 ar hot auailable to Aliena. they are
auailable only to the Citizen

The STATE Shall noi disuinirak

Herc he Skak is inuolued only this clause Ishot
apbltcable b Individuals

The Sak Shall net OLsCRIMINATE AGAINST

againt
T means takungUnlauouaalble olectsionSomeone or aking
oloon Some one as Lombare to othe
 Dith
Relgion, Race, Cask,Ser or Plate of
on
On geudu ONLYof these 5 rourels an
Hmean discrimietion af oh

on other gouns
bw here 1S ho estne hon
hot 3uhke
han ha 5
enthy of lovid
A Cov Hsbim may okibit he
Pakienta
there IS ho resrvahon for mihoHH).

o
baarsCask even indiuidual_Cathat
Laste on the lakr it
distimiraBe there ws a n nBouchability At
,

Ctuil Righk Ac. Urder tus Act ediscaím

became ottcion o

haion on the base ot Casteis an

ofence.

Plate of Bith lace of biath dlerent

is Residente
ruhnichn
It [Link] s clausethere is no ä
o distimihak on badis of Rardence

IState discriminades on he gpouds of Relrgioh

Bih t o anyoMe then it S
Race. Casi Sex or Place of
'n{ringement of Funcdamendal Righs on suth infnhgement
Ont Can go aguuns he stak by ling Wait
3oh play 2022 I)

At: 1S (2)
Tt apbli to both, the shole anl Ineuviduals
even it an Idividual makes discaini'ratim on gmunol
ofReligion aceCask, sax orplate of biththen
them
a he15 also intvinging Furela menal Righs

Aeaurdug a) Access to-

Shops i means whereany Seuite is offord it

Cannot be taken in lonuenhonal Sunceidmay be Layes
oFGteDothoxis Clinior whereever anyan Seruices a
DlSered pablitally

Publi Rsauranh It [Link] in Rstauans is

not Covered oby Religion RaceCake Sex or Place cf Birth
then i not inhingement of Fuda menal Rughs.

Hofels Hotels are also fo Public

Places of Publit Enetanmenh Places tor Priate

enterfain men ae not loveed urdet Hus , The wotd Publii
i basically mean they ave e theY ma'ntu'neol og
Sht or are maunla ined out of_olak nda
Mey ave dedicadtd to thi we of Publi

OR
 wells, tan ks bathibg ghat roodi and Pla o
publit tesor. they art ohelly or Par!lu mai ai heo
by he stale og if ha iS priva but open fer publit
any o these nak}s infingeme nt ill be 1inirgenent
oFUndamental Rik
bu aakohese_aw privae Hen they wont
dmeuntihhingement o FR
(3) Stoae Can make shecia prouiSion4or women ard Chidun.
and culden Come Under ralnalble clat8ihahm
women
h Becaue omen through out kaut beem kih
th brunt o So many invadorS who Came h Droua
ig hom the beg innig India as been Subjeck *o So
ma
maky hvaslon s of So many orugn pou esSþecjally in
he Northen India As a result womenhaue alwayd beeen
Hept inside the house or hot been able t Study much
dnd maMy pects oomtn haue Surkreo As a rlult women
empouserment isone of H key neky of our Cohs tuhon
Concernig Rugkd to equality women and Children de Ahately
be th Come under yeosonable claittahion ao thesy Can be
iven mo Powers as Comparead to men. for this purpose
Cer heun proUi'siD Cam bemade

tnot only icludeu lauw , it 6 much Wider

term than law it 1S clusive of Lao inot only yatniceal to
Law
In 3 and y CAA, Aeticles 4 3 Da 43Twere addec
order which grd of the Seak arc serued tor the Oomea
Oomenembowoment hal been the Center of Po
Pblicy licy
ma hur
ma turg for the last Qo- 30 ytars i t a s been elegistd
he women of our Countay avebeen Suleig Social
Sociclegkally and econanally_hoardly am educakon a
auailable o them in oBhe oaads hty Can be dekina elg
tmca a ne - o he Soco-elonoN backwaad claeR of
Inda. So o haue A14 in the true Shixit then it Is
Imparahlue that women must be qivenan egua Staktsa3
h o a man For uspurposc even if laws have to lbe
made shih areblaBantly agains men So be it, Hhads why
man
mang lauos hidh an Come ub with eservakions in taYour o f
omem are justifzed on the anyil of he Rigkt to equalih
Aat 153) ish e very-very importantAricle
becauet clearlu Says thatLyomen and chidren fall under
Ma sonable classikahion Any p2ovisin includirg any latos Can be
made whidh are blatantly appear unequalbut then they are
allowed many Hmes the laws wkich are Sovouig9- wome n
were braught ub befo he Sabacme Courtchallanging thCm on
the
he ground ofinequalihy but in everyCade it LwAs held hat
Art Is3) allousuch thuhgs Ahcle 53 is one of Conshikuhionos
3tehs fos embouximentof women, they ae inherent in t
Reasohable clasifiahon of_Art 14- and
give embouerment Uhder Aa 1530.
explhcitlytheg
are

(Y) his is vety imporani clause Reservahion to &

Classes)
backward
 The stale Can make sbecal prouis iona, special las e t

it include lauos, scholar shibsFree ddmiss jons,

ree meals, etn it incluole everytuno0
od houision is he much biager wo than
Law. Povis10n is_a Gends and law is a

SpeLie
Resevaion tor 08 Sd ST ar all Lovere urder
Rasorable Classihtahion ik only appliea to cui 2ens of Idia
th paouisinA for Hir advancement
aduance meht is also a very large o
Phere an be 3ocjal advantement,ecohob'c
Caluance menteducationaladuanament eke.
tkis is also a verabig qenus the sht
Can
Can make an proviSon oy the odluame
men

So thats Lahy i SlaBt giea hee Reaidence or

or fiee
Ace
hoslels shpensd 8&holaiships Reservahion in joe
SC STL08C and women_ then it is jukked 1S( way
add byv IstAA 151

1stCAA 1951 Came

here was a CA-
stake of Madas ujg C. Doraiajan 1a51 SC
ins Cae, 4 malter wa htr wede Seals ok_Melial
Cno enginearih College acdrod Govt$Sued an oder
Madatteren ComnAsheg uaillge difee TcaEr uah ou
resewatio were held on e eto basis o4 ReligionRace
Cnd Case C Dosainajon Case became the Pirst law where

his od ey of mada Cco kallangeed, that tus is

agau'ht At 4 a n I5whih cleazly 5ays Skle shkall not
cusciminate ana MIS is blaBan t discntiahion Supme
Cou SBuck down His order. by Sauing that -Yau Can
make rsLruadio on ebase of Religon Race, Cask Sex ek

So to negalk the judgmend of Shle of modaj vs

CDoahajah Clae yin Aat: 15 w adedcod HMrough
Ist CAA 1951 No special provisiohsSkall he kept tor 3
Categoxies_onidh are=
Scheduleol CoAE Csc) Dened Onder At 366 (24)_
ScheduloalTibe CSI) 3 Delintd unaler Ar 366 C5)
Hmeans hose who all are Coue zed ond er the both
AtHetes clauses oAxE3G6 are st a ST

Nou ueshim arSed, apaat fom ScardST there a e so

man
man Socialland educakionallybackioard clases hat
abo them9
Thereisa prouision under Aticle3u0 Hhat
Lommissiom h r Backusod Classea Can be adaThoso oho
ae Soially ana educadtonoally backusardotherthan S and ST
the Can alsobe iuen Sbettalprouislons
The hast Comission was Raka kelkar ComiSSign N_ Lq53
fox other than SCand ST thais why it Is Callecl
Omex Backuoahd Cla Co0c
M11q 2hd backoord Clanes Comns SSion uwas masda
hChatmanof Hus Comnussimw P . mahdal
ts Comnusslon dic Comblete thqi and subnuitHeal ik epoat
1980198D, Manoal Comm5Sioh idenhirel 3143 Coas eus
Socially and edueahtonally- backusad and they Lonshhute 52
of poeulahion
excludihg the Scand ST wkh are expecled
aYound 23, but i not possible to aeserve 52 ad
3:1 separalely. So Commussion suggealed t YCCUation or
OBC axd 3/: eseuation uoaaltcady there tor SCad S
So both uill make 50 Reruahion
but when'mandal LomnisstOn eot Cam
Studens sharled tvol hiy in all over IndiaHhalis why
Hat Hime it Couldnat be declared Afier lo gars in lg40
V.P Singh
became Pem Czuk: f uR Singk Oeclared heiervahion
tor OBCtor Lohich thy weeiksized Hhar ima when Narsimha
Rad CcbvtCame he dectded to give lo1 resewahon to Poor
people hom General Casre, bu because his Teservadion w os dhot
he in t e Lonshhion thals wh it coA Struck daon by e Sc
and nain ol4 by e lo3d CAA sCTvahon or economcaly
Lweaker Seckions CEws) Loa bougkt

background of Ecenomitally wraker Sachas (Ews)

He Shsud not he oßsL_or ST
Annual income of his lamilg is less han lakha
I f he have Agritultural land holdiha then itmust be 1ess
than 5 Acevs
t h e y haue Reldeh tal poþerties their fla4 Should be less
 h e are he_paramekers o Cconomuically uoeaker Sachiom
Candidae
s b1Sw_obl.by oncrely an enabling pacuisln tor
hSlate
thus mattr Came in the Cae_ot-
Crulshan Phakash vs Slake of Hargana 2alo Sc
itwa claxied tHha Axt 15 ) s only an eabling_pDUIS
this provisíon is absalukly aitih he jimik_o Right o
because it alls undler eaiohahlaclassihtahm hut
Egality
t i s purcly diSCrehjon o tha stae, So At 154) is hot
mendatoxy itis distneionerg t
mendatoa 1s meaely an traling -prouisin
hobody an claih it as a natter o iakt
nobody inte cae [ndxa Saukneq C1Judges bench) t Loas ver
cleaaly held. Hs _the stale gou kkh is a tompelant cuhonh
todecde wheter aeruahim o be qien or not merly belaul
it is_in A 1Stu) t does hoinbose any manaleard ouy on Ha
Sfate t ut uh escruahion.
SCand Sta de kineo but OBC is not dekinal.
[Link],tah uhy H proui'sion is given urnt under
At340
thak Pcaident Can alaoint a Backtsaxd clakas Lomin
()uhichare backuward claues and uhith an nat and
Ch to wha xtent rruaion shall begiven

what should be the Background to ceermine O6C2

h mater Came u in the Cale ol
Rajend an vs slale ot madas 1063
SC
Guekon orisead- Can hackueadness be delermined b Ca 7
 Sc held 4hat-_one. of the yandstcs to dekrmine. an OB-
would be his Cat so_otmey than St and ST which Casis
C Sccially and Educahionally backoarvd, they Cam be deBerminedl
Ce
Socially
hse prous{on are only to ensure he advancemen
aAith he aduancemend may be on educahon. 6aial uporhq ih
Jobs ek
a_oseCame h SC,_jin which SCSTweR in
Jail andasked for advanlage in jail under these houisfons
askea too yemS8lon i t wasstruck daun by SC as
thera Lod no aduancement in i Go to have aduam gas
thore mudt be aduancement

Stoke of UP ws Peadeep Tandon 1115 SCC

h matHer oos-in the hill arta o OPlwhich lakkr kecam
Uhancha) are then ottrakhand Sociall and edacationally
backuosdess is there Supheld Hus and agreed to gne
eruaion u them a it s vey muuth touered loy Art 1S(

So Caste Can be a uLry-vey mpoàtant kackay in deBermine

but then Other types ot &ottt
Social t ) Educahonal backtwardsLbecae ok dgional ara,
ha Can also be He gourd t delermine a backward clam.

Maximm how much CSCUAho n (an_be given)

in Indea Sauhna Ca SupremeLouat held ve clearly Hat

hue shall not be more on 50 Reser vahi on.
 but MoW lo mo ServaBion is givem to
o EOS Can
itbe allowcie 60 eexuakion
Yes becaue the amend men o Qol allouoing t s o
a pcaent 501. icruaion Can be given to scsT and 0BC
and Lo 1 to the ELIS.

3 0 May 202a ( I )
Can he Backioaad class be furhex dleeniated into me
Backward class2_Can the exvalion be given to More backuard
Class ael ho to backwaad class
judlgmenk but the most
This maHer Cameup in many

importartbuirg he Inda Sauwbney Calein this CaSe uery

cleaaly held tnar classiicodion into backuwad ad mot backuaad
Classe is actually esscnhial. So the ehirt batkuoard class
Can
Can be deuideel into backioad_clsmore backwad Class ad
Tmast back ward class hee ish n obaechoni n it
eseruahion Can be yiven attoxdinalu to mest ad the mor backmd
den
Class_avd deny eSeruahion for Hhe me aeing to buckward)
Class
In he Cale of-E
Sadhha Deu ys Stae of UP 1943 Sc
the matker a
he Some Stales haue done auay with meait
baked pexfoxmante oy Saying hat allr CandidaBea belonging
to thesce- Calegories Can be laken without he eexence of
thei marks means Cuen it they are hoB getting minimum
qualifin malksten also they Can be selected.
 S
eieced this ba
o Saging thor CSCTaton Connobe given
at Cost o
mevi if the ae not gething uinimum qualitgrg
Maks then Seat shal he vacant hu Cant be lompo Seo
Lutth Quality
ths is not
overtd Uder Rignt Bo eauality
in manyjuds
ih may menBs Sc held har the kigher you
go e lessex he Reseruakion. in every hgker CourtedSpeuall
uer Speciality CouMu there shall be no ejenaton in hem aa
I
reservation is given ih Such Courtes then
for Hus, the
they Shall bt hnimum.
most_imboaunt cale was=
Padeeb Jain vs Onion o India 19 8u SC

verg imporkunt matter Came ina lardmark Cale

Valsamma Pual us Lothin University laa6 SC
i h Hi Cas Hhe matter wad SC
an þerson adaplea a
Cqeneral Caste chid, the ques hon aHSca On SC gels maniod
to General (alte or adopt a Ctneral Caste Child hen oaud
Hhey aLqui the ghts_of sc
in this vey imporkant judgment o vNal5amma Paw o
Hoble supremt Coutt helthat Caste Can be acquid
beson has to bon in that cauke, theg Cant be tans plantea tz
thatCast, So an hild uwho is geneal [Link] is adapBtd
or any ile, hus band wha maio O SC o ST do hot
g the stkus of an Sc or $T Voluntary Mobility is hot [Link].

if_a shedule Cast give u his Teligion and

becomehus
become lim or _Chiskan Che Canit become a Parsí becaue
Poasis dont allou Conversion o their deligion.) Now Cal
 \Sonly he spec of Hindu eligionwheneuer Someone adepks
other relgion he losc his Calk he canh emoun an 5C d
a muslim becade nere is no Conce to SCox ST in MuslimM or
isHanor euoneue ih t e Jews but in future ik he comes bath
in Hidu Reliaionhen he oill gain his SC Shatu his
SC SBaBui is not Dormant anmor

(5)this Clause o Aa:1 w addesl by 93dCAH o05 s

w one step aheadit says or 0BC SC adST
the specioal Seak Can booked in Educational hshtuhiondit
meana specia Quotas Can be kepk for DBL SC and 5T in
Educarional Ihsiuhions. [Link]- Piuak Iahthions. euen i t he
aarded by GoU or not
This also let alot of Hue and Cy Sohas hots oky
Lok4
tHis q3d CAA has Skll
his emained a ralher cdead letterlaa one
Came. inp lonsiderahionin he Caae of-
Ashok Rumar vs Onjon of Tndia 2oo? Sc
in us Cae shalà Hsttis Kahsaluellgk for
Stale aided ihskkatoor C: insituhi but sL was silen.
On he mathr of Piuae insHlbionso tuS 1S Still tohz icle red ad a
gy Area eRn the Consikution Sa hut paackcally t i s
olhicult
So SpecsaprovIsiona garding to adussima
educahional
phovisionA
inshhukonohelher oinshhkiay ox ivale ihshtutins
are here brder furdowmenkal ighkbu them thege are
enablihe prpis iond. Ccou Can apbly a ik will.
6) Clause 6 of AtISO added by 1o3 CAn-2 o19 ahd
it deals with econonicall weake Sachons.

ReseavahoM br CwS
a the Sheuld not be [Link] SC they- Shauld be Groneras.
(b) noB only- the reseruaion Can be qiuen to ¬wa. theg can alsobe
iven Frce hosels. Schelaships sHpends eo ek. and apautf
apad fhom tis Hhey_can also be givth tescuahion in_admisslon
to educahona inshuhons including pexivale inshtuhi oktthst cuided
or hon ao aided by Cout ohex than Hhe minority Cducahional
inghihuhio in minori ty Educatonad InaHkuhons e madarsa ek
TeCuation Can be gien_e4 in theue inah tuhos. then mutter wa.
leaed in he lau ef TMA
Pai
theeaion wauld be in addahion to the existirg
esexuation and Subjeck to he maximum o L o , So tus
Lsill be aken as vexhcal reservaion

Obicct ox Aat: 153)

in He Case of-
Cout of Andhia Aadeuh vs P6 vijay kamar 15 Se
-he inserHon of_Clause 3 in A: Is.. in dation to omen
i3 the ecognihion of the act that or centurioomen o
Hs Launhy haue been setially and econonically handicapped
aA a esult they are tnable to paaBcipak. in tha SoLioeconahi
achvshig of the nahon on a otng of equalitit is ih oder to
elimnale Socio economi atkiadness of uomen Ond b Cmpooe

them in a manmer oauld bairg abau

thad eechve eajual
be twcen MCh And wsmen hat claue 3is plaein At15.
Aahcle 16 A l6 is a specie of Aat: 15 ik is basically
Condfnuadion o Ast: Is. Ar15 wa decelin oith all the aiecks,
theSlele 1s Mot allowdto Discriminae ín ang tha a malter
genus Allk applies only to &mplomont only- to apeainkmest
to ohces Under the
stale So basitally Axt l6 Can be taken as
Me ConHnuation of he
Hhougkt of Ax 15. There is only one
pericular makter whtch is Covered in A l6 whertas Ax 1s
S
ve-veay General in hatuat.
in Ar 15 there were 5 Uaoundh Religion. Race
CasBe Sex anþlate ol biath. no in Aaicle 16 amoreg7ourdd
re there Descent and Residence
6 C 2 This is agenenal clause t o any office onder the stale
all he cikhen haue tundamenlal rigke to have equaloeorkanity
6 2) shk shall hot 0iscimirae on rourdls
Keligion. Race, lask SexPlace of Biath Descent or Tesrdence
S K also a qeneral claue

6(3)>under iS clausa discnimnaton Can be done on tho buis

Residence parlkamemt makesany lau in tus Cankxt

13 clause 3 a
paso_o Cxcebion ofclauseti) and clause (2) 2
SC held uis is hot excaphonthis isFtasonable
[Link] peaple of such blates haue hcen Socialledutahonaly
CLd Economical backusaxd t oubiders
be allowed then the
oil
Loon be able to Secue ang poSt hence reTvakion o
Tesident in Such Caxes is gesJohable elasahion
hene Clause 3 1s not the prolIso of clauses (1D ard (2)-it
is tho Lonhinuahon
honof Clawa C) anal(2)
11 he a Diacct Recruted_Cavdhdaka oand promoBtek (ah

the
they be aled euoally, fo Souority or lor promohios
No theg Cant be trealed ¬qually
his maHer Came in t Caw ot
Roshmi Shrivaslauavs Vikram UivetSsiBy 115 S
t ond clearly held loy He 5, thot whea Pgokodors or
Rtades RCrukd directly Cannot be trtaeal equally with
those who are pomotee evtn they both Came througha
lontethoshil they ant be hake euly
hence Clause 3 iSnot the_þrollso 0f clauses (U anda i
is tha LonhinmuahHon of Clawe (l)and

axt a Dizect Recrtuted_Cavdidalks_and [Link]

they bertaled ually, toz Seniority or to promohios 2
No the Cantt be trealed equally
his matter Came in Cak of
Roshhnj Shriuastavavs Vikam Uive Sihy 1995 S
itoa clearly- held Jay te S. hotwhoa Psokedors or
Rcaders ecrukd diraly Cannot be trtalee eually oih
those oho are pomofees. een they bath Came through.
lonetthio shill thty Can be hakel equaly

'May 2o22 ( I )
Can the shule lay he quattiahon2
There 1sa Catena of sc_Judgments which claiky4 hat
th oppoatunity dloe not mean thatthe s tale Can't lay dowh
4ualihtahons State Can lay dlouon qualhicahons becalse only
the xcellent people must Come torth , So whether i t is.
to
physical ttheswhebher it is moral intgtlogaldy
the state or any academic exellente-all hesa hgs Can

be a bat of ha qualihcahon. Educakoral 9ualihcahtony m

Veyimpoa tantbart of His dlasstkcahion equality of
obboxtunuhy Cam be emburtdwih
he [Link]
Hhe sthe puk.
Under clade u) of Aa16platers elakingto enployme t
hee ar many S JuclgmenK_hedt theat uord) hau bee
TMea
 elalacat So the malters aclahing h employmem would mtan
no oon
01 n apoindnent it aculd also mecn Subsequent pomo
Hodontidenhial ebotk abolhon of _besk Lien to the postit
meand everg Huirg
meaneveg ua rtlata to psst UnHL he fetireseven rhixmenk
matesincrimerts gakheuPesioy ll these Comey onaler
the matkers relahg to embloymen
The posts of Cou: haue o be _aduerkised So that
RJerybody- is Capa.ble_Can be able to make it basically
the maln objectof tho skt 1s, to ecxat the bet e l e
Sor the Joh, ats why 2 leuas o4esh ar allowed fiist of
all Plinshen rain and hen Iateruiew and Hha marks of
Intruiea Shauld alzay be minium Thas why h e here 5

ho aduurhseaenk oPost OT theadluerHsement was gideni n

Suth aqn aquous neus pape ohith nobody rtae all he oil
be challangakle
inany louxt of law
The terms and cond1h uohith an aolverhiseol
h ulmen-authoity hae b akil hemOnL cant go
beyohdthe ermsLohich a odueihsea. theN UEM a Fes matters
ih which ey Chaaed the erm lakr ome
a Cakin oich nothikg written abou tke muinmum qualtkylh
maks in mains to Kath Hnkruuw, but before haldlhg ta
ineruieo hey announced anyohe hho ha hot Secund mihimum
Ho marks ih maing Cannot apeax ba htr uituo u s Shoud be
aadwalisd Carlicri i s was het adveahsed t is bound to be challabged
and muaally ta ahole ecrutment hae to be Cancelled

a mater Came up in He (aje of-

Slale of 1943 sc
Hoskior Singh vS Haryana
 s Ca_beard selected more (ardidaky an hu
Scas aduex Hsad as anhcibaleel
SC Stauck doon Has, hey said-You Canelect Mae
han He pest oderhsad. h because if He Cardidak
who a Selec tee in btse du o thom in tutur vacanty4
mox eligible candidaks wontt hav chance to gut selecteo.
hats uku it_was veYg clea tha sulechon o mo Candi'dlakes Hah
Cudvertsed Seabs uoould be ConaHkkonaly wjory

Concept o Pomotion
there a two yhe od Pomo hian.

Meri CuM Senior Ify Senioity Cam Meu

Merit is the hmain balis Senionits is Hi deternu'nig
Stniorit is Considecd aller Factoralter thad menit
meit is Conaide e meit is_also
imleon omd fector but affer
Sanionit

Ha Hoc and Oady wages earner

An ad ho or daly wag Carner has no

Tempo
Cmplogees igkk on Har Job

C Ad hot Heathers teachingin a UiveT siH as a is ant

prolessor fos easha ualany (ome of Hat
Universit o ishaad bolesiorthen they Cant laik
ha hau ak
o an Adhoc
on tha vaLan 60any appolndmend
O dax ly onge clos no ive hem_arigt
OvT hat
postikrth mean any ad het aeointme basically
Contackal in nakurt momer ho lontac{ inishes one
ha no litn on tha post
t s matkr Came up in h Case o
Slade o kathataka vs Uma Devi àoo6 5C.
very cleaaly He SC held Ad hoc ae bu ically_lonhathual
ad ho or daily waga employus ha nolien to Hal hostit
selechion
chonprotess any one elhe i6 Selecked , hen itis well
wihin s rigkt of hat Oiver Sibu

Is i juhifed to ie employment to he amtl meber

of a Scvicehmanwho died in Hanes. (Compuaionake apþainimo
Almost all the Judgments on thuc matters e
NHPC Nanak chand 005 5 S
Commssiontr Rublic Inaiauthio vs RR. Vishuwahath loo5 Sc
itLaas hel thot Lompassiohate appaintmenh are
uh hed if a oead eaaner ot a famiy dia then his ail
hu' o hte Suddem Cisis Compass
ionae is appoinBmtnk
puely humanitarian aspec lt the Cyt does Such
appoindment whih is genuihe n hich. should be done.
then i i5 hot violaive of A l6many s an buBs aae
also
given by yaiou judgmen.
2To get a Compass jonak appointment 15 notaigkt i t
1s
purt Ha prefogahve of the 5lae to give om nt to
gi one Can hot move Bo the taat aatght
 and
one Cant insist that he want a_parkcular post
h will not uke any other post
ApblicaHon fbr Compasslonae aphointment Should be made
0 Carly a poSStble theve Loa_a Cak in ooS SC
ohtrt afkr lo yea he Son but up an apblicion tor

Lompassionak apbointmend, Sc mksed.

71 one is being apboinled any post h e must haue
quisile qualtiaton for Hha bost
only t wido or
dependent son or daugkkr Can ei

Claim for lompassionak appointmend.

T6 (u) [Link] or backwad classey

7itonly an ehahliny clauseik is nota_Mandatwy

clause8ht Can malke angy prousim for the reservahon
O posksin kavour of Any_backloard class of cizon

j t includis 08C ST and SC all H

theeSo here Hhe Looud batkuward
claeg15 uAo ih a generIC Sence.
Came ub betore Hhe sC in Yhe lase ot
ev. Chinniah vs skle of Andhta Pradeuh aoo5 Sc
it wa heled Ma Hhe term Backwand clastes of ciken in
Ar 164) inluelu Sc and ST.

T f hert 15 adeguake e þrestnhahiono st and St_or

DBCho reseruarions ill be gtuen
 This is an enabling rovislon_and i do nat pub an
Mandato order on a stale fo qive rescruaion, S0.
CSCruahiom on jobs are nol mandabry phouision of th
Conshtuhm the Case ot
Indxa Sauhney s ion of India has made it
Ambly clear that ang prouision is not mandcutoty

n Ahe ca of E.u Chinniah vjs Slae ofAdhta Praduh

he qushion aristal in OßcHh Can be classifiad in
ackaaacd more backwad and masB backoatd and bentfi s
Can be giuen to more batkiaard and Masi backwad irst dnd
backwad Can be giuen lak Can Hhe Same Clussikcahon a h e
done i n &heduled caste)
SC held - Scheduled casBea an dehnal by the cnsHhuiom
whtch is clearly Jien in Al 366 and they_ae tael equally
So hey Cant be Classhied asother bucksad classag. 08C.
C a n be Cassikcd beCause hoe 1s no dekiration of OB in

the Lonsiution

Tl when he cSctuakionLoill he given

this maltkr Came in he Caeof-
KC Vasanth kumar vs Stale o kaxhataka 118s S
Sc held Hho That Hme hoas net come yek when t
se ruakon Can be stoppedi shal) Conhihue atleast for
15 aaTS s lar aA 08C 16 loncerned i t s Aeme necessary
 sh for_ the backuaard classe (08.
Cy (2
they shall be tompacd Their blace in pcSent
to SCand ST Soctoeconomil Codlu tions
i they are Comparable in_othes worcla whee
in backwandnesa to $ hey stand in prsekt
and STthe- CondiHon
also backward

SLalso
7SC also said that, tuervation polity shall be tulao
in evay 5 a
Reseau ahon Cannot be gien mo han 5 O wa held _ih
Inda Sawhny a s

A+ the Same Hme S aluoa been ver

ver
Cayekal abaut reservahon hey Said ho doubt- reservai'm
iS JuHfiedl on tha anuil of Socialism Soual jushte ek
but if Somenone enered in
Caeamyar Laycr he should
hot he ive turther. Thahs Why ih Trda Saahney Cae SC
diecteo h Crwt of India o makea lommiHee an idenh
tha who all shal Come ino Ctamy aytr. iohat shall idehta
be the basis ot Cxecamy Layer
The Cbu made a Comitee Mamcd-Jushice Ram
Nandan Comulleee,wih 4hall idenky hat -what shall
he heburamekLH of tu reamy Layer- skith Au5 Comn Hte
SubulHed eport în lqa3.
 he people oho Come Under Ccamy lager-
COB [Link]
O ohoeuer is holding h Conshtuhonal oos hair Childrch
Shall be excluded romreseuahin
(23 al class L and class L ores of Al Incdia seruice. Cenhal
Stuice ox Slale Seavite thr Children Shall not be callowed
eScvadion
Publrc Sacdor undlertakns Paralle to class I or class 1T o
who a in Banks o r inoniveasiku hur childen also shall
hot get esoauahion
(3 in
in Asmy
Asm h o art of Colonel rank or above and equivalant
anlk in nlauy or Airorte or BsF RPF Para milih ek.
their children 6hall also nDt ge
A hose h o a e oaionals -Lawyers 0octors ek
h r childn shall also Mot get v a j i o n
All hos who are doing hadehusines ek ana carning wel
or hor Loealt is abave Hhe limit gien in such_matkrs thair
Or
Childen wil be tonsiderd onder crtamy layer
SoRuen y belong to baakuoord classHam also
HLair childrtn Loill not get Jeruahim

in t h Tst Case ofIAdea Sqshney in la13

SC cleaxly Said tha Ccamy Layer shal) be excluded
but gout: did not publish an order Hl nou

his mattey angain Came in the d Cas of-

Indra Sawhneus union o Indua 000S6C
--
in Ind Indta Salukney Case Se saiditCrcam
Lager oill hot be Rxcluded it isviolahan of Aat 1
becaus noo tu o no longer Reajora ble lassrkahn
'S IS violahion of At 14 andAt 16 C)and itis
bach ot Baste s tucturc of h Conshituhon
bud sl it ts hok done

then alain in the Caje of-

AR: thakur us Union of Tndia 2oa8 SC
in is judgmunt also sC saud- when a Caste s idenhhal
a a Sotially ahd elucahonally_backoard class anelid hecomss
Setally and eduaHonally backoad class only when iB shtds
is Ceam lay

the Sc has easltr Satd- noescrvahton shall be

iven to suerspeialty_Ca^es. bu Some hou it way
Overrule d ih Ha lag of
PGI v Narasinhan l41 Sc
whee t held rvakon Can be gien but supers ptcralsty
Shall hau iher no rejcwaion OY mihimum rCJerUAhim
31 ay 2od2 D
16(A) 2 Tris claue open's a pendors box of ControueKy
that he State 15 allowed to makaeSexvakion in Hhe

mattes o Promo hion or S(s ard 5T 0BCs a r hot

meahioned in His Claue,yhich in the openon o the statk
ar not adequaely erexcnded in the Seruites in the .hak.
&esexuahon Can be made only afor SC and ST oaler Hu's clawe
Can
i f tha Carelidales
only
A, [Link] 0 are TeCrutcal
0 happens
to hehore
to be an ScSo ih fuBunt Dis Promohion may Come heore
Senuor to
A 13. CSpromotion, in other worda D Loill become
A anel C
Is this hir 2
In HheCale o -

Union of India vs VitPal singh.

SCheld Reseruakon in xecuhment is ne but eeruaHon t
pyomoHon is taking i t ather to lar
2while the aule of iexuakon shall be [Link] and oser
followed
follouscd in he malkr of promo honsh_Cardidak bromotal
Carlies by virtue of nacnahon Shall hoB be enhtled to Seniot
ove his Senior in the eeder Calegory and as uwhen a qenea)
LandidakLoho was Senio o himin the feeder Cakgoy is pomaied,
Such general Cardicla will dtgain his Scnioiove Hhe cseru
Condidak o nottwitksBandongha he 1s þromo tce Su su
Sub seuent
aeeTvod Candidok.
CgA [Link] Dave Tetruilkd, D Pro motd r s t as hL was
were Senios 78pekvaySo when
A,andCwill pe promo}ed hey ilegain heir SexoM
 is daaved in e cae of Vspal singk
wa and pomo kel
by may othur judgmenks.
Lugislatat negaed thexe tudgmends b 85 CAfA Rool
and weal e word Consequenkal seiorit
means- 0 is pomated eadier, he ail become te
Senior [Link] cannot get Senionhy Cen aflkr Hheir
[Link] bon last e)

Clauae H) wasadded by 1 CAA 145 it wos not there

ear lier tmeayd thert were no_povisions tor teseruation
for Pomo ion beBoxe [Link] prouis iom os only n
CUulnent

Fist First Hme his mater Came SC im 1168, in He-

CA Rajehdon v/s Onion o Irdia laG8SL.
in which servakim w 04ked tor H oronma Hons
s well, SC not deied to give þromokion. bt Saidhue
5 Mo uch povisipnin lonsHhuhton So Hhat sude Can alay
160) t give tservation in [Link].
bud
in 1992 hen Indha Sauwhney Cae Came
in his case h e wet disagnee oith ealie cleersions
ofh Scand e Said saeneal piniple, thert
Shoulo b ho 31uahion in promaions. TilI Terutmentil
is oka u the shall get pomohim i own Ymet

T negale h ldya hawhheyudg ment 11AA

in 1aastook plawe and Clauye A wa addeol ih At16
 this amenolment o_challangedin Hhe cae of
Nagaa usUhion of Tndia oo6 5
us is noB againsE
S upheld he amendmendby Sayig
h e Constituhion_,_it is Coveyed Onder rtasonable classCahm
the
ckal langeol i n he
the
the jualgment of 0MNag aa Case was

Ca of-
Jasnail Singh us LN. Gupta 2018 Se
Ihtis Cae SC Saidþromohion Canbe qiuen in Ha
Seruahon. ho hu
douot, Ceam layer shall be_excluaed
in the Seruites So
Cnd f they ane not aalquately aepresented
S t a l e shall collect he dala s t of> in adeguaty o
deprcsentahim.
that e
badd
2bauad an hat data the s e mwt take adectsion
promo Hon shall be givenor not

B.k Pavitra vs_Union of Indta dolt S

iwo held tha- Stale must place he mekatal on recad
state shall
and befor azderingeservahion in_promo Hio
brove that, theve 1S Comelli [Link] is inaalequale
deprasen lahion. ane hen decide otheruise it oill be shuck doan-

So to Lon collect data make a tomuHee S a hat we ome

p loncluiom hat heseavahon in promotion Can be qiven o hat

in the of-
Ca

mukesh kuma vs stat _of uttaakhand &o20 SC

was held thad Decision on romotion Reschvahon- Shoul
 on data which is quanhhable, here
only
Only besken
no da ta hen tho gov asbitratily Canno order us
1s

15 not a mendato povision Hus 1s an enabling provision

to sno fundanental tighk Can be
Yogovdis bouno
Clamed under ti's

the word_lansequen tial Senioriky w aaldlec in

85 CAA 2eol and Came u for he congideaahon bekort te
Suprtm Coua in the Coe of-_
M Nagtaj ys Union o 1ndia doo1 SC
Hhe oo lonsHhukona bench of SCin uwhith itws hld
hat-onsequental Senioai dot hot_violaks Dasic Stuthue
and the upheld tht valdiky of 85* CAA

6(4 8) àThis clk wos added by 81st CAA dcoo_ynder

ths Clausetany served vacany Teainduntlloin
any year, then next year Hhey Shalnot be Convereaino
geneal uacany those reStrved unilled stas shall be klle
with rueueCalgoyonlg hot by genereal atgoy Thest
vaccuncies Can be in an Succeeeling [Link] they
Shall Mopt be Loveed urder theceilihg o 50. eervakiom Cwhith
wa lad doon by Tndia Sauhney jwodgmndJ
areertd cadegpay Candteae lomes onder
the mexi of gencal Sea hen they i l l
be Lanaider e Under gencal Chtgoand heir
Selecm ilL be done undergeneal Coego y-
 6 (5> thee are bosk. ohich ar U
so many
la
ngiou Or denonni nahonal insktuion a thes blae3,
HuS
oCquclkky
Claue
of oppoa hunib Cannot he abpliedit means
iS a n excephon of A 1 6 i n such platus he heocl
Cam oe he person oho beloneys to Hat behtulat eligion.

166) This clause was addedby 103T CAA-ol4

this is available only or EwS Ciiens nder this claue

lo deserVahion Can be qiven in adduiHon to 501TeSCTUahon
which was held in Indaa Sawhney CaseSo hiS laus
was addecl to Meaak that Cas by addinglo, addikonal

erUah

Equal Pay fo Equal uoak -

buacally meana theone skall get equa sala
for equal work and theac are many S.C Jucdgmenk whaa
itwa dealy iflen thoat- Equal Pay toreual woxkis a
fundamental gkk
but Hhenn quskon Comes- Ho it Lan be ldeni fied hat
the ok is equal ox notohen people a r e involuecd
in cuflocnt- difltaent feilda?
Equal Pay br Equal toork ha Concept whith is vcay
dulkcalt to apbly hee a e ihheren clufkculhea in tombanihg
and eualuakrg the wok done bg dilferent persona becauyc
Ceck wrla is different Taby wh SC le it to he stede, H
let te o Commisston decide this.
 1St June ao2a (I)
Het. 11> Abolilion of un buckubilit
ontouchabiliky a witten in inea kol Commad
Lohith meansUntouchabili A aLonelok in_Hindu Law
baaically ontouckalbilily not to be taken in dkhionar hmeailg
it15 hou o be taleen in he meanin ohich_is givn to

CuaHsmîn HinduLaw and thaty aHason uwhyit ishou

under invey ed Commag-
The oord Untoutha bilthy has hof been clahneo in
the [Link] basitally meah ttaHing thoseeAons
as_untouthable who by rason otOur Sotiolog1tal Pheno menohs
of Cask syalem have Sufkred Hus huge intqualc or Cenhuts
and centuy Thee is no þaralle ot Caske in any (ounta
t neareat parallel we Se then_in Amenta latka oand
whula are dfenciabd hih skusically called Hpaxtheaid sylkam
in India untouchab1lty slared som Cae sy4 Hem nouahtht in
the world ang Cale SyaBem exisk it eisk only in india i
Hicuusm only. The Concepi of untoucka bility Came tzonm late
J
RshataiyasVaishyaA ahd
Sysem Four Varnas ie Orahmins
Shudrabeccmehe baus oUntuchabilit I w a So

eleaguwood of Hindujsm hat a uhole Communíhy hawt to

sufer Sentria_and lenhuria: Thas LohgiB oas neccasa4
Ho to have equaliky, he up bringing o hoseptople who
haue been SuppresScd Psgtologtally tohuaially ulkarally
Aretyo Religioublythe shall bebraugk ak equal ooth
The msst demeaalng par onouchabili
is to thea huan buy0 An Ohtoudhable. Untouchabilt
5basically agaiha} he very Tule of Law It intaingu both
he equality of Lao and equal pro echon o Laa. unBotucha billy is
hot onlu demtaning peo ble shal txati humanbeinoy as
Looxst han animals whith uaj also anindinct tem form of
Slave Thar is the tason why i is Such a SCourge o Hmduism
and Siace Hirdus Consikkd abou 907. at the Hme o

Indelpendente
Compleke Axhle 15 houo oleuateal
Specilitally a
o untouckalatlitu un touchability haue been so deeo [Link] ih
Hindu Psych thotiB oa_necessary to qive Sack treahment, and
to give Sock atemen

was given Lonshkuiona stau As Funda ena Riqkt

Made it offence

The ca Con tuiora ollkncey

CLD A I49 it shall be an otknce(Ist Conaktuhonal oftnte

ofensAk
in pursuance o His in 145S The untuchability
but ik w alssed t h a it did et have
OA ostad then
i t was amended
eeth i t wal not vey e Meckive in 19tG
it waenamed as
in a ery omprlhente waunoo
of uil Riqkh Act 155 His amend ment in_113
Pro fecion
not only 51gntCan
Ymaule vey -vey Siguttant _Changges
karges t h e expression Ciuil Rghh
changea
hanges u dd HL
ino208anigh whith accdua o a person by
w da
abolition ol Ontouchabtlikall. o enes o untoucha brlit
wert non lompoundable, , the þunishment wa htrtaio many told
wa nadu duty D
Hw Polce and many þublic Scruank Hhat
mnimuma gazeted skall inesgat such matkrs and i t
hinedhgakion not done operlyhe uill be talken a abettor
h earlier la, untouchability wanot allood at fubl plates
of woskib bu nou the Pxtuake blate of uaorskib_were also
Covccd een if uohole village dou_unteuchabi
lit thn Hhuaa
ek He prouslorn in thJs law to Collect ine omn Hhem
aA abeHoxs in act Sayiy clerogafory aorcl Some ond wil
auo amou an okne

a vey imporhan Case Camek.

People's nion tor Demorwh Rgk v UDn ol India la825e
Sjudgmen Lomplekly banned human Scauengin
bSau- Hluman SCavengira is h oort form_ot untouth
bility so it should neutr ht _alloweel

A18 Abalihon of Hlles

The system ol TiHu in India wa ihtocluute by
Briksher Thre wert many Htleg eg. Naab Rai Bhadur ek.
all He Htleg arenow albolishea

1g No htle ill be Conkd by Stae exapt

mili lary- or Acadensc cusHnchon éh-Padam Sh Awarel
Asholk akra ek. are allowed.
 One Padam Shri Awarda ek an_ abotisheo b Tnka

`tarteel
B b whon vdita Cardi Cameitagain
is mt haa omc u before He SC-
of 1ndia 1996 SC
balaji
balaji Raghavan LS Uion_
Conaku Hiona benh
in ths CeseHhee were 5 judges
naionas cuwads do not
of Scard Said Hheak Hhege
Camount to ktles houaeuer they- should Mot be ued as

[Link] o Sufhxe
Lshen this mater Came there were S o mau
eathon againt s Qwavd that's why in Hais C a
Sc
S held Hat-c high level Reuieuw Comnttce Shall be madk
tha botess of g1uing haional Awarda. Should be vcry taanpuuot.
of guing
0 arLSult, a igh leuel tuie Lommitk has heen mad
vice President. hey fixed acrikaia altr
the dhairman
the a
tha i t became vey ranspaurent
Hist ofall State leue Lomi Hee tommenels the
the
names oR_berio n who shall get Hhase Padmo Auoda theae
relcommendahima ar orwoded to the Cerder Center euiuws it
uneder high leualLonniHea o Cabihet Secre ary Hom
Screlaryand
Secre tar Secacaay of cstidend o Lndia, aer evicuaing
they aralise. he ist and Senal it to Pm then its clecicled
they
Hhat whs all shald gek thee Padma Awarda
Ther is_no guide lines or Bhaad Ratna,tusis shil
On wghesB level

7 Th ukzan ofIndua is notcallouwed to take

any t l rom toign stak, one Can onlu alee
Suth HHe Indi an CTDv allowe
 8 33 The Foregiontrs who ue worki in ndia,

uery humanitarlan oork underany o e o

doing ver
coing
them
Popik or ugt even I H r tounhoishe o [Link]
andewt.
Hle
Hhle they Cant_oxctbt oi thou Conacnt o
IEu Any eon whether Idian or hot is having
CAny fhe o Dolito u t he is not allondo
accept any pexnt hom forcian stak

1s4 Juh e doa2 (I

what is Pkciv_discainirahin 0 Consk kehoral discimnah
I I S basitally Reahonalale Cldsititahn to ensure scual
jushe in our ountay to eku th Concebt at soaliy
he beapl uho haue been on eceivihg o r ong time
must be giuen mor to maka hem a_ar otth ote.
2Ast 14 alloued asorable clasrhatn.
A1S3) crabled Raaaonalble cdamihtahon or toonmen

Axt 15(U) ako hal ke about eaonableclaartahim tos

Soually and ducahonally Backioad Classe
Soual
Apart cm Hhe At. 16 3) 1L.)16UA), 16B) these al
a ProcHve or Lonaktuhonal disctmaion.
Ane calso
Atticles243 D ane 243T oich alloas he slabk to make
Paouisiony for rescrVahion in Panchayauk and municlpalihu
Speually awomen
Aahcled 330 and 332 wlith enablu the Stat to make
rovisio tod SC and ST both ih Loksabha ay well
 in Vidhan sabhad

RIGHT TO FREE DON

Arhcls 192 deal with Rght o Fredon

Haf 1 6 Freeaoms are gien under A 19

Hofo 3 bayic Keedoms of Caimi'nal law
Rght Life
Aa21A Rig to edutaion
Aat 22 Right againut Anest cina elelenhian.
uder tis Askele auailableh
Halicle 1 Fundamensal Righls
cikzena Onu
Companies o Coxpoaaiohs aTe noB iBzens this thing was

claxibicdby
S tode Tadig Corpoehisn vsCommexcial Tar Offte 1963S c
Corpoahion s a not crhenshence_Loxboxationy cannot tetk
ihuoke A: 19

Fxeedoms r e not absolute the timewhen we

get recedom hat Hme we did no belieue in any ruhithiou
the most Cobbetted ight was Right of speech ad expressian.
ohich Briishexes not gave to Indian so B Cutore fathes
did not kecp any 1ektritHonbut soon it wad talised hat
TLaAonable reshiecHonsare necemmy- where here is righb
Cre unbaidlled Undiluted. Unrequlakes thedeis he ckantes
o AnuTchy Chaos ee thals wWh ithas t be a ine
 balane be hueen igkk and rehichou. Thas why rutrichions
w e odded fhom
ver Is CAA 1951.
Individual ighk and public igkh must be
balaned iHone persons Rightto Freedom and speech
Some houw afkch another pexon or the Lountay,thanit (an
aloaya be shited one baaik wond for dujnithonsiS-
Readonahle Rstritions, So freedom gkk_art not _absolue but
haichion a also not absekuk. here mog be an ahsolue
smction the dchion blay be ameun to lonplae , hut hen
i must llou the inciple o Reasonability
who willdelexmine that ohelker the malBer is asohablk
or not2
Lt judiciay oho deleminaid awtomahitally inuakes
t Tudital Raueo
what isht tat of Reaonabili 2
there ae so may eth inuolueo in ea^onabtlit
RestricHo pur uto Aul our direchive pm'hcipla
(OPSP) thu can be akn 04 Reasonable RestHChm
his Huin a Claitd in the Case of-
Stak of Bombay vs EN Balsata s15

Can Harshness of a reshichon be a test of Reaionabrlth

Reshichionk mercly because they are Hash Can no be
Soud to be he kest of veajohab1li So He tut of
tadonality is no the dejree of harshne s, is was clan fied
hy- B.A Sugars s CTO àooS Sc.
 Restichion should
hotbe taken in the Dictiona manihg
mlani
h t h o n may mean total aohibition
' s oxtter Ca'me u in the (ase of
Naichdra Rumarvs Union o India 196o SC
i wA held hat -RAstaictiom mayeven mean Complete
proi bihon
oha should be h bac o easonabtl 9
asonabiliy here Can be Phe war iqkt aupeck cash
matter dilkrs hom Case b Cae each mltter has ho be
Jucdgtd on ik own merlh, basically i ha to Stritk a
balahce betwcenindivvdual igks and SoLía ontrol, he
balance is bagicall the tat of rcasohabilit
Aluwags the destof tasonability is from
Prudend man's vie point. which Can be
what arm Can be Causad to þrivake indiutdusls du o hor
esiim
ohahar ae the benikk of hese sithasoha are Hhe
under yihg prihilu
whad evil Ca be Stobhee buith hose res tntkioy.
i s i t more beihuialor more hanmhul

here aYe
aapetof Balance
PeaSonal Rigks SoLtal 6ConomMt Judhce
Personal nghb CannotE Socal0rdar alway eua Out-
be above t (ommui b wugh the persoha Rigk
 the meed of Social order o Social
economt
oheneue
Jushe 0ut weigh personal gkk awtomahitally
ictioms onpesona ght ill Lome in.

'oho puls up hese acs}nttioms)

The Stake
S0 the burdeno rouing Hha he Aitins a adonahl
O0 ho 16 on whom)
Since t Mathit Hony a beirg perimhossd by he 3 t .
he buaden_of þrouing that the eahichos haben to b tu

dtayorable atnithm. aluay lie on ha Stak

19ca heedom_o speech_anc ehrtssion

Restaichs_c laid down under 19)ohich uwas inhoduced
byst CAA 1451
The oored Feedom of speech Ancdcxpciouhas beena
elaboratd i n the ligt of a plethoa o Judg mens
iven by Hhe Hontble Sc. Frtedom of speech and erpsim is
Heths of H DemoCrAYthert Can be no demoCaqu4
mere S Mo redom o sþeal
the vey mean ng0f DemoCazay
The 15tha
Citi2enstte ly Parhcipae they CrtiSize heyapp>oue
becauseit 1s baraly the Ceov: by the people for te
people, of Hhe peopleSo whentsotby, tor thebeople
haially thty havt Rigk to shtak , hey haus right o
xpess heir openion T e openias Lan be Cxp Keel by
wordh, b aihn by gela b pitures bybainknga.
here aAL thousand wa
 there are oc ica

Sþee ch Expresaion
it baaitally , oneis Cxpreasion basS(cally means
g to speak lommunitahiam o idealy ohaen
A ther în oneis mio
Thadis uon Hhe wo»d i no h e r wordis wenever
Spee ch ana expresi Hheo n e ha aideahe has
become a very Compn'hesie hem, þublish
word anal a uery Comprihaive hem Circulate hem s o tat
ex presain ohilh enconses
eueryone oill be able to lislkn
almos euer toamof i OnesviuOS.
Communtcaiona
to inherprek i t _just as ajigkt to Sþeak or
txbresSidm isJust a naxrolo vituo hese is Catena of
judgmen of Hoh'hle S where hu haue paodts thus
point ot Speech and expssian to dia2y highks

ZRight Speech and exbessim also intlades Right to knou

evey cikien haue aigkt o kaoashat tHheid Covt1sdolh s
ovdoing SomeHng beniitialto_publica hot in otherwodds
actounlabilikyofof Cou1S one ofHha basic aabeck No
Demecray 15 wihoud acountabiliy So basicall Rrght to kno
e s Sttms cau of accountabilityakidh agan a_one of te
most imporkant right n a democ+aCy
It IS becaua o hus
baaicaigkk khokhou
which fors H part ot Art 19 hed +he
Freedom ot Infbrmation idct uwas passed in. Lohich RTI intro dusel
s act wa passed in acoR, Due to His atAany Ihtotmatm
rom h Cout Can be askedexept Sensihive o n any
depar mend is not rouidikg informahion under RTI, hey ase
In
hihgtg ones Funda rentl Righ
What all e included under Agh to knoua
under Raht to knouo one hoa igk to be educaleel aboit
eveoy Hhing the mos Component of He Sotick S Consumer
thatd oty Consumer ha all H nghk to knou whethey
he Sheuld bug ox not bthoa PashiculorHing so baslcally
ehether ik is kod, ohether ik 1s daugsLhether tk 1s
amg thing hich IS Consumer gooche has lomblee g to
knou. e Ve
veg and nonuag phoduck are idenhiedwith
aen and ted mark a s i t 15 CoKSumeIsigkk o knouw
the podutt: basically evergone ha ight to kno as a
Conauner and aso as an eleckor one hal gkt tokne
ta incedens of H candidaea of elechm.
Ys matter Came in Ha Lan ot
Onion of India v/s HssoLiakon tor Demotraht Ralom oo Se
in this Case He SC_ held- Yes igkk o knoua inclualss suth
igha, and tws s
veg iporkant ghtin e elechom
of MP or MLA_one mut kno all [Link] him_ on e must
know abou hus poperty, Crimihal ajes on him uen uer n 9
abou him. Cheof t Corner s tond of HA dtmocca
MP, and MLA rpresent enh Pahliu 0ubli should
RnDeueyig abo hem
Do we hau Rigkt to knowabut ou marks9-
Undler s here oere man matters

Rig to See tha pape one Can See thir paber

wha abou t valuahionis i a gkt 2

Revaluadion is not a niqht ohich automahically laws
tlouos
itis_only He hue 1S specrfc_prou 'Sl m tus e fleck

Reresenahon of People Act 151

this Act was amenaleal in Aoo all the aules
egardinga
egardingMe MLA [Link] ae prouided uroler Hi's Att
S0in an Lmdirect Denmacray rk Ind ta its
rghtrigkt of veves uo ter to knowevery ting abou his
Candidake s 1s part of Raght of readom of speech
and exress jon.

Doa Right to sþeech incluales Rigkt nat to speak 2

Ya iinclualu gkt not o speak
in_ He ase of-_
B. Emmanual vs State of{kuala 183 Sc
in i s Casethe matter was ew_hildhen Stoocd up
on Mationa anthem but_clidntt 5ing Naional anthen
High Lout held it wrong bur Sceverstol he H deusiom
Cno held thy havenot Lamted_ang o tfence asthe
were not clis especti heywere Shouoing he epect by
standina u Singing 15 not necesony S0it way held hat
ma
Right o Speech CAme 6YpressionSionalso ihcludlegight not to
Spekor Ragkt not o express.

Prssisvery impoant aupect of fredom of sþeech

and expressim in Ametan (onsituhion a ohole chabtea
there on Libaty o Pess, no such Specral chaer 1s givn
th bus LonshitahioM Media forms he Fouath Estst Demecay
and Rebublie Cannot exis without_ a ree press our gh
for rtedom, all revaulk in He wod teok blace becauk of PresS
ueshon aste, our andamenal Rughs bascd on Amertanbrll
o Righ then thy he special puisions for thePreis_at
not kebH_even we know Hat Demeacd is false wihout te
he
iberty o Press In this Lonshitutxt Assemby debak Dr Ambedkar
Sad there is no Speuial Rigkh fer Press he ighks
avalabde to cur ovdinay H2tng he Same ight 1s availahle
to bess50 it Can be said hat Prcss Shal be given exizem
igs. what art RigLh of He Prss=
They shauld be free to publsh angin Subeet to reahnihons
g iven in 192), Libey of Hhe Pxess is cogw sed by
all world - wide he Should be no e-Censo¥ship

Pre-Censetskip aloays Shorens Hhe p [Link] ot Hhe Prss

and hat 15 he reasonLOh4 thert lan be no quuhon o
Pre (ensor skip oPressMan tmu the Covt: cleaaly pa
he oxdeer that-Is a burmi toprc and you oill not
publish s. his ma tHer Came u ih He Lase of
Vicnha s skk of Punjab 1152 Sc
it was held tat- here 15 no power wa He Lou!
b a n Hhe vIews News paper or j telltell Hhem
the
tha be bre you ub lsh Ityou hawe to telI_s or be
tell them - you will no ubhsh His

There ae many judgmen SC on this matkr

all thew judlgmenh haut bten. very clear
Rajgopals Stakof TanilNadu SC l445
7khushiaan singh vs Maneka Crandki HC CDelki)
in Hus matHer al) the
HCs and all the S Juwlgmans
Car clear that Nithe He rov hoy the o ials of H
Crov Can impose any haint just becaule it is agal'nst
he Gov is only in Schaihive matts which an bein

about Very Serious Condiguthces in public oidtr in he Count

even here He Cengers kip is hot allow e h u the patss Can
always be equshd t be balanted in ik epor

The Aess has in mang lajes Gone o I boarel

and one of Hhe bigseat faults in the pess today are-
Th Conduct_ Media Talstis is one of he higget problem
which oe art facing wita Mealia. there are many laes
Sslat ol hakarashtha us RI andhil01 S
Siddhart Vashisht s NCTof Dalh 3oloSsc
and Calena o Judgmenk in whih SCSad Hhat-
ohen t matkr s Subjudice Lhen the mealia bloos tout
of Drobatin- H_badi.cally meansinta erence ot with ha
Jushe syatm t _poses a vey dargerous sk of
Prejucicing vnybad i a l by medsa 5 very negahion o
Rule of Lau it alsa hampers the Jukce sysem of any
Coun
 Facedom o Cirulakon the prss. ma Circulae is
paper any whtr at ik oon wish.
Do they hat
ha Rqkt to sþecch and txpressim o publish
Do hey
any adur tistment2
No i no kurdamndal Rig to publish Aderhsenmet,
hee it uas held Hat Adveshsemerts Can play hauoct thy
Can
Can shou wan þrachtes, So thu eedom of sþeech and
expre ss in Can't be exkded to lommertlal AduerhsC mCns
The lommetial Adverhiscmexts must adhert to the polici ano
H rahithos wkich Ha toncexhed gavk: anel Con Cemeo minis tr
minest
a phley
whe her_a Jounalist Can hebrced to reucal his Sauztt )
His tmatBer Came u in
Re: Haaijai Singh 1996 S
in i s Cas Se Said hat heedom of Pre is not
an undiluted or un tetered ighkany spohatble press
CaM uoork in wreak hauot in any sotithy or îna

LouttsHa i whys£ Cour heedsit (an ask he Sourte

of Jourralish
does fedom of sþeech and expreisisn includus Hhe Rigkk
tu Demonstat Sike. þrolst ek 2
on t s there is a very-erg clear law an landmark
Case on us S=
ommunis Pary of' Ddia vs Bhara Rumar 199 S
in his cale SC said- Protest 1s okay , i people totuse Close
by themseles then ih okau but Violeite toertion tk are
not be [Link] blockeing 1 infringemert of hur
Fundamena) Righk closína otce Lully is not allawee
 auaing H Cohkh hutom, i{ Somtonee does
does
OSuch wina ae
not wanB to clse then ita_Palices Responsibility proect
the
Can Aduocahts Strike 9
ths matkr Came ue Caeof-
in

Ha sh Uphal usOnion o India 2oo S

ts judgment SC clearly Sad tat-Lawets haue
in thus
euch 4o tor a token
strike
ho gktto qp on sBnke, nol
or Cancllk
Lawges should no behave like harbersbulkhevs
SHck makensou
PoSiHom otare
the oicerS0 4he lout, Jou have
de deknakly trust with your 1H1gankwhen Jou goor
to raSom law
Strike then
hen youan holdig the enie Syskm
IS hota thook 30 thatu a reakon why- SC Saud in this

Judgment-that cou shuld takedaciplinery achions

nduocaks Loho Jo on strike.
againt the
hcn whot shall Acluotales do
SC said-You are eduuteal eople
-Passrsolukod
Grive Pienation
take silent proteions
OscusS ohT V
bu no aduocales shall go on shike.
hd June aodd (1)
Keahic hhnofFacedlmo of specch anal expoton=
The
The powrs of spee ch ard u pres810m. a
Subueto tasonablerstrickho he C3tithons wee

lauid douon by t vey Ist CAA 1151,an tis urdam exla

igk has maximuwm 1ctictios, hete are

I f iacs the Secuity of the stet

Securiy_of Hhe stakt is baically thee_Can be dsoder,
agiy war against India or ther tan be housao otthia
if the hredownof speech and ex presim buk Stakt in clangtz
then t Coun b Tutntted
Eacndly aclahon wih forigu Stak
There was Gn Acix Forign Rulaions At la32
hdes tis act if any Ciizen Stat s cihsizirg un
ang
Country Lohen we haue Gw elahioms wita Hhat Lounth-
[Link] witn thaCounty thatd wy
any Speech or expression against t hendly tlahtna ot
H teugn stode, CannoB be allawed
Public odes
Public order s ve
ieoskarntbecau a Smal
exptssim or sbeeth Cam Catue Riok Publia disoxeer e.
ublit
Publit Disoder badically meaun Pubic peace must be naunate
there
here mustbe oley ao upt Public hanqulit. So whe yer
any Speech hcaisks Lommua embersO gionalisn Ctna
all hose inga okith is againat Public_order Rght to Sheeth
erc qhd exprrssio shall e Teatricta. þublic 0rder
 entonupostd So many ungs
Cost, Ragion any
wnrest,based on
tlion.
Shall be litld thirg he Right
o
to
seech and xpvessidn
xpressin
whevvetublic þeaue is a stake.
eceny0 Moaality
we are
lvi h a cIvilned ld and in ths ctvilizcal
wo
osld there is no place tu imoality, at least express1n
Immaaaduty lecenymcans hoper behauicur, a
special hc
dlecencyth egards to women, iB mansone Shuld
very Caclul in wkaeer he is speoaking and one should net
insult the modeaha of a woman.
dny tung okith is ihdecent
Or
immoaShall be acshickd and Rigkt to speech ad
exrusim oil) e turlallea
Condempt of louet
People kaue all ziakt to speak bu Cout has ids owh
Sanctity aind thas_a ason okyH we have Conkmpt of
Couhs act Iq41,it Is o4 lu tspes

ciul Conttnpt uihal omknhE

S o t anyonesSpeech disacspech orintul a Cous
Dlad s iS conlempt of Lourt and one tannot b
allowedthots why Contempt of Coubs Ack ha been ma,Coues
mut be seka, me fhcedom ot specth andexpressim anvet
be little ta Judiue hith
ro eted, at he Ame. it doeaht manhe the Judiuay
Same
Touth me Mot wherever we Hhd Certain
is a soluely
whert tyae orOnthen thetr 1s no harm ham
uolgmends
in hauinaa 0 heal thy si2m cksiam ot t Tudgment
fair Critisizm of ajudgment woulcl hot Lonsi tuu
 h entmpt of lurt. when a udgment 15 a arel hesg
uwo
Crihia beirga Gntiuzd mercly r
or lontmpt are
dukkred Hiro if all debtrd uton a b la ik a Guustn
Lout mut olwy4 Ste wkat
Cflactad a S wh h
wa H nknhon of s Cntiu2m
Detamation
ErnL haue ur rigkk but thus wnh erknds cnly
+illtheae ne inirirgurg the t s of ancther pean. al
ill they
H15 Sad in bglsk L ha-"j haut Rig tSoikh
Lane bu only. H1 i taches ip of ucur noie So
Sam apblie t Pas ot sheech avd eprssion. Lohith
Cannet be wd t delame orybcdy
Inite o an atitnte
perin Can not oboer an oence inukrg r
abe Hr tor an oticnu s net allouxd under Rah
Treedcm c
Speech ard ezptsim
T h e [cvreigny avd inkgn rda
s w odded by 16AA 1162 us 15 u
so it is fudameudal duy of tuey Irdian to proBet
inporart.
Souig
Soutr&ig nty ard inktgity of ourLzunkryand Hat 1s He
muwst guard He Scutruignky we should het
wh we
tason
taon
and inkgnty oB Ldia. in
Speak 0aaint He Soert 1g
landmark fale of
Kedar nath vls Stak of bihar

His cak ikoa

in held tat only those ack shoulod be
Coueed bu scdtion whith haw atenderny to Creatt publ
h alktr is under CoSidesh m of s ,
olusorder. Pesndla
Aa la uJ Cb)
Assemble peAC
In a Peactably
cably and wiwi lhou
hou rm
Cm
to Assemble oemoC1acy, «public we all haue a vigkt
and Causleo oit Aeedom
expess ion. we ate ngkt to x preJs ou of peech Gnd
OnkapbynuS ilh Somt thing of t se, bu
anquish
anqush pY
pt Anger
Anger or
o
Pcace Aul anol i mt bt
shauld net e Loilh ag ams. The LonghihuhHom
agtes at Cueryonr havt a
Ohe hawe igk to assemble becae eveay-
algls o heedom o skech. and assemle ad il Can
be done
olnly People do erpess their Vitus on sublC malks.
Religiouy malters, polrhicas mates, econemd malevM, Sotial malkrs
ana hany mox debales on neus Cannel s epeion o
Uiews. an þeople Collectuely Cxpacs hci Raghh) Yes. hty tan,
paouidectey Skall ne distuu b public order ad Shall no be
Curmig
Carriy an Aams, So ho ona ha atundamendal ng to
dstub t Peace Dr Caary any u

Res taichors A 113

No Sakya gaha Can be done aqunttha Sovtteigny and
and
integrityol India. or
Auto Publi order shall hot bt dustuxbed
So hea ainga Skall be keptin mid behx allou ir
ig o assemble.

Aa 19 1C) Facedam to itmKSociahios o UNoN

Kig to m an associahon baically 4 tonkinuaHn
of ighb sheah and capreslom. Me veH eiena of Demo
Contain in ou beina allad o fom aAolahion ither
ISno0Ocioion ton no Politca Pasty tan be formed
ard if there 1s Mo Poliial Pary Hhen therc will be no
elecias. an cmoCay will he fuled wimos elechon.
Wha 1sarn Assocrahion) Associahion means, Cdlechon of
Personu Persons gek together br Ona obct which Can he
Cause Heirmural e wlkrc mutual advanBoate ek
when l soclain geh legal toldar t becems union
Bar sociahion Labour Unio hesc all are tunda mental igs.
it mtansCompunieh Socihie,Partnerskib Fitm Trads onians
Polital Partiesek. all hee a anAssoLiahin
Resinichon A: 19 (
ian sso tiakion s agains
Publit order
morality
he and intugaity of Idiait any ass octak
soverei gnly
waoy l agaiwt Tndia .usill he cwerd wnder he yeasovaub le
shitho. had's wy ttrorists ha ho ightb brm
ksaiahion
Souerignhy and Inleity of India was aoded laler au i
is nou afkctihy e y exigBunle o Indin
thr Cure e Love kd Posk in India. es- IAs, IPS
Judges Magstaby anol So many 1sponaiblkhes iupon them
So that Hw Can shou he true pickure to the orld, Sot
staxt uonjam_ , then how An they stb othex thata
why guch oHites ae cisallowcd taom maksa U
CReaiderce)
Aat 19UJ C) > Eyced om to Move Ficely thao howt th
dexaitoo o ndia. every Indian 1S allowed o mo
eyoall oer a Lrdin 0nd eaide anywherd În India
Duu then then ae aasck. beople ae not alloacd to mou
Inpoected dicas of Lndia hkeArdeMan and Nitobar ad
hMost of u islamda becaue
o ahchaN- o

kulaichiot At 15 and (6)

ht Can be eataichios in hintrei ot entkpubli

poclion of Schedule Tube Sa whle 9iving tundame
nlal ight o moue all over the ndiaL ye to bean be seen
that i it is again t geneal public on agains the
indereat of schedue toibey.
whar ahou Reod Blackacles 7
in the tameusCae ot
COmmunis Paty ok India us Sharat kamar laagc
in is CasetLLou cleurly Said tot no ohe had a ight
Blockadinyneihther bua ain ox anyhing
Righ to eAidence IS a lundamenlal Rgu, enisitcluby
of Cbuo proide acsidehe toevcy Indian
T is nok fundamevdal igh that ouk pauide thtde
reatdenee to eueny Indian but it is deitaely Fuhd Coverdby
DPSP
DPSP Docs Righ o shelel Covcd under Rigkt p Tidenc 9
Ye eo matHersLame in SC shere SC held it (annt be
Called Pundamental Rigtbu iis dehtinaely Diechive
Pinciele and it 5 uponalbiltyok a welke stade to take
Cas ol such kople twho dont have Shelker.

ACau Came betore Allahoabad Hc

Payal Sharma s Nai Nikkln dool Allahahad tc
inhisae he h gud Hat She ha iqkt to
live wilh ay þey Son us She is maor CAho ourt allavel

thads wh Livein Relakinskipa are not illtqa ta

my
m be mmoral bu only om eldest polt ovieu evem
A em Can stoay w i t a maiHed peson tha is

alinot illegal is can be immoral oud tor Divoe

bu not illsal

Ha 19cDJ) Prachise_any pofeion Ho La n

Cny Ouapaien, 4aade obLines

Paottsslan wkich is dun by Skil or qualihitai. e

Lawyen Doctor e.
Ocupahion Ont Loaklike talorLabour et
Trode Ltis relattl to Sala þurthase, pohtk ede
Dusinesu>there is a uery Hhik tline loehoeen txadle and
busineA bußinea is alaa dome with proht
agle and sade is albo done or 4 pooit but it Can loe
withow pokk also

+the duterence ohese four words carthde lb4 S

in th lanamark Judymat op
Sudan singh vs N DML 184 SC

Is aAundamonkl Ragnt to prachu any poeSion occupahin

ade osbuainess hutat tu the Same timeanly gov
gov
Can howdk eo ingses hings ae anhiseCtal hichA
Cant [Link] 0 A rigk Tou Daugsselling
ek Cant be pexmited.
 ode ofLiquo allowed7
here are many judgmens on this
lomussimer 111 SC
a n k a r us Dy Excise ad Taxahin
kho day
Nho day Distillevis slate of kaanaBaka 1aa6 S
2Se Andhra Pradesh v MCDowsll1ga4S
wa held ta, heu is ho kundamenl igkk
tCas ttade o busine in intoxitahin Subsante
ihcludi Liquer

Restnchisa
09 Trchutal o ohe ya of qualihiahou
One has Right to practite any broekim 4 or (arH on
OCcupahom t t tadeo businesd but subject to ualriak'

iD2 [Link] Can uke oui a buyinesa inodustay trade or

Seruile lomblehely 0patially-

C ublic secex under tuking no piiate person allowed
in
e_nuclear echnolog4 Feailimsoxdinanc tattori ek
thee ae puualy with stak
dnd June Aoaa

The most tlouniching ouinessat HheB»ihs

ime wad moey lending, shch
Money was absolutely- unscrupu-
Hadt
lous. av ha is atahan ok an unscupulous
wahelod
O pro ledion Caunnotbe Allowed to venainit
Hai wheneuer tHhee is any money of Ha depositors me
also one Canhot be unscubulou e Chit undls
30was
also
He
aquna_chi funds and infact Leislaturt haj aed
Chit tunds Act hss atter Came in he Coeof
Peexlex Cremeral Finante &Inuestmos Co: Lld. us RBI 1211Sc

So usmattex was etrre Cleaea in Hus Judemen amd

Cuen On lottery the vteuw o h Cour is dtgit and
digitlotkery- Cannot bealloused.
Do Onehod ght to mpak_Crocds
in he Case of-
Pankay jain vsUnion o Ircuia la93 Sc
was held that Hesis no absoluk gkt toinport
Lrtlsit deperds oh Mary auec So theiqht to jmport
is noteen adainale ighk, leave apatfundametal Rgk

ih the Lask of-

Sodan Singh s Neo Delw munipal Couhtil laga
it wa held ha ho doubt One kas tary on hisbuzthesi o
see t Paue mens became One has ighd to un his leuniss
buuies but he
he doesnthas He ight do da i a
to
So they Could not be permitkd to
a peniculr plate
dade on any ood ih the ity. So basically it willhave to
be seen that isitConuexien foa Hhe pub-licf oades ae
Vharou then it (anno be allowed Somany aspeck_will have
tDbe Seeh. that detislon wll be takn by ta Adnustratiom.

Inthe caje_o -
Municial Corpoaaion of Delhi Gunam Kaur 1989 s
it a held thot Hhe pacper Scheme be mads
tor egulahng t kauwking buinessSo make Non Hau kig
and Haw kig 2o that whee they Can htade ad
Lohere they- Cannak i t is to be Shecihe Thusaset haue
been olloed aloutr tha Inda.

Sihce lots of women aàc ooikikg So w must

have la aainst the 3exual kaHasmento oamen

this mater Came in Ha lanaarkCose of -

1914 SC
Apparel Export onmotion Ceunil /s Ak Choptu
in this Cake i was cleared that Senual naxrasnetnt i's ve

Commen in India So thet mutbe the separakt aw Genaler

and becauemale hartas he
CqualityIs tha Fuduwental Right
aw as
women Lwhy it is impotlant te make Selearak
thadis
t
aesultin persance of tus the poechim of woncn agpint
seRual o Hences Act a place
of oork So finallyhre is

ala

thre was a_Cae of

Bar louncil of Lndan 115 S
Indian Counct of Legal And us
ar Counul Issue an ondey that ohoeu h Lomble}d
usytasif he aduocatu Cannot paathira
meanswhoewer
is
enollig
didhot
as an
enoll umself HlI g OF
45, Nou aftr 45 Hea ven he wishedto Dactice Stil
us La ate
Can pachice 50 if anyone CompleBed On or

us eas Cannot þiachte 5 Struck doun ths orcer

ne Saud wshot eajonable Clagsihcahan
1S it Cat be
allowed a it is Compledely vidahue of H Fundamenal
Rtg his is arbiBmy ad dascriminaBor

i'n the case of

V-B Joski SRegistras Goneral Supreme louwB oB India 1aa9s
S

in tus Case the quesion a e d Hauinq Chamber in tLe

Lount pre h is tundamenl igho Prachitin nduataka)
in us Coe it oas held Hat - No. p havea chamber
in tht Court prmises Cannot be taken A a aighr okich Joes
the ight o f pachice a_an Aduotak

Raticion
Resiachiona Can beimposcd in the inkrest of Geeyal eubli
okich meawh- Public order Publr healtn Publi Secui
Moralit eConomil wdee o e Communit or Our diechive
prinu plu ese all are Lovere unltr inlecdt ot gencal
publi an teodle Lokith 1s gaint u inerest of qeneal
Public Cannot be pursued

Can stale Cztale monopoly

QUbadirgo 196)a 8late mauCary Ona trdde
 to parhally ofhe, slate
the exclusiom of all otthes_o ,
Can Ciak a monaboly in ik favous udec1163 bur
Stak Can Ctake C monopoly thidHurdpeon

Article ao
TS atile is one of the Most imborhant for
Ahicla for
an accuied pexson, H basically deals oiHa Crimira La
Aakde &o
_has got 3 clause
Aa 2D U) Prolechim agaisst ex Postacto Laos
Double jeo pardy
Att o3) Can be foaced against Self inciminatm

a &0a)2 No ersonu
No ho all Can be inluded in Pex&on )
it includ notonly titensit includes Chiaend
koeignes Alien
Con poion ihclude a Lox poahi0).
his matta Came Came up bebre scin the cait af
MP. shoema vS Sahsh chander SL
Load cleawly eld by tha SC tha e perion includesthe
Lospoadon So i a Corporahon is accud or_Lombanyis accue
o a am 15 posecukedtuouud be getHirg he beuik oaf

Thee iS a lain Acam

Lex pros þicik non picit
meam Law looks orward not back his was
clanied bySin Govd cl Andhe Praderh vs C Gandhi aal3 S
 As most of th Erglish i s haue SaidRetrospec ive
Legislai
leaslationis Contzay to the genetal þrínuples of weighad in
o man'5 Conkxt should be Seen in lonkxt an
londext of he exisking laws and not in ho Contextof

futue Laus shich dont exist.

in the Case of
Dayal Singh vs slake oRaasthan oau
twas held A Penal Stakuk iS always o s pectiue
its a diferent Stoay foT Civil Law bu unishment is
Sulting And a person lant be made Sufkr for Somethira wheh.
La net an oence at that hie Sinilarly he can be
suen more þunchme han the punighment whith oau to
be giuen ha ima
In Criminal L a oa n accuued is persud to
be hnocent its a xsumpjan of Law and Hus prxsunphon
oof Lau js aq old it is as old as criial Jusprudence
that is a cason why A person Can heuer be held ible br
an Act whith Hhe Sovewigh _has noBclecleared as an

ofence
The term Ex Pas Eacto Lao means a Lat uhith
is enacted Subsaquent to Some occuraune tx-PosE Pacho las
CA of 3 ybe
Someme lhng was not ollnce Carlhcr buk 2ow ne o ffence
w Caca led
(2 ii w a an olfence but the Pnjshment wa less So
Do hbunishmen is bein
being Íntreajed af ler t
oence hod altady been Gcaltd
 in the dol3 Niebhaya rapeCase there
he
earlier n.
StaiCtLa which was na thereeaslier
in
imphSonen
maxi mum punishment Loa lo yeas0r ufre
ol3 Lao deah Ptvally uoa also addec
) he Law has gien a neco ProCkdure
Hdifferent neco procedua haj how_been given or
tor the
he

pro Sequho o 0n oence

Ex_Pest Facto Law CA enuicage in. Aat 20

1J

enlemba cej J_and ( bu docs not include 3) Only

he adegoy are induded bu if anew proteclun
s laiddoon h a t i s hot overed

o an
So no one canbe Conuicedo violation
So no
donc
once ahich wa no existedwhen he at_w
more punishment han exs tet
Secondly One Coannot begiven ta
ime when he Commitea h oenebu
a the
heo procedure uas laid down
for arial then a t Can'4 be
Coeredunder At&o C).

there is a ucyim.þorkant JunSt

In Onikd sBasey
Law
Called-Conshhonal Law
Calle willshe ovoBe a book Ex Facto
what 's
o Unla states in hich he desciba
Penal Laws -

when act inhocentuuhen if wa done

an in_othe
that Hme
wordsit wanot a n o Hence
when thod act is made abi9gerCalne thad means
Hepunnshmeat íS inCeajed
 when ey dleprive a person_accuskd o of a suhstanhe
righ Caus of Change i n evidente Tule ths aspect clealu
wih phocedure
meams-
aprocedun per se will no be overed by Aat Roy
bu if he proCedure þtjudies he Substan tive ghls of
me attusedhenit Can be brugktuner Art2oCLJ

See 3ou 8 was added in IPc Lshich made distin4

o
oDowry Dea and ik minímun þunjshmeot is
1 mmson ment
Poocedure of this o Hence avo pres um phon given In
Sec 113 8 Indian Evidente Act and here prtSumfhion will be
Shall pxsume

The alters which were calrtardy he uwhen Dou Dea

oa mot an ofen Ce
So to allendlig Cases Sec 3o8 of IPc will not be
aphliee
Minimum punish ment o yeas Shell not be quea
7a The
Thepsumphion Can not bekken as Shall presume
tisresumption is Hhe part of þrocedurt bu it
his
is presumphion willbe aken hen the SubstanHe
ight
o accueo ilget inteinged
in the Caje o Lil Thomas v Union of Trdia ooo SL
his Cae put th aeuit Of Sarla Mudgal CAA t w
 held har all muslims Cwhe becameMuslim dus
to Conuer ed to ge
get marid i means -a perSon
maried and his wife alacady Qxiskd be foreSaala
Mudgai Che C1995) theeultuo o t Lily tha mas Cale wil|
be abplid Retsos pechily and he all will be dhargad
for bigam
hen
then they Came wih Hhe prnuisíon oAst2ou
SC cleaed Hat i
SC applieg neu Law lhutseart
hot
making
makukganu nesLas Inrpoey
herewe artonly 1ntesprehhg-
he Exishig La

vey inleres hha Case of SC

Mau Ram us Uion of Tndia- 19oSc
he poin was A peson Conuicied tormurder and
get Lik imbrHsonmentii meanhe has to be inprnsoned
for 1 c a bu aftes gethn So Many Ssiona ehe
wa seed in yaxsytAen SC dixced Hhe Cou to pass
a Lau onHIS hen u33 A CEPC_Came ino torte toct
Snecr Onder. i S Sechom he isany Commu ahon
fos Life Imlpaisonme or Ocath enalta hen he hav to

Spent at least u ycars in Jail.

what about
Sheld-His ill
thoSe who ae Shillínjal and hauihg RnusSio
be applieddehospechvely
hauing
when they reackeal he SC_ and 3aid i s ys
violative ofAt: 2o C1J
Sc sad- No his ishot violative o Aat ao (
His i s a materof paoteeure ane it is Coue-e uder
ublit poliy i s does not inhinge Ark 9 (D
 the Ex Post Facto Lao is benihialitmeans
the
hepunishmemt s decrcalod hen (t apb-lies jthospekiely
in te Cose of- Rattau Lal s slek of Punjab1165 SC

the madter wal when a irwa LOnucted he

Phobaion ofnder Aktw ne ih force itlame
infp forte hen 4he qial aleady got puhishmeh
was held that hose lauoswhith CAre
againsE
he
Phe offende Ex Post fatto laws Abblies to em only but
wuch a benihial for he oen der, Cannet be deit uder
Ex Pst Fatto Las

s ar as Piotecdural Ex PesB Fato Laws it dos hf

apbly tproctdured i Amerian lonstikuion r Post
Fatto La appli to Al1 Subs lankue Laus +Al1_proceduvol LaUS
hu in India, il appliy to all subs lan ive Laus bu
procedual lauss f applg only when the Subsanhe
bao RagoQLused get infinged
Lshole A 2 applies to Cainia Law_only
Can Hhe Ciuil Liabilike be inpoSed Relrospechiuely )
Yea then is hoproh biton ol impositlon_of Civil
JiaklihgRehospechvelySo iBdos nol ouch ciu Law
Combensahiom Can be alkadrom past dale no lompes
Combensahi on or damages Cre pao bikd on ly puNshmenk is
pro kabited
 tAermaltes oh Ex Pest Facto Lauo docs no4 a 7
Cascs of Preueniue ole fenhion here ae many Ca o
even ivc delenhioh Po TA
Disciþlinay Proceeding i i s Conduced under debarbnon
Aqu Uhder ohich-PayCan be deducked Can be clown -

adedin Rank Can be dismusse doe3 A2o is7

No. i s is not an o fence

Aa Qo I+
dealswih double jeopardy
Painile ofDauble Jeopaady
in he Case of-

State oRajastan vls Hat Singk

the rule of daule jeopardystaled in he wakimua
Nemo debet bis vcxari
itmeah Amanshould no be put in Parallel
twite or the Same oftnçe.
Meeis an nglish Doctaine Simlar to His
Auheais Lonvict Acquit
Sec 3co is baled_on Huspintiple.
Double Jeabardy s he baai aule of ihinal law. or
Cximnal Juis ruden which Says hat, ho peson should be
Put in jeopardy0 wice in he Same o ehte
TheEnglish Doctaihe Autre kois Conuct or Autrcfois Aquit
His ule is menks ed in gec 30o C-P Set.d6 Gtn: Claue Ac,
Cnd also in Sec. TPc. So, ite{lected under 3 Tndian
Laws
 y June o&

No perion Shall be rosecued and punished twitefor Bamtf

imeans ik uoont apbly if peseh

is only posecuked he mudt be
prosecuteol AND Þpunished.

The ousan- musB be autwwe oian o fence the ofence in

Herm of General Clause AcE CSec 26)
2 He mua be [Link] is. t_mtanitg ot presecuhom)
imena the sturing of anyproceeaing ohithi s Crimikal
in natu againsta þerion [Link] aCouat or a Judita
Tibunal
in the Case off-
Thomas Dana ysSak of Aanfab asa Sc
it was clta Haa -hosetuhom means initiakono Saxhin
ot an
ang proceedihg Criminalih hatu beforea tourtor a
Judidal tilbunal -
I t will no have auy applhiahonto proteeaings
ohith ae held beBore xuenue cuhonitig or Liil Cous
in the aAe of- Maqbool Hussain vs Skk of Bombay 1953 S
the atter wal An Indian tikzen bringing gold om.
Onatherlounty by Smuggling Sea Customs, Auhoril Caugk him
and oteded atnalordihgtoSea Customs Act 1218 and
Confes taltd his Gold Laker ho wa hied under Fosijh
Exthan Regula ianAtt CEERA) he azgued thak us will
 be Lovaod uholer Double Jto pady In uis judlg mcn it wy
held tha See (utoms Authoitis are not Cour or Juditual
Taibunal S0 heirprotedinga ae not prosecuhHon SoFERA
is s t riinalathvily on kim S the ation takun by
the uam outoity is not atin by e Colat

Prevenhon of
Tany peson
any is araa4ed under
Conuphian Act ael then he oas Suspedecd Qnd then dishuisd
anol Now he Lonuittea under peuemhion o Loruphm ACE
then he Lamot axgue taat DiSmjssal whdere debartmenal
enguiryAne lonuichion undler
tvenim of Coiuphim At is
Double: Jeopardy becouse Ang Depaatmerba Enguiay will not
be cleem to apro Secuhon wiun the meahing of A &0

osecuee and Punished

It thees no Punishmentonly phosecuhion Hhen Hh
Doctineof Double Jeopardywonbe applid So if no
Punishment have been given Hen At: do2)_hau no opplicahimn
S oboth prosecahon a a bunshmen muut lo eisk then one can
9 t He benht of Double Jeopaady und Ako(R).

wha i a peion isnoseculed and atqutkedl7 Can

he be paase Cuteel again)
Revisíon_ard oppea caurt anprDsecut aned tonutt
him
Sinilalyifon aculed dischalq Cdischarge IS hot
[Link] olmcteal ia no)i
Suh CalesheCan be Called again and Conuicled becauJe
Dischange 1sa pre hral ocew

Hny action taken by an appellale or dev isional out.

not token os rd Puu'shmen to inuite A ao(2)
An Qppeal or a eui'sion is a Conknuaion o Ha pxutous
be se to be a n e s poceedine t
proceedinyi Cannot
Oasically is a lonhnuahom o He Same proeealin s
a s dariked in the Cae=
Stae of Maharashta vs [Link] 115 Sc

Aat 20 2 s a tundamen ight ghkutory aeflechiom

O HS is Sec c0 CP one Can1t be posecuktal and
punishtd or the Same oonte tore buk twhatita peson
s not rieal for an olknce in a tranachn ?
eq A gial wa dabeal andS h e 1S ain_a Coma, So
the aLcused_ws 4ried tor ape Lsec 316 1P) and ha w
iven lo ycars imbraonment, aufler Ha Hhe girl clurd. Can
Hhat aCCustel be triecunde Sec. 302 Ys, becase calie
he wa nat tried uder302 he gil wa alivehut
He moment girl clrcal he Can_be ied under st3 IPL
Alwaus He double Jeopardy apblies on Same
olentenot on He Sametansalh'om. itthee are many
o Henta in one tansachion and he uoas not trel easle
Hhen leter he Can be tneol Jus
uing nade absoluely
Cla bSec-302 CPC

At o 3)2Te accud Is paesumeal to be inno tent by

hy la
any aLLused Cant be brtcto ive evidence againg t
himselfthere are So many Qgenuito Collect evidenace

The Polite Tw Louat ehe in bher wods il s Ho badC

Concebt oB Naluaal Jushte
Nemo Tenehur Aodere allussart - Seipsum

t mton
it meauM No man is bound toause humself
tis tamdamptal ight Came om Ameritan Lonahtuni
5 Am nclment o
AmeriLan lonshituhion Clearly Says No
Pexson hal be lompelled i any aimiral a^e o be
a

oitne againthimself almost the Same words haue ben

taken ub by our (onshtuhon in Atso3).
The baiLiminalTuHsprudentes 0 n aecuseal is
presumcd to oc innotehk_wnless provea guilty begoneal rtadonaule
oloubr
in he Cale o F--
Waolmingon v Oictor of Rablic Prosccutions
1135 English law
itoas clealy held=_iB is hedutyof postcuhon t poue
the accuwd gulty Ealier he accused hadl Hhe onus of
phovia himselt innokent bu ti's 1935 Judgment. laid
down a erd uery impo Bant Ldw.

Under Aat Qo 3) Pexson Can be acikienq non thi2ena

Lompa or a lrpoaaianSo anybady who Comea under the
eehinahon_opeson, §o lompanjvaMoctaho andal
ono have been accmeo o an OPence CAte also Coveed by
At 20 3).
Fiat need of thws Aahcle is. hat he mst be an
Basically hao do we acusea eson of an okence )
b oda
odaing an FIR or a Complaint e'her o
the two that is te tomal way of shaHng cun awsaham.

Can aþeson claim rokchion ahen hewasnot an aLused

bu laler On hewatcused)
Village Caughtan atw forcee
of murderahd tortel
him to Confua ulHmadely he gave huis Lonkssiom to Hhe en

villoe
when he waCompell ed he w a not dn atieone beca wme
an attusee laer.
wa he
held Hhat his Clauleapplica only when he
s alatacdy acculed oan
olknce1 he is_ not an accule
o any otntehen nakually he oill not get the prokchn
under At:2o3) he s not auused of an oence ght ho
b latr on he ma h b u i Carlier he has dont So it
Can be wd agoul'n kimBut an lonlesaion _maale beor
polite oficer euen ohen_he was_no actes a not adussibl
by vike of Sec QSEndente Att
Also accued of an ofknce cloesnot incluale
de pautmene ingui departmenkal erques art hot oltntas
So departmemtal enqiry Cannet bebraughtin the [Link]
an OFknte.

No pason accused ot any o Hence Shall be Lompelle

be a itnou aganat himsel._

it Con he of Oal euidenca, Docu mentaay eide nce switen eielence

 then is it hot Self [Link] b a lolice laku
hadwaikie blood samplebody luid kasr for DNA ek
tus i was clarited in he Case o -
116|5
Sate o Bambay vS Kalhi kalu Oghad
The Se held that merely taking or Combarison-, Canit
-

be Said to inGiminating why i is Said o be inctiminadi'hg

wh Can it be Sad t pove nno cent
atter this impoatand jud amentmany amealmemk Cae
under CrP Where Magshake an tone for denhiicahn Pazade,
bod flud ofRabe acusad Can be taken otetully anal hease
are incriminairg angthihg taken b Combaison Can
be Said inaiminasing
Discoverol fact us &1 IndianEuiceace Acts
with
the ouon volikon_of th acLusd, if Ho dscovy
Sec+ is done by uilytodte hen iwould be iltd by
At 0 3-
his matr Came ih he Coe ot
CGhazi vssake of UP 166 Allahabad HC
iwasheld that ohere Sttemet ujs &7 Indian
Evidence Ac is lokenby Hidd degree torkure that woulel
be hit by Aat 20 3).

where ver the slakementis taken withoutE he know ldge

oo the person-who _raking that statment e Sh 6he
obeaion [Link] valid Con tessiony CAd ty a not
hit byat o c3)
 Stakemens aen by tooli Someone won't be hi't
b A:2o (3). een Heraitgi alko no Couereo
will only be Covtedby A 2o3) when h
stalemert aken by o

Loha ab cus Narco Analgsis or Braih Mabpiby tat

Undler his NaxtokiL injeeled under ts Electhodes

inside He body of atumd Lat plaued Hon
and he Conlexe veyuihg gu tio a asked
inintoxcahon. ana elecicle impula
in Hhe brain are
Cakharea
Naacakics injecteal ualer
Comaulsion Conkeses wdtr He
Compulsion ot Elehods

becaule Hhey boh axe dome under

Lombulsrn,hente it would k't by
Aat: ao (3)

Hus aHer Lame in Selvi vs Slak of karnalaka Aolo

After Kati kalu CaM s Is the most imporlant
udg men of opeion evideme
iwa held ha Narto Anolysis And Brauh maphng
 a s whg thae Can be
Compell
aken as openon
acusedto
u idences
onksthey
and wont be mael admssible.
aken
hen hy NaaCo Analyss ake þlace 9
USohere acCuse oished fo Naito Analysitbecaue
he unows
he he is innocent and in Mar1o analyaishe
o4tnce anal Hhe
clearly Sys he did no Commu ay
presam tion aiso in his fauou

D when polite anhis naxto analpatsthey ax

uAe it as euidence b u theugh the narto analysts-
thes ome o khou He huth and theyCan ue it a a

tool oinvestigain

AxicleL Ts AxhleSaid obe Hhe heat o

Considhaa,_ii is tountain heaol of a l l our Laus

a land mark judament on iswas
IA Coelho vs Stale of Tamil Nadu doo1 sc
5 June o2a

A2 Ad 21s he most importanB Aticle. il ha

aaspec
Rigkt to Like
Rigt to persona Liberty

in the Cae of-

IR Coelho vs Slat of Tamilradu Qo01 S
wa Said Hhat-it is ve heart of He lonstkuhron
0f all H kandamendal igkks, itis balically He mast inmportent
fundamenhal rgk.
in Keha Singh vs nion_of Inelia l924 s
(India Granalhi marde Calc
there weYe Righk Secukd a tundamendalRq

Rught to Lik
The woad_bexon in Aat &1 includss cikzend ana
non ukizens So eutn t otigar has he ngk to lik
H Hundamenal Rigkt. Hhese applyonly phgsical
periona e dont apbly tunshce pasoniL mean
ho Corporaho O Comban Can haue Rigktto Lik

Avex imporandmaBer Layne One befoyt

Allahabad he whther he dud Derson avc Raht to
Life Ooe eseav to
a deadbodu be trtalecd w
espact So whether hatwa the Ragk o Life Can
Can
bextnded t a dead perSon
tus Queshon ame u in Ha Cose o f
Ramji S ingh sStae ofuA doo1 Allakahaa_H
in Hus Case it was clearcd hat, euen Hhough Hhere s a
deacd
deac person bu een he lead bedydeserue to be btaked
wih espect The dead body has be treaed as per He
taadikiou. CuturesReligim hich he haalpesseua beort
he diced
So if hexe is any_dead bodg which is
Unclaimed thenik ia a duly oi he stake to Cremate him
with kall digutt so ha iswha even alter death Right
to life acually is ther
Right to kk is not *ighto a met PhysialL
exisante i t is basitallu Somei more than an animal
existance 4hs matter Ccame ulor he krit Kme in Hi
Case o Kharak Singk vs Slak of Utta Pradesh 1a63 Scc
in
whith SC cleaned Hhak: Lile_dlas nat mcan a me
Cistanceit is not mere Roti, kapda makaan i t is
hst
hot ha
a one is alive. Rigk toIikeincludes all Ha
aspec of_a hapby rfe
what are Hhe para melers ofa hapey lk 2
in econonaics AR iSa tem (alled Human Index So
he happine oaþerson is de kimincd in terma of HuMah
Hamah
Tndex. Human Index includs
Per Capita ncomne
-The leuc) of Educatîon
 So hese 3 Parameks are taken in Ddia to Seea
hurnan ihdex

ToSS Hapbiness Indx is a concelpt qienby hutah

owikh iS a berket aameker under [Link] Capia Intome,
education ana a genetal happin ie he y of celebrahng
eltqionse geneal spitual haphies al hese axpck
are Cownd
b Cness hapines index. t s Concaht has gone
alongway dekrmíuh He Rigk to lile

oho Loill dekrminewheHher Rgkt to lik is Hhtrt or haf)

This Hg to be dekrmined b the o ble ours i
he Hgh Couh aid Supiema lour

there aR ree krtns Juditial-Reuitw Acdiuam Legslation

JudiTal Reuit when an Law IS _made or ayxetuhve
o1eqislakiw order Comu isit actording to Conah'tuhtom or
hot So when the Judiciany applig ik mikd on h
loshi tuhonal aspeck of any older,then it 1s Callea Juditral
Rieco

Tudiial Aciuism I baaicallu- meah tatJudicary

Judicaru Sto
moto aplie ik mid [Link] malter shauld also Lon
a los o aspeck ol Judiial Achuism a lected in
he lundamenal qLA Judiual Achuis mare of
the
>Leaitime Tudicral Achivismand
Ileailimale Judiual Achiism
 JudicialAdiuismn
Legiimak Illegihmake
wch is uhdler our s h e m Judicia Come out
Lorners ol stakules o ou Cornegrs oB Stakutes
ana Stoast making LausS

A lot of capeck in Aahcle a baiee on Judicta

Actiuism
Theuaio aupech_of whh Judiuial Achusm has plaued
a
vea big role i n de kuinin many aspech-
T h e Rghi to Life dou not only- ihlude Righ o live a
mere estance ihere is Right toLive life with clignity
Faancis Coralie vs. nion Texitory ofDel 1181 sc
an also in
8odhisaltwa Crautam u Sabhra Chakrabcata 1a6 SC
i nallhese (alaiB was heled h a t - Rt'g h to
ik ihcludes to live Iilk otm digity Any hina hth go
wit dignitg will be inclusled in Rigkt to Lik Lite 1s
not to be taken as bae nece ssity O 0dequale nuBritam or
odequale Cloing o r odequale hauldng t is far more than
all hese has baaicallyall te aspeck okth will
go alona o a t o mak a erson hald his head
high
witho shame
Thats why wor ers are mot 1
9ien
en inimu LMge-
net digita i s mater Cama up ih the fanmots Cae
Cc
of-Peoþle UuOn fbr demo cratic aigkh v/s Uio o]hduia 198 2
in this Gae it was held Har eve oorkea in Ihdia shall
 be
be en mimihum wog , So 1H mihium wages a hot gien
i i s agaih Rgkt t Lik afk Hat all slaka detided te
minimut woge
Lalbou shculd nod be erploited. in this regard a wy
important judgmen Came
Bandkua Mukhi Mortha vs uhion of Ihdia 115 SC
i i s judgment cleaaly it wa held ha it is furdamtan
igh of pro kection a heal of the workes men o men
CAhd of the teder ago of cildan, So hey should naB be abusd
and all o them ms wok with cignity

Righ to epudation this Is another aupectol Right to

Likis Mater Came u in e ca of
Stae of Biha vs LK Aduai o.3 Sc
In i s Judgmenti i was held Hat eveyone has a
igkt to have and rescHve Oneseputahm_ and a Hght to
Pokct i so if hexe is any aspectLohere one is cleked
he ha Compleke igkt to profectit and also to clear itto the
wOxld any Hi ohtch is haa to be cleariftied.
Higher Couis pa 015paraqihg Rematkiagait
Juda Hhen to lea ik this is a kundamenl aiqk hat
ho has ght t albrcach again those
[Link] had been dekamed in media ane it
his a clearikiui nm Come8 then it is hecesiay to publsh
them a wel al thuu a overd under Right to Repu fation.

Right to lvdikood this mater Came in Me Judg menk of

Tllis vs BM 196 Sc
Olga
 in his
i s Judgmest SC held thad Raght to Lileinttole
Right to Licliksod his Cale was vcy famous in Bombay becas
iHLOain Hhe name ofSlum Ducllersin tusitw
Said Hot slum OwellesCant be uoofed and shall be
be
poyidadtdenhty Caads
ut in he cwe ot
Sodan Singh vs NDm 1a84 S
in his Case itwa Said Hat- ho doubB one has
tundamental digk to Cay on kis buinu but then where
here
has th iqt to lielihood, he dontt haue the
One ha ight
o emain where ve he oans it meams toollowing NOm
1s hot Constituhional IH theq Shift hem anyuhertelse then-
hen
hsthia is wong in_it
the quutim ariseal Olaa Tellis udgmen ¬e thCy Cant b e
upreoted
in hisCase Sodan singh) it wa said that olga Te ll s
Case must hedulferentiattd

Olga Tellis Case Sodan SinghCask

People w e uery Poo in s Cale people are a
and living in Slum. iHle bit tich
They did hot haue livelihood They ae ahle to inuest moneg
So, f they were upaoofed ih busineM
ould not go ang twhee so. i Hhey tan hade ct one
hey
place Hhen hey can do it at
ano theT place also.

in He samt stae
So they both Can' be weighed
 ThereShaul bano Sexual hanass ment of women
uey menm andwomen haue eigk to prtuky eve
eve
female kaa Sanchty And has digaty_canikbe viladd
Htt isany Srudharasment ota ohmin a plae
O ooak then t is delivabely aninhingemer o Rigt to
Li This master ame u in the Case o
Stae oPunja vRamdev Singh 0ay S
Sak of Panjab us Balde Singh l14a Sc
in which Sc ha leazaly Said tha all a oomen MugtE
be
be trtalte wik deceny and proper diguty in (at the
art not taka) with proper dugnutyit is aclear vidlabiom of
their Rigit to Lifee
Shel er Shelter is the very imporBant apect that ia why
i tis a_duky of a stake » ouide oborhun'kis for
everypesn
ever te build a houte_and tha a eason why
we mut enlu Hhat evey pokon had a rootabove hus head.
Rigk to shelr i s Hebasic human aigkt. Righ to Sheler
isvey importan ingrdiest of rigat t Kkh oan Rgt p
Shelter dodnt mean a root i meank poper livig shae,
clean Sanision and baaic civic amhiesSo that is kg
Hgt to 5heller 1s not a met oofit has all. thew igredients
o a Good Shelerall Hhe iui ambihi
of i s matter
Come p betore He s in t e Caw of-
chameli Singh us Stale of uUP 146 SC

A vty ve imporlant shect wkich has Lom up

1ately Rigkt D e has o ery-verg npotkaa Saut
fau't
CAn thad auit is Righk Cnuionment. Eniton ment 1s
o
hhuge Comonent o kfe with diqnit One ha rigk
to live witho diseases witmou inlechio one hal Hgkt
to a ue a n ane boper eitnmeni a a Rught to lik
i meand One mulB gek free and_unþollued wakr and Ha
toonSufkitt quali Qnd one must brtathpure cair
{ athihg relag water of air thenthy shoulcd make
iathi
Stattt Laws an entorce thesx lauss, Anyig skich isclohe
(wenit it is shickt) o ensure puxtg of oaktr 07 air will
not be uhtonthi tuhora. - Odd even in Deli.
Also tha hAniuhal (orpoahtog have bean gien a vey
importand dukyiti s thetr Shakuby cuby b eniue clesirgna
Lwader ScauRngivg hese all aspeck at (owácd uder Rigkt to
ie thone is a whole plethora ojuclgmtnts o
MC Mehta Saried
thee ae So man matter s o ML Mebhta
Rigk to Clean water
Rigt tu clean AtY
Polludion of Rivels an many more

7AnoHer veryimdos tavntat pet S non_ Smekihg So Smokiy

in any public e place is also paohi biHed._

MCMekta s faMous foa what 1

MC Mehta is mostly tamou tor tha enuiaonmental PiLs
PILs
Loki he has put u al hose PILs haa betome aw
lawss
 Smobiny in public play held to be undonshhuhnal
it s delartly agaimt Rigut to lik. in the tamaul Ca of
Mul Deora v/s Unjon of ndia oo Sc
d toHis Case Smokin La bannedl ad law e
a mado on this

Radiahiona tom Moblle Tauer

i has been Sia gaid by t Sc mobile
ToueS kith are being pud u all ouer H Couny
t are tmm emiHing a lot oftadio auhive tas lak
o electaasL wich_are Causiug Cancer and oHar
medical þroblemk. hat1s why these are_(ontaoled by makig mo
Cnd Marelas.

Swah Bhaaat clan Ddia it wa bastcally He

catam ot Crandlui To live in_Clean TLndia deHnael is
aHg to Likk
Hse igks ate Lonnectee with Ha euronment
and axyHing tonnoecked wih Ae enuiaonmeat Loould also be
Louered und Rigkd to lite

Noige Polluhon Hus s olso avay imbotant aapeck Sc ha

Reeed many lases_in rukrehte to Noice Polluhion.e irst
C o uoas= Re Noise_Polluhios &oo55 $C
in this inportant_judamend tha S ha Saud har
Loheneuer there Is a noiseI always indevtes wih e Paue
of mind okan person And fndia is a veu No iS y
it is the hime when wplt an end to thad:
Lount
 aeSult_ vartou laws wee passtd by various sku
infac Rigk to sleeb uas
declared as undamental Rig in
olThata toh Loudsheakess_a not allowea tp be played
afler lo Pm nigkkifangone playea louedspeakes a
high hen e Complaint Can aluway be mada to the polite
Sc has agaihHineded tat His Is kigh him to
Sto plyai loudspeokes specially for aeligiaus atsLshe ther
I S Hinduz o3 muslty So Noise pollwhionis þrescbly the eyc
O4
Stov Spectal durig delrgjous festivals heyCauke _lok_of
clisabante to old people, Sick pecple. childen who_an apptaning
tothe eranms and also igit to slep is the part of Rigkt to
ik euen iackers are banned

2Right to lhk muat be Hhe Sustainable deulopment

meand h a deulopmen uhichkeebs on goirg humoleda of
yeas t we i l pokct our enUiTnment we wilpokst
So many ixgsif we will eat upou enuionmen hen we
ill leaue nothind or ou thidtn " So hats wku we u
so muth of [Link] tuleu our Children will be_lefk i t a not
when he Is reen Reuolution coame at he ero of 4603
in hich the neo (agorol wheat_and Rce are
braught tey usal to Lonsume los af watr So His is
Could not be Subinable_cdeulopment
So the 1Lal aseen Revoluhim which was_ashd
in India in. this- Seed are evolued which Consume less
watr the motto of he Sencoel aeen Revehim
Slainable Deulapneak.
So Rigkt to lit also intluday tha Rigk} to butaihable
 Deulapment
Righ o_eduahon-Aigkt to_eakuta-ion has been
made a sþecikk Sundamendal igk in th A1A, but
bebv it Came there wen manymay Judgen of
Hon'ble sc 4 Unni Kaishnan us shl of Adhia Pandeh
Malt morha vs Oion of India
- Bandkua
in all ha Jualgmenk t_Loa hetldita pason_IS hot
eduabed debinalely he doe na lin a geod lite So Rigk
t lik desinaely includes thu Righd to educaim as asalh
o hue and many-many mor Jualaeaks the 86mCAA 200.2
ns paaeewhich _insekd a new Aahtle ie Art 21A a

aspecifhc Rigkt to ecdutahion.

Rigut It simbly_meansRigkt to Rnoc

o [Link] Rnoc
Any _Ccodecision&Cauk Canttmake Sacret deuisions
alich elkeh healhfe and lielihaod ol an Jndian cihihen
- Czou Can make secet decisions or deknce but ho
decision Can be secet egading Hs heathieaa livelihadd
of He Tndian peoble, ta is wkH Rigk to intonmaion is haua
HS matter was edart cleamied by He SC ih--
Ess ar il Ld vs Halar Ut Karsh Sanihi ooy S

Socia proechon this is also a wry iborant auet

in western Coundries Hhe Loncet of soctal pro kehim ia vuy
oell deulo ped, a person is uemblogec Qxd herk no_

Apwlt of him then he Can gtt the skipenedt unenployne

allouoante olo beople ge old ag allowances Similaxly Hhoge
 disabled Hhe qut disabilkky allawance So ik is He dutg
0 h SBake
to paoeck þeable againt sicknes casablemest
Oldage ek that is the tason whu the old age penbion
SCheme etkd in
Tndia_also disabilily_Sthemes- all hee
tonMA a þaat o disability schemed bu seven took it
to he undamenal
Righk in the Case o t
Regional Diaector EstLoapoaation s Frahci's De loska 1943SC
n us Case it was held that_þeople uho
are Slauing ougkt
to be prcuided
uith leod by the slake tee of Costout
-

t h e Suxplua stock kich i slulny with them, wkich is

oHing in FCT Cdoonsii should be given See to tee peaple

Rigkt to health This is also another veye2 inporank asþetk

doAigkt
o halthincluds Rigt to ie [Link] CartSo it is
caponsi bility of the roud to pouide madical atd to eeyent.
i

i n Contihuasíio of Riq to health

in the Cae of-
SlaBe of oP vs kishna Makx olo S
in
in mis Cae Khap anckayak Sh1ko Honor killig
SC held tMa Hohor illing is nothina lout muder
everybodyha igkt to live kis bfe. he way heor she
Loansand many anyohe he or she Loank in any alte
a eligion unlesa ftgurse manriage Sheuld hot be acaiht Lata
So i s is againatRgat to lifk. so another a pect ofRagkF
to ik is o Mary hisor her oh i l l Cuen the
pArns Can kall Huit hidttn if they mang a per thur ouh
w i l l i woud OmDun mutdereven MArder in h werst oder
 an another mpoa tant matter ane in he Case of-
Par marand Kalara us_ Union af India 19¢9 Sc
Carlier in Case of any_acident dators. ed to Say
this is mealical legal Case uc at not goining n touch t
n his vey importaht dudamment SCrdered Hat
No doctos will betase to treat aeson wt betause it
hapens to be a medical leqal ase. It is your duty- aM
A a dotto to þrterve the life oB a injurd poson legal
foxmalikes Can take plate laker who ha qiven you the Hghdt
o to tor he
allosing a person die_and waiHy lesal otmdihe
tus willhot nobe teleraea a all ano any dloctorwho is
tounod violatig Hais. actim an be aken agalntt kim

ohe ther a_ person ha e ngkt Ho die

in e Case of [Link] vs Dnin of India 1914S

wa held thaYes. a peuson ha Hghkt to ce.
but it was negake by He case of -

Gian Kaur vs Stakt o Pungah 1946 S

and itwa held Ha Rigkt to lik does h includt
Righ to die.
But th he Case_of-
CommonCaue vs Unien of [ndia 2ol8 SC
twasheld that hogh Rgk t hte cdoes no includk
Ri'ght to die hutE one is allowedb make a livin uill#
any person i5 Sutkeihg taom in rminahle sickhessin such
CaeHhak þeson_Can to oik us liuiyaill-had
my ile be took to an end A whole board uil Seh up on
 ano decide Lohether he sil due oI hot eboaad
e Lide Hhat ya h e 1s gelnq h_die meditally then ais will Can

be braugd into ahion Bu no violen ethanasia Cah be

iven t ionly palve euthanaSia Can be iuen to kim
OxHgen Mask os other
ie Savirg things Can.
be demoved

in India Violent or Achive euthanasia shlMot allowed

s Death Sendence in India hot agaimt Rigut to Lik 2-

there a many judgments elated to t "fist
Judgmeswa Jag makan Singh v stak ot up l13 SC
in ths Case s hld hat Death Pexalty s not uiolakve o
Our Consi tution.
Atter tha in_the case of-
Rajendaa hasad v{s stale of uP 19a sc
it wwas helà t h a t Capilal þunishment is Juhfiod only
whem it i povd hat Hhe einainal is dangacy toa he
Secicdy itwas Stared auebing hat the death Penalty
Should no be Common in baiksh ime. the deat- Penally
wa vey-veay lommonbut nouo slouly the SC starded
ttgningthe Deah Penalty laws.
af terHhot e famOuA Lam Case_ Came
Bachan Singh us Stale of eanjah 1 o S
in His cast theve oa Constittional bemch olsc a l
 or Death Anal is he violakw of
not
hey explal htd mudt Weik
Cons HtutHon but at he same hime he lour

Complek judiual mir to endue thas iE i5 ackually needed

his Hing wa taken brward by the Co of
Macc singh vs Stade o{ Punjah l83 Sc
in us Caje Sc Cleaed that death Sendtnces are ah
excepion. Shall be given in a s t ol he are (a

in the Case ot-

Sankosh Kumar vs Sfak ot Mahaashta oo 1Sc
in Hus Case St Considered all earier Judgmensard
Auscussed okole Laus of apital Puw'shment that death feralhy
Skall be qiuem in_only ertememallers CoueShelld apply
i judial mind thataest ot he tat laes atse are here
Or hot

Troldenhacad o fArticles 419 andAL-

Caolden thrtad is the lest of ajonahilt one golelen
headis alwayeMalh is-the trist, the gist o
equality whith meaneue penon ia equal ad Raga
S Subject to eado ra ble clukikahn.
eaualuky
 The Act whith Is SHIL in_forte is
Conseavaion o Fokign Ex(hange and rtuenhion_ot
Smugalin4 Acliuikea Act-934 (CDFEPoSA)

4h June o2&

The Indian Conshikian has íhluded preuentive

detnhion evemoluziny Peale Hima. Prevenive_delenlion is
Hhere n many lounBri eg USA, Uk Japban ek but thet
as onlyat he ime of emergencs Probably Irdia is he only
LountryLohith is having prevenhive clektnion durihy peace him

in the Case of-

Stae ef Punjab us Jagoltu Singh Taluwaude 199u s
in this Cale Sc had Cautioned agaunstihdiscimae
privenivedeknionElicauy o rtuentive Deeuhion -
Peuenkve Dekenhion is a nuessary euil but essenially
an i Theah deþrivakon_of erional libertyif at all, ha
o be on the Stit tams of the Conshtuhn. Nothina lem
These laus hal be wa Carkly he qound
Sheule be Sufkiuient and thee mut be a ahonal Corelakon
betveen the qround e ond the obtct to be achitutd. all
these
these adbecks haue been Covekcd by various Judg menkby the
Mon:ble SC The Hon' ble_ SCin the Cau of
Fran cis Muallin s WCRhambra l1fo SC
in tis Sudgment they Said we have no doubt in. our
mi obou the ole of he u t ih Cae o Peveniue
 toeedom
Delenhion, itha to be one of Eernal igilane, no
is higker Man pesonal eedom an no duy higherhan
to maintain it UMmpair.
So the Ho ble SC has again and again CauHo ni ha

again mislewong runtive deknhion Laos. e n

ue ot
to the txent of Calliy ita neceaty euil. bu then
hen
3oing
he Cout has a kugt duwy in his

the vaalou powers o Couats 4h Case Ot

what ore

evenive Detenhion

7 The Lout Can examine he validiky of the Aenhive La

wheneer Pruentive_cdelenhon1s challanged the_ Lour Should
deude whe Her it is really neadof tue hour or not.
SC
Cade-Laxmi Naragan S a k of Bikar 195o
The ounals Communicaled to the detenue whether the
Are sulhicsent
which a e Communicakeel to the deknue
grouds
to erable into make a n etlective rpresentetlon.
Covered by- Stale of Gombay Vs Atmaram 14sl
SC

ole duky to play

So the Cour have a hug or

At 22u_Peventive Oelen tion15 balical for 3 mon

an advisoy boad wch il
unles (a) thee uill be
Cosist of Jucge o{ Hc o r ¬x. H Juaga or
those penon wko ha qualilked to be He Judges
ahd is adluisor board ehorted heore ephirakior-
of 3Months
 Soto exknd e evenhiuc Oknhon then
Aduisor Doard shall povide ik report to extend longer
longer
than 3 Month

Ard A E) 2(a) Paaliawent Can maka a lao tor class

of c s 0 1 clsea o Cac to de Bain a ason lorger
than 3 Month peuiod Euen without oblaining the openion of
an Aduisor Board..

(b Paaliament n an deciae the maxt mum þeriod tor

de tent ion
CPanliament will decide tha kat procedue to be tollowed
by AduisaryBoard tor exention of peiod lokgea than
3mant

Docs the Dedenue has anyaigkks

2(5)_ a the Sround of deknhion order mt be

CommunCatee a eaaly_as possible..
He shall be gien easliet opportuniky-o r making
a eresentediem oaait ovder.

But Clause 6 Says

296)-6) f Authoikes hej Hhat Lommuncakinggounds

D dedenksn iagaint bublic Inkrak then th
Crrouhd of Ockn hon shall not be lommunícaBed, neither
he sha be iven earliest oppoxkumly to epresent
 As a SC s Con ceohed itisalauys in uour of
O

3iving gkks to them In the Case of

of Mahayashha ol13 Sc
Hbdul lsmail vs Stae Caste
It a held Art 29(5) of the Consti tuhHn
at-

obligaion o n Crou: to onaioler dekenue brstn>dim

is
a
legal
0 ar a posible. thoun no ouer kme is presCi
ConShtutional
o he disposal of the epresentation he
Impanhve Is t mut be dus þosed as Sooh au poS Sible

Rigk againtt Esploilaion

Axhicl 3 2Y

classes ofpeople
Thyoughout ourhistory mang
have been exploikd, many people have been at he hands
of few esbecially atkr aduent o Hhe rikish Zamihdan
abaut a lot of exploi' takon and oa lot o
Syskm baaught
þlatebounded Labour
tralhcki and
trafhcking ot human skared takina
Came in many oher aspeck Came TaaHicking oHuma
base ot
meansreating humanalike goods, ike Cattles
fhicking of HumaKASociologicallyi like Slave syom.
Tvackin
Tra
acepted noy m of evey Culture it uwas one
Slaverywa
of HheMost accebthd formgHouever in the modern dlay
Human
world There is no place tor Exploitahion of one

Human bengThat is he reasonn

bting by anothea
houe here at 2 Arhle-d3 and dq which clearly

pao Aibit an eof explbitahon of a

Human ben
 Aat Q3 CIJ Tafficin human beings ISone outerent
ano Beaar 15 Some ditferend Hing
Taaficin Human biny - Tls or the purpose o r 3lauey

ad Covesed
Servans or paosthuhin,anything eve»[Link] s
One vea decent uay 6f Paos Htuion ua Deudabi SyJtem
Becauseof Aat 23 Deudasí Syalem was abolis hed,also ang
afhclinin Human buingshould be made anoHence
has been Creakal in
thatis hy a ves Seiouofene
Sec 310 IPewnder whchif a peson s (hvolvd in
Human Taa kkking h e can be lible tor the Lik imbasonmenk
Proshituhon is utay lommon urder Trathiclkin So to eno the

bosh tuhion. Supp ssion of Immo Thafhc Ak Came into Force.

wwch IS nouo Preuentian of Immoral Trafic Ack. similarly many
laos were made for Culdeh

Beaa Begar 1s baically Indsan onigin ood meand

wok ithoutgeth a agmunt o without aninsidesahi
Cansther Connotaion o th ord begar ismake aperson
wotk withou hus own will.

in he Case o Sur NarainMP Hgk Caut

the salasy Las not given to a teache and MP hgh Cout
held
salo
Hhat i s amaunk b bagar and Salart muut be qiven.

Oher Similar forms of Forced Labour he«_an atew

calc searoin
 In he Cale o
Feoble's Union for Demouakti Righs vs Union o Idza 1182
Asiocl Case
people wee braugkt forteally Chel
also hey e r wae Porce to work fat aiadard
koagis wee given Vealex
SC held Hhat-
No peno a n be forced t oorkanol
Secondly add ins4t to injury th wee het
het eem ei
been pad acle guak, so they shae to be paid adeguakely
V

nd ancd mask Ca -E
lbardhua Mukhi moxha u nion of Dndia 1174 Sc
in tis Case SC Camen 4o knoo Hhat 4her wet booled
Labour SHI working specially near Delki, hey SaicdiB
th falure of thStak o
idexhtly
bohdecd Labour,Staley
were dizecles o _imidiakly tdenhf Ha boundd lahaurs Qd
releae em horm bondagaand Tehabililak them
The wosB pal ohdkam histoty oas most ot
the India wu recling uhder bonded lalour becawo o
bad uenue Saem, the Zamindari5gakem-Sinte zamirdars wen
Supbesed b bay a Hxed amouht to tu Bihsh inupechive
of efact hat Crops were good or not Peasank. haue ha
moneyin Case e y w e r Not able to pa money hey wee
hron ou of e i lands t Save heir lands ha poor people
had to go to mone lendersMonendes Aed to chauge
them ex0rbi toant intets ma be upo Hhe leu of 3ov
as s a l t hey wee not abletohay euen he neret,
Hhe eJ to be tomt boumded abour at is
he tason w hu
why here ere ohele Cla boualed labour
in India Crovt had paed ha
The Bonded labour Sqilem
Aboliion Act 1a46 whith_ declared t a banded
lalbour was
wa

an ofnce

an another matter Came uohich dealt with Delenue

Lan Paisoners be forted to work9
it was held by the Holes hat herevues pisones
have been ivan Simple imbaiSon ment Hhey antt be forceo o
Looal& bu in Case o Rigoroud inbasonment hey Can be
Fpce to work,even do hare labour.
în_Cal of
Slalk ofCrujaod us HC ujaat 1918S c
it waheldtha akeneuera prisoher senktcee to regorou
îmbison ment he lan be aslked for hard labourdpenaling on
hus a

one mee guashn ansed Hhat-

Can under taialbe forced to work)
he S eot held ha under hial Cannot be oares o wok

Hpaisonesunder Rigorous imbrisonmtnt areworking

hon theg shal be paud they Cant be bred to oork kor
t e aga muat be paid:

Art & 3(2) I 8late impose Lomu

Service
on able body Por public purposes then i t is alowed
So Stale Can órder Comouso Seruit onsihuhn
 on tounds
allouo8 it bt they Shall hot be _cuscriuatd
Rate, Cate an be dis criuihadtea!
O Religson or Clau.(hey
on he baais oSex

Aakicle &u ith ildren euer Count

ths Aaticle deals
take Cart ofik childreth becau ifa County raue weak
Childen the uturt of tha Counhy is ao weak hat 15
the
Diechw rineiple under Ar39 CLf, hat
why
hy iks
healthad
a
stength o clildhen_below the age o u Jan
ha to be taken la by shte untokunakly- i'n India
beLauo povesty he worS Sulkres are Children anel
Childen have been employed in so Manyi'hduheies and also
DheSo many other Jobs, howevex he e iSfundanen tal
h o Ha cuildn and despik the fack thak thes art vey
but shll almat în
4ood laws children ae
ootking eutgwhere
Ihdta
H2 s AxAtcle ven4 clearly Sau ît a tundamendal
a o a Cild. hot o be amployed inangatto mine o
any dageeus employmtat, ik is not onlg a Dirtthive pHhaple
ik a fundamendal ght. in the Case ot
Peoples Union for Democaatic Righk 1982 SC
tway held hat Construchion work is a ha2ardlaus work
here Children 14 yarsshall not be employed
SimlarlyFir Cackers made in thetactonies
in Shivakask eel to emplo Children: fortunade y MC
Menta too k up hat Cae
 Me Meh ta vs Onion of Irdia l a a 4 sc
Sc took nohice on Hsthey Completelytobrd Bo empleg
chuleen belou he age of ly yea

what abou chuldaen workixg on tca Salk2

A Laus Came into toace in 2o0 under wuia. one
Can,tCmployany child a domeshic hel or in ka stallsnoo
Moseþersonslan be anuidLsko employ ckildaen beloo 14y
in heir hae as domeshic halp ox at tea slalls ek i k a
Cognizable oence
Chld mortalityake in India 1s highut. the
problem is. populaton 1S inureadigand the Tesourcy cre liwd
as a esult ifHheir usbringi is not done ell Hhey Can betome
Cnirals har's Lohloh of youlh taking tho Xoad of aime cand
i became e
vera LoMmon In mang Apeas peopleproduce
children becaus they Can be ed os workin (alpital. a e
here oa man laasgardihg thisMey
many shall be inplimnd
pobesly
Rigt to Freedon o Religion
Aatcla5 A
- 8

Axhcles Qs o 2s cleal with fandamenlelg to

religion, His S one topic ohuch has alwaya been ih the
eye of Storm t h e ver prramble of our CansHhhay use
h word Seculaaism here are pes ot 3eculal1sm

Positive Negatie
 Posihue Seculaism 1hs, Is in India, itis belituel
hat all ligion exish bu slak will not
Paronize ang tligiom.

Negakive Stcalaism Packred in wsern lpunhtes, theg-

dont euen Coghise Churth

what 1s he meaniny oSeculaa1sm)

i t wa dascusseoin the femous juslgment o
St Xauiers collegeus Stak of Crujnt 1Atu s
dekirain given in Hs Cale is pobably one o he
bes deliradion of Scularism
in tis Judg meat he Honeble sc Said- Secularism is
heither ani Jod hor pro Cwd i t eak alike the cleuout
he agnosk and the athieat T elimirakts Cod hom he
males of he sthe_ond enaua thar no one shallhe
cdiscimatal agai_on he qiourd o ligion:.

Devout> who wotshih and has laih tn Cod

Hgnestic Don't kave taih in Cod and Cik'size nd
Manxst > hey dontt kave ta'th in any ligron
Karl Marx Said Religion_is the o pium ofmajlel
thas why (ommanWSm does nst aept tligion
AHiest who don'E have as'h inan qod.
then is no place or discriNirahon of Re ligion in our lonHhhm.

Amtim i o y Chnishanmi'nai hy'arsi minonhJeolsh ninonil

Stunt atE equa footg with tha Hndu Majorika, hat is.
 +he dicatt of Hhe _Cohhhhion

hJune 2022 (I
Selularism is Hae one o he haic fcatue_of
the CowHtuhion ih another wordk g tke uoill no fatonize
ay ligion the stae hes na ¬lfgian. unlike th muslimu
lounlay heir sBade cligion is_Islam but wakaveno state religibn
becaue we are Demochaic and Republi and basially we ae
Secular so thatis why in Lrdia, thert is ho Concept is she
eigioin other Oords ndia lant be Said Hidu Rashtha
mely beLc o-FS1 ot people ar Hieusthe onl
only
Counywhith euer betame a Hindu Rashha wa Ne þal but
hen it gavt u ik Hidu Roahtrhood.

wha is Religíon)
The o d Relrgion haa hat heen delined n Hae [Link]
Relegion Can mean otaty only the Dottaine_ of Religionin_o ther
words t s acsult of tair belief but Hhis is to take tm
naxtower vito eligion IS th Cult u so wany tungs
Dogma o beliel is He bnse ofRoligian apart faem HusReligion
i S a e oReligious pachcy,pertormances,dltuals [Link]
Religton is muth more Hana mere doctrthe his thing wa
claxiked by he Code o
Hruna Roy S Uion oB Ihoka oo S

hy the Jefinahioh o Religion is Soinpoxkant

ISimporiant because ione as fundamenhal iah
of Religion Ragh o patHa
Raligion itmeaw
Pertor manted ck hal's ohy
he has Hundamensl
Aeligion is a vast Contet
beCaue4we
becaue we Sa Yeligion 5 not only a Dochinebu
also all tha parahher halia shidh are Conneckal win Religtom.
MCahs one Can have So many fandcraenlal t1gh relake
to tliaion, tha clearly mean we talk abou Relaion
then i t is also abau the funcla menl igkt is notoh
Hidutm Islam or Christiahik but all the ecoguiseol Hhingjs
Lohih ure rlated t them.
in he earl Cale of
Rai Lal sStak of Bomba4 95 S
Religious paacht or per fot mahted
o
SCeplaihea that
eligion aA hpoaant a the Doctaineo Belies of kaligio

Aahicle &s uJ Rigk to Religian is not ah undiluled

ight us 15 Subyectto Public o»der moaliky and health
Urder Hhis fundamenlal algkaare-
2Freedam o (onsciente= s a gene nic texm it meang
Hhis is a prtogative of apersonto wkith Cod he toan
to Lommut It also meanOne Can haue any reltgious belie
0 Can hot have anu Religious belil. iks u to him tha
he n+ wank t be an AtwiestCriksile qda. ave
Magat approach bu at he Same time one lan
Critisize anybodysReligion becaue hen it betomes the subje
to bublie order. So, free dom of lonscjence is a u t lerm
Lokich allou any peson to Cmot Huir Super yaturalin theiz
Own aand itis the kundamenBel Rig and algo
tS har oonprerogahve u mot or noi to emot with
sue natual, all o s is undamenlal righk
Other 3 ghk is Riqkt to paofesspractite ad
o pagale Reigion tlo fhom heedom of Conscience no
do ubt one hasA heedom ot (onsCiene and ilony persoh ha
fai inany eligim thenhe ha fudamental igt
pelorm 3 ti
To profe the Religim mean to_declear [Link]
thee atmay waly8- to declear openly g 5 ks of aikh
Maak won by Hindu on teir foreheadek So t e are heir
tundamenta Righkt Caay them

-To Paactice the Religiom I t mam follos

hau_a peronfollos
his
is Religionin other scrdhoua Joerson folloushis xcligioud.
[Link] Rites ee mean tollatoing Minduism
O Tslam is ditfehent in and llosiin then is dilkrent
g R o 2 a in Islam Fastiny in Hindudm all hcde apech
woil be lauered uder pruchLe Hae Religion oPkering apa
is&ltgtoua athiie.
Docs Someone has igkt hat while þachiting Religion he
hmeof
beas drum Blows Shelluae loudspeaker at the
Aan ek
has
had aigkt o piathite their own eligtonbut
Everyone
tis mater
hot at the Cas ot any inCouenente to any hody
an
Came bere Hhe SC in he cale ef
Chuth of cod sKkR majeshic Colohy wcltve
Associahion

in tis Important Jucdg menk it wa held tha Nowher

that baye Shou be
in any aeligion t is menteioned
Petormed thoughbeairg o Drum 07 rough uoice
empli ire whith distur bs the ptateane tanquali y o
done
Ofhts { thee 1S any Such prahiteit s hould be
wiHaur Gt adueselyalkeching the aighkK of otherd as wel
atha o not being di'stuuba hei achvitiy.

AIL theeligion haue Heur ouon prachttd e

Sik 5 Ks
Muslimg- bertormingthe Haz ek
Htd Eite Cercmoneies ecltal of vodas ek
these all tinkgalJpaaH but ther Are man
Paachcewhith_are not he integal ark and ohith
are

the inkq pats they can: he fundanenkl ngkk

Luwhat is the test whether any itkt prathe i s inegasl or

nok)
Lohe}ther ohele Ccmmunt l l o t t )
is iE prachtecl sinte Hmes immnorial
he ar baic tezte
tis matter Came up inhe lamou Cae of--
M.H ureshi us Stak ol Bihar 1958 SC
The Acs againttCuttng ot (owea$ almat all OvC
the India there a n Act Called- 1ihar prevenhon Imboemet
of Animals Ac 115S6 in Bihar in ohith u t ihg o(ao S
not alloed. In his matter _Petihonerargued that on
clay o Eid -ul Adha Sacshu of a Coo is an_ihkqalat
ofmy
o ma RelgjanS ejeckd tbsayingthadhe15 ho
meteyial which Oder to Cut he Loo her Goat în 0gina
texls So Sacaice 04 aCow is mo obkgabeyand iCayn
be Saidan eental pat o Mus im Teligion Hence it
wa denied
in another Caleof-
Javed vs Stak o Haganoa SC063
He argutd that Our Religíon allowsUA
w4marnag
a o i f I have eucn One child omeachwife then +here
Loill be 4Childen, and aclording to Stale Law
i Some one
has mode than a kids hen he is hof allowed to hold Sauah
oice. is stopping my
aeliqrou prathte and inhirgu m
kurdamendal igkt Se Said t no whee in Islam wtten
tho it antal to
eform 4 maviages thet it is withen
that one Can haue y_mari@gesLao
is abselukly g iks
you deaislon to have CHlden trom whith wite rom tour

there wws beore Indeperdente Bombay

an At
ptvenhionof Bigaiou manages Act befoe Huis ACt Hihduu
Maviaqe Act Came n foxe and Bombay peuenhon of
gamiou marriaq Act is the irsk Act Lohich pohibis
6i3am o1 Hindu This Act a challangtd, he Sad it
I dont get
sonin fist Mavmaa, S and we dont get Salvahon
uoithout son So biath of Son is inBeg
So we shallbe allowed_tha
ral þart of Hindu Keligion.
if we don4 get Son om One wife
one wi
hen we Can do Seuond
masniage. Bombay HC Sad that
You are not
but bigan
geHig Son om
Ohewife then 9o for adophion
butbigamy wont be allowed. do heae 15 alwas tug ot wa
betweenCourh and Inadiuduas.
Also in Lily thomas and Sarloa
held
mudgal t wa
tat. hL 15 no 5 h
Conveiva to 1slam bu
 an
wrke s s. not
You Cant le4 bekind Hindu a

essnhial Part
to
To pagake Religion IH mtansto Shrtad le.
publicise ones eligiow vitos Eg holding bublit Mecthg
e Conversion is a Religious propaahonhis
bat of
been i n the eye of Shom many stkes ewM
has alway
anh (onucrsíon lauos_a well Conversion is a tundamehal
made
1
but the Cone>sion is not het ard far then
ia. them
allowed it Money or forte ha been w
won' be
it will be taintd Coersion as a Sult hese Converio

Can be allowcd

So Religlon is basically what waj he Onqlal

was gathered
eligionana Secondlly any deaoluwcod hith
He ages i i sis against Hhe Cons hthion. itwill he
clurin
cluring
Stauck down by the Consh'tuhion.

Subjeet to-
Public oder7it means mainknance opubli
oder when here teion hetween a deligiong f Hhe
Stoe
Stoe pokibit any Communhy peobletaem religious protealon
in a bericular area becaute another Commuuny- Ve he.
then it S allowedhere they Cant se HatHhey haue

Hundamental aigk pohagale thei eligion. So it is suhiet

to bublic 0»du..
Moaality This
is also Subjec to mealhy
Dev dasi Syslem tis Syafem wa more Or less Prositusin
 Crarb ofRtlhgion thads why Deudadi sysBem 0au abolishtoh by
lau hough Devdasi 5ysem wa ry dd system bu hen
itwas agaihat Hhe igu to eqluality It was delihately th
the
demgdakon of women and i Could notbe allowed to tmai h

Publit Health far as Public health 1S Concened

Loheneuer Me aflect Publichtath. then it
Can alkoay be atickd or Canled.
One hert a a xeligton Called Anand Margég
they ed ttake aut Hhe pak ofdeaol bodly that
banned by the Gu a that wa againyt public heathbecuse
t o do unual Pratht uoilh badypaul of deadbude
In he year o
1914 Panda we uey intavma
o
Kashi vshuanatu Tmple Canara) as they starked usikg lotrciuc
meajured then Ctupalcd an Act Called Shi kahÍ Uishuanath
Ttuble ct and it resmickd he Pow of Pandoy totalke oflenins
ek Panda mouea to SC SC Caid no whe it is a1tken har
itollbe haneleled b4 banclas only and dismissed their pehkon
ano ther matter Came om South Inedia
a peion thet only those Pandib Can take Cane ot
Temble matlers whko belong to a amily Lwhese an[estx uvere
talkihg Cae of that g held that tang Panditis well
troineawell uersed and qualtid b befomReligio Achiuhe
hen Lohy (an!t he do it So theyCan clso tuke Cae of Temple
mattes s maHer Came ih Hhe Cale of-
NAdithayan vs Devastoom Board oo _sc
Can heir ELonaait O Financial Hhe Skuke)
AcHiuihesbuby.

4 8 per Art 2s2)0) State Can eulate or deskritt ang

Cono Hnancial folihtal o other Secular ahvi Hes
ACh'vhe
doesn mamdthey Can inkerfare In thar Religow
achiulhe ke
Stabe
Ca oly gulak ou datict non eligio
Admiisthakve mathtrs(couttning bodits Moneye
haol di'eg
Sue Can take outr if an4 zelqjou
rtCorda ek. ame
Statkt Stak Can as tor all traatio
IS not th vialahion of tundamemal righk becawe Conhlwh'on
islf allous i
to be
Ar2s 6) Prouidiny_foy Social welke we have
alloto
goutne by Atl4 anod under ho izum tanley we uill
Ho here will beany Sotal ineqhal'ty whem Soctal
welfre stoath it Aeels like Axt 2 got intaingeal het but ho
it is allauaed by Aad: 14 which detinately e oueride R25
n is matter
So whern _women_denandeal Haat hey mstbe qiven
ace
aCces to thoie emples where women ae hot allouwed t I5 Covere

by laute (Db)_of Ast 2S. hert All Classes méahd

Speciic to meoms all Casks andalso

Hihdus- men andwo mem

Ihe women r e axking igkt _aive tO Haji Ali Oargah

Mumbai his aighd Come tom Ar 14S, So if 1e See
Aad 1415 and Aat 5 On i s h e gohahal ih hand
 Explaivahion i talks abou kaibans there ae yes
of b a n , Long kubays and
R Normal whith skiks ule
tCa
to Cay. one Simaan jeet singk Maah enerad in Potliamen
t h long kaipan then h e wad reshitttd, then he argutel
long
ta thus is his Aundarnenal Hgu. hen it ww Sauc
saicl Hat
it fandamendal igh Cany Normal kipans hu net lon4
Raiaa
while thavelling in Heroplane Kri pans ae net

alloutd thuis is in Conttat o Publi arder mualiky and

health So in the inkiat ol secuity ofhe pagegtrs
kipans ort alleued b u t i t shall b bul in the bagag
duri
duri transect
Als i
ater reaching destinahian. they Can wtar
Aams Act a certain lengt is allawed
excaing Hhat limit Shall be Coveacd ualey Brm AA Sothe
norma Snal Sized kai ban is le than that staclered sile
So i is hot Covered under Hhe deinahon of Ams, u the
one is ev end uder the clebahion ef Aams Botany
ong
Dason Car t o Long Siledkaiban then Ar Att an be
mposeal an him

Explainahion & The Hirdu eligion ako includes Sikh. Jaha o

bucdkist Religion 3 wheaeuer 4he Mindu deligiou inshitios
are opened they Can be Jaua, 6udd hust ond Sikh:s Grukiduata
awell. the deinahon of Hirdu is not given in the Coh'huhion
anywherbut tis Explainah an fkkthe detihahon o hdu
gitn (n the lodi hicd hndu laws.
 In. he Judgment of 1195 Sc
of HRD
Santosh Rumaz vs Secactay. Min ishy
is a
itoo held hat- itis oel known that Sanskit
Mother of all Indo--Aryan languagean it is tHus largua
ahel
hih Oug uccdas Purana and 0panishadas have been wtiten
In Lohich kalidas Bhaubui, Banbhatt and
heir
Dardi ote thair
Sanskit alone Cus an elective subatct (an
[Link] o
hot beegaded as against Seculda1Sm
it doen't mean that ofther languages
India..
denigaadd, they all are tesurea o f
 In the
Judgment of
Santosh Ruma vs
itoo held that-itis uell SeLetay. min ishy of HRD 1195 S
mother 0 all ndo
knoo tat Sanskrit is a
Aryan languags ant it s His
whih oug vcdas
Punaa and Upanishada) haue languagt
in whih been oriten
kalidas. Bhaubudi, Banbhatt and Davdi uwtote their
ahd

[Link] o Sanskait alone CAA an

electhivesubacck an
hot be degaaded a against Seculab1Sm
tdoant meanthat other languages C
clenigaaded they all art tt surcs Irdia. of

8m Junt doaR
(I
Faticle6 Axticle Q6_deals toith ligjou denomi nahion, the
wod Denonunaion hoa not
been detineo in Conktuhm hu
basically when clas of rdividaals gd tbgether der the sam name
OX he Same
atliaious body hauing a Lommon foith and a ds Hnckve
Mame then it betome denominahian.
t s maHer Came u betore the s in
aliaiouy denonu'ah'on
the Caeol
SP Mittal
usOwion of Indiu 1985 SC
what exactly the KeligiouDenominahon
as dtarihed
he Hon ble SC
(D I must be the Collec hion of Idividual uoho haue Siilar
Syutm of beliels tey hae Similar Dachainu: Tt me ans Hhey
r a u e Common tau tm
have a lommon Orgnnsahon.

3) haue a (omm6n du'sHnc Yame

 he base
S.P t t a l Judgment cleaved thatthese 3
are
S0
So
o denomnahion.
oantal
xample- in_Hindus Araya SamajAnahd margí Cohith wa
lr Rama isha Mission oiefeent 2 Seck of 9ikha
in chyishians Roman CatholicS Protestank ek

In muslimy Sun Shia Chist eke

all an tair denominahion most o the
he
nd
aleno iaims Came as eualts So natually hty hak Hhtir 0toh

ud ar
SyAkum That s hetalon w y hese clekominasion
are

reliaronjthey haye a Complek igk na Mey haue tundamendal

Denomihaions Can be many othe hinga tos many_other

puuposes ae i t is only about zelígiou elenouinah'tons t M e a i t

Can alsobe liguishic denomiahons or area a e olenomivahlons
weare nod bothered abeus hat htae denominahonsae ohl
eligtous Cand euen denominahiau haue not undilu kd kuualamenta
a his is suJect to 3 dek'nae Comnmon H'w Publi'c
Oxder moraliky and health. eg- Anand Matgis WeTe2 alsoalso
denomination b and ven ollased by manpesplebu hey
we auainst Publ order and heath al well. ane any denomivahion
which is agaihat Publ oaderMoality and health heg heithar
haue Hundamemteal *igk in_Art25 nor in_ 26.
Righks of Religious Denomnahan-
a6 a To _establish and Mainlain_ishtuions to eliaiou and
puboses-ther oxe a Oenomination) e
Chavidable
Radha SwamiNiaahka ek who have ade Chariable înkhhang

People we to iue dorouhion or those than able TaHhh.

here ae wan
mary Ckaritable hoshilals made by denohinakion
many o hem made beligiou inshtuiou. the all a thoir
undamental algkt
o ) to manaql ik affoins
own in mattos of elígim
Stae Cant ier art in
eligious matter unlestIS
gaikst publte order moyality and healH
6 ) to
oonard acquire movale and immouable propeahy
they havR aight to acquir mavable and (mmovable proper
e)._ Can adhainistr ad p [Link] Such propestiek
-thes all a e their
turdamenal ighh-
Rigk to etab lish and malnain inahtuio
he Establisk and
Maintain means they Canmai'ntoin only
thase insitukiona uwhich
hey ave establishee the Can not
maintain hose ingtituion oich ae esBablisheal by oHer
If any
Tf ang Chaitable o Religiou inshitution un by any denahu' nation
then Can hey they phokihi otherCommunitia 01 other Reliaim)
this mater Came bebr_Kolkata HC, in Hhe caw of
Sanjiv Kumar Prinibal Pauls College 157 Calcutta HC
in tis Cau the mater wa they want o berform
Saraswah Pooja" in st laul college then athDriy Pokilotel
hem then he challanqtd Hus in Hu HC upheld tus
at it Loaaaeli gious inos Inshi tuhon So they Can
proi bit Suth things 30 Hhehe anying es tablis haol
things
Ond aixtained bgdenomiahio then hey haue tomple te
ght and
over it Hhey Can clenyany other
lommn t
OYReNa1on. ex- if thexe 1S any intiniam 6f Sunnis
tn the have rigkt pro hibit hias
Riqt to manage matlx s_of heur Religion
MatteN ofelkglon all me ceremenuesall Hhe
imcludss
deligsousRteacall me eltgious pachite ekSo the malkr
elgjon haawide meanin_j2 all matters CohcIn[Mg elgim
but me
but Shall onlyMase mateswhith ar _inBegral pals
t h e eligion, not amy ne thn uohica ma be aqaist Ha
aeligion has the cason whymatters of religion arease
whidh care hebale ofHrat delrgion.

Rigt to acqnire awn þropery oand Riqkt to admin'sr sath

bape This is Hee thtir Fundamental tight to oun
0n any
an
brs
bropealy
peaty but subject to Hhe las of the la means
a y denoninoion going gait the Lawai he lahal apaat
aom Rablit order morelity and Heallm then stat Can alwys
Check uwpon Hhem ED heezed he Alaunt ol PET becaw
probubly He e not gnihg Cu_per he palicies of he counhy

So shether itis Religion or under hat Rligion therc

IS Any
an eltgious denominaian the hae fundamentsl ight to
un them in Haeir
o nw a yS o fat &6 Canbe taken a a

Lorallaky ot Aat 25
Haiele Q t This Aahcle defleck the Seculaaism of
ndia hisis baicallyoneof he most cleaxathicle o
Secularism Someimes taxeswere imbosedî'h the n a m e o
e ligtone A mughal1 time Zeziya axucc iposeol an

on mMugWmA itstil habhensin_many CounH Hhey

mposetax inthenameot Religion. ImIndia Hindus
 M
Predominante So this
Sahe Could Mot imbose tox on nonAticle
was inserted betaus

SeCular
naus aA we a
(ountsyand baa ic fundamendal of Secularis m 1s e t .
State fct Shall mat
imbose any toax in the name of Reliaion
and it also includes
4haState Shall not impose ang aX h
hename o Religious dexoNinations So no m.þerson (an be lompelle
to
p a any Money hich_Can he ued for aintenante o
pomeion of ay ligion In india we lla þositiue Seculatsm
and in
positive Seculaaism rupett and ecogki2 eueylígto
we

ard st oll not Patonule any relision,

akso the stae uill not
maintaih or promo e any ltgion
by leuying taxes on _public
but hee
ae many eliglouu plazee-Mata Vashha De Shaine
Jagannath Pui umple Skiadi Saibaba ek noo he qushm
ariSe Are thy
not taxes2 isnt it the ngahion of Art272
athey ae unby Crounot a k _peion
tus matter Came up beoe SC in the Coe ol-
Shai Jagannath us $tate of oisSa 15y SC
in s Case Sc Said we mut disirguish ta fom Fee
the Contai buiong_ae taken aj ee to main fain hose Relizio
Placas the people T 4ade ill trarAra mainlain heae platu
out of their ocon funds hen all the eligion i l l ask the
s 4tae to maintun hur eligrous insiutona as wellL Sa thes
lonhibuhions are taken only for mainehoalne ane thege_aie not
tax and Ar:2t allks about tox, So i s is not negahon o
At8.. The sees (s aken p manhin. hat plate, paouideatlttie
to the people e stak hau nothihg to do Laitm
ta_mo nyHu
ae euced foa pub kc puapose.
 an inereati matBer Came beore Kersla HC in the cato
[Link] vs stale okuala lau keala H.
in tais matter there were_Communal riok_ in whth man
many
Reliaious and £duatioral inituhions o a Communy set on
Pire keaal Crouk Said Ha they will tepair it with theuir
Own Cots Cost atter reashes to kerala C a n d kerala H
uheld is decision of kerala Crov a it oas he reponaibilit
of the- Ctut to poket Hhese ititutiong. Cbecaue any ou hai
othe
desponaihility to pokt lik and po peaty) So i
State Could
hot o t e t them then it Ís «sposihility of he See to ep
buit them So HC of Kexala did hot tond anythina rokqn
s ode of Ha ut

Aaicle aK his axicle bakically deals ith aeligiod astuttre

[Link] insthutions andStudy o Religion_oe
dikeent hinga Diforece betoten a s-

Religioua Ihatuchions Study aReligion

It meaa to pecach the T is taught in many
basi tenes of that [Link] means
Religion The Rikuals under staeling the tenek ot
[Link] aspecds ek a Religion The principled
the Dog hmcas the doctrined
o a Re ligion
 ot-
This matter Cane u befo he sC in the Caje
DAV College Jalandhar uls statt Df Aunjab 1911 $
Callarqe wa- Since Gurrarak Deu ji Uversituihg
the
he name rArn aak Ow it is a Religious 1mtitation the
they
Canot be albocd to ue is name becau it was fuvdea by
bekeen
the Ctout No the se held ha the is di Pkrence
Religious irtButtion and Study of Raligion. it they merely Stud
life and teaching of Crururanak Dev ji, hose are Uksvesal
in natre, in fatt study of eligion is actully actually
ohether itis the teachigs of ho phet [Link]
re tomerded,
DX tackinas of the Crurua ttackinasof Lord knshna in uteh
that doah ma that goig in theModes of [Link]
inatuchona
badis of elrgiouk In study of Instruchond t is
to
to
purely in_academ boint of uitw no Relgfon ttatking wong thigd
human beinaa i t aluays tcaches Jood thg Thak is the kalch
tundeal
heven any College or hHtuhon uskith I$ Coblelely
studu o ligion ad t hey
bteach
by the Crvand ihee
or make a pat of
is
(urriLalum, the lik and the Sa
of Cruunank Dev ji.. Sa it is not tadig of Crutuhan itis hot
Ho recie verie of tuu anth sah1b. hetis notkina wtong
in inbibina eatinas of Gruru nanak Dw Ji
wheer here is any atligious îhkkukon k thert or
's allowed to have Religiou Ituchiony
lame up again in he Coue of-
i s matter
Aruna o us ruon of India doo9 SC.

Again there wa same matr h-Stualy of Reli'on

Muat be distinguished om Religtodiukucha In anu
ou inshituhion Relgjou Ihshruthios
ar bi dden, bul studu
 o Religion no hdden we at oB akinq you to
eule the Holy Kuan we are not adkiHou to nuk tu Guubai
ox ceik tom Grrela _or Ramanyan or the vedajhat Can
be eltgiou ihatauthaN buik Le sBudu abaut tha genesal
teacki naol Lord kaiskna or ruruor J u o s Prophet Mond.
hoHi is wjongin it, in_kkB it is lommtckd

A purely Sacular Crbu allous noligious

itatducthionsstudy o{ xeligions inlatt is pektd. in schools
taught abau all he eligíoh)
hany mA Religious intruchion in piuakt minoaity schoolk
Can 1 b allowed 9

Hatiele&8 UJ Tf the Cducahonal instituhitn Camplekly main aid

but o stades tuds then Seculaxism demads Hat
Gny ligiaus
ituckions Shall not be given tany eligious {nstrution 1S aiven
thtn it wil bengaion_ of SeculariSm

8 > jt Can be taken as_an excephion o clalse 1

Any insthution okick i establiahed by tust b adninis tahed
Any
by th gov i t tui Religiou inatruckion3 then itcan
deinaely be allowwdhely beca Stakt is doing administaioh
and it La eslablished and aintied by taut the eligiaud
iputhons Canbe pokibikd. There au So many uwilesíte included
n is
Q8 3 Those Teligious î'nshtahions Laki ch art attognisca
b the Stake or aided by he skae +ih Such ituhion
Rel1giousihstautia ac alloeal but hey_0re not
allowed to fbrte Sameone who dont oant to follo
Teligioud inhuchioka Thee are many Hida UnjucrsiHes o
Mlim Univeihes they a alloed fo inpaneligiou ithucho
but Cant forte 3omeone Lao is not llowikg
t
Junc &oa CII
Aricles 25-28 a Secular aubech of tedamerdat
CoHukion, the Secular thad uns throughDut H turdamel
Rigkh Kigt om Ar14. Aricle as t 2s an blatant
Secukaaism Article Preamble , the sod secalarism w added
by 42 CAA.

Cultuzal and Educational Rights

Haicles 99and Bo, both ot he Arkclas qurante
an Cul tural ad edurotioral rigk a tundamenal Rigkk

Aahicle 21 Peechion oinleretsof minoikh

1 ) 2Any Sechon of ci HionsReiding in karitoy o
India. thee ar_Sechion oih2enk

elong to Majoaity Belor fo Nhoaihe

But if we see heading at h SecHme rol

minony 5 Cearly wiHen bu tha dlouni meam that

this doesnt apbly to masortybecau he wo}d
Axticle
also Maturally entompa he
Any Sec hon oA cilizens woulc Conserue
Any
So vyone haue ightto Hhor
r language the
majoit
majoity
Juolgment of San tosla kumar S 3ecre taryintstay_of HRD 199S se
in context o{ Aat2q.
iS to be ead
haue ight to onserve hat ` he meanunq
n
of Rig to ConSete
man tain.
Rigk to ConstavemeanyRigki opreserueRigkk t o

wha Rigkk oa peson eh Som Aa 29

I anypeson ha distinct Cditferens eom otkeas)Laguaga
anyuhert in Tndia ur CoLsttuion kaa alttady ecognised 2
d'stinctlanquagz in ik Schedule but meH are many mote
Lohich may notbe RcOgAlsed_as Schedule languages
in Notth -
East the a So_many shallockeks awhere mey_ae hauihg
h e on languog4 not it is fundamenlalgtt of those Peale
D ConsC¥UE her 0uon Lauguaga In Ialia thee are mant
man
+gbe oscripb (languaga arc madle ofscaipk)_in India there
are mamy b a of_sorips e Brahmi scnpt, Paliscitb i n
whiia
edich ot Ashoka a e 4woe any citizen is miortyand
ey havt Small scmetthen_also they hauekanda mtnhl qht
o_tohstt it: the third hing is Cultae iahih is to be
Consevad So eueryLiki2en has- Right to Consewe canguage
Langua
Saipt and Culkuand this is
notlels than undamenal iqh
bu thee ghs Ceaua lable only to e utzen

baic aapecs o
The Inhdia is iks Diversiy
ohich isalled umidy in oversit n Indio taee
Haeae
Diverse gpe o people, diiarse tuke of belies, divee be
languaga diverse tube of tulkues, India ahounceIn Cultus
that baaically
baaicall is the_essente ot Seculanism all hese cN
Spread al ovc te Ixalia, each of hse minori ke haue kurdaenh
iqh to Conseve ot only heir lay uage or Scaxpt _bu also t r

Cultre that mean Said to het to

no one Can be forcibely
tollo kis oun Cultube not to be osar Suth Clo Hs, not to Cat
Such aood hoone Can eer (nkrfat ik is not less ah

undamental ight of huu peaple

Does he Loervahon ofany Language incluales agi tahon
for protchon of the lanquage
Yes So ohereer onybody teel sBaikntd and hey have

agilation igkbi
when India got Independent uzh there was a
whole clamour 8tarted om Hrulkta pradsh, that ske statA Shall
be deuided p e r langluagu ie on linguiahic balis.. in tme
year of 4s6 Reorgani2akiom was done on tuis bosis only Hhat ühole
India oillDn lirguishi bosis een preauntly the sBedes of Irdia
is more_0xles deuided on liguishit basis Telangan wa
sepaaedtrom rdha piadesh becaue they kaue Sepatake Culku
uthakhand wa Scparakedom uP hr the Same alon, So
all hae aapech ate in Coklonance o t Art 9a.
when Gruunanak Dw ji Univeniy etablished ín Amaitsa
and te Said tha they will focuu move on eSearca- ol
Punjabi language and leaktreit washe hat it will be
allecoed b Aat 3 alao the promehion shal be done of
everH umguaqeH Skall at be allowed SuSuprs mhaity4
languag in paomothg ajoritylanguaga doing SUuch
[uch.
 ga isintingemeat of Aat: ALL languagu are tacsues
1dia so ina ted of ighHng fot Hhee
proud on it
aauagswe Shallhe

tor Me
he languaq w eed much mare holishc vitj.
Special for minoita lamguage we should not be impoSing aM
lanquage_on tham butat he Same ime e should net hav
any ndset agaikat Hndibecoue Hthdi s not ess han
OuI
tal lakguage as dele dtcleared by not les8 Hhan our
Lonahtutiomso e Should he lookioq a t both eu Cuapeat in
amuth mokhalistic and mudn drd foiward
more produthive say

At 2q(2) this ahile efleckeed in Ax Isu)

tus Aaktle SayaA I nthe Educahonal instituhons of state
O Living aid om Stae there wil be no disciminahiorn as
far asadniSsion is concetned o n
u GsoUnds-
Keliq ionRate Casle language or any of Hac it meahs herehere
cisaiminaion Can done on #he bajrs of Sxthee Ca be
Separale tolltqu for man_ and woman
This is fundamental ghkt inkrhr bbu
so shte cant
making their In is aalile the badis are only-
Laws.
_onlgResidence
RligionRate, lale and Language but hare ik is not
Domicile_or SeXit m a a n Hhe eleruahon Can be done
he inhab tans of hat slae college Can be made
only
tor bos or 4itpos i Can be made only tor these who are
domiciled there it won be the negakon of At 2. Ar a ac2)
us onlu the exenhon o Art: LK4), but here is a
litle biPtronces be tween them
 DiHferene belwten. A 1)_and Art: 1S ()

A 15
basis ar -

Reltgíon Rate hereheMe bauis ar Soctalally

Cae and langua ahd Educaionally backuard orr
Schaduled Cate or Schedule tmbe

I I tonly appliu to - 2 I s geneal in nature

admiss ion in educaional and abpliey to eucyhig
Inithio

So Art. 9 s all about he fundamenal qkt

protect custack languageSChipr and ulkurt and also her
15 emharga againt any eeruadion on Religion, Rale_Cask
ad languag in_any Cput inhihuhiors or educaioka inatuhiony
O goutauded ealucaiona) inttsions

eduahiona
T anyhinotit person establigh but becaik
any
insituhon which1` also aided by the Cout
ederuahon
he is minbi ty then dlocs he ha ight do ive
to his own Lommunity Cildren)

TH apbliek to AlLmi'no ihe [Link]

Hat 30 u) >
minoiHes on bale
aecoq 2u
Lngsh baars
Re l1gion badis
 Who is Minoiy 7-
As Se in Punjab hen Sikhs art hot in_minohyH
e

we See on Idia level

then Sikh are ih minoit
bur
Simlarly fwe see in Coa
or Naguland. chi'stas a not
in miayity bu aganbut ifu e see on Indta level they a r

minotiky
the Meaning of hino it tistly descuseal in the Cask_of-
Re Karalar Cducahion Bil las_SC
in this Cae i t wa discussed tha-
Mnority mean those oho ate lea that S o / .

SD 0f what 2 the whol_populahion_of India or 50

o entic poulahion of stk

for His thene a r t many Judgmens-
the mest inportant Judgimenk is
TMA Pai Eoundahon s Shae of ka hataka dood SC
AS isthe mast landak Judamanh at qudgu beneh
in tis dudgment It uas dleared that Las15 made tor Union
O he Stee
H the Law is made tor bnion hen the ohce pt off
minoiy aill be dikuuwk_and f Lato is made for stak Hen
he Concept of m'hoiwill be_du fkret or the Stade.
Mostly Me lao made by satw hen he mostly
oint ot vieo will be of stak, So it is bayically a
tligiots o liguiske mino uita h e unit to dermine His
this
mi Hty is horhally the stak
 +here oa another
an
Judg med on this
Bal Pahl vs of India
Uhion oo S Sc
in
n i s Cose sCexplaied in delail he meanin
MMOity heySaid-
Minoriyís ha idenhtåable ou who are

R e i n their own arca eg- kashimir Pandik

Jamu kahur are mino ty

Miorits elato Laws in Union d almost inpesaible

So, it is hoo seHclesd Law that Wheneuer thert will be ay
Lauo onminentia hen the oit will be stae and not the
ohale ol India.

inguste Mineity
Lingushi minoihtu a hose who kaue a seuak [Link]
Languag is not necesay tha th have Schedaled
Lang uage of the Constindion à was alaeady leartd in Art 29
thotis why Art 30 is he toninuahon of A' 2

ho. will be Called Religiomnoatts 9

I w e Ske e maaning ofHindu then iis=
anybod who snot Muslim Ju Christian or Padí
i meaw Hirdusm ihtludes Tain Suddmsk [Link] hey
be Calleel miro»i
itwaA deared in many Tudgmenk hat- n e Can be
deho ivaho or minority in Hindaism.
this madlkr Came ih the Cae of-
Asf Trt vs Dicctor Educatioh Delki Admiwst>aion l136
Delhi Hc)
in his Cae t h wek b dteide minority and itw
deidea a 1n Union txitory Oelh sika and sains
an MoHt4 thy art Religio mihari hel So thatis hy mer
Can beminaity in Hindulsm

noo Aat 3o Saua both he manoritiey have igkt to

Establish aral Adminstr edusahonal uihioms.

7It basically mean 0pen'ng up anew mattr _ie to

bing ihto Rxißtante

So oa þeson buys a Hidu School and Lonvet it
into a Roman Catholi sthoo uill it be (ovared by e3tablish)
Y any peYSon buusamy School andConvertino h's
own nihoity schob hemit oould he Ceeed in the krm
establish
am
H angmjnontyLana o open educahioval Tuhiuhion, does
he need pior umission)
Nohe don need ang_pior peamiskion betaue His is his
Fundamenlal Rigk.
As longahe i not breakin ang Laws o e
Land, he _dont need þrior pemision

So they have Rrqkk to establish and. Admihiser-

Educahonol IshtuhioN
 he ducahonal (nshi tuhow o toka levellPimer
Eue o Secondary luel or Collelge luel o Univeiih leue
k
wha Ievsl
nthe Cae ofTMÁ Pai it was clearta ha
Educaion mea a tye of educaion,_AlL leuel ot educasion
ngkt tom Pimery Schoo leuel os 9raduale leuel are
uttd by the tum dutadion. so tha meas inart H hae

aigkt to chtl only Primay Scheols but cuen

open not
pest giadsuake and ven supespeciality Caurte also thty (am
detnatly open Such insttuhio
Se a
ivonty tan oben a medtal tallage ErgLeeriny ollyc
e k a it is eix fundawenal qh

wha is the meaninyfAdiislex)

he wod Adminskr is like Pandoras Box it meana-to
Manage tp londuch dauly aSais o make oli t uh ik
tht they ouindt.

Righ to Establish and Admims er is Abso lde vight o

tis g is subject to eatbichiors
the Judg ment o TMA Pai Cae hay made i vey clea
ha it is not on abgolukt rigk it s subjetk
Reazonable Rstichou. those destnchons arn Loveed in TMA Pa
cal tha 1s wy ik u lJudge benchJudgment

(No educakonal INLH tukon Shauld be againt H lon tukroh

They Connot 0 gau hy the laws oIndia

 bgarding standads of educaion healhmoali ek
t is no wittn in theAakicle thas why TMA Pai Judgment
cleaed Hus aapec

If her is an Educahional Inshtuhon of [Link] dlo the

supposcd to paouide tiahionto gtneol tommunity or
oukide hair minoriy9
s w a l also cleared hy TMA Pai Cau=
TMA Pai Tuclgment deuxled minoity _ishituhions into a Pauk -

Unaided Atclecd
which eduiahonal inhtuions 2merely becalR_micH
a unning witk helr ow itikhion ate adtd
Moxy a r hot alking an twey do not lote tei
Contibudionhom the Trovk mihoriy harater
Hhen the Crouk Cant forte
hem o_povide sCuahion )they e to qive
oukide tHur (owmuw Lertain cda uahionto
hon minonty stadenk
they alto ka to tollouo also
He pinuiple of meit, they
Shall het ouide adnisaiom
to any pesOn o t Comuw

Exellenee of Inh tuton

gkall be maintas aed.
 reerbah'n
Unaideduinoly iwHtuko may not provtde ay
y e 4D impar liaiouy intucHana he a
to tack anyBhi hey aan. þrouided it s hot againt lao

he
Tey aa Subck to the ules of merittmey also Canno take

anPon Ramdomly admisio

, all admit Puen in Unaideol
IuStikuhion hau to be bojed on mertand hat is
(A) LR will aduice thar you take yeuy Studenk to Common Cnkrena
stCCET). CB) meely becaua oc art not inkrkaring hat
don maan ther you lek go o decilink you lek go +
ercellenceand eu dax engurt HharyOuT d att unaideol
i Htution is also boirg buckin lebel of ertellene. it the
Excellente ill not be_maintaiked hen stak oill inlerfart.
in_Unaidel imktuiA mostly staks of i Univest
wald Motintfhre t y haue pour hecauk l Ak 3a but
not at the Cat of Mait, Excellencyan Tyanparcntythu
i g a must be lekun in niel:
 h June do29 (I
Aideel minoiky Inyhihuhons
Merely because inority Laituhiohs ae
lese ther adeal the clo
minority Characipr His ting was clearta oy
TMA Pai Jusdqment

In Case he govt is
gas giuin any ad to
any minoh
Inghituhion, then HesBy they do net lose theY minoiy
Character hen at he Same Hm
they ae now Hquid
to give Cetain
eservahon b non minori tudens.
t s matHer came in e caw of
St Stephena College vs Univcsity of Delbi l9L s c
i is Cale it wa held
that minorily atded educatoal
instiuiom Can be
ajked to eue 5o _ of Hhr Seats to
other non minoity Stuolenh. Houwever that
So: which a
lledby minoiy studexts that uill be done though
COmmon CnBerente Test ic on ment so either it Mikoi t
oY non_
inwríty both shall be given adusAioh thaough meit
balis
as far ad Onaided Minoi'y Ih tuiong a Contened
if Hheir Ment js hrans paent the staB will not inlerfar
ih other matBe»s
Lakr a matler Came in he caje of
P A Iamdar vsStade of Mahaiashtha 2oa 5 Sc
in i s Case soid tho-
+Judg benua thaRthey
Minoti Educaoral IaHhong tnjoys tohl Patedom 4M1
 undtr ghacduak educahiom
an another Judamend Came in e Cas of
Islame Academyof
Tslac Academy OEdutaion vs3hte of kanalaka 2063S
in ths cala it was held tat- the ideal wa of adny'ss (on
is to hold CommDn Entenc Tesh+hose Should be wntam
and also held thar whether he inshthion is oasdeal or
unaided they have to follou he prinuble of-
Tiple At
Fairhes
Taans þathcua
Non exþloitaion 0f studenk
these taiple k t shall be ollowed by euy ihMhhtom
ot
So where there is Aidecd educational iuituhonsanol
501 esenvahionis qiven to hen minonty Stuoeh În Suuh
Caks Can hemore wuightagabe gien to the Studtnks

to the studenk ot Has

Ye
1esthey can give mereweigklagt
Stole.
Lwhat ar Hhe Pouers theH hae
ho dloult the pinibl appliad on them anal huir Right
No
Adlmwnser incudes-
have Rigk to Choo se hur [Link]
The
They
They hawe Rigkk o dece plne heir emplogeey ox
lan

Conduct any digciplinary 0chon there [hallbe ho

inefeene by the stak
hese at Common in both either audes o1_hajded, but
hau to be fulfilled
also tu oltie of gov
 Hi's mat (ame in the ale of-
Englrsh edium studenh laenh uk 8tuk of kamalaka 19ause
in tis Cak th go o kanataka Sad Hh Rannada
to be taugh in Non Kanhada schools of karhataka
Language
matter eauhed to sc Scwa also agted wiln he_order
othe Stateov a it was theatler o f stete and S
sad we. dont oant o inkane insthuk atter and also
wewant that the language of stabk o be hoteted.
So if any StadeGrovh:0zdesh a t the shtes
languag to be taughd in schools PunPunjabi in Punjab.
Tujaahi ih Cujiat ek this is hot against he Cowsh tuion
ihskikuhis do
spectallyo r adhmision, Unauidecl
not equia topouide eSeTuahion. hut alded Can be ordea
by tha Gor to pauide buewahan

Noc a these ore minonty imitutions and a based

On elígfon So Haue the Rigkt timpart ligiou intruchon)
Ye Hhea haue ha qkt p imbart cligloua inatutions,as Hhey
AlS thehaue igkt to ckoose medium of their
iMhutionbu hetheit is atded or unauded me exploihhan
o stedad studensis not allowd that meama (aiteh'on fee
wont be allouweel.
A qwshion arises betore Hh sC in case of-
SXavier College s shale of Cruha 1474 SC
in tis caehey asked for akliation of 0niwrsibecau
they are minorikies-
twa) kelc thatit is not Fundamenal rigkt to ha
afiliakionbeuae o u are mino 0 thee 15 no Such
andavmenal igkt merely becaue gou a hinonyhChgoa
wil be qranted aMltation of u e oiversit

As a r a Non Exploí taion is Concened i Íhcludss

many HWhgs Non exploítahon of he s lattNon rplo tahen
otheStudentsek the dont take Capilaion in Me hame
of extta fees theg ake it in me hame o devlopemMent o
t iHituhom.

11
Ax 30 iA) 5 4his clauie wa_addeol by [Link]

starhed as a fundamtntal aight then

Rigkt to Paoperhy w
yyCAA 1978 RlpealadI at ha hime tuis Claue 30GA)
waadded Ha
-

if the is any Combulsony acguisikon of

theroperty in Such watters the amount whith 1S hkesl a

aiven Shall ehsu enjuue the jwt Compensahin:

the
Can he Compalso»y aLquisition be don_o proput
o
O ff minorInshtuhions..
itCould be done anyime then a jualg men
eto Carlier
Cama
of sl: Joseh tollege ys Union of Inlia oo SC
Soieb
Society
in i s Cae heve wa 5 Jusdgez Gench they heled hot
he Lompulso
he 0Lquisi Hon of e ro pes a of
minori m i tuhonS
cone
be done then iB Coald onl be clone
when Stode maks
a Lau 4arding t s tonoulioracqihon
anal at las Shall not Infhinge thHgkk
A 3o So
So dus to thes GC Judgement the et Aa o l
ame inlo the tote

3 0 2) s is NinporBant asec o Secuhaishm, tis

clauie $a
claule sayw th ak ta Hme of pouiding ald to he minonty
inatihuhion qoot will not discrimiat becaue thet is minoi
inaihuhion had means Hhet will he ho disainivahiom agaikt
a minoity imituhn m e l htcause ithapbens to be a muthonhy
wHtuion So hert oill he ahsalu Seculansm in gaanie

Aakicle 31 whem our lonhituhon tame into ore there

wert &Rndamntal iqhh Rgarding prolziky - Ar: 31 and
Aat 191E) R\o clae 5s hus were the & impoxtand auhtley
Rundamenal ighk onLerhi phopeat
when i Comea to Aundawealigut o praety=
ToTo aLquix he proert to hald and to Dispose o f he
proper .11 10f)
Righd hat to he debivd fom acquiol proheaty. AAt: 31
his aightwa Sautd by authoibg ol Law ig eept as pr l a

Dotm he Aahidea have been dekkca hy ym(AA

Juispaudtnu of Paopety The uhole poberly belongs to

he stale his is talled-"Th Dottihe of Eminent Domain
hasitallyth stak 0ON y y i an that is why t
3e on invo kany theDochrtne of Enmi nent Domah had a

aig o toke the o p e a o an individuo

wh dud he stle.. heed tht [Link] Indiutdual?
Stak need me þoperly o publie wein ohr wods
hUA is emnent he me is kuamou it is heededhe
aigh of the S tae o hald tme property is supenor than
the
theighh of Indiuidual to hald Þwpsty Te vo tontept
of
o Souesign
inokes his pinuple ot Emineat Domai:
the uerword 6ovsreignhy autbmahically inditale ha Ha shk
ha loplele ouerto take over any opuky Pabic goeda
geoda
always ovcrides individual gocod The Cou needs aety toa
many-many t i n Cov: needa poperdy Aoa hsildi kaaedg
oacds-
schoblsPakaofites ek. If no paoperty wa nade avatkbleal
these tias oluld nok he þossible. TE t s ght o Eiront Domain,
as ho nlognísed by 7udiiary the enh publi goodCoulo lome
sand stilM because hen ther i l beno oadsna stheala
ho
MLo parks and Somaa tna o puhlit ukli whick alland
Sunda enj'8: I n oter wods Joing Loitm me prsumhonhat
Crout: ack o public good the ight et he Cout: to take ouog
poper ty fer he geod D euarghody Cani4 be qushiomad.

Salus populi Supaema [Link] he welfart o the

pole is the supxma lauo, enunciats the ldea ol Laa

Acquisiion o o pexty hod o be umdey law it mea

it must fulin the bodi quiitmtn lard doun by las

Lwha 1S the Histor and preScnt stak of Rigkt

Poperky
the fandarmena Right to pio perty an be deuided i r
 Park
Befoye uuth cAA 198_
Atker Hum CAA LAH

Aad:31 befon delkion i bebrt HumLAA-11%

Beto deletion thue_we 6 Claues o Art 31

NoNo eson shall be deprived of prokrty Savea by the aultkouty

oLa
2 No pro peatyshall he Compulsoaily quiread oT qusihion
Saue or a public punposand Saued by Hat authOHty ot
lau. Lshith þrovides Aba lomptndahiam tor the pepaat so acquibeat

AAt 310 man tha No propy Can be_Compulsorily

acquitdunhl iis nete%ary of PublitPurpose, that

purpoit Shall be giuen by hel:

what is he meanin oflompensahian

it means
means the market ak of he popert bu t Crut oill
rovide matke ade of Hhe hokàh acquisd then it will be
l e t ith no Moe
Mone a markataea of th pobehy are too
high So Indida Cranalki Ccouk: tmavea he word Lompenaheu
an wed neu word i. Amoum

the whole1$ue wak on a 3ingle toore it Comyoenaahon

e beCahe the Comensahion must be equalto the

Loss of Ha indiidual whose piopey ka been acgu ed
Onal Lass mea Mart Rale
So the A 31 Said ha No prson Shoall be depival o
hus
popet xcept by tha a andiR hs pebertwill
be acquired hen he will be rovided Lampenaion

Indira Gandhi added one mo Min Hat Mo Law will

be Called n quesiom in Court D n r o u d h a t
Compoation is not ut i mean Cov wil dtcide a t
heuo muck (mpenah'an to be givon and ws thiq (an
be challanaed in aky Cou

+his maHer Came in amous bank Naionalisahiom (ase

R Cooper s Unon o Tndia 933 SC
In hasverinporBant ale SCaddea inbothnt þaxhubleg
UD Compensahion must be juit ompensahim il 4ht Compradiom.
snot Juat then sut will dekla inkrke into the matter
thtt is not onl Ha 3 on acqwisikion Axt 1aJ is
also Heut wlth aive uwlamenkal Right to Acquirthold

and dispese poaj

Afr Hus RC Cooper Judamentshe braugkta5 m CAA

to u the Judget in which=
the word Compen Satio was eplatea by thi oo cd amount
and itshot nuenary a t amount Cam oht only be gtven
î'h dash it Can be given ik n d as wel
AS far 4s Art l1IJCF) IS Concentd, itwill net apbly
tin OT
acqusihon of pro pest
a Qu
gae di na acqusi
fo public bupose
 4heac s educationl inshhuhion ot minoity he it
L9as stHll Compenaahion (under Ar: 30)

aStmCAALa thallanged in he famaus (o o-

Reshauananda Bhaeti us Stak of kerala a33Sc
in thus 1N bench Judgmend . [Link] 25am CAA Howwer
ASsd- Cauat cande'notelg deude it-whethey he
amount isadequate O hot andi nt h s . stake lant esbitt
Cour hhte it (an be challargd in he Cout

th June dolA I I )
thert weae 2 aspectswhich art imporkut-
Eirtly Only or the public
ComloulSary acqisihion_can be made Ohly
puuboseSo what is a puhlit þuhose o whetktr it is
publi putposecr not)
thewod Publi purpose Camt up tor he Loniderahion ber
Sc in he (aseof
State o Biha vs Kamshuwar Sigh 9SA Ssc
in tusJudgment [Link] st held h a thededinahion of
Public burpese is ueay elastic destihaian the Conteht ckanae and
Hhe stale of Soucy and ik needr keep on cheangin hat i a
publi pua pose oday may not be_ the publi pupose tomo
tomo ttow
~rotu
So basically the vey Lontet t h e deinarion o Pabliu pu pose is

aye
avey es elashc de inadioniBs keep on thangthgwimthangig-
Hme thabis the eason why i t is open o A Louak to
Cnquirt into the quustion wheter Campulsovg acqusiHon IS
a a b l t purpox o is hot fbr a pulblic parpost cven he
a whether tne þublit burpose s there or not Can Com
ina matter
 within He Seuhg of me Cou
we Se Me Cadena ol Tudgwes there is ho Sahsactoy
deiahon of the term Public fuapose, So thkat mtan4 we Can

on go CLS pea the dekiaion which hae been inkrbided b

he Coue k. thet can he the only indenpetahon

Summery ot t 31 betoe it was Repealead

No person oill be depaiu ol hs oe4except by
he ouhonty of lau, So in anather wods-there Can be
cepaiation of peaty by an exelukve order, the ha to
be a law ie legis lahiic order this matler Came he toe t
SC in the (ase of-
Ste of west Benaal us Suhcdh Gopal lasu SC
So he deprivah'on of poperty has to be as era
legslahive lato it Lannot be an exetutik Order:

hobuy
hopehy Can be Lompulsaviy cquied ox Aequisition
only udur Outhota of La

2 Ths
Ths acquisikion o sihion mut be foy a publec puapoie.

This Lao has 4t be a valid Lao, Soitshall not be only

LAU it mdt be a validluw.

Tis Law wlich awhots he aCcqsithion or t qui'sthon

his w4t rovide foT Compenaahon he woad lompen sahon
eplated by the woad ebort bg 2th CAR)
a mount
 2Theamount þayble on Compulsary cquisition Can be
otkeose than in Cah that mean it Can be inkid also

the Couats oe lompetamt to See

awheher the matter or a publi purbese
bwhether the amoun paid in Lompulse
acquisikion is iluioy_or arbikary
tis was cleared by Resauananda Bhat C a s e

2IR the stae makes any La Cie legislabue_ofang stake ) i t

willhot be etlkchive unless i is usevea ox the Comideraho
tthe presidentit meams i stak wan to do acquusition.
makirg a Laothey Cannat do untill þraiden iveih.
Ossent.

Position Afler Huth CA 1918

4CAA l4A8 Complely ommitkd Ar 31 aa well aa At laat

Qna Rt 1a 5) n_anather Lords thescweR motd from
fundamenal igh-
So Rigkt o property oay no lohge kundamenal iqkt, btcau
of he 44th CAA

How eyer a nw Article wa Catatd ie. Art Joo A

whith wA idenhcal with Axt: 31 U), it means tak Can
a n probet to unlexs Mere S a vald lao S a
i s a LonhtuhoraMgkthough it I'S not a tundamtnta
2A he inler e latons of
Aa 31a) shall be appl
aait is on A 3oo4. so all the Comments and
Judicialobservahion ohich we made on Aat 310), since
itis an idenhcal Aatle in Aa BooAit would be ho
all he Cemmen all he inte þehahin of
Hon: ble Sc would
be
aybly on Ark 3004 except a the fact thad it is no
longer a tundamenbl dighk

As fa a Asicle 312)- 31(6) is lonerhed they all wee

absoludelydeleka only At: 3 0) has stauhcd a At 3oo .

Savingol Certain Laws

Aaticles- 31A 318 ad 31C

the Htle Saui_of Certin laus has heen included

by the H2hd CAA 1116

what is e meaing of Saui

Sauin baitally mea immunikaimmuhy to Certaih
LAwS een f e y violake tundamemlal lghh.

Art 15 Says any lawo whichis agashut tundlamen tal Rigkk

S null and void. So Arhclu-31A 318 and 31 tnese

3 ert Arkicles ae the excephon of H 15.

thosc Arhicls Can intinge Aundamen tal diqkh.

hen +e Conghihuh'on was

in th begA nuvy
maos then tha 3Aahicle wet no her
Aalicle 3114 o added bu JstCAA 1461

Backgiound of Axt 31A

bndda wa elin Punder the Zaninda Systu
theat uaa a pet manext scttlemenB 5skm which wahom
Cornallis Aimu in xslance. he biggeataobltm o Indta
LaPermantnt Sattlemend syskm or Ryotwari syakm or
Mahal war Syaktm which uwee basically he way of
Venue lollecion o Hhe Bihshers. The basit imnpoveishment
Tndia an he baaic dermigakon o Social and ecohonu
stuctut of India was because ofthte suskm becaue
hse suaitm madlee Drdinaty peasank g g a ihto the
the Abyss
Abyss
oa [Link] bonded lahaur
when Tndia got Independene 931
of our_þapulahion
wa dependent upon
ageiultureandendin Agnitulkae ot Ialia
u deutdd into the havesand hare nus the havs
wee had ul in Numer ana thty we Controllimoit of
Indiam poptsky ie tasiulhural paopurky. Have nak udex Masse
o India That is uwhy the fist and herculean task was
Clean he 02ians ables o hese Veahiaqes otRuenw
Ruenw
Syatunms
HowCoulc it be done)
y omblekly overhauling the Revtnue Laws baingi
bainyi
in lard Ceig laws and. hat
the deajon why fint of
all Ruenue laws
a me intoote n one hand theewa
Kundamtvkal Right o p»erty wu i n exslance ard in
Ohta ha he O Zamindayr h he Lavea Ofoo [Link]
 urd unkIl the
now
govt no
aka those lands in ik possesiot
and distbut them to the people hen he otlen sqalem
of Briksh woul rave (oniue - the oholeAgnitultahal syu em
oIndia wa So CanterouA and it was ,as it he enh Sa tem
was ernikk ridden..so we Can Sa4 ha it was torkurin and abou
foilfoi So i Loay necea to make las as Soon a postble
So that th baarc lilihoodo he peeple Can be_þrekctedle
ko ovide possessron to the qo of the þobulahm
Land wee with 2amivdas so the kage eatales o he peoble
have to be takeu hom ther pos1eion: ta- s a eult Lau
laua
wt b be made for ha and those laws were dehhaely aqalhy
the Aundamental aigh So in_one hand he s Covt wa
bloui humpet loud and clear about undamelal Rigk, and
ad om anohur hand Hhy ert likrallySnukhn auay e
undamtndal aigkh
Hou to balane hee
the awer was- Arhcles- 31A,31 and 31L not bnly
thage3Arhcl but also a schedula inshich all he laws
will be
be pur all he lass whith are osBensi bly against
fundamental Hght but sde tey olll be vaidakd Schealule

the int hivg wa the owens we o be gien to

Cqpvexnment kat, to ake awa the huge haldis taken
aken bby
Zaminaars.
Hov iB w a to be don)
be
be cawe
cowe in one hond Rigk to ro erly was a tundam ental
hald and dispose ot
Rught Purdamtnkl Rigkt to cquin
A 9UJ+ en How lan the1o jkrty be taken?2
withoau
withas inainging the undamental tgh
ho s he readon wh h Savins a the
Atrcly I4 310 and 31c

Axkcle 3114 i tisanexcephiont o_Axt:13,any Laua whih

iorihohith Hhe stk wil hake Seme of them will be ku
into NihethSchedule aþax o m his powersage are qiven
tp the shak thati Can hake any lard o the land
loada
CZaindar) [Link]. notuwitkshanding Ar and Ard 19
31A 0aJaAny Law whith SBate makes o acquix anya e
ael all Connuledighh extinguishes Complekly madehies the
they Shall nok be uo void ia hotaithstandin A >

what is he manig o hi word' Esate 21

Bastcally estabe relou Land ishith paua Land
Lawd revenu
there ws Land Henures. hse axe basicaly to rel dcuanue tkes
teuunesare basitally calle e taly. this matkt Came up in
heCoe of
3EE GV. Desai ys_umion of India lt6r S
in his tase itwas cleartd hut Estae ad man hat
Lad wkith buy LAnal Revenutand Lana tthure means
Lohkh is held atcordikg fo denancyAC

Ar 31A (2J0S UJ what evrgion bythe ilishe i any

Sagit, inam, muok ck. Janmam *íghä C în S tak o Tanil
Naolu ancd keala)
Q) ay Lard unde yot wari sttlement
11)Stake Can ake anyLand Zami ndas land well as
 YooY peoles land hen the stat oill rdistni kbue hewn
them

Bositally he 31 A wod to e-suskur

objict of A
ane tokitk stast our Agrarian &Conomy hih had be cohne
Cankeroud becaa o the bad polrcia ot the Bishes
31A 4hed in Agadian m in India igkt afkr Irdeperaleste
because thu legis laion atkeced me landloda cind also he
Hahls otenanisohth wt very loa sided in Bihsh time
Agaarian CAgaiulkure) Relorm busitally tncludey all ty
of laol rekorm e- Cuilin Las kaldingLads tenanty Las
all Hhue will be lovered hert

31A0)(bJ I ita acqury iCould take over the

management of any b i p poityin
o the Cae o -
Dwarkadas usShalapu Spinning weavina Co dool SC
iwas cleatidd thor- hs_claue wa ovein eueuy kiwl
o propthy including industrialpro puiea
mills_oee undtr
Gadically Me veybao
Condhion herE were plenty of Lotton ulls in Indta- b
the were in ven 1 Dad tondikons b e c e e f exheme
mus mAagemenk awaulkita necesAarthe wepay
aw
an Law So that Stade will takeover the manag ment of
ay hdust in h inleet of Pabls. So ma
he
i s managemen ill be oo rat retkitd and e y huikq ill
now un like a well oild machint.
here we ma mlls m in Bombay whith
hae betn taken over by me skk ana heal we
Valldated due to tS Law
 and this 1S not only abouf igh alkr Dnalelpendente, theae
Lauo s Ruen Stuals today.even_ 13 mill we talkun overhy
the Stale arounal in 8oo). So tusis the power of Gov
he
take o r any pioptiky for $etika nght everyin
mis ImaAagRmon

uA UJCC) 3 The another oblem ohith was here that

there were too man Small ompany if those lompanie
we alkun oust 8nd amalgamatd hennatually iLoull
ecome much beter muh norepao ik wauld ome whe
there a
there many (ompaniufhe unhal thy lombetehiomsat
amor he this clause Canme into orce to Covtr Suh ISSws
So thad _unheal tAy Combttihn woulc end by Hhe'r amalgamahim
Sa again i t can he taken oven in_publi jnel Enteter: Intis
S t i s was baitally hebegnigo Retatm in lombuny lau
m het we Can Say Hha ompany LawsSa
t s Law IS SHI in toxe So wheneuer Stat uns
that lorporaions Shall he amalgamatd in he hublit Interu
thay Can do Hhat even Hhty Amalgamkcl he hanl Nakionali sah'ou
F bank also lome und Hus Clauue.

3LAOG) _ 0 Pites oB Company Copoahios or Eshky

Ma iy
MaibyDixtttosShare haldes Secaedana ek. Cven
i dighk Can beextinguishol ox mocheol.
Sothe Stae Can no onl akeoue the
opeea but alsohey Can fake auwo the ghk ofothe
beare een thegs ot shaxholdas Can be lakeh
Svrin the inet of Public Jyhca
SA CI e) This clae wa added in 195 by he
4hcAA-1aSS back aroud ofHus lae is
Lndia îS a mineal ich Counby almost all he unerals
he world tou in India, eo are mortPe ak leis_
on Manghes Uanium ek. even Shale gas is oalso in India
oils ar there in man place So il once the Contratt qien
to Someone for dailling e l and ifhey are not wot kinyPaope
hen Sad shte Can taminake ther lontaatt patmakurely So
here
HhereS any agaeement lease Can be Cantelled by he Stak
uneler his Cla
Thus even happenad a feo Htas ao I n Crodlauad
baain, aPvt Compawty haeunaler aken that +hy ill k
Ou he shale Aa 14 iS Peasumea that in Gôdavai basih
heu is Shade gaa in ee rich quah Shale Crad Shole
Crad those ohih ont takena _ou bomgabs o a
a_Retk and
+Can he taktn out by ill hen tnue a wkl ana
u vey
Cro davar baain peasumtd a ave tor shale [Link] lo whith
underkaktn t pmjeck. Arst declead h e quandityand lakr
they tvised i4 bu dtcdudir mor hoh half quanhy anol also
look ve
Hook ver lohg ime ta thoan peclee CrauCamalltal mei leau
hey eac ked Sc SL Poi nle towads thes clua 31AaJe),
and Juhted the deusioa o he stak
So uen for munerals rov Can tancleany leae or
leane or
Conaact o may terihae hem Nettot Notuithstanading the fect
that s terminobion ot agreemos may meam the in Singt meot
of he tundamento ighk..
So thee S clauwes ae 5 Pilles of exaeme Rghd
ofme slele, even iwsh one's undaenk Righ
 Law will he deemed t be voidon hR 5mattes
So no
on t ound that it intnqy Ax14 and Ark: l1

Poovideo where
such Lauws ade by thelenslakare
Df the stae Shal not be apblicable unle it is exved
fr the co ideaion of the Pruident andl Preident gives is
Assent
Provided urthe hal where ashecial Proui'sioh_is
made tos acqu'sitiom of ony Land whth is ih the possesain

Eapoor_þeasant who is dealig oith us land ie perScnally

CulHuahn his landit stat is acqutaihg thar laeh Such-
Casd i t Shall not beLaustul for the Stk fD aLquurn any pohon
ofsuth land
So T he sBale takes any Land o a poor_peagant, sho
ha [Link] he is apool man That
Ispesomally ulhivaHirg
land wkihtallswitin Hhe Culinglimiband gou 1s
rcbelyakikq his land. he wll be paid no amcunt (whthh
wa there in Rugkt lh poperty)But he will be paid-
[Link] and that too oh the moden market aua,

Loha all ax enited o qet lombenaahim hr acqusihon

ot Land by the stae -
Peadanks under A 31A and prouiso
oberky of Edutahonad inghtukons o r noilg under Art 3o.
other than hoe w ill get amount
Law of Ceilin
People Wed to have large holdiho4 Supbose
hR
hee ee wer loo people s wcd to have acH Lan
ohich 1s Called Margianl haldrqs and S people weal to
hold o,o00 ares of Land, 50 he stae had to Tutstt
thu holdinga and had o put a So Cuiling onh
holdings i t h wer Lalled Celing lawsthey dilur hom
Is a shake Subject So
Stae to Slale, becae Agncultu
each Statt po Ceulig lauas So noheson oill hold

he
he land mart han h limit decidedIn Celi laws
 an ano Hhur matter also (ame-
11ko SC
PhmShankar shukla vs Delhi Adminstaion
tn ths (ase also itwad held Hhad amy brisontr Stndu
elegam th theya huna htated wrongl tatn
n_it
Cam be taken a a Habea pus pehHon

13 June do2 (I
A Habead (olpus C a t a
Hddihional Distaict magisrate Jabal pu

Shiv kand Shukla 9 SC

ws Cae Loas of 6 Judgcs hench tha ime ther way
aprunhive Act called MISA ie [Link] [nkhal
Security AlAat the Him olemergency many people wee
anzkd uder this Act whoeAr achad againt the emerguny
Matker athed to scand th qushion wal-
Are undamental gkh get Sushenaled
durihq Cmergenc41-
Can any berson be aresktd anyhme duri haq mqeney 9
he Juolgmumt lame Lwith 51maorit in whh SJudges
Said Yes tundanewal ighs get suspenal
in_Emergenty
the onl dissenh hg Judgewa Jushte HR Khanraas wtiLe
khanna ho gus t Stand by is own vekion So he elt
that-fundamtntal gkk shall nat be superdea
what S the uot Sihalun
Catr on when Jan Cov Came_inp Power then through
troug
uMCAA it aaddled that- Right t lite Can Met bt
Sended tvch dui gehC
 that is examble o
whele
one
Judita. slandivey againstm
leqrslaure ano exeuhve for thas mater
2) wit of Mandanus As far a Mandamus is Concerhecd
Imean- we tommahd tus is he most rtensively
c e em dy when it wad originally madle in Bikin hat
tim Ring ia 6enh ed to loimmand those Perso lo pozaton
O Couats who R at louwer leus - I am lommarding
ou to do tas in ht ihkrest of juuhte Hus was the SBaah
6 he Ldit of Mandamu So ha it Isalwaus usd or
publi pur posea, in the inkret of juahte, that meanswhunevan
an
any bublic puson is hot peror ming his PublitDudy ha
time the wriAo f _mandamus lan be S3ued
This wiB is very exkwieremedg $o t liu
agait notonly Rxecuve_authanlty but oalso agalnnt
gui ualttia and judictal authont Ssto l e a
Lrt a i t _of MancamuA Condli ons aH neLessary toloe
ful lled those Loni htons a

I) The peikoner must hale a lal rigkt to. ob lin peator mane
ot a
laal lu
(2) THs legal cluty mut haue been imbosed by Conaituton
Ox by ag l a , I t mean itshoud hot be a leaal duty
Com ng ot oContact

Ths outy mut be mandatory not dSC tHonay

4 The Rgkt should be judicially entorciable.

tor t o f Mandamu hese ar hu baiequi

ther ae Cextain peoplea4ait whom l t of mandamu

Cant he issue wha ar thost peoplt 9

7The Loush kuioral heads the Puident of India, The ioa nor of
a sate

The HC judge Lohtn he is achiyin his judicial Cakaciky be

beause the decusions of HC ae alpp@alable one ah mov

Adninisthakive Judictal
i n adinis tmhie matkrs the wit of mMandamu
he Lobit o mandamus Cam nobe ssuad
Can beKSued > becaue thore cre man
Othr emuzle ce alalable
Appea Reuision
SpeLtal ltaue_petihitn hehe
Hon ble SC eh

Againat the legisluhu Parliament CLentru) stat legsladkz

Persona who do not hold Publu olita.

 Combanies which art gskied under (ompanics Achunles
they art
instumtnlality_of the out
a n he wiB of Mandamus agait the Crou h aMe O
Pomiss ony esbpel
Yes tiS matk Came before the SCin the Case o
Union o India vs Anglo Alghan Agencies Lid. l168 Sc
in hs (aAe it w held tat in Case amindlividual
acked ubon a_ponylt masle by the lou and h Crau 1S hot
ful Hiling ik þorJse then in such calah an pu tu
petlHon o wi of mandamta to Combell the rout o
per torik ponise

3) Wit of Pohihihon Poibidion meanso forhid sh

OrdersCan be takun from Hs wit ofpaohibihon. wi
of Prokibition is ISSuaaoy
oyhigher Courk awer louats,
or tribunals þreuent it om exertislng a Junscuc hHon oo
akia over a Junadichon which it does hot possen. Paohibhons
means inattivit ie not to doanad mandamus man-to do
it meams- they are Complekly ohbosike to each other i t mans
2Sldes ot a Coih
The wnit of hibihion. issed ag only againnt
iial and quAr julicial Authonhgit is hot o be sSeek
a gal nst leqislahv bod AdmnusBaive bodies o Privak
'nduduals or Pivate bodies
A wHt of whibikon ia normally
Suheaion Cout didechha a lo Caut of inteaior Lou hot
 to exe7cisc the Judusdichion w h h it does nst haue i is hot
uested uith Hus powar hence t Canhotbe allowd to
egally wt of Poki bikon
ue thi's powe
powe in other o r d a a
inenior Cout to keep witkin
Combellshe loey Court o r the
its limib of jurisdiction. in other word. {4he Lewe_Couat
1S CaxTqika on uoith a ttal and itdoe not haue jusiadidhion
it m c a n -
imnidialkly it will order. Stophage of ial,
juisducion is a ver i d e wod
Stay r der. doez not have d
Hhe
whet a
Judge apbca»sto be interakdIn alae an
Judgt is Joing- blatantly r o g it is clear that theae s a
the writ of Prohibihon (an be enrted.
Bia in allHhes Cadeg

How the writ o Prohbihion i& StaatsaL2

sBar led with an
Fistly Hhe Nohite of Motion 1s Starked
applicahon to SBart theeghi2ance whth 1s alwys Supoateed
Supaozteel
bY an APtidauit
has given a Stay odder ardCourt cloes hot
Once te Jualge
bather about it ane [Link] is Conknpt of the Higher cur

Even
Even 9uasi judicial bodies aAe Corercd by uis s o thatmay
all taibunals. hey can make t His nisake easily S0 whe neuer
a lou ha given a Sbeufic order to a aibunal. not o do
Something thenit must immidiately Stop
when a ibunal ack ithout Junisdichion od

begond ib unsdichon Or t is
acing against he uley ol Nauaal
okiy in
Jush o itsphocecaldhga unconstitutonally oX is
Contravenhon of fundamental 1g h in all thge
hege maters
wit of Pohi biion Can be enbrd.
2 wt. of Ceaiovai I mtans to be more kalla
inormeal oPthe wit o Cerhorari is also padsea by
the supertoa Cout
given to the Louxr os inkHor lou*
his uwi is ed for Reuislon if any Complaint lomes
On he order o a
aCouat then Higher CouaB Can ask the
Hod ad thtn Higher Coua B Can laok into tha atter ilsel
O Semol it to another Louat In tal
H ife ik is vey in Su
becaludeit alway CaAts_ospersioM on the inBegait or he
eitientyof he Judg
Norrallythe wnit ot Cexkiorati is PaAseowhen
2
whem the Cundamental aigh
ha ben inhirgeal
when the Judge ha exertisoo hispoe3 moR han his
Jurisdithon i meam decision iS exeens ot the JuHSclithton
where here isan_eror
abþarent on the fate of eLord
m e a Ertor of Lao on tha face o RLord

etor Can be Seen_ Peima facie.

So
Mandamus tdo
Paohi bition Not o do
Cea tio rati The Htgher Cout Set it Rigkk by itself

These
These wrih are baditally to oett a
wohg clolhg
whe therit is extes of Juisdachion,latk of Juisdichtion,
eyor o lao or ay violaionOf Hhe hinetble o
Jushice
D atual Juhe
 Bebe 1 , Hhe wait ok Lertio aní Coul be Passed
againat Tudicial or_quasi judicfal auuthan'he b in 19a1
Hh Hon ble se held hat t tan be pajsed euen againat
Acdmunis hahive Aulhoriis. wkeye the aighk of indiulduals
ate invobued even agaik0dminisBaaive cuthon itCan
t Cam
be palsed. Houwevr i of Ceshiorari ishot avalable
agai'tegislakunes_and Puak inaliuiduals
The obaect ot His writ is to ensure Hhat
he Jurisditton of Lawer Lourt is_praperly exerutsing Th
oait o Cerhiorar Somewhere inyokes the. Reuisonal
loues of me Higher Couk_ukon the Louer Coutk.
5)wait of Quo wa anto Quo wahano meansby
what authoriy? The wnit of Guo warrano_is iSSueel o beuent
illtga [Link] of any Public ofhte, wherever aPubléc
ofhite is usurped by Someone agaikdtLaw Hhe wif of
Cua Warranto ljtg. Thebasic takon ot Quo watanto writ is
Hhat al Publicoficos must be hllea up as þer law as i t
ManAby wha authorila_when aþeson aLk in a Capaciu
which he not empotweel by Law hen s he is usurping
that otite and how awHt Can be putaub againat him, to
ask him h shou- by what authori hy he is
sitting on tat
Post So, ik Can be sad that Some a htre Quo wamanto I5
in the nabure of an
injunc hon, that he Can not Sit in thatr
o kte
Ist Kme Quo' watranto d
wa
English Law
in
hme heir kig
kig wa Kihg Edward Ihe Storted
the first u wartanto Proceedhng
 Tha imn in Cnaland 4here uweN Eaxls, Baron s
k hey starled theur own lourts witMout he authony
O
it he
kivg
the Kily, when kina Cdward Came to khoalbout
1ssutd thewait of Guo waranb hby what
author ity you Suleal yout Courk.

uhat oAt Me loncihong to issue i s writ awhich must

be ful illeo

the mat be a þubli oAice.

DHce mukt be Subslankve or permanentolkte
The ofke
The must be Ceaka by he lonhituhion o _any
Slaute.
Rucondent muat hae 0ssalsed his cloim to tat oce.
The eapond ut is not legaly hala Hat ohre.

whena person hold _an ol£tce Lothour any Quthois

&nd he ohole Publi is not happu oith a eson
SeohoLan sar me wit o uo wananp Any Pivae
Person Can Statk he wvit of quo wa}Hanto evan Mou he
has hopenonainteret in Has matkr
That meanohentuer any body ao ohelds
a Publi ofhte and he ha no nght o it it is not only.
a Lonsh tuhioralpost even ita Cm is holding o fhice

wong fullyor Speaker

who Should not sit or even an

Advocake gencrowho should hutSit e wnt ot Quo wataht

a u a t all of them
Can beissuta
Ho Soon a i t Petihion Can be kled 2 i6 thee_ang
limiladion þeriod fo lna of uih 2
Thee IS no bacribed þeriod for wik

Then Lohth La wil apkely)

he Dochine o Laches
there way a Cas
Hari singh us Stake of UP 18u
sC
in tus ta wit pehhon way bu up atkr 2 Htas
Lahert Crau a t o acquire the Landl the wnf walput up
ytas
ytars of Nohhaion. SC held Mat tus is clear (aja
O Lachesthe witCannot be acelphed

bu he Cass where dela Is extluinalble the ase was

GP Doyal us Chef Scctary Cav: of U.P. 148u SS
n_aisCase.a sniorihy list Came ot alkr 12 yRas
t h a t list Comi ouk hat list was thallargcol SC akq
the eason ox delay he a
Cyplainel hat E wy pouitOna
h hacbeen k o r 12 yea te hnalise Hhat
lst bu_ Cruk did not hnal1se aa they eutn_did nat
ply on his ep«zentahiok SC helo it a valid takoh cihd
hot LathesSo he w tt wa accebled

Ts hert Cunyprovislon in _our Conuhtahion to vestrict

Fundamenha) Righ?
Yes Art: 33 15 he KHfrouislon.
 Hhrcle33 Aa 33 embower the Parlrament o skict
Hhe Aundawenal aghb of Armtd forte. Para rlkay forLes
kolite, Lntelligence tortesh ohiCh are tlaed fo la ano
Otder 03 Hhe secuhy of he Nahon Parlsament tan atntt
hur powe, and thy euen restiiteal .

Ho thty ancd
3 makina Latos e Hamy Act -1450 Navy Ack-L957

BSF At CReE At ete thaouqh thae ack, Hacir

fundaumenal Rigus hae been usharled
it
it atbl
apbly not onlu on Azmy_olras or Soldicas
italsoablhia to theuir Cook. baaber ee there wen it
ana Soldier is doina any indsciblinethtytan _Sant on
Solitor Coninemeat for a fird periodby their einer_oPfiwn orde.
an it Cant be appealed anywhere
13t June o 2 (IL)
In he bgnhg the Hat 33was onlg Coueh
the armed brs, laber on by the50 CA 198u A33
was [Link] noo in us_arhcle there an he
politehe Pasa miliary fortes CRPE ek. also the Intelligentes-
pme ek all are noto Coecol uithin he ambit of Ast 33.

Axhcle 332To abride he fndamental aigklk, the

Par lia ment haue to Make laus applica ble p
a) Am Nau and Air brceor
Mai'nBenance o Public order will be RaTa aliBary force
 C e n t a l Rcacrve Polite Forces (CRPE) Cental Polite Fore
BSE CAnel many more are Couered uder tis, it also
many
CoveeStaBt police
C) LntelligeaCe Buseau lounte intelligence Bureauek
g Rescarkh and Anal81s in RA)
d) tele communtCahions ae uety impoakant Pat where thert is
a aw Bureau
BurCau IntelligenceBureau RA ek. it mtans whees
th [Link] and odtr. secuihy of the Lountay Dntelligente ad
oHherSuch ting het had work tsinolvd Parlíamcat by
Las ma determine theexent of ighh mayhay icE
Or abaogake th nighs.
why2
Becale hen_Cam clusthage heis duhes Proly
Descipline Can be maintained

then Rught to lieuelally els them9

ts matter Came ino te Cose ot
PtipPol siwh vs nion af 1ndia la82 SC
in t s Casc was hald thar-though Armn Act 's hereHhere
butthen alsoit Can't be saidHhat Axt21Should be
Arm
lotked up in a oom not to be mad e apblcable at
all.
wheneuer hee is a paotedute in_a lout Mashal.
At 1 has to be bllowrd it Can: be otally ignored.
Axhicle 34
w hat i marhal Law1
whue there
the Crov aun
byMiliryit mean
militay Trbunals. OVmoe Couss C i n Pahu'slein
 debends exigencis he exigenue
Mar Hal law Dn
of he
hch oR
VerH dangeroud, when he uery eristance
had
Couny is in danger our Countay forkunaely neue
to have marHal Law UNike our nughbour wherin Pakis ty
As a Sult maHal law iS alway a veau - vay b1Her P
shith Shauld ho be taken in MorMal Coue of busines 3
then Marttal lLaws Somehi mes become imbarahive beCause
ohale lounty is ih darger marhal Lao is erkremest 5tejp,
hahs uhy any proviSlon of Mashal Las is not given
TheA IS no heed o for mal Prolaimah an o
masHal Law the uen euents Cuemehtally d ltads to th
Markta Law badiCally in a_marhal lata oxdu'nary Laws a
Suapondedand me l o u i s un by he miltlary it means
mlíkar Tibunals take heplace of Cous.

H_marial Lau apples, then fundamenaligak will be

Curailedhen all Aose ho an mbosing Marttal law,
Can he achon be takem agauinst themwho impseo) Mahial
Law that theqhaut intlged kandamenka ngkks.
A 3deals with tas, ths arhcle ucy cleasly Says
wheneuerany MarhalL la wil be inpoadthen Parliamtn4
and
Cam ake Law, tnatthese people who are follow ollo ing
MArtial law h areihdemnified, in oher woels thy
are belna þro kc ttal_in taturt rom_ any lihgahon agalhat
hem Hha hey have violaed he fandamenal ag hk So
those ho a infingng fundamentul Rghs during muatial
Lauo, while folloLoina the y lant be Called t he Coqt
 MartalLaw Suceed at tha place whee ploble att
illitaeor poor bu whe he beoble are educatd Mathal
Lau doca not work them becaue Hhue eachons ComL om
fom
btoble it Cantgo longer here
Ha: 3 Sauys tha Mat ial Law Can not be imbostd in whele
Lhdia it can only be imbosedin a s tae or þart af sta
So whe he tMashal La imþosed, if they inthckd any
punushment an Sendeuce þacd by ulitary Tiburalor duc
ay or kakae of a land, or in£rikgrng any tundameral aigk
they Pai liamtnt Can indemnt mem by making Law

in theAr 3u hotahet wll ht

it is wntten hat the -

Marhal Lao in enirt area Marhal Law,it specifially wi Hen

in baat o IncliaSo thert is ro þrouislon ot marhal aw
in he tountg

DiHfeance btween AFS PA an d Martial Law

MaHal Law APS PA
Aamed Fouca Sptcial Paotechian Act
The enhe adnins thahion is
token over by the amg Coua1s| In u's they care giveh
Power ends ano
TriTi bunals Sart
liard SpecialPro kchon that
Loill
the gek mort powers
viS a i z he axa whege

AFSPA as been ibosed

 Maa tial Lau 1s Somelhinglike emexqeny..
betueenMaztial Lau anoltmetgenty
wa baug abod in a Sc Judlg mnt-
AOM Jahal pur vls . shukla ht6 Sc
in
Jh HhisCase DiMextnte between Martial
the Law andl
EmergenqH oo haugh ub very clealy

Dikencq

Maral Law tmergtnu

This only athc he FRs Proclamation oB Ëméagcng
aects ERsCenter-Stke
There is no Specitc Paouision elahions, Reuennue dushibuton
on Maahal law i n h e amd So maky aupech.
Lohuhon ik isomlyinpliedl. lieally eull he þawes
susbends the ordtnary ae taken_aay by Pultame
Lous of Law Detal les prouL'si af
t akes over the exetuiw
Gout alo t h e ordinasy Cours o
i Can be impbosed on Law Coh'nut
am goure baically i n this Hhe Ccou. Conhue
when it iS dange p he itCan be oh 3 grounds-
Securihy of Indiaor Extrene war Extrral 444 eSSiohy
law and ordes SIkuahoM and Armtal debellion.

> Can he on Some

imbosad itCan be imbosed allL
over Imdia 0r evem past
Sheci i pat of the Lounkyit
Cant be Pam ldiq o Inda
Aaticle 3s one Hung is clear thab, on fundamenal igks
Parliamen has moe þower Cno 3tates power
al mes+ non existent So wheneuerwe kaue to make laws
to ive eAect to
FundamentalL RigkhHha poweris only
taith ehe Parlamend notwith whysiak
Because Fundamendoal Righk a e o lbe en fore. un
u forml
formly
in India it cantt be that there are Some fundamental Rughh
in onestate ana mere a no Coeponding- undamewkal
nguk in ane ther Stae and thad is the why o Ar 33.

Axt 3S a) whut the Parlíament have and the stake

[Link] do not have power to make Lauws-
J clause (3) of At16 Preacaibing eatdenke. asa
Condihon ok for Settle embloymah in a Stete or union
Teioy or eun a lotal authaity so f Reatdenca 1s to bt
mase
made Couhiko unler Art: 163) `hen siale Cannat mak it
it ha to be maalt by the Parliament

Clause 3 of Aa 32 Apat trom

om SC and HCs which
CoutsCan b [Link] t o ssue wrik in hture f
hey woant thaDishitk Lours Should also bebe given
qiven the
the
Powe to issuewnts Stuke CouCan not Paa us
order
tParliament wanBs it Can pam this oder

Aa 33 and 4
A 33, if hy want to edtnct
the apicahion of any Pundamnal nghb to
a Aamed
fortu 0r Polece Fotteit
is only he Parliamend which
Can do it by Law Stale Crov Can not. make any law *o
Cu So larly undur Ar 34 hen MahalLao is in
Pogesin any anaeven it isin a par ot a Stak
then also Stak gol Lannot. hus also
Can
indemauky them
be done
loy Parliameatonly
Thtr ate & Arhicles ohidh oar (oi tuhona lenes
Hxt 1 and Ar 23 So sheneuer any act hal to be
male ega»dirg e ofkncu of umfoucha bility and Human
Taaffickina it will be don only hy the PaklkamenbHot 1's
wh
wh The SclsT A The Pavenhon of ciuil Righk att 1a5s,
and Sec 3t0 IPCall thuse are Uion laus they ore
hot stale Laws the Stak 1S Met empowered to make any LaLs
On any o Hencewhith have heen declared tabe an oMence
by he ccnah huhon.

Art 35 (6) Then wen a lot of laws whth wt in otte

a the lommente ment of the loktuhlon
mang of hese matters
aladd Laws wer exisHra. ig = there were Human Talhcking La
altady existirgin such Cacsunless they a_shecrkitally
C
alkedor epealed otamenaed tm old lass will Londtnu
As a neial ule Ark: 372 makes it very lear het
all h laws of the rihsh Hma toCon nutunlu
huy Artspecitally Amtndedl ebeued or alknd by he
Lo hat Is wh IPL CP aPCtantract a Ce
Btsh time Laws Ond shlL In bortton ly CPhaue
been Changed LimattmHi'ndu Lats Oncd gome othe
Laws
Laws hae been ChavgdSo t a BHtsh Ls
BHhsh
 has t be pealed then i will be paledsþec hally
other wise i will Coninue tu he in forte Aat 3+2_makes it
Vy Clear
may be bossible that Some of Hha matkrS
itmay
tall under stet list this (on fusion was arosed= hat, if these
MatkrsIs td i n Art35 _are baurcally the stak lis t matkrs
and heke iB 1s wnitten Hhet- exepB_he Pazliamend hobody noloady
Cam
make las now i ik happend to be a stak lst matk-
Can parliamen make laws 9 becauaa h e þarlramet Can
male laws on stae s lst T i ' s implitd ho natuilks lardleg
he lact that evem an o thes mathers happen ho be
in theStalel t Theparlamcut Can shillmalte laty on

Part
Diective Pinciþl of Slake Policy(DPS PJ
(PTG1TJ
Meanig ot Ditchive is- to Diec4
So thee Diecham iS givem Hec to whom whoIS Croverhi
Croverhing
Dinchion for what 1 tha how to kun the Crovernment.

what ae those rihublu sich will awde a stake to

ercmister their stale whelher it 1S the Centeyor whe ht
it is Hhe Stat wv
Tho' Piniples the azoadnap is giuea i n the Forih Paut
ofhe ConaKturiom
 Ufchic. Pincleis No ble featut
a n ou lonsht0
becaeall he ibortamt
OMr
democaht Lona k'hdhton0
ohAhhhoy, the 1S nathingembarable to Hus Thee
IS no Parallel in Ameyttan lanshhuin No
,
Paralletin e
tetmanConaiuhon though He ttan Lwumy) lonahihhon
do hauedos of hage Hungg but not
ropely. it tan't be
Said thad. this have been
amplelely dis hinguwshed rom Fundameh
Rtgkh then where this idea Came irom)
It wa
buttally Hhe Insh Longkhhion, the Srameri of
Our Co ni huh on
borrow ed he idea an ot Diechiue Phinub lu
a_a Separak chapkr om the Laish lonsHhon.

i h a ot Dr Amhedkar
Ln
my Jualg ment Ditchvt Pintblu haue a
gat
value for hey dounHhot our idea is Econan
lay Demoa
Hus one line Sums uh Hhe why o f he Ditchve Prinaiblu
was
thtt anghg n
Indlia)
in la33 therewe Instumenh of [buchon 4 ilen to
the Slade by thu uietoy i'h Louncilhe idta Cawne hom h e
and ako keebing in minal th Tush lo hituhon, so bht
wert 2 Sourtes
anol eucn D Ambeclkar said-
Dichve ineibley are likehshumLnk of Instruchona

which were issued to the Couermor ltntal amd he

Crovernes of the coloniu of the ndia hy the Brhis h
Grov
 i n June o& (I)
As fasaA Direckive Prinuibld a Contemea, these ae
baically the direchue ohitha beia ven to every Stae,
ather the stse - How lo jun tae Aknini'stzahon of India
Lohat should be the Cherishea icleala, whenewer ws want aun rdia
The Lndiaof our dcam laid. don in our uery Preamble, Ohe
very impor tant aspect ot an deulopling Countryis that iB should
be e Socialwelfkhe staethat is Hhe basi apest ot any
Ccuntrywhith is þbrogessive India ince i is aNosLent
Demattayit has De mochaly wkth zis _very nw. it was ooàh
aA labe
as labe as
au4and that too hen we were l e a an
impov1sh Mssionwe had So manyprablems hen the Brih'sh.
let ugin fkct only phoblema galore. d d not have any Kusu
Trans iton we have infatt atsd tae wost of eueryHhi we had
bloody parhhon India was eltng uneleY pover
GDe was almost [Link] Lawex pectany0g ot uk wa
agei'n dusmally Lo, and he general aspe tin ont word
It wasan Jmouerished Nakon
we needed to hau Some drash
stebs foxaarely
heat ce unlike the Euobian Coundriea we hao a lat of
eSourtesincludi ng Human eSourte that iswayit was.
necessar ho
we Should be_able to open all he sour les
im me igkt lu'nal of policia. TheBihsh had
implimtntel
Sgtems with wete Cah kerous in her naun thoughSysktm
were gelf_ cleeahinyin nakeuhether i t wa mer

LaAha system, ox Kyowaai Sgsietm it ong let t a

Drain o weal h. tro whad edhbe alled a

 plden Spaxro a one point of km wod one of eHe
most imboverished Naion of te woald.

Naually itwa needed to give dirchion to

theStae, ho thy should be xunnin ndia India a
Sadly deuided into a tew ked handAo have ande
majony of have no. The Peasantry was he most inpovenshed
of Hheir btand here a nothing in he nam o
ndustaiali sahion That is the adon wh it wa imbaakive
a to la dewna Roadmap. How to make a tranuihon
rom a Pelice Shk whith he Bihsh India waj. to a
uelre stake. The main aim of he stake ould Mow to
ue ofwodh of Gandlki jí to wipe cver tear rom evey
-

eye as aeult we have to give a healthy Social £tononid

ultural and tducahonal obseckv to tht Statt. the ba
uspect wa8 SocialJushte Coupled uith economuc Juku.
we evem y l hese wods in he Preamble, that is why the
entie toxsk tuhional fundamental aighk ha to be se [Link]
with me Diecive Prinile. eg- The Right to equality eua had
inbuilt Systm otReasonable classiftakian. and hat s why
he Dirtchie Printbles Cre very imboakn Part in_out Lonhithan.
in the philosobhica a t ofhe Canshhuhtonwe had to achieue
the Chemshcd Croal and Social and economit Juhte wlidh is
Called-a weltoare Stak. we had to e di'stibuke the
cSourtCus ptr bht Motm of socialism we kad alrcad get
Hhe
the polihtaDemoChabbu we did not have ecohomc demotyati
or Social Democyas a tault he Paat-4 dealtwi
Hs a pett of Socta and etono muctg h
Polikca) and Ciuil gkh were uazan teaa
 by fundamentalaghs the social ancd_econcmil a1gkk are

eenuisayed bd Directive Pinibles.

gu then there oas a small þroblem, India o a s n e w
botn Democracy was an ihkant ithad no ex periente
In_Crood (quernanceter ve Jong hme the nsourLes were
Veay-veay limited and e haue Just gone through the traumna
of he Pashhion to make the Direchue Pinciples intorciable
the
i'n a o Couldalso mean Counitr Produchie and that 1s
ajon why Oiectiue Principles were no hade Jushiciable

mexel
Merely becau^eDiicchive Pzincibles are hot Jusheiable-
does
does not mean that iB Can he ighortd these dichue PHnciply
hot
iuen by the Cohahikuhon merely because they
CAe are

Jushiciable docs not mean that tne ste _Can brample Hhem,
alk over them and ighoxe taemalll the bolices ofhe
Fovt muat bealored asesthe needa of the Direchive
PHncipls, though they are not jushiablehut nen nothng

Stobs a erson homgoin to the sc itthe stshe S

1gnoring Diectiue Pritpl while making thetr polci
Diechue lnncrþle Can be wsd to explanor ven gwicle
Public Policies
Thereare man Judgmenb of he S

S4ate ol Bihar s kamshusar Peasad 1 4 5 S

twas Sd Hat f any Poliy of he Ccov is o be
dleideawhether rgkt or hottha Can be Seen though
the vere vitwpoint o f 0iechve Prinet ples and an_b
decrded h o r t is ngnt or not.
thought is natJudctally en forciable. itcloen'
Mean thh theNohice Cannot be in o aken:
 also be takn. anad where Stabe
euen
euem JudictalhoHice can
SC Can
$gohgopposite to tme DIcHue Pritbles +hen
also i e themNahite to Cottect Hhetr achonj

DrtHersnee bedween Fuuclamendal Rights A Ontehiuc Prinrple

tundamental Righk Directiue Princi ples

Jushictalble- Non Tuutciable

2laid down b theverd3- 2Have to be impl'mended bu

of
Lons h tuton legis lahion,by þolities
he State
itan
any law violakfundamend2 In
Righk hat will be void
an
Directiue Prihcrbls
Case l a wlth vtolate
the lou
Cant cleclare tha aw ay ulod

T h e Lout is Competent to Cous a not tompetent t

Combell any bodyi Cov: ek Compel) he stae to CarH ou
to entorCe anFR an Dincive Prntrple.

Direchive Paince plea clo notlon ks anypoe on

a legislatur, nen tshere does the legqlslakure
Powertrom)
AromSeven th Schedule ie Onon uistSdt lest Conturrunt (s
Ahey wee many arguemenk to decide hat- What
Cxaty ixthivaPrinible i9 GndulHmakly he
Concluaion o a Dithve incole re He etn fouhdahn
On which the Sulpeastauckun ot India has o be hult, it
Hs foundahon is weak, the Superstauckurt Can neuer be
strong
hue Qatthe qiding pihubls shith the stak must follow, in
Caee wan to make India again tha Crolden sharow,
ohich it once wa b be

Doe fundamentul righk sapersede he Direchivc Patneiples 9

No.
in the caof-
Shut ofMada s Dotairajan s1 S
wA held that kundamenal Rigkk owicle Direthiue Prinurhled.
bu theM. in' the ( e of-
Re Keala Educaion Bill 19s8 Sc
FrOy the hrst timeit was held the the Courk Cannot b cntxly
ignok the Direchi intiple ather they shauld ado pt thL-
HaxmonioLs ConAtuthion. Fist Hme Harmonlou ConsAuchm waj
aduotaled by the St.

olak Malh CasL However went back o the Dominane o

Pundamental Rigkh
95 mCAA SaidHat Al316) and 31 will oemde
the hundawnene igk
i n the kescLuanahda Bharh Cose anMiherua
lls Case
VE clealy it oas Loaitlen ¥hat They are like two
wheels ofaChaiot
of
merRbeCaluye Direthve Prinuble art
hot Juukcablkit doe netmean thad they hav to be
ignore
the a
they equally impoatat as a undamenal rgkk
Direchi Priniples haue been provided teetm thnugh Atitle
Aticlu
31A 318 and 31

Divectve inct hlesShould be the, okich dwell uhon

h Paat Present and futu.
thom thevtdic ages Idia ha beem an
agriulhut Countybetawe India had all thoSe eSoumy
ohich a Launkry needs ox
agritu) ktt. The bs 0f wader
amd Soils foundin India Can
kot be ound în ang oh
Lount Indigus SBrong boik is ik agi ultNwhith we
Counhy
Ceuldntunderstant in sBaHng Cuen HI Sa her were
ines o Thougtwhen Inaia becamt Independent,
a lineg o thouakF

Cranelhkian Philosobh Nehauuian Plan

India is a Agaicultual Courkes Accordna to Nehau ji
So the Agziculkure shall he industat shall be pime
deueloe and rom agritulhdal movi y orce, So Mekau ji
pwdute SBat sagro indutnes. ocus tolmore on indushia
and om hose mony 2nd 5 yeas Plan w
totaly
heavd
he auy Î'ndus trieg Can be based onindustaus, but it
huul noothShall sta wwy badly ai led be Lau
Start from Agula e.. Nehru ji neuer thoug of
Rec Tabis m Beutaucdh'Sm
Lobourprob lemy e
 thar
tha HimeHhere was abhobia as wellIhdia dido
ullou Fo»uan Ditcd Invektmens and fortign hstihuhorad
Foregn
Inustmenty ek. be ae India had aleady seen what ha ppend
Lohen East Ddia lompany Lame. in ao0 itwas klt hat
Loe wert serwong, PnmR mavin force skal]_bt Aaniulku

Dinchut Pinibles (an be Deuided ixb 3 Park

Gandhian Philo soplhy Socialist Paat [Link] Pout

Past) Pezent heel) Foxwad lookin
Agaiculta liuor Ihaaitof ldea
- han ela Diecive Principles
Ae Socialist

At36 Jukiation
the otd SBote hee includes all he aspeck
oidh u x t (oveyed ih Paat L

Halicles 31 and 3 Aticla 31 and 38 torm the Crux ot

the
the Diechve inublea. Axt 38_deals with he
Grist of
Direchue Painuiplus
Axt:3+ tells animparkunt Huing tha -Direchive Paincipla
r e net
Jushiciable but then it doe not mean that-
th
thu ave teethleu tiger. and sHak is urder Comhi uh oal
Obligahion that ht shall apbly the Direthue Pastuplwhile
makin 0 LaudS
F FE
 So hen the tcut ha to del declare whethe r a Law 1S
valud o nok a veny inpot tant thi is b t eken inb.
Cowaideraiom iswhether it toes he line o DiMchue Prineipley.

at38 Tis arhcle Can be Said tme Peamble Summe

Summer
Concludion, istethossaul oDirechive PrtnuiblesIitives
the bird ee eye vit of the enh Oireciue Prnu ple
A 38U) The only aþonsibility of the stak is - wltare
of the þeoble. welkare will
mean bringiha Socialeconov
ancd Paliical JWHe in every persons ik. 5 o t I5 tht
aponsibiliy oStae o make Tndia a we lkare Stak.
3 2) iB wainaerked by 4uth CAA 117 ths Claue was
adde by sanla Cav2
i S u - Ruonibilits of sake is SoqalismwheH ther Is
ho intgualtt whether it is Social
incgalty or Rcondni ínqundy
or inequalit of skk4 or of aclihu or o othorhunihiu.
lause sun genealad elase 2 ) is speuk (Pashitular
Aahicle

Claws Clause 2)
Un gtneal) Pahicu las)
3take ill make a 2No ieq,uali ty o ILome
wl fae stak wher inequality is ih Statuy-

base will be Justiie. aui lihe and oppor hth

Sotial e lono hL and ot 1ndividuals bu
Poli hcl Jwhice
2Not only
also ot groudtof peo ble
sldu ng in dile e aren).
 amon Hhesa
38 ) also alks abo bringig equality
who ae followln duleen votahiona

we See Policiea or euun laws he L

ECono Socialane Polihita Equality
whetherit s about Making o d in he villag Home
for poo People waltr faulltes ConnechoMs of£ Roats ih
Lndia, thue all are b end ihdquauity
The bigaest Curse of Briksh Ccout s Ihequaly
thisugh he cenhuHea e hght o ankinghas been
agansihtquality Lshether iB 1s Magna Carta, whether
IsGlonious Rtuoluhionohtler15 Russian Reuoluhen,
whether hit is Frenth Ruoluh' on or Amerllan Reuoluhm
awas
always manbinahas beenhgk agains inegualily.
Indta has the dubioy disknchon o
hauinglos
imequalie butaus ot DtuerSity Caste suakm Clas
dtlererhard duffeeniahon, Zomindars Peakans al thuae hings
haue we also hacd RaLISM_ South Thdan Norh Ihdta
Angis hicS AnyDiversity one Can name S hir In Iadia.
we euen haue hotleyt and Coldest wh weakher an
manu
mor inequal key
ana yer. it shal) be madlt sure tha- wipe eveay tear
om every ege

Axdrele 9 Aat 31 is in_Lontnuahon of 3&,

tMeam =Ar 38 13 elabomieol in Arhcle 30.
Ha do. ill falKII Ahe idealutSoCtal eConomt
dhe 9
6u tollo tng Cerhain Prthiþ lu O Po tCi.
 those P nu pla and Policiea an* enumeracol in Art 3
ths Arhicle baattallg is the roadmap_of the Prinuples of
Pelity
Pol ohich Stot must follota to ensu to achtue
he Cherishesd ideals of the SoctaJushte

H 5now goca into Specthc ard dincs to Secute

(a men and uamen eAually haue he nght o adequak
meah of livelihood.
So, t one has adeguak mens of livelikood most of the
poblemeg are Solved thals wh onem loyment is the toors
thi
thin or anlunpbecaujt w e have untmploymenEwe
a
not givin he aolequadt means o_liveli hood f hert a
hot he adeqake_meamg of [Link] hea amother brohlem Can
Come ike unaler embloymertohich 1$ also anethtr Curse of.
the Sauieh
hee it Com the Basic hiacrple of Sacialsm thalu
wh Aat 31C talks aboud tis lause
what is the (onceht of socralism
The Ste will take awan, all h eSources and tdusthi bue
them as pe he heeals of he Sotth
So the stae shall hnake Such pokiesthat all he
esouate we have Loouled be dustibukal in away that
every body will geE egua amount of veSourte

Shouldnt
C) Ther hett be a Sgstm Lokith. CxatsaSigueme
between have and have not Yolicy shald be. Such,hat
eco no Mic Sptem do no t eult in Concentrohm o wealth
n ts hands we haue to look ater the PXoletariat
 mean
wwch as he bat o Rusian Rtvoluhm
Socety Sheuld not be devideal ino wor ktr tlas
dnd Rch Cla hee Shall be no Suth. Syatem +hat
o n t Side ter wll be wor ker clas and he ne ther

SId a ftw rath people

aolctetriat basitally mean Lweker woekers.

1 n June 20 CL)
3a d) This is the baaic fandamental of equalit
Hhaequa Pay Hos dual work j4 men ano oo men
wotk at ang blate thun they mut be haud equall
earlierhere was a mewhen womin alway usd
togtlesser oages than men but no longer nauwomen
ill be get baid. Cquallyit thest work 1 tual

39 (e) T h e 4ender age oP Hht cu'khen mut be prokctd

and alko any person mut not be brted to work agRunf
his ag O Strength we Can say Hhod-Rgk to if
is flezed ino Hu dinchuc þrinti plu, that every
ever berson Should
be working
workim as per is Capati+ and caoatry S dee ni'nad
to large extens by Age o Shengh i: may & be a perion
large b
bd no Strong So, in all hse Caj one tunga
Shoul be takem Caethak, a þerson should be given had
work whch is sauled to kis age and alo h us
muh Strengh
314 tis i s a veay inpotlant adkt, becauye if ckildren
ckildren
a ho healt futurt
than of India is no
g0irgto
be healHy that is why s is an important Ditthive
incible br Cluldtn hat is wky here is Speuia J J At
So cildren a t giuen opbortuuiie, and acilitiy
deulope in a healthy manner anl ondihians of eedom und
dugnity
dugnshy and albo childhood and youh ade prokckd Hat
hey Can't
Cantt b xploittd unnecLssanilyagains non dulop-
men o ther ersohoalikky morally or h y hae been le£t inb
Povey he axt So many this Com ou of it
RaghtRight to edutaion,- Ckildren Shall hat wor in dangero
attories ( giuen î'n tundamenal gkk abtady ) and muid day
meal is also he put oRigk to edutahon becae ot tuis
Claude sþecial Ack_Cam be made for
ildtn ckildrcn Can be
taktd_ StpaaklyCertain factoriea Cah be for bidden to
eml
them Me childtn of cer tain ag or up to the cerun ag
Can be alloeeO disallotoed to work îh Ceatain tatoríu.
all thee a Sotialist pinible.
Ho equal dusiribuhon Can bedene)
taxation of weawHa, Rich beoble shall be tared mork _and boor
Shall not be tdabol'hion of 2amihdar, t e t
agrul taal
dtorms Celing Acksal h hingb Came ouk fem Hhe
Loncept of Socialism

Axt 39A Tus arhcle La inser kd by h 2hd CAA

may Direchive inible were aaded in 4nd cAA tho se
At 3a Ar: 31A At. u3 A At u8A theje
feut Articles of Direchue Pr'hublas were added by4nd LAA
A: 31 A Sa Stale. Loanb thukJukce Shauld be
buailable gbodyeaualhybekort lau and equal
pro thon of Laco ts a fundamewal Rigkk t vamag
so enag
itfor he people oho are too pooy to afodIt tne
Systm of Fe lgal Ad wad
intodutesl
So the ltgal System shauld be that whh bouidu
Jwhte ana bch aell od as poor Skall geB egual oppostuit
that is why legalTautkorihis are thene i'h evry stak.
So ho one Shall
Stay auwa om uhce due b econo ' t
dusabiliHe
Rigt toe legal aid iS undamtnl Right or Dixchiu
Painciple 2
No doubtin their judgmenk sc saud hat reegal
aid is ones RIAkt to lie bu that Cannot be takena
as a blatant clausaFrte lega Ac 0a adldd in At31A
by 42nd LA4 and SHI it is Conatdereal ay Dinchve Pinupl

thea isa landmark Judament on fee leaa d

Sheela Barsevs Stat oA Maharakaa Lag SC
L a huld hat leaal assishante to a poo or indigent
personwho is arhes t_ad put in Jeopardyo s 1tfe
And personal ibutyik a Constthokal imparaive mahdated
ho only
hot ony in Art3 but alsoin Ahles 14 ad RI o? the
Lohthion. it is a Sine qua Ron o Juhte and where
it not providedinjudhiteis ukaly t ult and
undenibal uncleniabl eveay act of injiwhte Lortode he
[Link] of Demo Caly Ond l e of law.

trUo3Tus ArhcleSompleelu Crandhian Philosoph

Panchaua Raj 3gtem WNGN15. 8rass oot leuof
 Covtted by Ar: yo andin
Demotratt S sbecrfitalla
Consonance of Hus Axhle the ontept ot Pancha yat Raj
he2rd CAAi he Hird Her
india was intoduced oy
in Art a45 ne clag
oAdinIstahon thokis why
oeae added wich were addid though d end tuth CA

Righ to ork15 a Ditchue Priniple wuth 1s

Axt M
was a Case on ths mattr-
Covtrec by Hus Aaicle ere
Inctan Drugs ard Phax ma Leuticals Ld: v/s woskhman, Induan Dugs
in Hus Judgment =
it was witten that a t lprouids r Ri'ght o
OTK bu this had been deliberately kept by the foundin
tathers of our Lonshhuhtn, jn tme drechve þrinuible ard
isoy tus is unforuable because he toudin fathes
Hha
Tealised houn aliky of o u r CountryCannot be overloaded
tha
Conshikehm
Cnd vey lealyHu's Judgment Says - Axt 21 6 he
sttached tar to indude Hhat euery one must
Lannot be So as

have a Job.

Right to livelqheac is _diktrent fromRigkt Tob.

Public ais tante allotoamcefoa he unemployment,

old age
are alled
Rnsibn Clnd for Sickne3 and disablement tue
Socal cugabilikM schem anoit is a di techivc pihcible, that
ohevey Cant do he work because o¥ age, unembloyment tk
hevey
thy
they shal beiven shpened by the sfak So a t
Can sstain.
Aatrcte 2 tws 15 a_wryimbor tant aupectworkers ed
be
Suflenig like mad VY inhuman ondu Hond ued
tDbe there Hhat is why many labour lauss Came ih and
,

lubour debastmenh Coune in

engum has he labour S
het xbloited
ant that S a ealon Lohy ho, ther iS
a boliion
o bakdecl laous an also the s a lot o
checks and balances enAU hat the emplo4er does
ho unnecessanily exbloe his labou a also for omen Hhere
sshecia) aids e Makernity lkaues art ard:
H:u3 Livina wagas or workerss
tis ne reaponabliky of the stake that whekmer it
make Lals or elonomtal organ2ahmyand an oakur w

whakr indstrial or Agncultunal or anyotheg oker a

kwing LOca IS be uuideol

ther ate Mbes o w s

Liviy a Minimum wag wag

uwder this he -

thue are tor apant taom Survi val

Can ful L not Suru val ard lomfor t, he am
only neusi Hy -withoutit one do Shmall san'hgs
but a ttle oul cit
Lom fort as well

Ar u3. talks
abow Livihg age
 Apart Aom living wage Conditions owozk Shll he
that ohtre they Can have decen Standard of lte an
also thy_Lan exjo leisure and cultyral achvihu thads whu
wh workes ar that in factoaicgGatooms Onal zucmahm
hoong an mada when thy tan play Shmall ame -table tenus
Carom ek. andtis is mandato

fhomate (otbage induties tHus wa H dtam oB lradhi ji

Evem Ihdia wa foamous for ih Cottag indusBi shh w
spoiled by the baihsheas. ever blace od hda s kmeus for ikh
tage indudry an i t s uponuibli of he stak to S«ppott
them waa\mum

Aad U3A2us Arkcle waallaaddedhy the 2 nd CAA 9 76

i talks akod þaztiipaton of ookkes in the managemtst
of industiu,
Ontof the bijgust Radohs ot the proletaniat formahon
wa=lack a say of wotke in he managementhe e r
owhe of me mill is gsthing a lo of mony betause of
his wodkes huttheuhave no sayin the decrslon making
Dio. No us is intoduced in Lalour las tha they
Shall be girtn parhtibation in he mamagement, becaye
His Diechive Prdni ble

Aa 43 8 it was adcded hy he 93 mCAA oll, thus s

ye
ve borant thy in InataLhh was slarkd rom Amal
iCoorahive SoIc Co-operahie Sauche will be one
of thebiggeut Stabilizers o RualInda , thar is ohy ithab.
been macde Diicchve Hniple +he best xamþle ot Co oahe
Souity 1S Amul' wkich has pave the way to India to
be Com the mosi l k
Lia is No.l mulk
produti Lountry in the world
produting Country in he world whik
davohom Cawmebecaumeof
oAmul duoluhi

HatLy Tus Acle. is the Most Controver

becawethe
beCawe2 Sfal Arhcle,
foundinay fathen alwau in Lsankdthat tws
Countay there should be a Unitorm Cuil Code
au tht
rlrgrod lommuHea d r gouer ned by hutr OLh
ersonal laws and it tme ditak of the Coni
huhin ttat
ikommon Penal Lao, and lommon ciuil Laws we
Lommon personal Law. buk * Shoukl haue
have
[Link] Staks a t noo loming
todward ke- btHalkhand nauo wanh o
0 i n Crwa
tntore UL
the Honble Sc wa lamented in_ Shah Bano Case l9as
One more decision Came in the ae ot
Jordan Diengdeh vs SS Chora LatS SC
whe he sc again reiBerakol the
urgent neeal ohaving
Oniyhm Cuuil lode

Aaain he matttr Came u in h 9arla Mudgal Cue 195s

inthis Cane hy sd hat-all Hhe poblem ol marmage
DivoLe, adopiom eh oan be Solved It we have Secular las
Covth al pea Son
Agam hcre wa a Caseaot-
Maha shi Avadesh vs Union of Ihdua 11445
itwa akd [Link] doeshot the s C Inpliment if)
SC Said that -lqislahon is thot Hhei pat aA work
tis he responsiblitg of the Ccouh to impltment it .tIs
mo the mattr o Juditiary b appy

Silaaly another Caje Came

Pconnalal Banilalus stk o Andhra adeh LaaL sc
hea alsothe Sama thing wheld- though }he uni toim
Ltl Ceec Code Is highy desiable bud then we haut t go
vey slouly beta Suddenly changing the enhe law o Inda
Lould ulB in a lot of saial odirwe shauld go skep
y seto praBect ouT unitandinkgtt
Bud nearhe le -Otorm Civi Code 1s an tdeal
Situahon in uhithUnsky in divesi anal Faa kniy
Can be eaAlyAtahhshd once we cable ha establksh UCC
in the Counry

Aa us Ax us ws [Link] Subshkulkd by theg6m CAA R2

earlier ít wa he direchive Pihutþle that the Children
of 6-14 a y shall get cdutahon shiuh Is hou kundaomend
1gh onder A a1A and Axt:uS 1s noto Subshided and
nos it sas Same o r O 6 sars Chrldren

Ax 6 As fa a SC ST and weaker Sachog axe

Concenedi here broadvieo has o be takon of-
 #tFiE

E
 6M June 2o (I
There wil be no Situahion of htwile elechom o
eiden
Sualificahon of the Re sicdent Axticlu S8 anal 5

Ax 58 U a)_ h mut be the ciizen of Thdia i

he is noi the Citinof Incia, he Cannot become preslident
CiHzon mean)- an e of Cikizun shih even he
iS hotborn in Indta
his is the bodit difkrence of President
vi raudone of ONitd stakea a C o Indua

Unikd glades India

onlgOnly ih 2unship by itzenship by other

bith ts acceked waH IS aLepted euen
h e iS hot born in
indiq

58 u b) H must havt_Lmpleled he cgeof 35 ears.

58a)C3 Re should be qualtied for_elechon asa membti

of the Houe of he Peo ple (Lok Sabha)

H e Should not be holding any ofte of Pold

Ft 5s2)
office_cf eaoitCame for e ckoning in many Judgmtn
 Sibu Soren v Dayanand Sanay S
dehined in
the
he woad o fhite of Prof has not been

the Consitin, so tis Judg mont Says=-

otceof Profi ConnoB the Ldea of cunlay gaun
there Shall be monekry a n
them
L f a berson S minis fer Covernorpr vice -Presidert
Can itbe cansidercd as o kiceo Polt' 2
he
Ex plainahim of Ax 58 2) Sags. No to theu purpose3
held anj ofhe of Phoht
pesanShall not be deemedto
of Parliamet
Aal 59) Pqrdent Shall not be the mamher
mP
he Should not be an o
Or Stak legislakuze it means

or mLAthan a t he
f he is already an m
MLA
MLA, that
time when hebecome_Prestdent iB Shall be dee med
vacatd his scat ih the Paaliamenk o Stak leqi'slatun
he has
he has

S(2) He shoul no hold any oite oB Paofit other than

His.
zeni o taidente
SI3) He shall hot be enhles to pay any
and also
he c a n u s e he deaidene without bayin any cnt
C2nd Schedule)
be enhtled to allowancespivilag ek

There is a Act called

Pocaidenhal and Vice -P>esidenhial Act -l452
to be nýminatd for the Presidentis Post, the Candidale muut

ful il Some o ther ondihong

he Shall deposik he Securiky o IS o00 inR I.

and heneuer a þersonils ub hus nominaimo Shurdi'ng

up in he preardents elecin-

He mut haue 5o electors as pro þosers they am

MLA o MP) and 50 MLA oa MP shall Second
h i m i t m a S.o wilprofosa and so eil sa Ye
for him)

befo laat thee wer only lo poposers and lo Secondes

CLne SecuHy was tdsD.

Hat Go The oath of Preatcdent

the oath o esident and Crovenor _diflerent Prom other
oaths- meir oath is b prueerokct ad de feho the
Lonsi tuhon and he wilI_deuote himself to the Seruite and
well being of he People o Idsa.

c a t h of ofice tohe Preaiden is ad mini sBeted by

the Chef Jus he of Indua and it ih caze Chie Jshte
IS notrsunt hen, Senior most Juclge of he SC who
Is auaulabl.

Suppose Pruident îs dead and no we are to make

achn Praiden,Con they also be necdedto ta ke the
acia
Same oath 7
In Case the þrestdent lies ana the tztdtrta Pekon
 dis tunc hions 0 the
aCHng aa President or ckarging
he
estdenthe Cannol Start ac king 04 a prurdent unhil
the ckiel jutice
take a Sinilar oath given to hm by
D India
what a the Paivi lages o fa Pacstdeni 2
there is an speuial Axhicle that IS-Ast 36

Hx 361)Sag no Act of Preaident is quhionable in any

Cout of Law ohakeuer he is doin as Pesident ohly

in

One CaeOne Can go to tht (ourt when Prcurdent s huing

impeackd and now w e want to inuesHgaBe a Charge-
inuoke he tourt..
agaiat the President, then we tan
act of he President
So in nolmal condlu'honsany
Preatdent in
Cannot be ihvoked hich he has done as a

Leuti sf his duky, in a y Cout of Law

thonly time when one Can invoke tht Court IS when

One Can bring the conduck of the Preaident to the Coutt

hen he bcing inpeached then on tha

fo vevieo is s

hmatter one Can alwayg ask.

Beore 1aso Covernos war alld Rajþramukh, hefore

that the a ho Conceh ot roueInoT

3612) Here the Printiple oabelies

The king doegno wdorg- No rininal
Paotedinng- [Link] ghall be îmghtuta or Coninut
dgaihst Hhe hesrdet t laglver. any proteedirg was thee
then thal will
sto afler buny Phesident
Duvi
Duriy
Cam k e
the tm
plate
o his otfice no Cimiral Poteeolihp

361 (3 He also Cannet be arrated

turm of
o1 imprisoked durí e
h's ohte

what h e lommik a
Mu der 2
Fitlyhe will be inbeathec, then remoed ano then
he im nal phoCeedi ng will be skatea
against him
361 ) what ahowt civi roceedings
Ay done by the Phestdent in_ the Couse_ ot is
Act
clutyit Cannot be brauyt to any dvil Cout, Noact
of the presrdent dluaing the krm of i s ofhce in wect
of any act done by him a a dent Can be biaugkt
to a iuil Coutt
Howeuer in us persoka capaih ohen he betame
aPesident there was a matter whith has Lome E up a
aciil maHer months Nohie hag t be qiven to
him, in
wriig and hat [Link] Shall ihelude-
Naure of the Proceeding
CausCause of Achim
Name
Nane of Hhe Planhtwho want to Proceeo
aganat himan
h o t S the elvef huich he clath
 6 June o29

Onte the
the Prealdent ha been elecled then he vule
the ohr or the tam of 5yasAom the dat
hen he enkrs offite and when the pe of 5
yeas nds
Heas his enure ends he wanis to aign He
Can alwayg esign he addvessas k's beaignoahioh lettr a
he vice- Paeatclent h e Can also ba emoled oy ihptathmenk
1 h e san o hold oLre again he i allo ed to qst
atelecle a many numbe» of Hime So any Preider (ah he
eligible for [Link] any humbes of lime
i n the Onited stales of Amenta no resident
Can be electec for more than twite
once the President gets electo and now his
Sucesox Conea ttw_days latex than 5 yean then he
Condinues b hold o hite til his SucceSo aJsumes chasge is
the neo incumbent take over.

Renoualof the heatdent om hisþost Ax61)

The hoces of the Cmoualof President is laud doon in

Arcle 61L
Impnchmen Inpeach men is the word ud only o
demoval of the President, this word Can not be wed br
any otker Peson.

Theword inpeachment Should heler be d tor

anybod except he President of India.
 raouncd o the inbeath mer IS only one Uijolahion of
theConsH kuhien.
beCawse he ha taken he oath,to PreseruPokct
Cnd deiend the Conshituhn h e yiolates the ConsH tu'm
then, ho
no busines h hal to emain as the President
Dndta That is the deauon why we hnd hat Hher 15
Ong ourd tor inbeathmcnt is uiolaton of the-
Conshituhon of India, wkidh is given in Hat 6

what iS the violahon of the Conshihhn

Ths is not dekned, nas this will A ditfer from lae to
Cascis a wide (oncebt many Hihg Can he intluded ih
uiolaton of the Lonshtuhon.

Hot will the Tmpeachment proccs be Statcel 2

2Anyof he house Can Start he impcachment Poce 14

meanaimpeachment chargas Cam be Staaded by any houe
ie Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha
Tst Siep
The twhich Aames e
hase charges must be Signtd o
the t h Members of the House. CsSame hougee

i a50 mem bersare r t in that house hn

tmak chare mudi besghab f 2so Memhes
Ihd slep
then lu days NohtceShall be given to the Prjident
to
 d skp
the impeath mont bill ahall bepasseal / d
MembeaS of tHar house Cnot_punt and uotiky

in RajyaSabha / of &50 membe

O1 i t i5 in Lok Sabha of SuGmemben.

the Chare and another

So one house will ane
houe will Inveshgake that.
N o o _Praident has ight to alheas betoe thai howe

and to tprsent himsel

h e moment when another hous a e s inpeathement

bill by &/3rd of thir members. _at tha moment Paete
Peaidem stands deMOLed

So the Henut of the Bejdent dleem to be end

whem th bill ill be paMed b &ysrd memhes in the
Second houle.

Inpeachmtn is a quasi Judici Procedu aho

oho
all canPaaiciake intus9

Naminaded memsers of both the houses Can þashiipak ih

mpeath met. though 4hey are hot þarhcipakhq in elechom
Ye they are allouo ed to paahtspale ín us emoual.

MLAs om UTs and Assembliy have Mo ole o play in

herMoval of he Peaideut

Ho dot he of 4he President fall uacake

On
On the expir of his km.
7 he esiznes t o the ure Prdent

if he is emoved by inpeatchment pt
iA he diu
h u s electon is deClared uord he SC
S tha ate the 5 oundsOn which bost of
he Pr3ident fall ualaled. 2 Preaidlents oho did hile
they wee Prisdents
Dr Zaki HusSain
2) Mr Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

whentuer there s vacany cafher 5 a r he on kinus

t hald oPhre til the new [Link] Cone in So there
S no pla of gap as a egult

wnhll he Prcaidert Comu the old Preaidet Conh nues to

held i s office
2 I f 5 0as has been Comblekeal andhew PrtSident haj
hot been seleched yut, then viLe President doy nat lome
in Pickur Prsrdent toninuu Hill the ne Prardent
takes over.
what ifaPacsidesk eslgnes or inpeachud, o diey 2
then ih Suth Caes. the vtte Preaident takeg ovey
Prestdet Hll Hhe new Puident i's elecked.
 Ha eaident alcardy ut in earS2 years wer
lelt and he die._uill the new _Presidt come for 2 qears
only o will he Start a fhesh S ycAs)
onlyNe PrEsiden has a lompleBe termof 5 yrSit
iwill nmol that he will only lome tr ihe remaining puiod
o PreviouBidend his neo knur will staxt 0 a bsh

i i n Caye he Patatdent dies, and ViLe-Pres(cden wa

also tavlli ithin in a helitoptr and he alsa clieal,
in Such Cae the Chic Jushce of India
t a k e ouer as
Preatden in tale he is also not thereHen theSenior Most
Sudya a Hht Sc ake over as a Paeaidet andl dastkaxqeahis
dd duhe ill new Pruident is eleceal

Loheneuar he uite Prardemt or the chief Juhteot

Lrdia oOY StNior mast judae ack as the Presidents of Incdia
he geh all the sae saluiea and emmolamenk of the Praidewt
of India during the period wken they are woYkihg a the
Praident
bu the Lant get Salarics in Lhdia so
wheneuer vite- eiiden
a or JI or The Senion most Judye o c
s ne Case ay be e ating a a haident of India, they
that of Prsident and
only get_one Salday wkich is
Hha time thy do not get thtir Sakanu a Uite-Prtsidtn
CJ1 O Se nior most Juulye.
 PowcrSane unctions o the Proid
tCan be deuided ino 8 Pars-

Exewhive Powors by the

Exetuttue Pours are Louered
Aatcle 7y-11 184, 14 155-156,11A63.230
9,31324338 3 yy

Milikary Pooers i iscovered by the Arkicle 5312

3 Legrslahie Powd
Legis lative Powt are (overtel by
Aahicle-3 K5-84|12, 115, 1123151Qu1 33
Rule making Powers Rule Makin Powrrs f he Aaident
Covered by he Artiely= l o 1lg_3IK 32o

5) Juditial Posers thue ar loukd by AHiles- +

H3

6)
Emeraend Poucrs hesePowers ate laveredl by Ariles-
352-360 365.

EFinan Lial Powers Ftnancal Powes at louercal by Aahcle

112, 115, 11, 15

) Power to bc move cuthicul hy Tuis þowei i's toer ed

b theAicle 32-
C) Executive Powers of the Ptsidt

7He is the execuhive head of the Country

Al xecutive acHionsof he Crovare tormall4 aken

in th name_of the President (Ast: 71E
He Can make all }hose uleg thak- how the orders wil
be followed and houo Shall be exe(uital ih his hamueh
Hous the union Cou i l l tun Ik buins the mann

oill he decided by he Preident oB[hdia.

He apboink mang sons he appoink the Prime nihskr
A 15) and all the othe miis ters
ThePim minis t e randthe Countil o
hsers hold ofir cuh he Pleauof the Paaicde
not
h Lok sabhs they are answeahle t the
lokSabha hut they hala thei o Ptite during pleakue o
the Pregident of India
H e abpoin the Attorney Gineral of India(Axt +6)
he also determins Hhat how muth Salarywill be
given to im, eu_ Attorney Ceneral of India holds
oPhice luaig- he Plaasure 0f the Preideat
# He appoints Comproller and Audior CGeneal of Ldia
Hoticle lu8)The chief Elechion lomSS loner
Elechon lamnissionens Art. 3u)Judgu of the sc
Ax Ru) Jualgus o HCs of the
Ctovernor of a stak (Aak:15s) UPSC and Joikt-
CommsSiones (A 81).
Theve ae Certain Constkkona posh opbointed by hih
Speutal o Plices to SCsand Sls (At 3bs
 [Link] thee appointmens
Commissdner on languagu A
evonTAS ahd IPs
are bg he Praident ot India.
ma ole
at also apointed by the Pegidentof Idia
he CanSeek an informatim aelathing
any
Admihs tahin o alaurso? the Union
o
t hesidext is hot sahsfied witm any_clucis ionO
amuster_, he Can how KquIe the Phim uSterD
deCohjide that bil ohole Cabinatt
delah'oshs
Inter Stale Counils, t s emete 8Cenker Sthke
Are also aphointed by the [Link]
Admiis thahn_of allunton tenitozity- isclone b
Pheident through administabx Lieutenant Crouerho
mims haor ek Uhion r terito iz are directly uncer
Ad
the President
under Schedules 5and 6 he Can declare any Scheduleel
Area Paesidendt had Comblete þower under these Scheaule

these ate the execuiue Powers o

the Presidunt of
So
Tdta

e)Milila Powers o fthe Presidem-

the defence
Prcandent s the Supreme Commanderof
Pos,So nutmr rime Minister n o r DePence
minsBer ys
the suprtme lommander L s the Pruiden who S the
Suprtme Lommander.
the Prsident ts
though Supteme Commander
A 53 Says
Pouoer As Per
hell only exer cise hus hilitar
bud he Pauliamont
Lawr which is Maole
b
 the deence bre_ad macle by the
asicall Lau o
done by the Parlíamenat
aaltament evenm declarihg ofwar
without the Sanch'_of
Ihdian war
hesident Cannot_declare
here the differemce Come b e t w e e n -
the Parliament
the
Ameican_Presildent
Lhdian Paesidenh And

AmeriCah President
Thdian Paesident
He is de -Jure de-facto He Is de-fatto as

lows Wel as de- Jur

is prime muiskg in

3 Legis lariue Pawers of the Bresicdent Pjrdent

As ar aAlegislative powe a e Conterned
the Parot Parliament, it mean the Paament
isalso
Consistof the Pheyident So he i saninkgal Pa o the

Parljamene huS pouwers aTe:

or
The biggest power is-he Can $ummoAlo roque
cussolvethe loksabha and also he is the Person
uho

ordes the JointSittina of the Pasltamest.

when neo
Summon>it meansParliament is to sit,
to
Parlament tomes afkr Selectjsm. they are Summone
Start sess1M
Paorogu u s is the Peniod ot Reces it mean shtt
another Sessi, eg winkr Sesstm
ao m One Sessi
eds
Cd and Monsoon Sesafn ill be strted rer af er j-2

Montks thak shitk is called Prorogut.

DiSsolve when the ime pertod o Lok sabka rd

aftr5 yeas then that loksabka will be dissolued,

 nouo it Cant Come int fore gain-0r awyones
Conidence eded amd he did n't get enoughvoles then also
ge
orlhe
Iwill be desolvedand then Na Lak sabha
elected
The Session oA Lok sabha when Kirst ime
loksabhaa Comaa k r elechn then the kst +ime loksaa
ISaddaaed by th Pesident and ist Sessiom o ee
ar Lohih is also alltd ouat sessin, is addroe b
he Prusidem
So the PheaidertAdd ee the Parliament in a Sttuaiong
Ne Lek Sasha hos Jui been elected and i is h e
ist Sitg
(2) fisi siti ohe nuw gar
He Can Send hessags to the hausu ohee any b1ll1s perdty
and Parliamend doing nohna abou it (Aak: 86)
oher bo posts of Speaktr and Depub Speaker is Vacat
he Can abboini an member of lok Sabha to þpraide oveh
ik pocedins. (Ark: ás)
Sinilarly in Raja sabha t Chaitman and Deu
Chairman both posts are vatamthen Praident_cah ahkoint
Omy mem ber o Roalga Sabha to att as Chaitman o
01pu chaiT man a3 the Case ma be
+He appolkk 12 membersof Rajga Sabha_hauing_prathde
knotoledge of liBeakut, Sciente at arsd Socal ervito.

n Loksabha hecan
nomihat 2 Membes om me
Aglo Indion Commty CAe 331
 he s disqualivcahon of ang MPthen h
cleudes the quuhon of dsqualiftcahon of thaB mp akkr
Congulting the elechan Commissin.

who is Anglo Indian )

ACcoadin to Axt 366 2) Anglo Indian 1s that peuo
Lohoie fat has bee Eutoplon and he 15 in India hot

tmoaily bu is ermanently domiuled in Irdia or

hus ore athers ae peranently domiulea in fdia, but
is mother is Eutopian then he Cannot he callea Arglo
Ihadian
ino2o Anglo Tndjan's seak hu been abolshed
in Raxltamea

#Htspxior eclamndahion is needed to ÎnheduceLehia

o fof billseg=if montyto be Spent fzom
Ceyaolidakd tund of India to cha
ch any boundy
a sk tai 3)il tat is monay bili
Suth sitkuaim Prior peamassion of Pacsidentts equled.
in fact President but hat bill.

what happenswhen a bill is pased hy the Paliament7

when a bill is paued by Lok 3abhg and Rajsa Sabha
the tha bill goe to presidtnt Paesidtnk can do 3 inga-
then
1 H Can Aive his Asent
2) HeCan at tun bil for the neconsiderahlon o he
Paaliamen it wad added b CAA
uyt Par kament
Sens batk Bo Hhe Phesidest afkr Klnsideia hm he
 men esident
Men
annot aelurn again tor econsiderahio, he
ha to
give us asSen
S
Ree it wih hima exept the Money bill mo nt
bill CAnnotbe etahed
is otherwise he (am keep
itwith kinaselihuhea
asSson nor ruin Ha's Is also ,

Called eu Pocket veto

Power
Lwhat he kecbs all
bills wilh hm
S will be Contdered a^ the violaham
of the Cohituton
Ihbeathment þroces Can be staafed adainsf kim:
in Cae bill
sed by te stoke leg1s laue, and
a

Crovexnorrtaineo 4ha bill byeseruina

Lonaideadhan of the Preatdentand he sent tha for the
bill ko
the Pheaident Preident
Can keelp i as long os he uoans
her is no Khe þeribd qien ana Hhe_dlescrnhn o
he CzouErho to Send oill to the pereh_presidet
1 hat
Challangable. Crouex enjoys s ofkce dug th bleasure ot
he Pitdest
Consent i}S Somehn ohe, one is doing for
Assen I t Is Somethi thonselhe
hich dou not lonterh tatpehan
Ang posh
e CAG Rpor, UPSC Raboalk, Fihance
Commissim Rebork ano man mo, laid be to he
Parlramtnt By Hhe eredrdent for he purpose of drscusstm
on them
under AtRUo he Canmake tequlahons fos Peate a
good Cuernante inAndaman and Nicobar, Lakshadueep
9cod
Dadra and Nagas Hatel and DamaM and Ditas far as
Pudu chery is Conteinea Presiden Can make kgulahioy rgarding
Assembl
HSSCnl
udu hury
Soordtrs gaiding ssemblie of Delki or

ill be Jiven t h t heyident g- Dissoution of Assemely

fregh elechiom he ordens will be given by he Preatdent
 Pudu cher Is lonetnea Pesiden Can make *aulahiony rqardina
Assemb
Assomb Seordtrs a a dig semblies of helki or
udu Chery ill begiuen ote Puident g Dsioution of Assemlly
Fren electin the orders uill be givon by he Presidenk

(4 Financial Pows of the Pcaidoast

As e as financial ous a r t Concened Aahicles art=
T o inttoduce money bill prior eaomenclation of Hhe
President will be eguitd f President did not
sttcomend- then money bill Lannot be intioduced ih
Parliamen
E_Annual Budge_h Conahihin it 1s called- Amnual inancial
Statement, The Pesidend Caules to be laid doon bedor.
the Paaiamem, me Annual Financial Stadtmunt not the
Finae mi's kr he ohly tads budget_Phcsended b Hha
Prestdent
Thae Can be no_demandfor ghanB unless there is
prior TeCComendahionof h Prearden.
#I I ere sany mtigenyor (onhingenty c Covid ek:
Cno unfoaeSeenexpenditure heedy o be doneit iS
only the Ptstdentwho can take out4he aduanceot
ofan ontingemy fund of India lattr it Can be rahfad
by aslament
Afer ee5 ea Finance tomegit hasrcally
dis i busk the evenuey betuoegm Stales and the UMoy
 htutka
So tha
4thance Commuss ion evcry 5 HeaK Lon
k r ever
bhe Paident of Idia and ha main Job of tha krance oms
IS dustibuim of eenu betoee n Stats ano the Onion

5) Tudicial owers c the Patg ident

Chie
Chief ushice of India, Judga o Subrone Courk Chyef
Judhice of High cour amd he Judges of High our. al1
Art appoind by the Preident
Matters of Cout marhial ie Arm ct, Nauy Act or
Air forte Act in that= Presiden is the Fika power
Padon Repriwe Rapile o Suptnd et the.
Senknte o anbody lonuicked
So President had Powers to
PeclonReprieRsbite Commuk Remit hese
Pooes are auailable in the matters of
a) Couat matktal
) ofknces ot Onion (IPc ek
C) Death Stnkente Conly Pradenk ha this pouer

Cvernosalso have he Sae ouCs bu ne

Clo hot hau Power to Padon oleath Penalh

Power o Par don in old ime kinga have power p

Por don o
avpeson basicallyhe had all the pos
Same printple otrdon li hre
Pardon is the àig of the Soveuian
Sove1an or give any
act ot a person isower Com to he Preuident
 om
thom Aat 12, thar the tdont Can hant
gaant Padon t
persons who haue been tuitd andCanbicted f the
Senences o f -
(_Ma Hal Law i - Coud matha
(U Union Lao Pushmen
3 Sentene of Death
hesepouwers areurely exetuhie lous

when President Pardons any Senttnte e Deata Penaly

then it Can be Said that- He is cout of [Link]
heis hot a lou Ns poueI Is purtlyexecutiue powe
her
CtrCumatanceso fPardonig Pouwer
(U f Hhee oes any judiual eror
2 ) whee esiden thinks it 15 in inkrat of jushu or the
Sentence 1s unnecesary harsh
in Such Cades Phesrdmt u hispower of Pardoning

CAlechs of Pardon
Pardon ehMovesthe Sonuc andConuiction i t meahy
Lwould not be Considered a acgutalil is as f
ua thee ancc
no thing was thermeansNo offence
Stis not the boauoe ofapþeal His K is own power
iuemby he lahkuho
ohat y be of Poardon Can_ be
Pardon
Pardon Can be of 3 taped2 Gomplete
Lii td fardon
aCondhional Rardon
Can the Ccuak intcr fart inPardoni powe of Le
Pres icde o other suth bowcrs )
this matBer Cam up
in maj
Cases
kuljit Singh s L GroueTHoY Dlk
in Kis Cahe the qwihim arised (an 3c inker fare 2
i s purtly xecutive Pouer Can the Juclicial acuieto be
doh
n he Cases COMe under Hi's powe
in tis Caseit wa hld- Ys
euen Hough His is awh por
oth Presidn iB Can he out side the ambit of Judicia

in the Co of-
Sher Singh u Ske of Punjah 183 SC
in ts_Case alsoit wa held hat noting Canbe
Our of the awhitoJudiciary
ts hatter Came in deail i h Ddira Caneli muder
ths
Case-
Kehar Singh us Uion o 1ndia 149 SC
in this case Conshtuhönal benth was then,th whole
pardoningoer dis cusseod hec, axd ik La cleaaed Hat
wheneue Hha tha Phesdent has to exer cise hS pardon jng
pouer th Patsidemk Can aluwaus SCutni2e all the fihdi ha
all he withua Stalemens, then he Can Come to an
indepemdent tonclugtm Cout had Lome toa Lontluion and
Pardend Can Come toa ditktent Conclattonho bar on ta
but when Haprestdn oing through th ulu ax
witnusd,
the erson Loko is adkinq for he merly or Pardon he
h no personal igkt b e haared by he Prratdent
 the aule o Natual Jushe hat nobody Should bein
baing
Condemtdboithoud beiny hared do notapelyon Padon
or on fowrs ofPreident udle AB 12
So ho to deal with he mary [Link] ' s uly
the dis cxhon of the lrcaident ThaIs why e SCattused
to loy doon ay guidtelina, by Sayinguuill beagait
Conshituhon beca Pouwes under A L deal with
nume:Dutapes of cas ad eutay Case is diffeent Situakins
Varielet the Paident decide ot kis_own
ill Patsiden givetadonud oder )
Sc Said tha Prdend doc nat heed o gi any
o is erder as ha isHa Prtzidomt of India

merits of the nater c.-Pacsidant clud [Link] it wll

OX he did not gek taar nater Suh Huinga willl h t be included
in Judtcial revituo became tha would amoun o apþew or
ision. and order of Prraident Cannot be reuiscad.

bu an importam Judgmen am-

Maru Ram usOnion of Tndia 19go S
H wa Conat huhiona benchu_intSC a it was cleared
tat,_uwe accebt that Juduia ReUie Cannot be done,
o He0ader of ident but wherr it ia blatantly injuke
there Sc Canno tmain_3ilext meamswhere the
Mater 1s Arbitrarhesjucical duito iS allowed
 Matkers Came u belort the SCin_okt sc Set a ide
Loadrs of Ha CroVLTno

Oneatkr Cama in he Cae ot

Suaran Sikgu v|s Sh of vP 1118 S Sc

Satpal us Sthe of HaryanaQcco S

n he Case of Swaan Singh GoverMor ied the SAme
Powur bnderrt 161 hith abierary.
was
Similarly in (e of Satpalitwa clear ly held
by th S he has not aplied his mid oh th auai lale
Mekeriait is a putly aibitaary order

the ar the d Ca where SC oposad Hh Ordtr

6

what are the Meauings arel ditteaonces of Rtmassiom ane

Commuatahtan.
Rem ission Commutahion
in tS- Nature o in Hus Nakure o Sentnce
Puninahmont t maik Same SChaaed penocd ohe
On deduthon is done it Sembemee maik) Sama
means iknsitarduts ea a a þekon geh lo ys
C a penon gets loyos RI hAn it Cam_be tonuerttd
AT thM iCam be Coner ke lo yeaYS 3
i 5geas RI
 pe»son has phuuicaldasabilgor
Respile I{ a
Cee-Nali
a Pregnent ladyCAs in Rajiu Cad MArde
itmtanN
then they he gtr given lesser Puishment
Death Penalty is giuen then it Can be Conueiteo ihto
Lik imrsan men Such matters are alled Rupil they

dre baged on Some Sþecta fach

Reþaive means stay oB xecuhon it s for -

allow th Cenuit o
emeoa bentbasitallg to
tmboay
put ub any
gc h mtrty pehthon put up o r
bheal
hese Powen of he_Preaidend are uheler t 12
Hlso
Couerhos haue th Same pouers unale Aat: 16

So what are diierencos

Pacaident
He Co make order in He Cannot giut am bet
Court marttal matkrs, inCoutMantial as he iS
a he D Subreme not the head ot He Armed
ommonde of He

dekm 2He cannot Pardan dleath

SHe ton Pardon death Penal t but he Can
enal Commaule o Remut
 The Poteclares of the lowtrS Pra rden
Undex Aati cle givonto the
42-
Hho paotedune is
iven in CaPC
Uecho 432, 33 and u33 Aof CrPC
6 Rule makung owers 0 he PrestdenE=
Paestden hos
has Pooesto make_Rady under Arhly
44 \o1, \l 31«,32o
under A t q4 Prestdent (an make
rults for eas tanachm
of h buutnem ot t Gou
a Person is eleched beth as mP amd as MLA no
he woms to vacate hts
Parliament sea the the Proteclure
ill be a per he rule mada by the heatdeat o Lhdua
As o
T h e estdent Cam make ules regarduhg t join sittiq o
t houseA
heusesSo wheneuer 18 ajont SiH
h n w h a t will be the way ohat wil be t ubs,
governing he proCeduresthat Re i l l be mad by he
e
Pesideatumaler At 11L&
Rules sgardihg membersof ues a e teir Statf ek.
Cax made bg the Prestdeat (Adf- 318)
T Pordent cam also make dequlahns
Cases whe it s not necessany Conjalt the Publi Serie
Comnissim wlile seeruiWh an prion to the uN't eo-
Secaet Seruiced ek bu hen thuse gulahl0n art haasls
nece ssay to be apboved by the Par liament
15
 tmtagen oesof he President
s is an 6xtaordinary pouwerthere are 3 es

Emerem
() Paoclamahsn ot Emageng Nahonal merghLy Hal352
2) residends Rul (slaleEmerge
Slake Energeny Hat: 35 6 Ra
A 36S5
3 Finanuial Emergenty At 360
all thee Cmerenuies at inpo5ed by the Pregident
b
by the exhaodinary Powes qiven to him

s) Veto Potoey of the Pcsidest

whenever ang bill goey to the Prcstdent then he Cam
AsSent that bill ox Cam vel

In the Enki re world Ho man Vctos aye thert)

U) Absolute veto
2) Qualifhed veto this veBois not avaikble n Inda
3 Suspensive veko
Pocket veto
the 3 veto are thene in Inda.
Sihsatto
U Absoluk veto meansif he President dlenie
+ Sign any bill thenit can neuer be th Act
in motes absolute Uco is ajed
herthre are p of bills in Parltament

Gills of Put Members who ant illsof M P who Qre

Mot iNs k
Abso lube veo Alloweel
 Qn mP
Pluak mmbers bills which art nhodued ht an M
PTluade
ho is not a Yminuster, Patuident Can veBo any tim
that bill. Absole veb Peue Powey gim to he Praden

0D when he Covdbill Wa it not giuea go

passed b
h e is paM ed in one
the assert of the Pident OY
Lok
houe only, in the manHML the abinalt cdissolves,
tre
Sabha dissole and when n o Lk sabha Com)
is nPauty ard h deny to oy tha bill, Now
here will be an absole wo.

Suseniut Veto i Presidend is hat habby uih

the bil1 and when bill Comes tb Pruident he

Send itfor e Conaideahin betor the Counl of minstex

htn
hen bevivd when they ar onAidesive that bill,
is Callecd Suenive veo.

G) focke Veo itmean,not taking any akon ie

ok it into Pockt once it happend uhtm Zail 3irgh
Ji L0 esident.
Rajiv Cranclhi Sen abill b « Zal Sigh ji, t
Hat bill tearict tha reedom of Pres he denied
After tha uhen Ven kaBaraman ji became pra ident, he
Send
Sent tha bill br Conuderahm but at time Hhau a
heu ou of Nahonal fron ho drtio the bill.

in Indda thene is no hie imit of Potke Veto

Amerita i is 1o dous
in
 thas shy Somehimsit is said Hha
TTh Pocket of Ihdian heardtnt is much bigger hat
h US Prcstden ad tar ad vco is Conteyned

what aboud sHade vcho 2

As far a vcto of Stale is Lonuermed

when there is lgislahim ot stak. H Coverhor (an

eerueit fox Considerahon of th hutdet Governar
Can send a Stkle bil o the Preuiden-
hoo what or the ophios for Prandtn, alter Caur nos send
bil to him
Cam ive his assent Lit willbecemt Lao)
(2 Potke veto he Can keep that bill a long as hwuak)
3 Retutn the bill Cfor eondidtration of the Cabinakt )
StatStat leas lakure Senda it again atkr Ncontderah
PreAident is SHl net bouna Attebt [Link] Hs is ha
Main dikerence be tweem Pariamenk ano saks

Parltament Stake legislakurt

ifPreaident Scnh bak if Aaident Sendk back the
f o t lon,Iderahion dye bill br N Lonsideruh on and
atr e tos rderahiom Paulsament hySent again to the
again Sench to heaident Pre1destaftr nnideahim
then he haa to accept it H may not shllaept
tus is 4h basc dilleaonee bttwcen Hhee
Onl mtan tha
skt legislakure kay no pour on Pheatdet
An Cover YOT_ a n . sena anA bil o the Crovernor betaue
he 15 veay powesful and us mpecachment Cannot be done
beCase pestdenk akkoinh kum

1 Oxdinante maki Powr oPestdent Hxt 123)

an orddance maktng Power I5 tht hest(mportan
i s lativepouer 4 the Phedtdent he Cam makt and
Lato, which Par ltamen (an make
ParlNament not in achom B he
Phouided- 1 1s

Patliament Is sittiq then he Cana no bass an

Ordinante
So He cannot promulaatt an ordi hance ' b oth
the hoults a n Sessim
If botm the hausu are hot in SedlonLLvem on af
h hoult is not in_ Segtm he tam pas H
OrddnaMLe
Can he Preaident Pass am ordinante h e n one houje
îS in SuAlm but boththe houses a e not in Sexrtn)
Yey, because to become a Lao must be uNe bu
both the houses both he housts r hok tn Sittikg

thon a u lannot he made.

The power of President to ang otdihante, iS ita_

Paa

Parallel Powerto he Paaliam n

No Parallel meam both Can make at the Same tH

Pesidont Com onlg make Hhe ordrnamcew hen both

thu houes Cmd oy o te ho use S hot in Suston.

 He (annot pass an lau whith Paaliamont (annot
maku he Cam make la s only on Hhde Subjecks Lohih
t allowad t to the Parliament
-
hidh Suheth ore not of parliament odinante (ahhat
be magls on Hhat
h e limi¥akoms whith art_on Paliament laws the
the
Same limitahing ar on Ordinance i man
ho rdtnomte Can be paxea hich restritk kunelanenl

hdefinahion of Laa at:also_includea axdaance , and

ffanoordinane
a in frirges Fundamenl Righy it
will be ut by AY 30.

14 June 2o2

why o odinante -

Con Hhain iv Lao makng power o the legislafue

hut ken there secessand loislatue 6 not siting, Cand
mnaidialely an inpor kant Laus is cqui td a ki our
Cosihuiona heao is allouoed make ay lau basically h
is ho allaeec ho leislek, basically the ordinante maky
ouser s Caupled withTRe Oochine ofnecessityby
b
Hot hous a not siHtya but las makilg 15 neceAary
Ahat is uwh his pouer is dven fo the Presiclent 4iS
Ordihante makingpotr 1S he most imporfant Poe of
President it Can be done whem t matRr_15
urgent matter is hot ugent hen he tan wut Hil
j aliament will be SHh again. and also t mus
b un fort Sen i t is foreseen thenParliament oould

haut alrtady Mal lAu. So, the mattere musk be Urgen d

unfarescem and also when both the Ses houe are not n
Presldetl
Session oy any ol the housea is hot in Sessimten only
e+k both
Can mak ondinamee becauhe law has t be baMcal by
the Power of he Preidend » Pass a n ordinance
Paralle leq1slahive Pouoer

Lan the Sati s fackion of ht Presiden be ques homeel i ' n a

Cout of Law)
h e eSatsfachionof the Preaidend is necessary that ther
Is an rgenty bur the Satistachiom ofPyesident Can be in
Small matters aA wel he Wy a C a in bihar

Croverhor
there we 2G6 oxdihances wer pendinaa
of Biha isssco eyen Some of then were
56 0rdinance)
hom past 4 gears i s matker way in Cu Of
eneoi
enesing
DC Ladhwa vs Stae of Bikau 1984 S
SC Said is it a ockery? tkat whale _paw is given to tha
lzceptonal poer ane ou ade it am
overnor tan
haue mad Ordinante haking power
ano ther [Link] Jou
aaSubsH hke of law mast makihg
Pouwerthen it way
as it was like þaalld legskurc uhnh So it a
Conctlled
unconth tuiona|
giuen Specitc order by he S
Stak hat been
botyer o the Crover hor or fru td eak
Hhe ordihante maluihy
 be talun Parallel
Cannot be misued, it Coanno aa
lgislahion for all he purposesishal only be on heeuiky
And it skell diedoon the Nakural Deah_as given in Conatituhn..

ower to_ pass an ordihance debends on t Sahskachin

o Hae Purdent.s fah'sfackim is gcurding what 2 tat
thee is an itmtdiak neMary Hhert iS ah urgemt
.
but Auident work on thed aduice of the LOun cil of
Canhis sh_fachon be a gushianeel in_alout
Diniskrs So.
of Lau) s mattr Came u _in he Caleof-
RC Cooper us UoT 14o S c
in his Cale he Hon ble s hld that an ordu'nance
passco by the Praldemt S tanals at equaltookty oith Any
La made by the Pailtamtnt it Cannot be trrated a s an
Rxecuhive order Cma t Can hot be taken al amere execuhu
ets ion So any odinance is het an exeutive or admini'shatue
edecislon though IS pa4jad by the had of he executive
notwithstanding the fact thak it is hot hasseol by th
PariawmeskiË SHI ha Sancihy oflno. paadbg the Pauliament
hente an otdthance iS law.

Another quwskn aosc be bre he SL,in he Caseof

RR Gar vs Uniom o India 128I SC
the qwtim aiseon whak glouhd Can the Prestdemt
pam drdinante 2 Can he pakM heordinance oh tax Lauws
The SC held that he Can make laws an any ting
on whidh Parliamend lam and since he Parliament Can
taxlags So ordinance Can also be assed on
tx laws
in anoher Judgmed ot-
HR Roy vS Union o Tndia 1a82 SSC
Hwa htld ikat-dut as _LaLs_Cannat be vagueor biha
Similarl an ordihante Canhot be Lsetqn Vague and Arbitaa

Lhdita Gaals GoU taied it that Presrdent1s

Satis fatt'om Should be byond he Court
Ohen RC Cooper Juagment lanm thuy Sid - Saisfachin
h a t d t t can be me Subodcct to juclicial reui Irdua
Gandh negatly tactd by the 3gmCAA 191s a h híme ok
emergem
emergeny ano Said Pyeaidents Sahsfachion is het subict
p juditial tuleuo

Present [Link]
h's gardangPreaidemduSahisfathim which
roviaim
was introduted by the 33 mCAA la1Swa
deleted by
Janta Cou by 4 h cAA 111
s on
twday he Precdentis Odinance makin
powerjt asCtovernor!SOrdinamLe powe is Sub ject
to udiclal reuleuo.

LiHe of an Oxcunante-
Thc ordinante ispasse clurtng the eCeM o
Par liament So me momen hen house of he
Parlkamet
aassombl this oraikance Should btPut u be fore hoth
the howsu of ha Parlament \:In Rajya SabheC
well a i n lok Sabha it both fha hoe apbro ue
then i be tomes a law.
Amndments in Rape Lauw,(when Nirbhoys molter
Cane and demand Spead in Luhole Lountry 3o that
ratdent has opass tats_ Odinane on hh Fehruary
FebTuY
tn latr i betame Law by þarliament as IPC ard
amtrdmexh att

hor i Parliam alkey no ackjm)

then the oxdiante &xpir a thr 6 wecks
Rece ot t Parliomend Com be o marimum 6 menh
So t maximun like ut ta ordinantt Cam be ot 6 maths aol
weelkS

maximum likt o the odihance Lam beof 6 monfhy aid

6 Oceks

H an oxdinante is cnded alr 6 month 6Wees

bud Some acs gou: aleady did under ordinanLe Se, at
clont Under oadinante oillbvalid ornot aflr 2dinane
ed Ads oill Rthain Valid, Natwithstandina th fact
Hhar ordihance has died don, but acts doni during the
Sub sistante of th Otdinance will be valid.

Pacsident tinda. thues a lots of xeachion

he Can wihdras the ordiMance at any me but
inposiv
inposin
it
O mouing tha ordinanCe is not kis own Pooer
is al Loa CN aduice o theCounl _ol uusitrs
ano ther matter hich come up wa), Can an obdinan ce bb
tte s þechive 9 (ir etlect of oadirance)
i n htoe o R K Carg ScCleatd thaf because
1kLotws Can al6o be elaosþective,So the ordinance Cambt
Aetospechuc.
Can an ordinanLe ceal a Parlia mentis Lad
Y, ik Can epeal th Parliamemts Law

Can an oxdinante medi fy Parliamendary La ?

Y i Can do.

but one- Hina Cannet be_pasica b ordinae

Th Amend mont of he tonhithon

Ths is not a Denmotaht act a a sikgle ped Can

make tptal any Lat even any bi demooatuy 1ee
USA, Canada. lo Coundryha hs tis powr, s poer
ha bem been iven only o a Indian Conaitukm
Prepidestnal t levemorahoud us Dr Ambecdkaa
in his Lonshi tuent asaemoly debak Said
India 1S a vast County maylace Such situahiu
when Porlamert is hot in sesim hot is the t e ohen
ounthry oil be left Mgh and drs o s uk t s power
is aivem to Indian lona tuti
h' on.

MastoHe Protedutsbllouwd bu the ok sabha Rul

alotto of Lok Sabha Geved ned by R: Lok sabka Rlg
and Conuenio Conuntasare in a i g

heze Lok Sabha Lenuendta aro Rlesthat tell w

any oxdfhante is p be eplated then hert will be

4hdetail ha wh that Ordinance put up, and why it
is o be mavad or Loh iti s b be kept

Parliamend disahproves thken he Ordi'nance tan

be tnded inone day Lok sabha is sitti the next
day ofpassin adinante thenPaxliament can disaphroes it
e v e in Ohe da

whe therordihomce makigpower is execuhve, hdministrstic

Olegisladive 2
in the Case'of
TVeakat Reddy us stae of Ardhra Praceah 19Ks s
itwo held that- th's otdkance making powers urdy
legislahue fbuer and not an execuhiv ar admhistahve Pos
hence thee 15 no qushm of hon akslicahion o msl i'n
Ordtnancu makirgPower

oha is he Coni ituhional Pasinon ofhe Preaident 2

in the [Link] judgmcnt of-
Shaasher Singh vs Stale_o Punjab 19tu se
the sc held that- Hu Proaident ana the lrouer nor ac
mad
mtely the ConHituhional o imal heada theg exercise thuir
oueS and funchons under the Cohghituhian_ony toit Ha aid
and aduice of h Counl of hains ters.
 Out
Our Conkitukion hag a ParNamerdary fbrm ot gout and
Praidnt is on Calledthe nomina exeuhive ie DejurC xe
unlike he USA heaident who is both De- jure ard De facto
in Indiua De-facto Roser is with Prime Miui's ter like UK

So AAident of uSA Stads oul a vey vy dilertneu

hom h Preaident ot India
h a t xactly s the Poucy o Prardek 2 is the Pasidet a
Rubber Stamp
when our (okatituh'on_say made then he purpoSely th
amens o he Consti'tuhon did not wrik itwas impli
hut nowritten hat The Preident oill be bcund by h
aduiceof t Louhcil ot miisters htadedby h
m e minis ttr

in u2hd CAA 1116 Lndia (ranalhi Cov clearlyonten

hot- Preatdent 1s bound by tha acuite of he Cee councul
omhis ers headed by tha Prime miNster (Aat

Lader when Janta Gou Cam they also Sasd ha when

when
Cons ituhion wa made i t uoa3 împlitit s no a ha i n a
addsel by IndiaCradhi Craut [Link] oas thmplie
but esident sholl hot be oubber Stamp a u þowers
mut be gin o kimfhen Cameuy u LAA 1919
thy aclded Hat Praident Com Sene back an aduite fo
(ontderahiom bst i itiS again Sent to te3lden then
he Cannt Serd backtD Pasliamend fe r yidesh
potdent has to Sign
 So t h e mottris ac-Lonside>eol d Sex bak to
He Prestdend, i s NCosidered aduie will be bindi

The aduice giuon by the Counil of minisks or

Pime wkskr to thw hesidentShall hct be eaqd
Prime
No Jueliuia &Bufes teuikw f i s Cahhe
into any our
done

u kat is he powtr of Pacstdent)

every Hu ha on the adute then what 1S his _oon

Pouaer)is he toally a ubber Sthmp)

He is not totally_a ubber stamp He has
No Ccndtituhioa|Discrehon
Out thee ae certah matters ohere he has-

Situahiomal pisczehim
Ho docs s1duational discehin arise 2
ohen there att hmulH parhie ad o one kaa
Majonit then it is his discrthm t o Call ang o hem.
to makt gout
Call the largedt paaty,b u t
the (nuentilon is
The inks thar Ard largut o3adlargust or
aM Part tommake ov hen he an Call tha Par
S his disceh n

) when there s a jout in poueabut hen

n Some
MPs of thak Cov MAigna and noo out became uhard
and Palls notoib Prine PAtat minisker cadu t'se to dissou
t dsiou
 Lok sabka anl Conduct rsh elechm but Han
oppositi Coms with majorit avd skk te chanee to ok
ov he it is discrot ion o Paeatdest o Conduct elerhimn
Or to giuR Chance to te opposiin
3 T he Rit Rulia Ccou loses heno (Conttdente Mo hiom
hethex to disaalueor ho to disso lueit is alwaus ha
Situahioal dischehn of th Pratdwt

Same ing apelica to the Goer nor

VicePsesident
Aal 633 Thest Shall be A' vite -Presidu of Tndaoa
vice Pasrdent is the Secenal highut offkteof Indta
it 16 meninedintme olhcial waran of PrCedtnte
the Concept uit- Praidet eame taom Amena but unltke
Amerita Celuchom and Powecrs_of t vice Presitdent ihIdua
is not ike Ameita)
Somemes vice- Patardent also Calleod His Suber fluau
Hahnes becase he has no Such Powersay Lomeertd te
AmeriCan uice Preuident.

Elecion of the vicePresident-

vice fres ide is not electd direclyJut as Paident
isho diecty elected by
the peoble.
ho elecks uie Preident 9
D R Ambedkar said- esident is the head of he stak-

SO elec him., L medlloge of MLAs andMPs but

Vite Prtatdent basically Presiding over Rajja Sabha i t s
the Preaidendwhen
yer aly that he sils on the chair of
Ver
well o he is ouk ek. So hen is
ho
he
the Puidont is ho

poin of ínuoluing of state legislabues in he elechin o the

vCe huident.
then Hoo do we elect the Vice Presiden 2
an elechral Collade of MPs_of
Lok Sabhu ar
only-
Only bu
Rajya Sabka.
IM h original ons i tusien iB w a s wtHen hat-
by the membtys of k boBh the houscs of Pazliamemont asensaled
a the jointmeetika Cvohing ih joixt siHtng,-

HwAs Lancled by ha UhCAA M6 hau

thes4stmof clectoaal talage 1s thrt atysill tat
Sthgle ady kaable vote CSamt as pruadent )
in the leed elechion ot Pruident nomirste MLAsad
MP are not alloused bu inthe elechim of vie Prtdent
hominaled A - MPs_ate allowt.
ane
Ony MPs vaBe in h edechtm o t vite Presidont
not MLAs.
 Qom Juheo2 L
whad ade the quelfiahios of a vict Prcstdet
Qualtticah_of the Vite Prestdevd gien in At 66 ohith
deals oith_elechion of t vie Prsrden

He mat be Htly itzen o

a Inalia
2He shauld be ta haue Comble
tedthe age of 35 yean-
2He shsuld be qualshied for elechion o Raa sabha
According to acaidend anol viePreardes elechion AckE, ohth
amended in 1991 bu uitue of is Act or nonlnahin
fo Candidat of UiCe_Phuident there mut be 3o electors who
have forsarded hu's hameit means- there Shall he -
o Phopo$ers ard 2o setonders and he must have
Depasihccd F 15ooo in RBL

H e should hot be_holdig ang ohe ol Aeltt

a Person is a _Mistr its not
mexly
deem to be otte of
Proit euon if he s a gouerho ox Vice Prestdent

2once he is elecked is oath is takn unoler Aal 69

oalh of he Preaident wy- to Prtaerve and Proect he
Coiuin
0ath o 4 he uice President ia Allegiance do the antituhion
(A» 69
Oadth o he uite Pacsiclo Administeaed ba Prsident. in
the o ther hana, coath of Paeaident admuwstoed b
CI

l i k e the Prsiden a vitve uice Paestdent halds oftce

for the ttam o f 5 years om the dalk on whith he

enttrs he oice

Vice Paeandet wans o slan whom does he addr

his resignation letkka 2
To thal Presidenk

The emoval oB the Psestdemt Can be done by impeathment

the tmova o{ uice Paesident Is Comparehuel much Simpler

(Ar 61)
How do We mov the vce Pesrdent 2

Th Counil of stale CRajya sabha will makea

the
tme
reiolutien h i s eao utom. must be pasiedb
absalule mafonit-
once a co lutim Passee
Pamed by the majorita o Rajya Salkha it
b
the strengBh o the Cqoes to the Lok Sabha a
HoeChotPaegent and Lok sabha pases it b
voi tolal slacngth SinplemajoriyLt mead
15 acqulco) by Prcaent membes.
Agaeed to 2simple majoity
 Betore he aoluton Can movd th Rajya Sabha 14 a

Aduance Nohce Must be qiuen b te ve Paidet

Vice PrcSrdent may be maved not inptached

Lahat Is the gacund o Chmoval of the uite Presidenk

thee is no ond Jiven or the emoval of uice Preaident

h e 5 qLa of Vie Prutdent erded aro ne

vic Prestdent s not eleckd u t i n tha Cae he lonk'hus
+ill the h inumbent Come.

Can a President or uite Preaidest ba r-electd

Y
both Can he ecle cled

Houo man kins he Can be [Link] 2

GaA Many
man Mumberof imes DRadha Krshnan wa
elkched Fo 2rd im a otll
CAs ure Presidend

When th post of uite Pradeus will be vacateo 2

when kis 5 yas ae ovtr, he algna h ISUmavao
he dueor h bicomesa dusquolitiesl b hole huS ofhte ghen
his dulaee elechm is deleted uieel uoid

Art 4 Axt 41 has been Subshtued many himes

b'by
the 34h Amndment Act 14t5 q AA
1a18 Last amendeda Ar 1 SaA
Is an duspue in elkchon of Prstdent or
an
 vice Paident shall be enquíreol and decided by the
Sc anad decision of 5c will be ial.

a f elechion of a perion a a Pesidend or vite Pesident

cleclearesd void by the S Ads done by him ing the
exexCiseoRrormance of he Pouser and duihe of ofkre
of Peaident and uite Prestdent as tho Caye may be On_ar

be tbre the dlecision of the s Shall nat be inwalidaled

3 ) if a lou is to bemadea tar raded ox uitePreaideut

then Peaaliament Can make i

Amathtr Come (h the Cale of

DT NB Rhare us Elechtoh lommission ol Ihdaa 1a51scc
the tmatt wu-
i Some Seatso t mp are vatalecl O in any state
Some Sealey of MLA a vacako, then Canit be said thot Collage
is_not tomleke becase mey axe hot lo07
tus Judgment
cleareo thsanel Clawe 4wa
added belme of His udgmen
and itoa this judgment that t
cleared in thee is
any yatanyof MP_or MLA tis Can nat be he acg son_o
eusqua liticahiom
what ore the Powes ana unchiou of vice Phuldent 1
by vitue of by bei th uite Preatdent
also
also the chaithan af Ralua Sabha. i x _ofttuait
neam by uitue o f i m e a if heis ve trcsident
 auomadialy he is chairmon o Rajua Sabka Chaltman
o Rajya Sabha 1S is basi sork
hs potoer iS
adhait man_of Rasya Sabha
Same a the Speaker .
the
in Amenca also AmerCa vice Prdent s
Chairman of the Senate Cupper aose o he Amertanlegsla
h s mikor_jobiS- he akh a _ a Prtiden us hen t h t is a

vatany Resign. inpeachmen deah ek

aPresidtatdied aftur on ycar o{ elechionwill
tht Vice-Pegtdent Conhinue to be Pacatdexmt for cars
No ater vacanu witkn 6 mants the elechim of
Phaidentis p be held SD wheneur there i any a
n e prutden t must be elkctad itin 6 Man 6

So a vice President Cam be the Presideat, macimum

Fro ho man clays
6 Mont Cmaximum)
Simlaala here is illhaso
ofthe Prtdent then
Vite Presidem aASume haget h Prurdemt
Phe Pe Poestdenst tut

when the vte Pcsidont s achng a Pacardet clae he also

alk 0s Chouir hmoan of Raiga Sabho 2
No he Can holdone post only hen he Isath na ag
Pvident, he is not Cho ymay ammo ad also he aab-
ako geb.

Salay othePrstdent not of t

Salay Chauirmami
So ohen vilt Prestdem îs alting a Prealidlnt tht who
will aun the Rajya Sabha
Depuhy haithman
in Amtrita i hsident di altr
o his elechon then
year
vitt- Preaident Can takt or his
otHethroughout the unmexbired kttm

oha s th Salary o ui Peaident

ConaHtufton doc no iy any tmoluments tar uie
bice praiden draws
Phuidest
his ngular Salary CuA Chaitmah of
Rafua Sahha Nlo salaay a uite [Link] Parltoment
decide he salaryo Rajua Sabha thaurhaa
(Art: 94)
[Link]
Tme
Pacatdent only a nominal execuin htad ie
15

De-jutheashe s thehad of th stale

The Prime mislor
lerisDe kco head he is heasl ot th
Cry ho Conaiuhisn dees not qit a Seboatatt
Chapler
on the Primt Mihisttr or sipdiade paur o anshikutin
is
Mot dedicall b the Prime miAISler. hureis
or Selethion o r appointmc ht of the Prime spet pottdluae
no
IS i s kr theye
rless pou siom
garding ime Mins kr
Undex Aa ftscibo ano tke Prime mN's kr fo
tha
thae Shall be a
Council of iNskas wlrch a had
sill be pime iIsler whose oork is to
 to aud and aduce the President, r s aduite s
bidtg on hesidemt

he Loord Shall in the exeriseo hus funchin a inroduce

y th uand CA 16 Howtuer th Janta urovt by
uyM CA added a Small Jpowe to the Phaid unt that
ne Cam Jeqhe the Coucil of minsks to Contdeu Such

adut

who will abhaini th Pm9

( the PM shall be appoinlkd hy the hoident Ax 45)
ana othe mintster shallbe apþoinked by the
te Prurdent on
theadue o ha PM

At suA). it wa added ba 9st CAA ao3 Carlur

wcc o bt Jumbo cabinak, thy uhed to maks every one ngnister,
but thad was CawAtna so muh exbense thon o eduua
Jumbo Cabinate 91stcAA was intoducea okch cleete
cleaied hat, H0ta ne. o misters in theLounul o
MiNSttr Camnot be More that 5 Of toBal Sfcngth
of Lok Sabha

Aat s (1 6) was also addecl b th OlecAA 2oo3

it clesed that anghacly wko lisqualiked in tue
lo Scheolule ho long er. notonly he loss us MPshi'
his nu'sterhood willolso be ove
immidiakl-
whom o Call a he Pm)
itdepends when t lok sabha eechy are over it þarh
hag Lome slh he clear mansale ik partu Camt with kul.
majonty 4htn the Parts haad Can be called but f any
then it is discktimof t
gaaty ha no Majorihy a

paestdem Ha to whom he talls

CanthePxtstdent Call to non mP beComt Preaidtnt it

heexistng PMdicd
Anbody Can become a Prime mihiste Prouidesl he
Shall in any electiom within 6 Montha th elechm an
be eiter o Lok sabha or of Raiusa Sabha
is mater Camein Assassihahom of Ihdiza Ganolhi-
Prtaidt Zail singh Macle Pmo Rajiv Gaahdk horally
at the deadh of Pm, a CareHaker em ishads and Rnea
tltfon is Conducked: hu Zail Singu directly madu Pm to
Rativ Cahclhi.
So there are &Sikuahou-
Clear Majorlty
No
lear Majoait
hor mally he Pataident (alls Sinale laqat
Pauys head ko koxm the

who s Depulyrimt MMAS t¢rCcdaes he ha Power a

prime mihislea)
s mauttr Came in the cae of-
KM Sharma vDev lal l910 SC
M is Jdgmt, Sc cltared tha thay Can keep he Name
 a debut the Counul
Pm is ike ang other minwster o
o uhistes mutly becauwe he gals the nama of depu
Prime inister. it cloa not Confer upon him any eowero
haus
minrskr dor allþurþoseahe me mihistr, he
is a
ho Conhtuhional bowers ofa ime nuister.

whethex a peSOn Can be appoined ay a Primc uhS t r ano

hem aakeel o breue majoaihy7
Yes Hhis thi ha þend in 149, Charan Sigh Gov
As again kobhend in a¢q in yP sirgh ou crd 4hen
it haabben ed in 1a20 in chandra she khar ov, again
19aL Narstmha Rao Cov in [Link] m
Vapay Cev lad thanagain it happed in laq4 Tkruol
in [Link]
Gro vt again inVaj payce (ovt: 19
in all
haeCa em, krst the uttmasle PMn
and Hhen Poved Hhuir majoih
I H a Pexson is hot an MPCam he beappainBeal as
Pamemnuster
Yes
a peson is not an M P he Lan Ttmaun a
Yes
Pmor_6monHs witin whith he should become a n
MP om either Rajsa sabka o lok Sabha whith means
ime minis ke Can Come om the anuof the houses tiS hot
necery that Pm should be directly elecded he Cam also
aoug n
Come tough inditct electmol Raja Sabka.
pm Can be the member o f any of he hayu, Raiga
3abha or lok sabka.
 Pm has to be om lauer ko use it
in Baetain.
houle ot (ommons and nott aom haue o Lorda

Oath of he Pm_odministtd Pacaidext, ard

by the
Oatn of he PmiS- T e a i tand allegiance to the
Constituhiom of India the oath of pm is like cath of
b ther miste P u s Prime Psi miis ter ha ho Scbarak
oata. nuther in schedule nor in lomituhm
Pm_and othur minses take w o apusof Oalh-
G the (an^hituton
Allegiance te
2) oath of Secrey

Salaryof ih Pm
he salar of Se athe Salates of
PM 1S Same
othur MPs tlotwCuer h ges a i n Allooance frte acLommodahn

travelling alowaMce_meducal facrlitic ek

So the Pm_ hadho xeA Salay his Salaag 1s
Sam as othe mPs

Lho Can Changeth Sala of h Pa2

Parlament

whas is aelahn ship o pm with-

Countl ol muins ieas Paeaden and Parliament

Counl o Minisl s ay o Coungil ot unisters CATe

Conenc
Pm omevds had whe oill be Ha Cotneil o yus kas
 the [Link], and i d e Loill atpoind ony to thom
who oll are
attommendesby the PM
Loka Porhfblio the Counul of n sers will be prouidad
Ldepaatmet) ,it will he decnded hy primeninsler

HOng minsiter is_hot pebrning teir duy well then

Pm cam ask them to edign ard i a inIster doe
hat 0aign when Pm ask him to da ga, hen em Can
alwu aSk th hearden b emove thet usBer are
Pasdent Can dis niss him onb adujite of the Pm

2AIL He mttiy ol the ounelof minsk prtded by H

Pmand a l l the punisles all tu quudemka qiven b
pmn

P Msig evybody allsand alko tt ?m diy

h Lounu ot minskers oill alke be inis h d i t Pm
ig ordis han Counsl of minasks i l l be dissolved
but i t an instr diu Hhen it doea ne alfech thu Coun
D minis krr..

Porltamewt
0ara ParlsamentIs Conterntl leader ol Lok sabha
S himt minskr So the Prime mi'nister i leader of
Lol Sabha aduit he Preatden to dissolue 0r o Pooque

dr to Summom
 eade of he Lok Sabha anhoun all policieg
naHonaad inkrraie) on flooy of He hauue
why he is Calleal leadey ot ht ho

Pasidenr
a far al the Pradend IS Concekned A i s wycla-
PMIS baJically h Channd of lommunitah o hetottn earde
ard Countl of musle_all Hhae dtts duh are Given in

Aat he duHe) ol Pmgiutm

Rath June do2 (I)

Tke ole of pm can be Combartd o the Preaicden
Of the USA
The Relaionship ofthe Pm t h Patatde
As tar a the elakonshib uith Puicend i$ lonand
s Covted by Art8, tis Artitle as doton duie of H
hime minisler uiLaviz the_Padento Ldia
Since RM is thi Pinclble Chanel o Communlcarion
beloeen Prasiden and th Counil of miniskasPhusident
must be inbrmed o all he dectsioma ukich Caunci ol miuisers haue
laktn bcau atktrall tinal signakure is to be done by the
PreaidendSo
UJAo_(ommuuni Cak to he Preaident all the deusions_o
Countil of minislea iegarding adlmiNSAnim o4 u allais of
th bnion
-whak at H pobasalsor lgnsuture

t h Pratde Calls or ony inta maion aegarding te

adminstaim of m Uinor anbroposecd legis lahm hen
alsoi is dutu ot the Príme miskr to funsh b the
huden all Such informahion

whenever the Pregidet iqulres the the decion ot ha

One of the be braught ub br
minis trsshould
naideahan of the enh lountil of minis trs +Un,
s Lillbe te duwy ot t Pm bring it bekx the
enHrt Cokhcil of minis kensand then the decis lon Can be take

also another asptck is tHa he aduitey eearclent

begarding the appaind ment ol all onhi'tuhimal posihons e
HHaht gehtral o Indlia,. CAC Members and chairman of
OPSL6lechonlomissinerLhairan o nance lammoSSim
aull he will be aduisel by H Pm to Pruiden

So ues oB duhta are thur 3duhe arr giuen in

Ax8 and ut is [Link] HLonshtuh.
Apartrom these Conahhuhnal oluhy Pmdoyg0 mang
otex Ainaa beikg a Prime inskr e
-He ishe chairmam o Plannn Commissim,
He is e chairman o ha Neuhtoa Devlopment Cauntil, Nahlanal
inleaaiom Cauntil Iner Sleat Counct Nalioral waler Rcsouzce
Council in all s e impooT tant malers, (haAtmam of all.
aat Lountik ispm.

PMShapa the elahog kip a India with othe

 CounimeJ in_o t r woadgorgn delahig of India. viz a viz
Other (ounieg is detemihea Pm.

Hhtre is any emrgenge ouidl, FloodOT AM other

emer
genees in such Ces, he manage tat Cnisis.
He hebens Thdia heis lader of Hhe ahion. he meeks
perle alovhe Drclua txes to mainlain_harmoneyhaiool
ingpaken triea to ke Inia on Higker leselshether hoeugh
goed atemi energOr SpaLeenrgprogmmme.
Al he CLoncnic decisions ot the Couj-ad their Folizjd
ar madle by eM Ard Council of MinIs lers:

2 I n ndia the 3habe of polii ih almest euery thu

will bedclermiea by P
heis
7He S also tm hsad o isu y i n ofher words
Phe plikal head also. evem Dr: Ambedkar hadSatd that
anyone i p be Compared uith Amerttan Praident then
that o u Paiime Minlster.

6 People who istbecame CMthen Pm

Moraai Oesai Bombay H.p Deve Gruda

Ma: Chagan Sgh Nanendta Madi
Me yP Singh
PU Nar Sih ha Rao
 in Lok sabha ot Rajya Sabha MPs or Pm deresens
he pesblno t Paat

Cen tral Counci oPinis kas

4 15 are vuy imporBant, rd Ark: q4 deals o it

(ounil of Miws tes anal Ar S alks
eStntu of the
a bou thur qualAicaho and appoindmenk ek.

A 45Also Say- minista will be alleckuly nuponitble to the

houy ot Paople Lok Sabha

(2)MiNshea shal) hald oce duing the Pleasux of th rcsident

(3) 1 w e oank o under stand hLonahihuhion of India we

also have to udessBand the Exqlsh Conshituhonal Lao1 becao
man apecs are e takn om thee
A fundamata a c t of Engl1sh lonshtuhoral La
is-Peinciple of Collectiuc [Link] tuS isa polinca
Conceptit eany
Execuiu anstoeable to te legislbtue
itmeama we Swim_ bge Hher O we Sink [Link]
The enhire Cauncil of miskrs Lork asa team thedeusen
of one miNise deer obe deusln _af al) he muhisk
Including PM 30 w henever a decasio) is a ken by any
member of loluncil ot musies, then it s duu of
eve member Stad byYhat deuslon.
2Persorally he8 Ynay nof at al agee but they alwa
they aluas
go hand in hanc
then he ha
IA miis tr dog not agee well
yas pm ad
atsign it happened ontewhtn lehru ji he wasu
C£inant minisk)
Dr Mathai w a in his Cabi
kale
hot agree in a mat er oi Planniry lammssim_he rutgnd

Simlalauhen in1486, Phoitchim o Righh of

Muslim women's At -1486 in the achn of Shah bano Ca
Ar Moha obhosed thak aa it is aga4 sharip, anol he
dtstginedfiom themin'stry o Rapiv Gandhi.

s is the Contat of ollechive Ruponiibiliby

At the Same timethet is alka h Prinuple ok

Individuall Reapon^ikiliky it mtan whtrt a Miniskr ska his.
deisimon uso u n without the ashrovalo4 he whole
lahika.k,
then onlytha hisktr 1s des pan^ible for thal decisiom-
cdue to s decsiom i h _ that Cad
t h e tachins om
only he s iahle ano Pm Can ask him b raign andi
only o das u'ss
he do hot tlgn hen he Can_ak he residtt
him amod hoa the Phestden wileltsmiss Hhat uhls kr.

Angminis er an become mins kr evea heI5 hot an

Me even he Can become a Pime ninsler hut only ter

6 mons alttr that 6 Menthy he wll Cca^ o be the

miniser o PM as the caje may bu.
A maH came before te SC in the Caje o
BR Kaboor vs Stae of TailNaclu ool SL
te qushion 0u'se the aftr [Link] Can he be xappain kd 1
itwashld Hha Aere s notkig n A 5 ha the tan

be abbointment o a hon legislaure aminIS kr..

the dealed analyais ot collechive apanai bilr

done in the Caje of
(ommon Cae a gislecd Sotieiu Y/3 Unim of 1dia 149 SC
in s judgmens Lollectiue nsponsibiliky e discussdin detail
the Cabinal Stals or falls together.

Salaie of th Mwst dektmuhad by the Parliamext

an Ihbo tant as pect Came-

A 4 sauyathat Pretdent will_act uben_adui'se ot Hhe
Louni o mikiS ttrs Lok Ga bha 1s dussalvee na heu
Lok Sabha ill ake im in Loming i the IS a a
ohad wil Presidend do thcn)
in a Jals mun it Loay clornhtal tateven atler the
elssolutn f Lok sablaCounilol minstvs uill hot Ceaye
to hold ofhc ik m a Paeviou Counul of h iskers will
not leavt mur othte uni_ new lok sabka Come becawe

Paaidentwill do hetaing at ks oon even he neecl aduite

of tho (ounul of inslers b laM an ordi nante

Sdat d it in many jualgmenk Hhat- it Ptsvden! taleay

decis ion wIthou he advite of the Lounl of minites t
hente ik will be unohshthhion
will he violaie of ArtU and

Is hex an Systtm otLegal Reshonibileb like

Collechieand Ikodiuidual Responi biliy1
 thak he an be Suea tn he
Lega Resporiibil1ty mean
aku any warq decrsiom then
Coutit means f mikus Ber
he Ca be Sued
Indli am Conituhn thert is ho prouisíom for
any lega s ponsi bi lity of a Nnskr.
be queshiomed by he Court
e vo
evon laure ot aduice Cannat

o La

pe a Mimsters
Ho mah u ÞA of iniatem_ar ht?
Cand belato him
Under 4LiS=Prime mis tr îs there
het a e Cabinak minstus Cabinode hiis ksa r t ha mest
importan mhisters beCaue Hhe head he
Hhe DAini'st
Home minsttyRailw4 uniskty Finante ministerDeknee
thuir ministries ana thete oa
M(nigker al df them are htadu'ng
Cobi'hak minis ters.
imkostant minisbie) are Called
a t assisktd i n hetr
AIL theCabirale ninsBex
OLon departme by Ministkrs o Stk.
inistr he can haue
theethee Is a n Agni cultur
on2matkers
mins ers looking atkr idepenglent

Hgriul tur Mster (Cahinak minis ter

mater - mater ()

h bom are undler minisBrq o Stak and

they may haue nde penalest Charges or they nay not have
So, Heir order is
bime Minjster

CobineMinss ters
Minists o State

De budy Minis lex Depuy muiniskers ar

ho giueM indeptvalew
chage baaiCally Hhey CAe atlacheo
thabi het minS fen baaically work ot ehuy
MAStr 1-to assist Coabintt miis
tenih Parliamenta duhes
Aelminusthatiie duhies or evem Po lihcal tmautey. ek
hey 0t ho Cabiet memberS_ So they lam'E
go in_ Caki ret meek'mp
th lowe lel of he misBen ar Hu
Parliamentary SCYctary th ae t
miis tt kuel they a qivemMe slatu of a mNIkr
but hu is no depaatment und
thur Contro they art
attacheo witm Senior mins ters a l agsist
hem n ay
h e mates.
in Conker Syatm o a liamunkary Seure
tay erole
alter 106 but thy a SHll Hhee in a many Sttu

Deput Prin minstta in tal1y a thay are j t a

Cabinet minislerCd nanypebeoble became- -q
Sardar Pae.
 w hat is the biggesB ole of he Cablhet 9
Highest dersion makina authenhsof our Lountra s Cabine
main o licy forming body of he Country is he Cabintt we
Cam Sa thar the Sureme authon y of he Cental Coul s
Cahthit is man advisoy body to the Prestdent they also
deal main Cnsis all foreign aairs emergenysihah
a legislaiv maltersEinantial mattea Foxgh aflars Matkks_
al inpoxlant appoindmenk dealt ba them.

u ofCamCahined minssknSame of hem ar

Cort Caklnet
y Specialthege are Calleo Inner (abinc r
Some ints Hhey are Called kitchum CabintL

ih the kitthn Cabineo Nehiu j i 9 thue werR

Sordar Pakel maulana Azad kuido ek.
cur Hhu hia of Lal Bahadr Shashti Y _ Chaukan
Swaran SinghCitdkai lal
Pesently_in h inner abinet of Modiji axe Deknce
Mislar Aajhath Singh Amit Skah

Baxic deasio Came om inner Cabihet

Loye Cobinet or imr Cabinet Shall be made ar hot2

it is not only in irdia, everywhae it exist s ao
tain, USA ek The Person_ whe is Pm Cant Lonault
thah's wha he has to ihdthe peoble ho a
 very Balanneel exe peninted, oho thinks like him
V ard
tha is u
whyo kithen Cabineh
Cexbihe Comities
Cabintt Commite is no whert menhoud in thl.
LN lituhion of Idia hee a erta Constahoral bacue
it is allowad becaue of Rule_ot usines of lok Sabba

thert a r e y bes of (abintt Committee

AO Ho Pexmanht
itis made to meet IIS also Called sBanaina
Ony emergency An Lommte i t I
noYmal
thy exist il he Chaired by Pm in this
mergenty RIsts hoT.mally3-8 membes
vidoa ek are ihdudee who are mB
ard a most otthtm ae Cabthe
MS Hey- in hhis_ all he
as pech art Covereal ib haitt
is thur wak loaal dustri bued

imporlemt Stading tommt

Po liical Afaur loMmittee
EtonConsmi AFfai lommm tee headed by Pm
Apboinl mens Co mmtto
Parlamendary AMais ComutheP headed by Home hi kis her
 Polihal Atla cemmuttee s decmed toht He mo st

imbortan lommitke Some k my it is callead-Super abinut

all mattts ot Polical Altas deided by Hhem

Hpboimtnt Camutte dletdey impor tand post

all e
Gtneral lieutenan Gtneral, all Hhe hosk must
be cleand by hem

tConomi A a r (ommitke deide whole economwcS

de Valuhhin, inflaim eh

thue u Comitteey look alu he whele abuh of

Tvalia
 Atfats Cemmwttee is deumd to h he
hm mest
Poliical
S o m e t m y _ i t i s Called- [Link] Cabiht
Imbortant (ommitHke
by hem
all hematttrs of Poli tical Afais deuided

Hpboint mtatComnuitke detds all me imbor tand post

hestmuyt
-Gtneral lieutenant Gtneral a l l he
be cleaed by then

deide whol LonomltS

tConomi Afar (ommitee
de Valunkian inflakim eh.

uCommitttes look aftr he whele abech of

hue
hue
Inalia

lst June 2022 (I

ur ConAhtttonstonds oh 3 Piller

he Executive The Juouiary

The leqrslturt
whih makes laws whth mlinenh H Laa uwakh Nog 6n
t law makin Laws and Poliuies both ot these
athony in[hela ara also indudy - any actis cone
i t s he union delegaed lyislahon b the lgisladur
O the KeLuhve
Par liamemt
wth is againutt
stade Assembl Conatthuhon, it Judica
ohich stike it doon
 Chalster Pax tament
the legislakure of he Onin)

word Pauliament Comes rom gur Conhhthim

AhS avtle lais douwn th basic
Stuchu ot th
gslatu fox the onian for 4ws purpos S AHicle
ell w her a t 3 Parh of tht
leqslature
ThePrestdent
the Council of staty
>
Ratga Sabha)
he Hoye o
thPeo l lok Sabha)
and also vistu of Aat14 tCon be said hat we hav.
icameal leslaturt an he rame ofE our legislatuc authoil
in the Uion is PaallamUnt

Eveay Coundy hos i OLn laalfament the

Paxliawen baaicall has the Soveraign, tha
houe in the Parliament Tn Ihdia we tollou
Souerdgn howes is
westminsl
Model, west minkr is th Plate inOited Kigdomohen
h Par liament of Unilta kngdom is
situaltd Thas uohy we
Say we tollos the Onilkd king dom Model insBtd of watminkr

Paia men

Pacaidont Countlo Sladca Ho of H People

Houo dd is Poxltamun tomt into the Piclux
Ths Porliamet has Cme into pictuBe becaue of the
 Coatituhion and because Aat 10.

Ls h Palamtmd of India Souerugn bady

Nothe Parliameh itselfS theCreahin of Aa19, So
Paultamunt îs not a souregn body 4hismathr Came opb
before H e e t Suprne Court in the Caje of
Peoples Union tar Ciuil liberties us Unjon of lndia oo3 SC
in ths Case h t quesHion Came ula wa Baihsh Parliament
I sa Sovereign body 1SLhdian Paliamet alko a soveign
bodyi Since w_ar follooing he Brilsh Paiten
Nothe
No Indian Parliament is the Creaion of the Cohitukm
houo Can it b Soveren So onlike Bretain though we_are
follosing the wut min model.
butour_Parltamtnt Is not soveteugn Bihish
Pas ltanent somthim Called th- Muther of allPaliumtnh
ne_elouht we had lloweo he syakmhut but Sovereignka
the Parltamin IS in the hands of we the People' and that
o
S h ason Loky Paxliameat is bound by the Protedurts lad dodh
in heConlituhin s0 thoat is the Kaion ohy iCanho be
Said a
Sovertign_ body
Our Consikution lommences on th Jan 1450 and
irs elecked Pa»liament Came in may 1152 Betort tha
Eu Povsionral Pazliament 3 0 the guahion is
LaSoaale by tht Phouisional Paxliamenk be forc the Longhkuhan
theY be Considercd a thepart of Conshtahm
Can
there oas an As 314 whth clearly sadd tha the lauws
Passed by he PouIstonal Parltamen in the exercrse of
Ord'has y legislahue Power not enjoy the Staduy as Hhe loyHtuhon
or
ony Specsal statu, thegsill be called Laws made. by
Paallame ndu m Con hkukim lok o ConuioMs uere
CCakd by Arl 31 betae w a not givina the lonHtuhimal
Staky i e Prouisional arltanthas hy it was aleal
inin 1456
what are the benhth of BicamehoalLegislatu
SomeHmu_veny expericnted old Polihton wilht
be able to win the gencral elecHonbu thur expertente s
vy
valuable o the Ccuntty t thue perSon tte not qiuem 0 Chana
lo of luqislationweuld be lost becauu thy would no wh ('n
tmugal elechin dirtetly mans these elders Canhebraught
indureetly ard w(andet th Mind of eyperlentel wkith theae
elder polihon hauL

th s only houye hen whatuer the Law Hhey

mak will he ina there willl he no theck and halance
that is why w need o haue thck and halante on s a n d
ths thk and balante needs_anater koue with almost
siilar poes that is thi rason why e haw his Bitameals
n Tdia

SomeHimas,if there i s one Parky in_Poerin lok sabha.

ad it dou hot haut Complek ajority in RaA Sak
i May pass any bilit IS Casg t CoUton houuL i
there onlyhous but now t hee a a o u ard
thtne is ho maori in no thor houeit he Comes drfhult
to them.
 So heAe at the aduantage3 o hau ing icameralism

lgslatut

DISaduantage o Bitameaal Leqislat

a me ke o idependenie India uoad uery poo
Countny havt So uch ofyperd' ture btcum ont
Aull houl have lak of xpendikure.

I a l l s puople o bringa in those þeolle who are

eleleated i i the Public has rejtctta Someone hpolthho
will bing them back trom h back door enty
SamesmesHnet is riual btheten the uo hoiuuu anc jutt
becaushysant o blak Inprkant and bobulaz legs lation
may not pass.
thu are daus haks o 0tcamera ltgs
7
th Htnali h e nama ie Lok Sabha Cind Radoa Sabka
Loede adoptd by he oth houes in 19L5ba-paMih
Simple rAaluism S0me tima Rajya Sabha ('s also call
The Secono hault o th hause ot eledeas and the lok
Sabha alle Th ixt heuse Or h Po pular hou.

who s h zole oPxaidant Lohy is the Preadert

calles Pau liasn
President 1s _n the Part of Panltament he is not an
elected member he i s nuther a member o Lok sabba noi
memberof Rajga Sabha ye Aak: 11 cleazly says that
e S an hdearal Part o the Parltament, the acadon 1S - Ohce

he bill passed by the both o houseno bill an betee

th Lau unle the Praidtnt asscnhb

Prident Sumtond Oissolue and lok Sabha

Proro gue t
Summoha bath te houMA i s is the reajon wh Paide
S h Paat ofParliamen

n boitain as wll Parlttmend also Corist ot e

Cdoon heue of lorels ayol he house of Commoh

In Amerita leais labure is Calld Congr es here oalo

C Paih ond Bicameaal upper hou s callted Senode
and ower hoa is callecd -Houye o Reþrtgcnatiucs
So Bicamtraltsm is noB only in 1dia t 13
almos t tvtywhR

Composikon o 2 Hou ses

RaJga Sabha
As far a Raja Sa bha 1s-toncerne A80
talka abow ik. it-Compo sition Counul o ht Slalea.
Raya Sabha) t Loumuil o Salk 1Lnisk oB- 8 a Menbes
Ou o hue & So membe 8 a r Reprenlahve) o
Staley Ong Union tanha ancd 12 membts have o he
nomnak 0 P* RI Ppouisioni 0 Claue(3) hjch meanu

on ounda Secial knouledg or bhachcle erbeube in Suitne

Hatueaa and Social Service Qrd aso is moaxtmum
Sanchon Stu»ath ghih is alloed i 238 +12: 250
but actually hey a u S Ghd allocation ha to
be according toVthSchedul

so A go Shall be R Fouath 3chedule.

Ou o hse au5 Membes2I9 xeprczaat ihe Stale

UTs art Delki ana Puduche

12 Members aie hchinattl

So5) uhith Union teraitoay will be nprsenesd ard on

what bases iuoill be decided by th Paaliament bymakin La

Manhex of Repacsentahion In Rajua Sabha-

Elechion held h Rajya Sabha is indiyeck e elecked mLAs

o Statlislakurt. Selet the members of Rajya Sabka el
theit state throunh A Propohional preentahtonby
Single ang feaable voBe Seoley ae qiven 9n the baje
othir populaion..
l a r os Union erioriea are Concer neol hey are to
Shllthy do hot i n the bmula po pozhonal rpraenahith.
Ahadis ok Only & Unbn tcniaies whithare verya4e
pobulahian_Lois ar included tor ebtstnta Hon tn Raya sabha.
boaitaly Popoional erunBaton maahs
baalcally tha One MP shall
cprexnta he equal No of peple That s o
hy the St em
Pnbortianal piaeraion is So inportont in our lodHth
1UM oN t Can have demoacy ie- an indirtct Demotaau.

noirabed memhers aae ConcterMeal

As Aar a
s Sustem of Nominated mewbers are Stas kcl bug
no
in Couhul This is bas ically obring ing in luminarie3
induckeo
deision_naking basicallyeminend ersons need o
dittly inb the legisladure So that they Can give a lo o
thur experientein tiamia phoper laws o he (ountry
that is why have th sulm o Nomiahions we have 12 memas
Loho hav homitakd in Rafya Sabua t kave be
the shall have $pecial knosledgk or Poachtal exenence
i'n Lihature Aat sciene ard Secial seruite

Composikon oLokSabha
Arh 81 S3o members will be presending the sheeaalier
toa 59s when (oa. Dam and Diu wee organ'scd Hhtn it
becam S3o Membe ardhot more than o members Shall
b bresenking he Union tuntoriegtotal strenth 1 55o
membes or Supbosea be hrom Hhglo Lndian (ommunity.

A331
Aa 334Ruservahon ofScST [Link] Indians in both
he houutd earierthere is Nominatinot Anglo Inasam
in R a Sabha and 2in Lok sabha.
he beher vaion willbe Stopecl ler 8o yec oM [Link]
onaihdion bun CAA-QolU
and o ans inespech of Anglo Talians it it was ended
it aolo have

Anglo Indi tng 1 no ivenur hertAtruahomd

So th total Seas of Lok sabha an he 550

i would be 550 t2iBonglo Indian reseruadion onh nued

in actua they are suss Sak ax vatant

Out of Sus 5Bo Reþruexting the Stalea

13 ReptjendHg is
a9Anglo Indioans (ancled

in Lok sabha. hert is diect elechion. in his they haut

thei oon turioaial (ontltueni the are Seleched byadulis
and only Cihiens can voltint i s nonil2angtanhotvaBe
Carlier he voting age wos I Jeas_ bu by the LlstcA A19e1

Onion lenitprita are directly undes he Union hats ohy

Lok sabha decides the manner of Ckoosing orthem Hher i
On Ack br isUnion Ttnibies Diec Elechon House
oPeoble Act 1165 atcording Hisac h all unidh
Teribvehere i be diatct elecho
Teuorial ConstiHuenejos
lst June oR

Combo silton of Lok Sabha

to tal members 545
Members bepuenhikg SBates- 530
membes rebry PnhiH UT 13
13

Conposion of Conahttuencity Basis)

As far as SHale_are Conteanead their ConstituonMC
art maae a an_MP e þres Lnhn he no of people
in one State it shall be Samt (M every saleik means
mcans
Poo poa tional
derekentaution actording to wkth e f if one MP
in DP is on loo0opaoble hun thu mP in Andhta Pncesh
Shall also eprutn lasoD His as pect has heen clahed
bfat 8
Nouo, i we horth eas
See slaks they have vey lkss populahn
whad to do with them)
Paouiso o Ah812 Sa that, s po þoatioa
ill hot appls on thost stoks whose Populahin :
ehrdedahie
lus thaM 6 Nton hut, they will
be fixed aLLordingly- that's why Sikkim has MP.
So ho iis allowed hat MP o UP Rehaesenht hq
o las people and on he ome hand MP of sikk im eil
be ebesintih 3 lacs people
 Consituenci the SBale
inside
each stak will be_deuided n sucha way that
Lo ill be equa in ery Con ihueny , that mios
the
tath state must have similar Nambtt of MP pestnhig
the Sihilar No: o Prople

hat means 1MP Shall be «presentin the Samne

an MP eprjening
No:people in madhga Pradesh
u P o in Ardlhra Phadelh. CInkr Stak e)
No ofpople in

koitin a statt if one distct have v las pedpl

akd Oh
withano ther distaitt
Ont
then i t will margd
MP Lan epresentà Distaldsand E i n any diskar'ct
thet tun then mP
ar altady enougpeol
ill prtsent one Disitt.
MPs_and teri torlal Congikencigare hat
Distict wse eare populahion uotst
Ha 8deals with 9 Paak

Intaslade Preportonal Intra stakt popautinoa

Repeeemahm. Repeehhim

puladion o India is AtralySnad ballig.

evea s year e hae inCreae in þopulation Sucldenly
we tnd that los o Penple om on Stae haue migaatd
O u t r shk, in o ter wodsAeribrtal Condikaenoy
 keep On
chonai
ckanging becaude o pulahion No: is
chavgig
hen
L how we Ccn haue Popou Horoal penlatian.
oe afur every
haea smkm gien in Aat 82 e
oe hav to Rtodluyt. the denibaial (onstikunciey pate
this

Called- Delimahiam i means delimit Lrtak) e

boundazie ofCoxlhitucncie) and o make new Conshituemu 04
er the þrtvai lihg þopuluhin
There are ACs ot De llmutadim whidh wa made i'h-
52la62 1aa2200and Ce is Concutted alter
eve lo yeas

No o it wewee to deliit (onhtuencig afkr eye

Cenaus x will be loks of admins hatu wok, this hanChane
will lome in Lwhole India Adminishakve changes ill be the
there will be change in eleckoral oles thas s a uge RerCise
and i Caugigkt between Polikica aHes ca isa Ault
o pens Pondora's box of oblemd h u2d CAA 1116 hey
Said there ill be no delimitahion ll2ocoii t meahsthee
ill be no delii tation tor &5 yeR ih 2600 aaain (ame
UCA&ool and it {zeezcd delimituho for &s yaus
tmiantheye ill be ho delimikhn Hill 225.
So Delimitahon hos becn ho 2en
for 2S Jtas
CAM
DA y2
Obu
(1 by 84m AA for agan 85 yean.

w hen the DeltmtahHon wll be ih d o6 he ha

oill he duol Consa. $tmCAA )
 Reacavahon fo S and ST

Aad 33o RAtrvaton ox SCand sT in the Lek 3abha

he is ho veevahin
the seruaion is only- or SCs ard$1
on h e bais of «lgíM Prcscnlly
it wa f
Prekendly
lo gecas
i Hl l160 but eveay
evea o year it is exlexeled for tuatker lo
Jas and nouit is ilob0 (loymAR

to S SC ana S I Candidalta only Scand sT _vote or them

OY eneaal Can also vote)
Novo heCokJitenqu haj beeeruedor SC and ST
in that Conaitueny allpeople a thu, SST and Genual
and he Landidadt ill be SC or ST all hose people oho
live (nthad tonti kuontywill uste or hin.

we deutde Stae wise aa per the decavah'm quota

hene s where }hee S ho schedule ibe here ill he ho
Lons Htucny Lhee h SCs are mo there Sc Seaey
will be mot o SCConstituency ill be kot ih
Trdia wheae ATeismaximum SCs the Seakes wil be
provideo moe CLno where heya les3 ScaBs wil be
prouided leg.
No
7No general Candidate will go in SLsT uctvcd lonitaencics.

an SC Coam Pa kcipate on gtneaalSeoat,

Bill has been moved or avahon ot women but it didn+ pus

 is ho
Reseuahion oSC and ST 1s thestere
eAeuahiom o ORC o women \l ho
Duzaionof the 9 houdes (Axt 83

Duaahion of Rajua Sabha

for the is Hme in 1G52 his huer
Raya made
eissolue+ih other wohds iks a Continuhg Chamber Hhey a
petmanent body

Hoo thuir Mem berS hie

sad of their membex eh every Secord tear, îh
o te w0da each membe is thue tor 6jeasSo t
MP
MP an
a an- mP o Raya 6abha anfor 6 wan.
in tst ot th membet 5uer Hrd thenugh sttiea
(ysnd membes Ms of Rasya who tkits a e eligs ble.
forelecHon. hey a n bu Re eleced or even Re homnatd

HoLo many Nos of Hme theywill be eleckc e

ho hminaleal
As many NooHme hey an be Pleckd o
e Momhad.

All th MPs govtmeal by an Inbarlant oact

Ore

Repreentahon of Pcoplei5 ACt aS1

-

ittn Yha mP o Raga

in tis Act it is early
br 6 yeay
S a b h a w i l *main MP
Lok Sabha
as faras Lok Sabha is (onceicd it dussolued afhr
Cars s 5 4e cs and it Cannot be extemled
he tenure
by euon One da hean the momant 3 yars a r e o t r
CutD metitally Lok Sabha dissolve HouoeueY undex mergey
itCan b x knda fos year

Cam Lok Sabha be dissolvec be toe 5 yea

Yas h e Pm_and hts Councgl of tstes Jose the
Majoi Lok sabha Canbe dissolueal
In EmergengiX there s a NaKonal emergeney
emergen then
Lok Sabha Can be extendedtor 1 ytar at a time and
man
it Cam be exkended for as Kumber o l yLaxs as long a
mergency_existbut ad the im whenEmergency endsthen
Camtbeextended more than [Link] happo uohe
CcDv s i n absoluke nafoiy-
thads wh it is Sautd
Pow is dangeras bu absaluke_Pawe3 1S_Leay clangeau

CuaricahHon Member sk þ aPaxliament Ax8

he Should be ciBten of [hdta
Age in Rajya Sabha 30 gears and in Lok Sabka
itis &5 yea
He wB posso)As Mose 9ualthcah'on hich an PresCbeo
by the Paa liamen in Reþegenlatfon. of Peoble's Act l16.|

Whad all art 4uakitcatns Given in us AC

tany uson kghh'rg for (onsthuanlt t he must be

steed 03 a uoter thart CAor Lok sabha)bu for
Raga Sab la his ha wa dus penaeo In o03

2itany $. CamdidaBe wanh p Stand tMaConsthuanu our

i s ieskred a a voky in ahother LonaHhuemt He
S alloued tn b Llok sabka h u hot guacal (acliclas)

DiS quakuatong Aticles ol-lo

Specal Aerence Art lo2
h should not hold any o hce of P kt Cin union ot
Slale9ovt)
the Cous hay declared him_unsounnd mid
he ts an undishanged 1h Soluant
H 1snot a cikiun of India Che tannot become an MP
or mLA
He is dsqualitied b any o thar Lao f Paaliament

tha all are CoveRd under

eesen ahon of People's Ac 1951 tells e aws uder

whuth he Cam be dusquali hed
h e sa tound of any elecHon Fena ox (orulpt Paactica
 Balance sheet ofcxpengas hos be given i£ it s ka
given ih ime Set by elechion (ommussion, he will be disquasie

he should o be any govt. Contaattop

uhere 4he Crouholds S4. 61 mon Skate (h ay Conceh
and he S koldirg an oHceitull be Considetcd as
ohce c Paott whih Is hot allowed
He shauld hot haue been dishsS ed om Crouton
ChAHg o Coupkonor ds layalty o the Stak Coisns
to 0ther giouhd may be allowed)

He Should nat have been Conuitted forpomahi ci' nu

bttoten qoupsLo_dafttenk lmu Hes
He should not have heen Conuitted for ony Social Cime
(thols why pnon_with aiinal batk grounal 1% hatallowoal)

in ilg tho mas Cas sc held that euen if

Chagt Sheut is Hld Hhen he uill not be allooea

H heac S a qyhon o Disqualihita hon who will clecide

A o toka it clear that it OMqueshom aNseadl
Fega1dary
disqualikicahon o an MPThe Paes nedents Decrsion 1 Hhal
while akiy dectsiDn undlerArt lob Prutdent
has to Aak
oheion of the Election lemmission. and ac
aCtordihgly on thS
 an
an ano ther gaoud of disgual1hcahm 1s Tendh. Schealule
n h i s T h e 3þeakor of he assembly or of Lok Sabha
de crdes

OnMP ha defectec tn Raya Sabha, then whowill decide ?

Craur man. vice Paeatdent)

Oalh o Aitmation by members=A q4)

oath shall be talken in ont of Preident. theur
oath is Alleaiante to the Conitutton
wha 1ON member is clecled in bo h the houjes
Cmattero Double Membeshik )
Aat 1o Sa Oneperion_ Cahot be a member_ ot both
hoy of Patliament.

then what Is to be do 2

2 wayou is given in Re prekon tahtn_ofPcaple's ACt 115

it SauS f the PerSon 1s electea to the botm the houy
in Parlament he muyt intimatk within lo days n whith
house h clesires to Sere f h e hot intmale ih lo

ca
ca his Seain Ralga Sabha be tome vacank

he is alitadaa membey otany houe hen. he

hu benn elect for ther house a wellthen his
house wil be Cancelled in whicn h
mamoeshi of ha
alread a membor
 aano June &0&9 I)
Detalsof vacation of Saat n the Rpr3en tatian
Peoble Act-195
where Peson is electeo to both the Houes them he
must inhmate itkin lo day to with howe heleatres
to Conthue 1f he doe not inkimake then his Rajga Sabha
Sea becames vacalta.
Memberis alcacdly sihingihone houlenou he get
Sclectedo another hous then the Sea in th Pist
house become uatakd.
Ifa perSon is eleckec to 2 Scats in a Howke then he
Mut Cxexiae his ophon,thaswhich Seat he wans to valate.
i h e d o not iue hia chaikethen both he Seates
will be vatakol.
Gnd alSo
APeyson Cannot be MPand MLA ad the Same himeLt
apeson is So eleckes ea he is alrady an MLA ah
he betome an MP heshoula
immediately esign, f he dou
hot then hi's Paltament Seat (mP skip becomes vataheol, if
he dots not restqn from MLA Seat
within |Y olaug.
o ther wa of vatahíam of seat is qiven in Aak \o
 ReAtgnaton oMP

a n mP wank to eiign he Cam ulgh whom

daes he addresel esignaian to
he adeenes hts reatgnatHon fo
-if he is ih Rajya Sa bha T o the Chauirman
h e is n lok sahha T he Speoker of Lak sabka

Mexly because on MP tesighes the Chaitmanor

the Speaker as the Case may be Cannot be fortto fo
auept the resignahon he cha man or Speakr wrll
attet thevigruhinonly il he is sakislieal that agkohon,
wa Volun tary and enuin.

Hat lol CuD Sas, if an MP nainy absent Saom atkndi

ang
ay meehir of the Pazltament for 60 dayswithou
PemesaiM h s sead will be declartd vacatd.

what will behotilualecd in 6o dlays-

Time Period of the RLce ill ho be laundesl.
If Lolk salbka o Rajya sabha h e Cale may bei{
itis odjomed for Mort than clays then thas þeriod ill
Mot be counttdl, in á0 dasa.

abart hom all hue rtaloN-

f elethion of mP declareal uoid, hnCoAse he loses
hen
he mahe &pelleal by the houße
he is elected to He þo0SEo Psidert or ulte Patdeut
 He may be appoin kd a a Gouerhor

all thu Cah be reaLons pr vataHon oan mPs otte

Th oment an Me is elecktol before taking us Seat

he ha o take an oath or afliimahon tis oath Is bajitally
alleaiane to the Lontituhen. Unleas the mp takes oakh he Cahnat

Pankitipakt in _any po7 piaceeding af h heue he hasha

qks to uoBand he has ne Pa lamendary immuwh he or

Privilagel
M p Mp siis in any o Hhe haua_uitkou taking bath
t o bay the penalky of500 perday
hewill Ible
Pazhament
osNo o daus he Sis in_any of he houd ih
Aat lo
Salaryof anMP
The Salaria and the allouants ot the MP a

delttmined by the Paaliament

2thereis ho þrouision of Pensin in the Conaihshon onsion
2iven o he Ms are Phouided by e Pazliamtnt. an act
wa madle by he arliamentSa
[Link]
Pon sfona oi membes of Paliamen Ack 1454 hy a
ovexne b4 ts A

Speokeg Ckoaman oRaa Sahhaal ar determined

by Pas liament they aare charged ron Coholaesl Fund
of India fany
any Salay chafed in onsoltdales fund of
[Link] SalarH Can het be endleadOr eduteal
that
b Volinin Parliamen SoVoHng Canno be clone
on

those Salay which come aom Consalidated Fud o lndia

Offices thePaa liament

As fax a offrcers o he Parlianen are tonteb Nd
_Pacsicling ofhtens
hea ae d majoy o{Hceys ad hey ar

Prudig ofer in Lok Sabha is Speake and hn

De pay speaker
7Paesiding ofticeas in Rojua Sabha is Chait Man arol \hen
Deputy Chaia m a

Instituhon o Speaker amd clebuy sbeaker wa

inhrodutesd or he fist Kmein Crou of Indka Act 11

a hat tme they were calleal estdent ahol Deputy
Perden and itway tonhnued H1 1out.
Betore 1914 The Cwvethor Geneal u c t o prestde
bu faom 1a21 o nwards The PrHAident and the Deputy
Preaidet 3tartdpresidtna over Hheze legslah've Cainel CCentaal
lesislatiue ounctl)
First President ot Legslahive Counu) wa) hedaichohite
Ared fist Debuty Prsiden+oas Sachidanana 3ihha
+he wert iast P>sdent and Dehuky President of
Centaal lea1slahie Council i n 142)

Ae thaih1925
the fis Indian uwho became elee ted
Speakerot Cemdba leeg'slahioe he wa-
ASSem bly
Vithal hai Rac he was th irst Lndtan also he
t elected Speaker of the Centa legislalive asstmbly
then Came - Gov of India Act1935 in i s act the
hen
hama ofPresicdent and De puy Preatdent became Speakes
hamed
an Depun Speaker and that is kken by the Const ituhim
when_oux Lok Sabha w a toxmed he ixE
Speaker o the Loksabhaw=Gy Maualankar
Eist Debuhy speake of Lok sabha wq A Agangaa

GgV Maualankarwaa altaalySpeakar of_Conshikuent AsSembly

when Pouisional Paiament w a there he rtmaintal hee
Sheakerof Loksabha rom 19us-1956.

Speaker o Lok Sabha

Sheoker of Lok Sabka is very Senior Person
is order of Pecedenteis Same a3 Chit Jushie of
India ANCabinet minists are beloo the s þeaker howeuer
Prime minlster and ceputy Prinlninste iS on Cbove Rank
aom Speaker. bu other Cobinet miniskers are on below Rank
in ordey o cfchence. Speakex i s a Huty lexs Person
in Baitainsþeakr haue to lev leave their Pcuaty
Peuaty
he has s g n hom hus paat then only helan become speakespeakr
howuer in our Indian Consituhion tu's Hhia is hot Couaeal
In India a Speaker Can be toor
Pr unlike Bitain

e Speaker has many nbortant aspeck then IS

an Tndian Pasliamedary raoup of Interhahoral Paaliamenkiy-
Ohion. The iS. an Union of all Parliamtnkay Groups
In the won ld Called Inttr Parliamentay Union, So Indian
Pa liamentay rou_ofi s union is tert and ik Cxofhca
Chajl manis Speake So
anyuheein the world
ha isanymeeinof farliament he aluasys rehrzenks Jndlia.
H abpoin the chairtman oall Paaliamtntary louw'Hy
Lok sabha and also he Supeabise their tundhm-
intact he kim slf is the Ckauimam

he is the Chaitman of Rales Comutke, Geneal Purpose

Co mttee and Bus iney Aduiaory Comutte
Souru of the Pows o the sheakeh-
ther art 3 Sourueg manpotuc Lome omhe
CenyHtahim but More than hat Powers Come rom Rues
pocedure Lok Sabha has ik own Rule of Proceobunt
arcRaia Salbka. hay ih own Rule o Protecurt Sþeaker
et huge power tom Ruley of Procedu
oPocedute basitally called-
The Rulea
Rules oPaoccolue and Conductof Kusinus h lok Sabha
thiS IShe rd Sourte

Sourte which is hot uiten Over apeiood

Jhe 3ad
iMe ight acm Cong HHunt 03embly Cesioin Conuenho
ther witken i n auley hor
hich is ne
hav Comup
here a hundreds of examply of
 thos Convenios a basicall callesl Parltamentaky
Conucn&ions.
there are hund eda of in tene ohere
then s ha
is qwk aboudit hen
hen
Prouisi in the uw ane Consituhin
Lonueáiay has beem folloued ubten number of imy,Cnol
tha is a reason why ihay forte of Law

So the Speakernivts his poweis om

Congituhion
Statuto
Conucmsioj
he Speaker and He Depu Speaker ae Coveed Uneler
Athcle 93 a far a Aq3 s Concernea the sþeakor
is electeo b y he lok Sabha aom amangst ik_own MPs
at he irst sitti of he Lok Sabha the s t H's
ts t be done is e l e c t Speaker Lak sabha Cant b
t without sheakerit ang spesker clies he imdiakly
ano ther Speaker has t be electest
Af elechion shen Lak sabha assemblecl or he
Astt ime Hhad me thee 1sho spakerfor thus purpose
s
Peatdent Lomes into Pichuye h e anhounces the dale of elechon
and to Conduct First electiomof the sþeaker ano ther spakur
is neededtor tsPres ident abpeink a Pao Hemsþeaker

L th Pao Hem speaker_a Paa of Lon) htuhon 2

a ber the Constituhon, speaker of the ast Lok sabha
vacatoy his oce immidiahtly be fore the new Speaer
 Lok Sabhos irst meeting- a k place he has to. a1gh
bebr 1 day bafore the na Lok Sabha sik in h
Par tament
So
So who_oill elec h speaker o new lok sabha)who
i l l Conduct Ihe praceeoling il h t hew Sþeaker is eleckeal
For
For h s purpose Prerdentapþaink Cmember of he
Lok Sabha ikself a The Pao tm sþeaker Normall t h
Salar mosi mpof Lok Sabha is elecked a^ Pro Ttrmspeaker

No bne Can woak in Lok sabho without takuiha

Oatn Se, whoLill administen theoalh Pro tem
Speaker o Term speakaris appointd by tht
Psdentonly tor the þurpose of elecha the Regular
Speakercnd naw Presiden admini's tes oabh t the
Term Sptake

ha a the Pousta o f a Po kam Speaker )

Same a s anordi hary speaker.

o hat dae he do)

He Presides ove the ely eletledLok sabhas kst sitti
siti
what rs u s aih duky)
he a main dutey
He has to adminis tey oath o nu MPs
)
2 ) T allow the houxe to elect a hnt speakur
moment when me Paliamentelecb a hew
hakar the ofte o the Po rm spakertnusheg
 what will be the lke o the Speakex )
Till the Loksabh.a Suruives because he is an MP.

Underwhat Concdih o Speakermade to vacale his oSCre )

when h Ceases to be a member ot Lok sabha
TAhe wans to t8gn then he uill teign in _wiHngto
the Debuy speaka
T f he has to be vemoved, a soluhon Is te be þased b
majarita o_all members o f Lok SabhaiB measth
o ta Stieng a 5 4 5 Cnot Present and uatth
1y days hohce has obe qivem in aduante and
wheneuer tere iS a makter of xmoval Sþeakess goiha Onin
the Lok_ Sabha he_canno patside over those p>oceedung
Which Concens his tmoval.
then ohat wil he do)
he tan of Couse be prtsemt he Can sit our benches whe
Mes Sit. and De þuky skeaker wil)LaketheSeat ofsptaker
Can he Speak in the paaLeecings agaungi him2
Yus he can spk
AHer ha voking ís dont Can he vale in his favour 2 Yes
he Can vole în kis fovou but he Canatve the Cashing vole
i n s o w n moual h e Situahm shem hex is Same he-
of uoBe 1f his favou wel) a_ against him_)

once the Loksabka is dussolued the sþealkur does hno4

vatase kis othce he Conihue unkll po tem Sþeaker Cones
There will be no ok Sabha without ang Speakex.
PoweYs and functiong of the Lok Sabha..Shtaker
The had ot Lok sabha is the Speoker he 15 also
an MP, So he has basically Role
As an mP As Lok Sabha Sptaker

7
he MPs have got
AL
the Pivilagea and imnuni' +y okich -
iS iven to them
by the Con ituhm. Sbeakeris now
he
duaidian ot the immunihy Paiuilago of AN mPs
HeIs the rinctele Spoky han_of the house, and in
any
any Paaliamentary afais i Parlí[Link] matters Riatecluey
ule ek. hs wod is a

He maintain the DetorUm and oder in the hous

whle Cenductig his ousi
I the oratituhtn is to be interprektd thn i fina
Tnter prdtr is Spcaksr. that's why speaku has to he
the mayBy o he Ceyi' tuhon.

i t there i o quoumCY1om Mem baas of the house)

esont in Loksabhha then h ad ourn the louse (Aat lo
Can
both housc neeo to maintain 9uo um) Atloo 3) 2 (U)

Ar loo (3 and )were epaaled by the U2d cAn 176

Ou he is ho enbrcement o tus Rapeal.
8and June o 22 D
wha abou tht vohing Righh of he Speaker
as a generalule Spaker does not vote he do ey not
have Ony uotih gutonly in Caje oB a h eSS oo-5o
nave ay
-5o

oposian and Rulsng Pal) only4 vote is heedecl

that is called Cashiy vaie in such Casesto ume tht
dead lak Sheaker ive3 Castig uote.

TT¢any
any bill pasSed
by lok sabha or Rajya Sabha
but anather house doe not passhe billit leade to a

dead lock hew he isa brouisíon of Joint Sithin ih

Paliameat Jairt sithiy is Odezed by the Preaidtnt at

India ana the joint sithtn of both thehouly 1s htadecdL

by he Speaker o Lak sabha (not ihe Chairman oi Rajya
Sabha)

Some decisio has to be talun whith arein Camera

Seet SiBHg (when matttrs at vey Seniiue So whenenr
theSet siBkg is ordescd them no slanger Can Sit in the
poLeeading of he houme. Seca sitting Is odeed by the Speake.

one of he bigget poer ol speaku s he deides wheath

bills money bil oot ho one has this powc whn
Moneybill s Sentto Rajya Sabhait 1s Cerh ied b the
Speaker Mohey bill i8 ha bill ho one Can stop , euen
Rajya Sabha Can 4 deny o a t)
edeLis som o Spearr garding money bill Is ina
 thankredrom Lok Sabha. to Raja
n n . the mony bill
h ee
Saßha hen Speak endorse it that ws is mone bill
Sabha

any drsqualiticahion s thoe omember ofLok Sabha

,

(oe t a
On rourd of delechon Cschedule lo)in hat
CAuthorn hy 1s Seakor. (Subject to Judital uit)
be ahsolukly
Pheardiha otcex o he lot Sabha ha to
has te be
impaatHai he may belong to ang Parky but he the
fD impaatHalbetame he is a Pestding oHter o
a lly
hoe
onahitshim ex pect him o be impata) )
Hao doc the
Prouisims or inpax halik in he (oshihhin
J
his tenur îs scud fo rmove kim the Resoluhan shol
be pase by the total Staungm of he houl. Chot piuent
ano voting
jox
there ar a bes of hajori
Aldwed
A boluk hmajontty Mayority st*ng
of odaltha

Majoni_of Prejeast anal uot Not Aloweel

Obdihary Maoziy-
(Ard
to stat the matm So Membeas mut kau Signme
the mo tim.

Alse
t he gin
14 days lohicehag

HiS Sere Salary is ixed bythe Parliament and chasdod

(onsolicakeol Fund of fndia in oher wods
on he
Cannot be tduced
by the Sinple vaky in the
his Salay
Salag
ar liaent

1fSheak1r iS Saying Somethwig WO s wok and

ConductCannot be discussed akd aitcised in the Lak [Link]
he only be aihu'sad ohtn Moton s basseal ageu' hin
dCMoe him

when he anduch his bustnes fox maintainir orde h the

howe no Cout Can quL) hion him_on thatSo-hi's londluct
his dqulahig_poCeLding powchs au hee are [Link] the
PurviCof helourts of Lao.

He Is noallowed b vok heis only_allawed to uale

when Casing vok iS eeded o therwise he is hotallowed h
Cat Vok.
So these a the meaua takontto enue
the inbar4iality
o f ke Lok Sabha Sheakt

De puhy Sptaker
ike the sheaker, the Depuky spcaksr 1s also
trom ik membes isE
eleced by the loksabha oon
elechion
the Shcakr Is elected Hhen speake Lo ndutk he
spcakerSptaker e the daBt for electin af
0f Depuhy
specakeri{De þuy Speaker dies ane ther membeu oill
Debuhy
ho be elected Dapuy Sptaker
and Dapuly s peakur hen
Ln Caseih Sptaker
di
ak [Link] to Jt
MPs a t altady t h e Hhey will
unducled r
most
themselvel o any Seor rlenbe
he elechion
hen the elechm will be conduceel.
hen
Deputy Sheakty also is anmP, andhe
holds offie aturally dusing the lok sabka:
i'h 3 SiHuaion he lah be alked to lcaue his o}ie
when he CeaeS to be the
member of lok Sabka e
hebecome Pacsidentor CouInor or anytiy elle.
2 he wanh to eston he Sends his
stnaian to h
Speaker of the Lak sabha
2 1f he hasp bo emoved
then the Jejalution shallb e
passea by the moajorityo the toal strehgn of lok sabha:
and \u daus hohce ts o
be giam
what 1s the. Job o a Dahuty
2 when the
speake
sþeakar is ho present hen the Depuky Sheaker
Ach as a speaker. So, he wo k a Speaker where
Pher IS a valany e. Sptalker clieo0 he is unwe o ohen
Speaker is abSerd

oha i hee is no
Spmkea in joint sitHra hen will
the cle puy s peaker SitOK the hait man of Ra4a Sahha
preside
Sheak s hot prosent he Debuhy Sheakr will
presideover the joint SItkg.

1s Depuky speaker Suboadinak to the sþeaker, in oth

wordsis he anLwarableto the speokes 2
No he1s Mot Subordinae o hspeaker he is subondink
to thehome he has been apotnked by the hatye
 So
So he is answerable to the Houehot he det speaku

Laheneuera Pa liamentar Commithte 1sbrmea ad

Deputy speakes is madt cu memb then autometcally
Depu
he wil be deenacd achuiman ot Hhat commtkee

T h Debuy Speakerî s not Sitlirgon the Chalr of

CC Speakar he is an ordinany MP and he iS allowcdl o
vote buB if h e Issilkingon the chair of he slptake
thoa he Cannot Vote_ he Canonly put kis Cashnq uokt
Jt kke speaker qives his (ashingvote..
If the yaoluhiom to alepusskeakr 15 thee
(sameas sheaku)_

Saloay
Salaay of Deputy sheaker
Salaay o Debuy Spealkr also ome tàom onoliedatal
und oIndia his allowancey andSalarica ae hxa hy th
Pasliament Clnal they are_also changed on the [Link]
und of Tndia

l lo h Lak Sabha- Speaker and debuty sheaker

both wtae om ulig þarby i n lm Lok 5a bha it wa
decrdedhak- Hus iS not Jus he theshakex
Can be
fromuling ar And Depuk spcaker must be tom the
ofposihion Cmol s still Conh nue.

hen the sptaker and the Depahy S þeakeaSsumheir

 ctce hat is tkait odh
have altady taken heir_oalh aA an mP hert
T
iS no spccial cath of a Speaker or debuy sptakt.

Sometihes 6ther membaxs also Sit Oh t

chair o4 SptakrtHou it becomts possible
thS Is a per th Rul o Lok sabha
fis iS not thert _in he longkituion. in the Ruly of
Lok Sabka it Is mehloned tHat Sþeake ot the Lok Sabka
Can Neminade maximum Lo members omLok sabha -
thSe lo Pe»son Can Preside over thehouue (h the
abnce of the Speaku ard the Debuky saker thue hehihat
hembes hav all the powe o th Speaker when they btside
Ovey th houe they Can be lesy tkan lo alsa but hot may
than lo membe

Ohe mo thin menhamtd in Rulky of Lak

sabha ad if Sþeaker0epuhy shealeer and w
hoied membtrs are not present in Lok sakha,
n Such maus Rules o
Lok Sabha says-that time
ber dekamed by he House raide OvC the
an memthen
any
tha member oill be he speaker for hot
houe
i
he postof the Scaku and he Depuky
speakur I S vaLakd m a be thu datd O anyhig cle
n Suth s these nominatd PeHOn Cannot HAIde
Ove he hou, how it IS a vaak Posihion, hhen o
Cam prStde over.
One
 in tha Case Rules o Lok Sabha Says
where he pos o Speakar and depu speaker
1S vacant hen Pre sidond S quad to appoint c gpeaker
that sheaker Canno be Called Pro um sþeaker bu hen he
Sto he ime bung
Noo the electtm o
3peaker will b takan plate
Ond then the uacanywill be Hled.

Vacanc and absence are two_ dittond teamy nlonui natd

person can eaide ov when here Is absence noinvacan

Rajya Sabha
The P-eAidihg oker of Rajua Sabha is Called haur than
he thaitman is hot electedbe-Case he is th Vie Presiclut
ol Tndta a n d uice Paca tdens of Lndia is exo P£cto ie bu
vittu of So by
b viatue o beina vice þieaident of Indta
he automshically becomes th ckaurman of Rajua Sabha
when vice preaidemt ack_as President of Ihdta
when Paesident is not ava lable hot time he is hot euen the
Chai manof Raya Sabha then Deputy hairman take ove

How i l l he Chaisman ef Rafya beamaueel 9-

the Remoual of the vite Prerdent is aiuenSaparakelg the
moval oi he vice Presidenwill be herthoal of chaumn
ORayaSabha So theac iS nospecthe wa
way ool Kmouing
the Ckalaman_of Rajya Sabha
hen he is aLthg ay a Chaut man ot Ray'ya Sabha
he has all power otthe oof he Lok Sabha
Spaker
 bud he docs ho has Powe which Lok Soha 8pakar
ha
He Cannot decide a Mones Bill, ts is only he preo gak'ue
theSpeakerard hus deciston is tal
Chaidhaid han docs not þrcside aves the Joint sitHin
Onlthe Speaker Peid owr the Joint sittthg of Paaliamet

the aa the major dikiencej

Speaker is alus an Mp bu thait man 1'S hat mP

Docs Chair man is allowccd to vote in Raua Sab ka

No Sut bd
a tht spakur is [Link] to ust h Can
put is Cas hik uote Same as 5pcakar.

when yice Prafdend is to be moved a Chauths

manL Cah
he sit there
Same aus the sþakir u htn he is p be KMeed hen he
(annot be presidinra ov te Raya Sabha Hoeur he cah
be prnt and also hL lan gin his dettne,he Cam
take þar in Cnkn þrotesdih Bu he Can not uote in
hs
hS fouourbecaust he s not an MP but the speakar
1SSo hi Can vote inhis favour)

Salay of Chiman
he sarary o Ckait man is also Chago
On the
On the
Conso lidated land of India , thu are also ftxeo

ob tha Paliament
 The v ice
Pacardent has no Salary his Salary is tkad of
he res ldent
atts he at,
Chouir mam and ohen as
Phesiedenk.
Pacatdert the moment e gstSalary
a
Sala o
Sala
he Can et Salaries
hus sala
Salaa a Chaid man Stops

De Puty Chaitman
also elecied by the Rajga
Depudy Chairman is me.
Sabha om is oun memboers and he is an

his elec kim s dome by4 Simple method of majoaiby no

heae it is oridteh ho the will b e theSptcial majoity.

Ho does he vacae his o Hfice 2

He vacades his o t e i n 3 Casy-
h e Ceas be a member of Rafga Sabka
i he ka toesign Che will esign tp the hairman
Chait man ill givehis esiqnahm tothe presiden
when he hasto be emoed
tsolulian
majoikg of Raja Sabha Lillpass
a
Absolule
14 day Oduance noiceIS ko be giuonm

LohaB art t h Dacies oHhe Debuty chaiman )

whem his othce is
perfos m Hhe duties of ha Ckai'tma
Vacan oz
when vie Paesidend Is actng a Prestdent
he chal o chou'rman
when Depu Chairman Sit on

he ha all he Paw es o the Chasimam

Cas Dapudy sheaker he 1s not Suboadiate to he spealee
Deputy Chat man is also hot Suboaidi nate to Hh Chair man)
he 1s dieclly esbonsible to the menbes o Roya Sabha

when the Oepuhy thait man is sittig on the chair ot

hout man hCanno Cat uo Be, he Can only CatCasHh uak

YEMeval o Debuy chauman is to be done then he

anno Þreside over the sting he Can be patent he an
also yok to himself Ca he Is an mP)

Depudy chadt man hay Same þoioer a4 Dopusy altmam

his Salar is also Charged on Cosolidad fand of India

Th Pame is also thene in Rajgo Sabha)

Ybu tt s hot ntten in ontihuk'm it (s in te
Rules o Rajya Sabka
Under the Ruls o Raiya Sabha (Chait man
Cam No mindte fzom amongat the mPs_h Pant of
Uite Char Person then momnt they are hominakol thon
thm
Chaitman o Depuy Ckodrman 1s abs them any o
thom Cam Phestde over

the Seab ot Chair man and

Debut
hai man
art va yalant hon an mem ber rom the Panul f
ho minakd me mbey annotpreide ove
when Vice Paesident is not there than Debuky Uhatmam
wih wok a Chola ran .
 Ra
Raa Salbha nevu dussolsib alwa-ya a
Coninui
Cham bor

Secre tariat of Poa liament (Aa r)

in Contihudion Hhet at also SLre tar tat both houses
havt Scbarae Secre tariat a rubs. daily þroteeinays aa
o be waitten whwich 1s don SMttmahtally
At92 Says each houe of the Pazliamend skall kae Sebarak
Secre tartal Sta h Can be Camwman a Bolh he houja
well(oheze LAS k Cre to ba be inuolvea

Parlament by i oon ule Cam apkoiat SeLe torilshfh.

Secretaa of anhau ssCalles) Secictay Genehal of
thad How Geof Lok Sabha or Rajua Sabha hy ae
Prmanent oftars
S
ESSON1 1
Corn pasulScom a AokSabha eRayasabha
Posihon a Raua Sabha uiz a ok Sabdao

Those shoeta Thosecaels hoSeQu

Lohexe Raiuajeuhhg_ whene leks
Ohee Rafyaiab
is EqualPouer Rayya Saubha ha HhOAe pOLR
uithok Sabhg TS unegual
to Lok sabha oK Sabhadou
aue use ho

whexe Ralsa Sabha s poue is Equa to Lok sabba

whener an Oxdunayu hap to Pansed he paa
a hat Biu and nbodlY, un be Pansed tha
that BU fs qual
Lonsitudion Hmmondmaut BuL The
pil 1s aso Same n coay to Pam t
at

Aukuabla C Rya Saoha

Sabadusben PannaeOvdinosy [Link]
ammendmen aL Sane Pooodiuxo
Weuey mpeathmeuut o Piolul
Both hae Sam Same
C
 Date:
Poge No

Elecion and Remaua o ulca PAident haue Same poue

Howene Remoual a uca (Pctoioltnis Înni-taluam onu
SHauts 0m RayaSabha
Thal thnDnly be Släudad in -okse Rajya Scthha epnol
oksabha
IFqou Want to Remoue the Chaumor ou hauLe +o Remou hune
By Majosuty atotal number dHuoue and oksabha hanto
agee-tot simple Maioy

dethen Yice Psertolovit is common to$oth, whenaue You haue

to Rerno apwndlont t e hamom a Rajy Sabla
he Biu mt Slasut uom Raya Sabho, Ray Sabha
hato Pars it P trmb heeal mayoudy which means
Maiouy +ota Stength a eHLouse wbon i g0es to
tok cabha ho to mawy Pas PyStmple mat ouuty
toich means tall nwmhes PAs euut_Ond uating

cohenever Yo have to malle u ReOmmen daueyo he

Pppeunt to Rarnoue ho huo uüce,
DSuhmime Cout
uoge x He uoge Cuú oeueM Commission
Cormbelle ahd audul gcmecal hon3oth Hones Com Make
Recommondatuema
[Link] the. Censthutimq heaol
B ost Co be nttialed thex inRauaSabha oin
o Sabho

O9dinonteohidh haue Pamed By Preident, haueo he

aphoued B Bot Joksabha e Raya Sabha , Same
h0wes
The pime
mînîs|ey and mini stex Can thov
Belong to thoy
Kuu sebha 07 o k sabha
 Date:
Page No.

Ihe pine Minisle ox Mintsleaz Mayheleng h Lokso

Oyd1a4ya Sahlaa doent Mate But ha ao Rehan
oleeielyto only hok sabha
Psusidenk lays cou poth Rohoub equally m
Raiua Sabha and loksabha AL Rohouts haie
Lonsidexod fqtal
E you waut to Enlauge tuo powe a tho
COLt or the P sC Both ok Saubha Sup me
Camdo hat RaYa Sabhk

ahete axe they unlaual

MoneyBIL Cao be înloduced emly in ok
iE coait be in brodu ed w Raya sabha
abha
5abha
Onco a Mony ill has Pamed
Raiua Sabha Cemmt Rejeet i By ook sabla
Qmmend and fen Camnat
Maxunaum Com keap i r (the
Com ce CLommed no ei)K ludy
clouht
Baik with Resommen daluon dCom send
areE hee ok Sabha is nt_Bound
hold he Bil14for ReiammendauYA 1 Rajua Sabha
dayn ut ig deemed
that1ts Pamed
The Menoy_Bl Retuned By he Raya Sabha.
with Reuommendation theae aHont Binding on loksab
othecomcla the Pouuem On Monay Bu
Po1e Qonainat withokSabha otally
 Date:
Page No
Ananc.e Bii ako Com be: Inbocduead only im oksabha
Soinance Bl eMonay pul kaúb tnnbautoc
În loksabha ua=IlO
oho auul ede l is Moroy Bu or nol? he, haumam
Ralya Sabtua haa no Potutr is hualy the
Poue a Sheaker aoksabua
9
oheneuer thexe is oink SiHhg Pauliamanl is a
Seakexohs Pieidea chaiman sn allouwed to Preaicde a

Cohencue Cu jomt siting takoo place Naturally oksabha

Wing

Wheneuer Su emergeny isin Proqrem, ou hwornt

to
o Pam Q uoluion h t 4 End he emegeny
his Repolutiay Com be hne ony okaabha ndE
Rafua sabha
Ohen-evey Enmerqeny s hoxe omd mouw euwOamt
to Paáto Pom a uolulm Remouing hatm emaxglenuy
tn hat Coc u ba Cnly [Link] in
Rajto Sabha
SaCgmhl
amo Coniclenc.e olim hog to be paese
be. paac in Raya Sabha
oMiniSex B4
eaya Sabha Cannd ay Remoue the Count
Mms ey One
A Alo (onJtdonco Moliem peoaae th
Collne uely honi Onlaoksabha nok h Raua Sahka
OLlbetiely Raa bla
Sabla
and-thalS he RoanDR hy, hagh the Raja
dalua clisauss auU the Cohecs But
ena CHcise they Com
Tho Cormml mo Conidene mtion
 Date:
Page No.

Speia pouerso RauaSabha

what axethe
houed
been quen
hauwebeen to Rab
quen fo
Tuo exoiue
seLuwhich _k Sabha doent haue,
Sabha
Suesehe uoads tp make alaur
unfon
Statn listCo be autho ed
Dnly ay Rajuas
AAual u on
[Link] Com autuonse to Make
atter a stäl Subjeet o (Me ecu

t Rafya Sabla aone hap the Powey and ok Sabha

haue Hae. Pocuer to roae al indfa seuites

ndjamudieal SeuiceCom he.înitHaled By Rayaab

InAtica 312 Raua Sabha c nat alsabe Con

CLuHhoe the aliafaeni to oato any meuw alu
Seuice ohich ill be Cowmonto Bothon
aka
14n our Conatihuliona s ecaLne aedura characlev
> when we CemPa aua Saubha COa
ho t l House
uis muth Moue Powevl hom Houe aJovels
the Hoae a Jonds doend haie So
many 20utre
Hotea ommon Ihougk uehaueakenhe wetm
Maolol yeb ueCom&ay hat o Raya Sabha haa
x ore gporge tha tHouse a
LOhen L Combaxe olth the ameicam Huasa
uhbex HoAe the Senet hen Seetis o am
PoLeaal han RajyaSabha
 Date:
Page No.

Baaicall he BenaN Raya Sabha. is [Link]

oksabha thals a uex dmp asbaet we haue12 nominadiond
Due haue12 Exheus [Link] SttHing 1n Rafya. Sabha ue getE
he eneht athai 2xheitnce ka
The Rajua Sabua, alway Mauntauis hoedonal Equlubrum.
uhat aa the mhot ant CommlteaaPauarg
Paauliamendauy Cormitea ts aolau m's
heft Thee mpsaHe ppounilad ox leetad yBoth
RalucL Sabha o ok sabkha thay oonk undor tha ciree onss
Sheakeruo Chainoon, Thay gie hairRehouta to-the
Sheakes Or chaImo Oo Hhs Mayoe
Palamentay Commutlae have heiv own Sccnetarieut hes
asuuamendesuy Commut aa doig c euy amposoni ok
OnemP oone Mens e Cm Oaue Saue Make
Comrnutns Paulia ment ooauka On Comnultaaa theae
CommiHee hou ga info-tha dat clalaila a ueyconuet
had'sao sunen uhy au Rau, al polia ohich a
Mace qo-thsuoughho Suhny aPauliaoente CommtHeeo
Pareacingseakang Palimanday
LomglHe Com be duudadin oo hnauh
SHanding ommifee Hdhoc Comml Hle oA
Peamaneni) Temhoxasy)
Sanding Commilees they cuHe nomal euey yeaY
we Reneushem Be Caae Pget
chongecd
 Page No.

Ccloimding Lommljeal May he alKen

[Link] Peman
agaun altes dyeaxasa
heyCLHe ado ade
ohenuy ommullae

Papoe They asua penically Made. to lookal

Some MatMerro*
Adhac Commutteashaue urtuhes a Coronmuttie
4nqouu Aduison
CommutLo
COmmulilee

SinquyCommuttn l nque to Somethng

egi Cohen toe cwo Sfote maoket Som-Hasshadnek

Cooe)

HuiseyCommutle hay Booically giue om Aduise.

ubic Acuount: Commutlie

his wo made op m
921 The goutmment aSnca t q19> Hao
pou
o slasut ibleAuunk COmmike, and
a Reau
his gouk a Jnolia a19, ha 4ast'account
Public

Cone upin19s1 Ano Now it is HhoLOugL Qn Comml

Slerduñg Cotnttk
Hhao qot 2a membesa Out a a [Link]

IS om ok sabha )o Rajya sabh

.They axo 0elnd5aula mal thar e o
o e as Dne ea a lefen a eu
One year
 Date:
Page No.

irisles Caxnt be eecled oo a embexan chairmaorn is

elaeled out o heae a membesa
H6 the Chainaom wed lo be om Ruling Paudy
thena Conuenlian4euelohaa, chammcn
abhainled om th Rung Pauky,ahe wiu-kzoe
uethang So M
uehan7 184 thchalrnonn al Publi ununes
Comnullee i l be omho cphos Rn

Maintab aPabtia Acuoun onmmule

onua Ad Rahaxd oceG ana xamined Ay the

Pubic Akeans commmullie
Alauud Ranoa ppxohoualiq AuLountsInomce atcour
sepet audit Lgholeaudit 18examiped in"oledail f
Public ALuoua Comm tlie

Thay iu iedto Shou Caunuhlienexta Vaqome

ineifeny hey Chack all the exhoae Hheuase
Mos_coaded Commlee qonexauly a Hhe SCamo houeheey_
raokh Gy ublic accounds Comouttae
sltmdea (amile This Commiteo ako Maden
oLemmeot o dnadia ia19 and hay Cameubîn la2

h 195 Lohen [Link] bon Corne ino e Hhen the tnane

Mntse hon Sad hat we should haue cm ma
CommfHeo, and hen ie haue ahmae Commutte

hene, dahoagot 3o Membeo Out the 30 embes

oxe am clom Lok sabha Onlgtha [Link] honn
Ra erabon în Ehnae Comnl ee
 Date:
Page Ne.

Ropeesenled omd Raua Sa brafe

loksabha Dnly is eueyhucdy baea-thaau he
he
Ropoasenledand
Rehwsented in
adagtalely
oksabha. Qxe
3 membe minislesComnt Peco
om
hene AMso iko PAG
eain
a Dembesaatimaea Commuttie

uncfon atuis Commult

EoHmate AL H imae ohfch has Comeu

e Budget In orde cOvdA t y uu
imate h Lohickh should be guieno a dihauhmu
Lohexa inetcentyis doing an [Link] ord
tng on How COm yå Saue emay kohat sko
Eaimate aOur ionony
Benlcally Caimat on allh Monay
her a He [Link]

hisEtmale Comrultae Rehouh Q ve Valuab

okew yeu male Budgeh u fs kebt Mund
oMmulle
on ewbLic Undercdakings (164)
his h qot Is membev taíer
pw hon 2 memhe
is
S ae Koh
oksabha Rodva Sabha
Hee also Minisley Conl be come embey Hhis
CDmmudlle
 Date:
Page No.

n-his tha chaimann Comma be oom Rajya Sakha

P'so Someimea, ohat Hahhenais uehaue See
Hhatamos a Psu ue galng qlnsea,So -hoy
p Bing him he. Psu hy shax ane
Sald cut thadsuhytthe Contoht apriuchsatm(nros
u heCakeet a Psu are noud Seen By-thelommitlte
On Public undo kings
BusINE Ss Hbr1SoR ommTTCE
Bonlcally i s Lommutlea Roqla taaha meabe
Pasuioment
e haue clenant aduisouy Cormmitit e Jok sabha
Raya Sabha
Raua Sabha ba= 15 membia okSabha - membi
The oh His CommutlseSo Conbolhe Jegiclalie
Busine Lohichic daing o in Ralua. Sabhao LAetLoak Sabha
ehatrnanadal slencling lomnaittes
A heoc Commutloe Nae been By-te sules CommullaLa
Rajua Scubha ba b oraoiHee
toksabha hon 6 Commutlo
34 Commitke
ue Commile e Runs the whoe Lounby
uey Commii oKo Silar no mmbem
ala 3 Membea in tath COmmlHes autoheac 3
Membem lo om Ralou Sabha
2 om dok Sabha
Raiua Sabha hoa Lommille ommeeiomesaiy
ammtle Humon RaouetleLelapomad
Jndusm
Sdence E eehmlog
 trahshonto
Cormmutlee on
oui'sm
Health e family welae
Pesuonal aw juite

dok.Saba8
Commultte on Agvitutka
M
n ematen unoloy

gnegy
xlemal alcLA
n omce
u
'eod Consumer affau did
&abour
Paboleum naurl g
RauuuwA
ub em oluelopmaul
waler cResourCo
Uhemicala e ilise
Rura deuelslprraeut
Coal esteo
SotuuMce eEnhowem meu
Thy_uuu mouo Main job fsfo Seure accountb
o erecub-o tha lauuamaa
renda a QULLountabi y
Rod txeuube auou
auountabi l
tahismCOuuption înany deaxtmeut
Commule
ura liey ey Sueh Commile fs
Qnd ale utyt
dear_tem oa plate 4
 Date
Page No.

wha Qse the auamentayPsius lkqeases (AiosiID6)

Theae auuamontauPoiulagea aua. Sheual uhk ohich are
jaued ypolh aseA asliamaat Mendhena
auianendauy adusleqpa ae uilahle. s oth e ueuham
Coho fs Lansng n aulamad
he ConsHkuton ak o gies the Pasuamentaxy aivilego
fesore othe thom mP
CEg emay geniaal a rcua)
No Palomaniay pouwtleqn Qne, cuuleuble to tha. hauiqent a Jroa
beaile hehabpaiament Consich a preioint,
Hokcabha s Paiua sahha hepidod amhaie
oacmt haie
Hheae Paoliamonka Pai leqes e cale tuoug whe. o
nearaa a paxLamaul isnot om M

we Comclanay allheiulegean un ak
Colletu Arduidual ps iuileqen
Priuileap
ohichaxo uuentoHAe
Hotyec okole
Cotlaeue Piui legza
As pe hice los we haue igut b bublsh oU Repo e
also e Om_ Pokihet oheu o t publish e Sama
Eade Pallomental oceeclunu ueL nt eleant ut
PDA4 in auuameni
Nous Media Con Pualigh Hhe Alouss he procedung a
Pulaconb put hn do he c Ueim óthujse
Conem taka Pace
 Date:
Page N

h Cone ttuera isa Seovet Meetng narlb meni fhen e

alouedta puhlish
The Parlamaud om e e cdude Srorged honayrt
e haue ts hold Seeueb Meeting tGm oieddc
oox to ousicley
So ue Com Roqulale our on Conduet Bs od ety
Saruisoum lauwf

h Cone A bed [Link] pviullegg aHae he Com be

punished
tohat ae. the unish meud t ComheApimancd
AdmoniHen rhuien Suuhenafe cnd alsnnei Sonment

d-ondnduan haulament isa Cou7

4hJune do2

Collectiv Paivilages of Paliament

i t here is any arrst, oleknHon or Conuihion oi any mP

o of any me, +hen i [Link] mcuivn

imprisonment
the inormaion, so, t Raliamen had e ght to be inbrmd
Such things
wheneve it Conducs any _inquitygin imbeachneat Rmoval et.
then it Can act like a Couethough i t is hot a Lout exachy
but it can act like Cout mean Can orday tha oithuses t
Come and gie eidences and also Can aak or [Link] xlkuant
paper

TS the Parliamtta Louttof tcats

s qustion ariseol in the Case of--
Raja Ram Pal us Hon ble Secaker Lok_Sahka &cot St
ih Huis jdament he Hon ble SC claiki thsl-
ndian Parliament is not a Lout of Racorda ' thas
whg ht tonkmbt ol counks a t will not abbly here
Pad liament has ia oon Power o Punish t Cannot be considercd
a Cou of ecod in ordiary Senge.

in the Same Cae of-Raja Ram Pal ansth qsHion

Arese ho Any Act of the Parliamentis it_Combletly
Immune krom jducial Teuicw.
Tn ths Judgmend o 200 ttwa held at No Parljama
Can claim tota immuom JuditialReust thouh
nPoceduse tis hot allowed bu .whe there is estte
Ihjatce, the Judidal Ruieuo Can tak Plate

t wa an anD ther ca of-

Kal pana Mehta vls Uníon o 1ndia 2oltS
ih his Cake was hald a - Judical SLukng Cn be
alloucd Jusicial Ravieo is th Pat ot4he BasiL Strutture
of the (onshitution, thad is a rHajon
h e atkiono MC.
leais latue as long a it is puly protedual and it
doe3 not tisbay Fumdamendal Righs i wuld nst be touchea
on
bu if thg ae inhigliy Aundamendhi Rigbhn tt (awt be
Saud hoad Judica Rate ts ho ossible.

Cou C Pachibited to inguire inBoe the preceedi s

hotNehoe Subjct to he Judgmenh it- Subject o
Judtcia Reuteuowhere Fundamen al Righs haue bten
apassed
NoNo MP Can be aukd witin tm onta ol the Houn
withou th permision ot the paiding o thur.

Individual Pivilaga o MPs

ThEy
They havt Fredom o speechit meanik hey a
SpeaksingSomgin Paaliament , Or they kaue vokd h
Cannot be houled up in oang tout
b it doesnt mean that MM Can btha 4 he ank,
The Rules of the Poaliament clealy Say tha any member
Mis behaves he shoule be Spendtal so the Raley of Fatedom
subjct to the Raules laid down by the Parliament
 tgarding the bekaviour o an MP in th Pasliament
Crlot inlonst'tudion) They (anno be arakd in ivl La lau
Ho days befort the begnilg of the Sessiom ond Uo day
after the ehd of a S&[Link])
this Privilege is limikd only b the ivil maHthut not
applicable in iinal tajes in riminal Casca he Can be arreyted
bby th pamissianof hutdirg o a r
T h e a e ¬xembtal tom jury SeruiLethey_an nkuse to
ive evidentewhentue the Pasliament is i'h Sesi

Ralu 34 350 ollok Sabbnclealy ahibil MPs to

use un paliamantar Languagt or unparlíameantary Londutt.
do So, hen euen they Can be suendeal Same appleu
nStodea aJ well:

Relahionship beBween Judtctaayand Paalia hon

Axk: 181 Sa tha lo discusiion uill take plae in He
Pauliaen ganding Conduct ofany udgeohetht the
Judg is of Sos H
And SC and HC Cannot ak1 up mattrs haphening
in the Paaliament u d Pac quo
clahon1kip
o heneuer on
any ivilege s breacheal hen it s calles breach
oivi
lgLohencuar tht is a breach o
i inuitu Conlemt o
rivilg
rivilge
the Hou, it is hat ontenpt of
Lo ua

he ho Codifiuhm o Piuilegeo
 Sourtes of Privilegca
S Cohytituion Aa os )
Statutes o Poaliamont
Rdes mad by th Par lfamett
4 Convenhio nade by the Poa lia men
5) Jucitial intu pelatio
S o t h arr 5 saurces o Piurle given to the MPs

SumMCy Legislakive pow

arliament Can make Lað on union list ond [Link]
LisE On Concurend list Stade Law should not be agai'nytt
on Law, i itis thR Onion Las will prtuail ou er skk

On 5Citumd tancesPaaliament (an make Law on State

Subjech
w h e n Raa Sabhoa bases th oletim that His Staa
Subjat oill be no loo kad a f r by uwon e or
1yea.
2)whenever Naional emergancy is in operahion.
when or mor States jointla *qush the Parhamet
to make law.
Some imes to en forte an inerhahional ageemeat. the union
has to make law on stade subjech.
(5 when here s Pesidendis Rule in the State then_
then unron
Can
Cam make lauos On she subjch.
He he oniar ospects redomiake the Fede aal
aspech
 Execuiue Power
our Conshita tion ha aPaltamehtaryrn_o Covin
which the execuhie is aponaible o te Parliament..
who are the execufiues 9 The ministars
Hoo ar thy Anwchable) throughadjoummend moio4
through
through qhions, Stayed ucio unsattd qustiong
2ero houy quzhms ek

Finan cioal Yowex

The Bualg is Pu up tn the Paeliamen
CAG
> Reboak puk os in th Paaltame
money
AllAllL mohey bills ae Pad u in the Lok sabha
Financial Billsare Put up in the Parliament
A the financialpolk in he Lounty a laidcdoon inthe
Pagliament.

Conattuen Powexs
it means, the Poser to amee the Canshtkchian, no Slate
ltaislakune Can amed the Lonshitin only the Parliament vestesl
wit Powers amend he (onshituton.

Judicia Potwcs
Imbeach munt of he Peiden
SRemoval of vice President.
Removal of e Joge
Pumishi oukider for breach of PHvileged.
a ee Come under Juulucial powt
 tleco aa Powens
elecs along oith the sthtu th Pxaident
i it eletts vite Prtsidentspeaker and oepuy Chasraan.
thert an So a n electon ake placu in the
Parliame

Residua Poes
AlL the 3 tap of emergentie are declared by the Paaliamtni
Leai'slahu louncils in whitheur Stats theyan Ca b
ade o Abolisheal by th Parlíament
PAmalgamakion and breaking oSates 0 nm ot
J
the Stak_tan be chaged by the Pasliament
1 ff he junsdichion of th High ourb ae to be thangeal
ot the Supitme lout or if ommon kgh lour
Is to be established of2 Stalts_it all can he done by
t Parliament:
thes uwee the OUeTOiea of the func hiou o Pasltame
Per Se

Union_udiciary
Lndian Judiciary is an 1nkeatatd JudiiaryL IS
like a Pyranuid
SupemeAkx lotot
High Courh Cstaleleval
SeSsionCours
Magis hatt Cou+
Since this is like a Pgaamid, the deasion ohighe

Coua wil h e bindirg on_a_ Lotwer lour

i n
 this is Calltd The Lontept_of Inieara ed Judiciany

1n Ameica ( o hich is also a biggest demoLhacythe

Concep of Inkgaatd juditiarg iS nat here thee
he JudiLiay os of staBt is gparakt om Judiciay o
Unim the also_ haue Separak s s
the kderal SC en force the_Centaal Laws and
h e Stat Sc of Amerita enfoe he Stakt Latss

In India all Cout enre the bot= Unlon Laws

well a the Stak Lalas
what isan Lnttgradeal Jucdiciary
AIL the Lourk are in Hierarchy
Evug Lourttan look aller both the union Suhjtd maltas
well a the Stak Subject matkrs.
Decision o higher Caurb _cre binding on_all the lowe lourk
that is the cajon why- the Judgment of the sCis
bihding on Smallest Caurk or Tibunal of Inda, wheeas
the High Coutts decision a hihdig only inils ow
Steurd lower lours
the dlcision_of HCof one Slake Cannat be biaing
on the lower Lourb o othe sthte it Can haue
perSuasiug ualue bu wontb& binding- binding

2
ouxne
ouTnyooSup»eme Lout in Lndia
The i t Subme Cout Came in Lhdia cuue to
Regulahig Act-112 , called Sadari Ni2ahat then
Meyt sC Came ih Bombat anod then in madaj.
 these 3 SCs ainad a sc H theHtgh Court5 Act
g61,High lourhis Act abolished Sc_ae then Supme
Coua became Paivy ouncil
sHy High lour we madle in Bombau Madra ard
Calutta and ten in allprouincel
Te deusion of High touk could be in hallaged
Priu Couril
w a geing ike tus HI 135 in la3s by te
Crov o India Act again ukblishd the Fedeal (out-
4 Coninued by the hame o Federal Lout ana then
in Con htution, s Fedeal Coutk tnamed a
Supreme
lou
The Fist Supreme (ourt was inauguraBtd on g M Januar
14 S o i t Suueededl th
Federal Cout of India establrs hed
unalt th Crout of India At 1135.

Articles 1u- u4 deal oith PoweS of a

e
Juditiat
Th Uhion Judiciay
Art 199 itsaus - then Shall be 1 SC o India. whem
th lonhtuion wa tramtd the uwere S Jualgy i
CSI4 + othtr Judge)im l160. However i t had vey
clearly Said h Cose the Parliament wans to inaeaye the
No o Juda by law it Can intreate.
5 Thue No oJudg i C+HU t was inHajtal to lo
in 1156, So 1956lo, 160 13
1 2 H, 1A?6 AS, O0 31, ol 3
 as of no we haveCJI t 33 Judlga hith mean)
meany
34 Judge

At 18 (2) Ho Shall a Juedge be Apboinkal

S Judge i l l be appoinkdby the Puiden
holda the ofhke HI ai o 65 uca
the o4pect ha the Judga of S wll b abkotnkal by
Nahional Judicial Appoints Commissíon it wy added by tha
qthCAA 2ol Contonshi tuhioral)
the Sc Stauck down his whole Amerd ment i n e
Cae of
Supeme Caurts AduolaBe on Record Assoltan
VS
Union o Ihdia Qol6 SC
NS AC) a
The Nahonal Judicial Aphoihlment lomaisgiam
chaitman
iven in Hat 19uA LosisBedl. of_ CJI a ex otiLio
Judys) oftr th I
å Snuor Judgu of th Sc (not Senior most
peasonAhohu'ad
And bjon MiNiStr ofLaw are thon d t minnt
ad ader
a Commi'tke tonAis Hnyof Peime Minisk, LTI
by
O opposi tian o{ Lok Sabhaana one of he eminent Perso
hominaded from SCSLL O6Cor women..
mtand
CJI and 2 Senior Judgs atr LJI

Ohson inis tt of Law

Eminent Pea3 ons

herinomi haded bby +CJI +opposihon leader of LS)
Pm wo mCn
hominatec fpom [Link], OBC or
 So , in thIS Com mSS jon
3memburs were trom Judiua
3Members uen Aom ¬xecuhiv asa rsult Jucuay
udtay
ould no longer be thansbarant ard thal s wha i
wa declared Uncouituhionalk 4ha why 94 thCAA wa
who ll stsuck doun
Qnd Articleg19uA, 19u81RuL_and 1Qu2)
all wct dec lared unonatituhonal but Parliament Hi
no
pealeal the Aathicles.
Hou theJudgea willbe selkclod
Ho NJAis not
thec
n the origia tonsh tuion it islerly written ha
The Juolges of te s wll be ahhointd by the Preaident
afler (onsul tation of he Chief Jwhteaned Tudges.

wha is the meaning of consulBation 2

in the teExst Judu lale Came

Ist Judge Cae 19x3

SPCupta vs Union_o India
in this i s t Juaga lase Sc held that Conaul tat ion mtaN
meve Consultaionit dotant mean Loncurende LConurrene
mea both are in the Same vi) Sa th hatdent is_hat
bound. it means he Lan igno it habhenegl
ANRa abhointd aa Chuf J Hte h Subersedecl 3 Sena
Most Jucl gea (1413)
i n la11 mu B appointal as chict Juhca by supr scoltha
the Senor mest Tudge
&t June doda ()
nd Judgcs CaseE
SCAduoaes on Ruodu sSouaion us0ion of India l113
in tis Ca4e, SC acversed the uling 0fSPaupla lase
ara Said that 4he Loord Lorultahona mA lonutrente
in other words- the aduite whigh is ttndeed by the
CTI Is bikdirg on the President, in mates of aphontmtn
ot Juds of the s or Hrgh Lour
Hou evri mon thing wasCovertd unader hus
Judgmert that Chiel Jughite wont give hi's aduice alone he
Luaill taka the aduice of more Senior most Judgs í
CJI t Senior mest Julga of SC)_

they ar lalleal Colleq ium olJualgeh

. dJudgu Case 11.

3d Judes Caeis nat a speciht caseit
basrcally Came a an oenionol the Sc because the Przide
ot India of thod lime kR Narayahan had ufercd the
matter iegavdirg Collegium Sysktm o the Supreme Cout:
basiall
he asked th openion on Collegtunm Syalem rom S
Hwa te delailed analysis of th Colleyium itwa
held tha the chiet Jushce of Indlia must Consalt & Judg
a ltathat mea thee shpuld be nou 4 Jadges Colleqtum.
ie C31 3 Senior most Judge of the S.
out of thee 4 even il Nidge dusagree the given
odvese openion) hen tha Tudge Can not be dtCOmmenoltdl
 be a Judge
this Collegium would now deBermineth Appointmcnt
and abo Th aanler of H Judgay.
94h Judgea Caje2ol16
SCAdvocda on ecoad AssociaBhion s Uion of Leia 2ol6
SC
In this Case 4a4thCAA was challaged n c AA
Createe th NJAC a Struck doon asunco titutiohod
Fial stkuation Same as in Jrod Judgs lae
Hoo is the Ckitf Jushie of Iholio Appoin kd 2
As fax a Chiel Jutte S Concesnea the (S no
Specikc provision tha sho uill be te chief Jushice.
l950 1913 2There wasapache to appoint a Sehío Most
Judge of the Sc as he chiel Juskce of India
his aspct wu broktn in 1943 wkenJwhie AN Ray
Super seded 3 Sejoy nostJulgs and wa madlt Ckief Jutica
of India Again in 19ttJushie Beg Saperseded the
Senior most Judge nd became CkieJustke of Irdia
Ahar Hme Collegtum SylBem ua not the
he
itwas dependinq on the Pres iden Consul4ih only th
CLie Jukte of Ixdia to apboik

when thend Judga Cake Came ie

Sc Advocates on Rcond sSoclahm /S Uo ofIncuia 19a 3 sc
he it w03 Clai Aed a all oppoitmenk of the o rce
 of Chief Juske of India have to be by Lonuenkon becauo
his hikg wa no enhioned in to lo ikchon) all these aphcint
mons haue to beof Senior mosk Judge of he Suprtme Cout,
be fore thechief dhte acHideg. e mus propoSe the hame of
thenext Senio moyt Judga a the Ckief Jushie of [ndia

om the and Judgo Case the mater is settelkd

tha Senior most suhreme Cout Judge shall hetome the
Chie Juhte of Lndia

whad ae the quali ficakiou of a SC Juolye

the quali fitaion o{a S Judsa a r gien ih Aak 1243)
He Shoud be Citi2en of India.
He should have been the Judge of a
high Cout o moe
than a Hgh Court for 5 yeas

He should houe been an _odvocake ot a High Cout tor l69cas

In he openion of he Psident he is a
Distingushel Juala
Ci is [Link] in Sc only not in Hc)
Thexe is o minimum age hresribed for the apboiniment of a
Judye of SC.
H e Suayakanta Jstice Chandta chood ae the
eraml of youngat sC Juclge
when he. SC Judge has been Seleckd as a Judge
He akes an oath to the onsttahion, thus oath to he
allegiance to the oshtttion ofIndia 4here is ho
ho
Oath ef SccaL of office for a Judge)
Seevat
whad s he enure ofoa Judge2
T e n u r e ofa Jualye is upb his age he holds.
ofe
he attains the age ot 65gears
ge then the
Me
1 f m IS any tontroveny a d i the age
Manher ih whih ttwill be deler mi ad is lauid down by
Mahhe
the Par liamend

kenders his Resignaim to_

Thewans to esiqn he
the uident ot [hdia.

How Can a Judgc ol St be Ramaved

Remoualof a Judae given in Aak: 12y (U)

Hac thext any tound tor emoualof Judge9

Yes Prov mis bekaviour OY Inapatit are the a
Jrourds tor Nmoval of a Jdge.

in the Caxe of
k. VeeraSwami usUhion of Inela lAl Sc
itwa held that
I f a Judae idulgu in Loruption and he hag in kis
po SesSicon eSourtes ohich are dispropor tohate f_his knoun
Souxte o{ Intome the he CanHmoe under A 124 4

So the Corruphion is is behav iour .

there aS an another Cake of-
CRauickandean Ier s Justite Am 8hattachar jee 1915sc
Rclevant lig of tus Judgment
Juditial ofkie is a Publit Trust. Society is, therettore
eniled o acce ha a a Judge must be a mlan of high wgh
ntgaihontat and quind to kaut moal vigour ethtal
tian and imperviod to tostupt or venial influenc. Anu Corduct
which trd b undernine Public tonkdene in the i'nkgriky ahd
mparialit of the tourt woluld be deletious to the
eica
ehay ol Jualicial reess The standand of ondut is highr
than
thon x pected of a layman and alto higher than expecka of
an advocaBe In fact even kis hivat Itfe mut adkere to
high slandardh of Paobityand propriebyhigher than those
oleemed acceptable for others.

who will prou the misbehauior of a Judge Can C31 b

ihuolved2
hus mate aime u in the tae of-
.Rauitkandran Iytr v Jushie A:m. [Link] l1Sse
in thi Judgment ik is claaly wiHtn Hha Conahtwhion
clats not penmit ar acHonb any ageny o ther than
inHahon Poteedings uhder Aal: 124 u) by tha Parltamtt.
no other 0gen Or autoiy ike CoI Reserue Bank o India.
MIsty of FixanceED ek Can inucshgat

Ar 120yu)2 Removal o a Judge

An address by the Paaliament t'sPreented t the
u g h a he oill be emoved ths adslo of
 he Parament, ha to be Supbþor ted by Shecal May'o
I Majovi.y of toteal membeashiht å/3dofPreset ane
o Hg and thad is to be þaesin_both Hhe house
Du his is not so clear

Pocdu is clearcd by Juelg bnquiry Act46

detai led PoCedue iS-gien hert-
to Start the removal mokonik mut be Signed by
oo mem ber in Lok sabha.
and if Re toual mohion SBarkd in Rajga Sabha hen

mwt be Signed by at let membes

the Moton alter [Link] be givento [Link] h
lok sabha or to Chai man In Raya sabka
Speakeror Ckaitman May 0acept or may yeieck the Moho
deptnd upon the gauity of tha Chargegwhith are leied
agait h uslgeR
i f he sþeaker or Chastman adm itthen he inshitubea
a 3members Comnittke itinuestkigate ihlo he chatg
3 MembRIS o he Committee=
C J I or a Stnior Judge of the SC
y A ches Twkte ol H
3Dis thguist Tunst
I f he Lommittee inds the Judae gui hen the matter
will be ta ken uh by- the Houje, ahdthen the Mokon SBaxteds
Fiastl it IS þassed by the Fist Houje by the shecial
Majoritythen the Second Houe bg tha special nqjoaity. aft
passing by both the ho +hen the Addes s ptesenteo
bos in
 the Paidet.
Now the Preatdent ovdeas the rtmoual of the udge

The First Matker__oRemoual wa o Jyite Rama Swami

bud special majoniky w hot tha inont o{ he
heud then the matkr wa doppe

wa
Anothe mattey xo o Justite Soumita Sen htaríng
Complehed bu beton th Por liamtat (ould do anytihghe 3sghe
and madker Pinishea).

Thm A madkr ame o Tuhite P Dikalkoran hishatkr

in HC
Karnataka Comuphon harqes w e x thee on him
he wa iaslenred to Sikkimshtn his poltedings Skakd
ht also igned
Anathe Matktr Cam o J 8 Pardiwala ha also esighea
the matt s i shsd

Salaxie o he juol-
A 12s the salara of a judge skall be_detrmihil by
the
thePaaliamon by law andlSalaiu ax specihie in t
drd schealule rivileges and allousances will ba olekrnind
by parlanent bg Lau
A qwshion Amseain te tase of
J s he DN: Agarual s Union ot nda 10aS
the guykion wa- Skall Tualgus payhe Lncome ta)
 iM th Case it oas hlod Hhot Salarty of Sudges o
HCs and SC art incomy ad hence lible tor lax uhaler
sala
ala 1hcome by Act of Par liamen in jwta Lnto me tar
leuitc on any othr Cihen o Tndia.

Appoint ment of an Achi chief Jushiie

f : 126 Aci Chicf Tuhte

the Prcsidend Can abhaint a Judge to_be an Aching Uhitt
JuAhte when-
th oite of Chit TusHte is_vacant,-
h eAhe Chiel Jushie is kmboraily absent; oy
He is unable to p fotm his dutiel

Aa 11 Ad Hoc Juolgu
CJT abpoink a Ad Ho
sudge of a HC as anAd Hot uale
udlge
of the SL or a 4tmpoary þeriodatr Consultng Ckef
Jh o thad High (out anal also he shall kuke prutus
Conent of the Pu tdeu Cwhen wak load is mort ad Judgul
in the SL art lm)

Thad Ad Ho $ Judge must be quaklied for the appoint

ment as Sc Judge.

wen he atlends Hhe SC has all the powen o{ e sLjuclae.

in tho Hm pemd he doa not look okr HC Cau

H will o also get te Sala» of a Sc udge

 Pa128 Apboint ment of Rehircd Juclges
Jus htte of Indsa
A ang oínt of ime the (hief
At an
of
Can equost any third Judg of the SC_or Rehred Sudlgs
tha Hc who was qualified to become a St Judae to act
a a Jude of SC for a kmporay_period. bu tor Hhis
he neecds t pxuious Conaent of tha Pruident.

Pruidu:
AlNloante to the Judsu will be detumuined by the

Bu he ís o be a Judge of the St
hot dee meal
Ad Hoc Judges are longidertol as S Judgu hu_NoT he thed
Judgu
Aa 128 Appaint ment of Rehrcd Juolg
of ime th (kief Juhte of Indeka
AAt ang boint
Can quat any tied Juclgu o the SL o Rthied Judlga of
tha HCsho oa qualited to beLomea $C Juda to act
0 a Judye of Sfor a ttmboraay peaiod. bu tor hs
he neeed the þxio4 CoAent of th Prulden

Allowance to the udau will bedetamihed by the Prardus

Bu he is hot decmc to be a Judye ol the S

AdHoc Judges are longidertd a C. Judgu hu NoT e thaed
Judgeu
dHa June do22

A 13 o The Sead of SC
The SC shall si in Del, or in Such other Place
Ox Placey as the CJI moywith the abbroual of t
reaident_appoirk
So Can they haue moxe Seadesof sc2
Yesthey Can
will il need the Paaltamtntary
approual 2
No itdoe not need Paaliamendasy aproval.

How Can i be don ?

Simp
Siply b th Ckiet geHna approual of the Pacaide
 the bencha an decided o Seals all over India deuided
the Sea of Sc Shall be in Delhi.

So, i the another SLAd of sc is hesded then i

clo hot need any pasliamendaay approual or aw I
the C31 along with the approual of he Presiden Can
do

Can anyDiccton b qiuen to he SI, o exertise Pouwer

underA 13o 9
this matler Came in the Case of
Union of India vs SP Anand 1a48 SC
ve
veay Clearly sc held hat thelanguagu of i s Arhcle is

VRay clear thaik is Ckief [Link] may be with t

cupprovalof the Ptsidert, So nobody Can torce the Chiet juahte
t have mo Scak

Hoo does the S c Movt9

SC Can mak ik ouon Rules o Protedun with the abbisual
ot the Pauident vegarding Paachice and hotedure to be
ollowe b the Sc

wheneuerany eence art made by 4he Prea ident

Hhe
an
References Can be hada under Art: 4 3 i n Rettnce te Re
Re matHer Lontt the Lonstikuhon then 5 Juolgus
Mut sit CConstilufonal Bench), and other matBers o
Refeente shith do not deal with Conitutiom hen 3 Judgy
Must sil
 All Judamens a delied inoben loutt o the sc..
and aluays the udgmenh are gien b majo' uole ohen-
ever Judgus difkr heggive descenting4 Judg mentr outh
becom the pari of the udgmont bul ihal gudgment
dlepends on the majoxita

Indeptrdence o the sc has o be esued. because the

entie lqislatut and the executive act lohshituionally ths
Is he jobof the SC o be a waBth Doq on all ack
the legrslature and Execukiu Since the execukhe al
the legislatut a e tolled in one thats shy it betomes
impaitive to Dawhsthe Mántle of th waBth Dog:

Houo the Inde perdcnce be eCnueal

By the Paoltss of apþoinl ment thatis he itason why NJAC
wa Struck down becauge it w addthg the Rxecutve elemen
the mode of abboik med is very -very kdiou,whtre the
collegium of highet Judgg oill sik sit
the Sc Judg Cannebe remoeed easilythe rtmoual
is a
ver ttdio Pioce
So it
be said tha
Can thet is a Sectatty o enue
tha unkl Me age of G5 t SC will kuep on holdig us
post also since the age of S Is of Suptranhuation
OY Hement, So mo or less ik Can he Said Hat Seruice
Condu tiony a ited tixed SeTUlce Condit nalwas b
n sabli

he expune hich are inCuNed on a SC Jueose CAe

Chaeged on Conuo li dated furd o Inda
 in other words their salaieg Cannot be [Link]
orincreajed
by utting it into_vote in the Parliamont
Conaitution Prohrbi ts underAat 1&1 h a the londuct of
aJudge of a S or H tanno be discussed in the Parlrame
unle 4had he is sacing a emoual motion.
Once a SJudga ntia he lanno Phacite afler
itement he canno Rnctice beore anu authotitq toithin
fndta becauseo s the Judgca oill not show any
unnecenaty tavouro Some on
The eedom to appoint the Staf o f h e sc 1ia wi
the CJI, there Is no ine ftience o the exetuhivehat
also ensurg idepenalente
Juris dichion of he Sc Cannot be Cuioileo by
by he
Paulament tus hay beeh guaranked hy the ConsHhuh
but Parliament can exere
A t 50 i Diacctiue Piupleikelf Says h -thet
shall be the Camplete Segre gahion opows between
the execatie and the Jucluay
All thee aspechgo albgwayin enurlh te
Ihde pendence of Jucdiciar

Axticle -18 9
his Arcle cleaHy Sa that Sc will be the (auutof
Record wha 1s te meanikgol Cout of Retod
ts maHer (ame up ín th Case of-
Delki Tudic(alSeauice:seiahion vs Saeof Cryjsat 19a1 sc
o cleared tha Coust oecod is where acts ahd
Judacial Paoceedings are enaolled in Rarch ment ot a
ber bectual memorial and testimany

ano ther delinakon Came ín the Cae of

of-
SC Bax Associahion us Union od 1ndia 118 SC
Court o{ acod Is a lourt the ecods okicha
ad nu tted lo be of_euidentiar value ana are ho to be
Ahoned whem o duced betot any toue
The Powes thet Cour of tcod enj to Panish for
Contmpt is pat of hei inhend Juaisdicion

CenlempE La-
in the Case of
BK: Mishaa vs Pegisthar Orissa HC 14u SC
the Corner- sBone o tonkmpt lawis the alLo modahion
ofConahtuhoroal valuu

the Right to Rtght to

ee speech Inde pendent Jushice

So,bastallthe law
oftontmbt is abalance Rigkt
to fite Speech is
fundamendal Righ under Aak: I at the
Same time it Ghould nmot be
againt Indebendent ushice
if erson dos any Contempt wrtkout any eaJon, whuch
denigrale.s the value of Judiciaritis agaihat tht ig
o Independent
Sushice
thads shy Lauo ofContmpt is always a Balane
betuseen the Ragak to hee speech ahal upholding the
dignit od Judiciar
in the Jucgment of
PNDuda uls v.e. Skiv hankar 1a KK SC
in i s
[Link] it was beauti uly explathed tha
when ( will be Contempt and uhen it will
be hot
AdmniStaahton. o Tuhce and Tudgu are open to
Public Cticim and Publiu
hor acoun tabilit to the Soctth
seruthyJudges have
and their aCoun taailia
mut be udged bther (onsCience ane oath o thetr
oce whsch is to delend and
ubhold 4he Lohahi tHion
withoud any tar and Yavourany Citicrsm
to the Tudicia
Sstem o r
th Judges ohich hamber s the a muinis tahion o
Jhte Or shith erodes the faith in the
object ive aproath of
Judges and brirga adminis thaion o Jatte to ridicule must
preuened The Conempt of Ceua broceediqs arise out of
the attembt In a hee malet plate of tdeauHtisizm abau
he judicial systm
Such aiisizm
or
Judges Should be
welomed as long a
do not ímpar or hamper the admi ni's tra han of
Jushce.

A
qushon ami'sed beto rethe S tha they Can act
on thur (onkmpt bu what abou Loacr
axhot Cousts of yecod Lourts? as he y
Can
Can SenioCout ake up the
ontempt of Sabardi nae
Cour 9 tis moattr Came i'n the Case of
Delh Judi tialgeruice oassoLiahon vsStalk of Crujaa
in this Judg met 1491 s
wo3 clea that A supertor Cou
of Recod hay inherent poutr to PunSh tor Contem
pt
itsel and inlrior Suboadihote Cout

Jurisdachon-
(1Oriaial Juaisdiclion Oxtginal Junisdithion ha
has been
been
Cavtea by Aat. 131 Ax 131 Sau
oigina is that
Juisdichion whith do hothavt with any other Cour
snly SC has this JTuisdiction.
Sis more o o legS fedealLourt
a
ard thad is why
he dispudes
beteen the Stades or betuetn Cou and
any
stak Canhot be braugkt to any High Cout Sc shall do the
acluston oany_other lou both dis ult
regardkr
qusha o a o
9uy hions o ac
on whih legal
a
ight debords can be taken ub y
the scin its onairal Juaisdit tion. How euerltw turgs art
ho allowed- Cqivtn in ?oviso

Aat 131 Paviso Mattus of Polikcal Naure are ouidt the

Puruieof Aa: 131
Matters broug by Priuak uhun Is alko not allowed
it is cenkr vs Sat thurt is a
Judgmekt on
Tashi Dilek Gumi
Soluhioyu 3 of karhutaka doo6s
itas held thot Aal 131will not be apblitable whtrt
or Privale bodies
citiun
a t Paahu eter join Hly o alterhakiely
with the Stale o thCovt of Lndsa
 Also
while derding
dectdma the orgtal Jaus dich ons suchas Statt us 3lae
or Union vs $aeek. does
CRC abbly here 2
tS mater came in thu tale of-
Skk oTamil Naolu us Seof kaala 2alH SC
in thisJuda ment ik wa cleaycd
tha where Suib a t
led th the oihal Tuaisdith'on of Hus Caurt they are hot

Own Re
b
Groverhed
by CPThy ae expressly (reueheelbS
CPC do not apbly to origiml Juns dichn ok SC
Oher matters whidh do nod Come under putuito o fi831
A
An dspulk whith a s aut of a p (onituton trcak
O anyagrtementwill no undtr the
tomt puruiew of
Aa 13).
In kr State wakr disþules.
Materswhith are e red o Hnance (omm'sStom
Matturs of ordina dis þuts of Lommr Cial hatu bttoren
Stak and cenktr
matters of adjstmenk bekween Center ard skes({inancial
matttas also lan not be baugkt.

So, these ashech a oude the pua vitw o

Aak: 131, qiven
in prouiso

wit Juisdichon (At 32 Rlo At 13)

Art 13 Porlíament ma by Law Conkr on the sC
Poyes to issue oirechion Orders or wrnk înclucding th
wrlts. Cotherthan Aa: 32)
Ptroqaiie
)Apbellalt Jussdiechion Befo Tndeendene the opbea
UAd to lit the ivg Lounl afler indapendence and
atkr our Constituhion the SCis. primtrila The Lotuof pal
itheas Tudgmth agairsB th lower owr Lour bu we
dor' ant the Sc to be looded t a is why terain
rain intodued the lonsktuton ikset
Apacals ax of y s uhch Lane to He SC

3)

Constituriona Civil C minal On Sptcial

Matters Matters Matts Leau

) Appcals in ohk uional Mattes -As a as Lonsh' tuhioal

maHer.s a Conce¥hld-wh a Certhtiethat the
Cae inuolue the
Substanialqushion o Lau gardikq
Intu rcdation oConatituhion in thad Caje the Pa an
opbtal to S on grounds oCohsht thim, that the onshutin
mut be intrprslsd.

Appcals in (u maltts
The ceneaalaspeck ot Abbeal to SC
The tneral aspectks ot abeal o sC are Cove ed hy
Ax 132it laa down the ad mab o Jusis dittan A pþellake
Jurisdickion) o SC
i tSay- An apþeal Skall lit to the Sc from ang
JudgmentDeCe o Order Cfinal ovder)of a Hc
in the tent Bory o Ihdia whetmer n Civil,cat mi al O
 oher ProCccding
ProCecdina when.i the H is Sat's fied arder
Ar 13y A tha the Case involues te Subslantial Qucshim
Hx
o La as to the inkrprelahion ot this onahkhn then
Simple Substantial qwahon ok Lau then i_Cam be deudeo
Cven b HC ohen Hiah_ou wongly decuded ox Uon
fnkr reed the [Link] tuen thePart alkr getti
(eTheitate fhom HC Move o sc.
exblainanm-t is nad an inkrlocutory Drder.
what is the meahing of Substantial quesiton of Lau
this matkr Came in the Cast of
Santesh Ha2ar vs Puaushottam Tiwa ool SC
I t a clear«d in Tudamen Hat- to be substan hal. a
ueshion of Lao must be DebaBable ho previaus ly Settled
by th Lau f h Land or Mue should be no bindig
ecdent
hecident md mut have a mekerial baring on he decrstan
of he Case

fo aphealunder A:
in sc 132 hen hepcess qluen mder
Ak 134 A Shall be olloed

A 134 A hen any aterdectded in HCanc HCitsel

is
Seels thoat the matttr is not clea ard SC Shall clea jt
hon it Can Se nodi Suo mo with Certikttak that itneeda
Claitcahion (rom SC
whtn Ht Passtd an Tualgment, Decree
oraldtr the pahy
objectas Had it (S LOohg n Such Casu also HC Cah
rovide t Gerhhcak t Send thus hater h t se
2Appeals in Civ1l Mathers a berson wank ko go o S
HC hen
agant any Judgmet, Detree Or Final ovder of
HC hasto pouide Certruak tha it inuolvg t Subs tanhal
quAhon ol Las of general inborlance and i neds to be deuided.
by SC Adt 133 (CPC - loo A)

3 Abpeals in aiminal Jurisdttem (A 134

iH Con abpenater) Lonuerted acquithl into
Conuichon and in Conuithion- given Desth Perahy hun
by ightSetond aptad lia in SC
u n d e Sec o CrPC i withdrtu a Caje from Lotwez_lout
and ted i ikelf and in suh i a has lonuicted the
accyed and Senenced him to dath
Cerheied under Aad 134A thadi is_a Cage o
apeal befot the s

Now
Conshitim Sas when death Penalty S givtn ten it s

aphealable
Seu 314 ol coe saya teh toilbe apbealablef het
I5Oyeas 6r more ieriaonment LitR_ 1nprisionment os Dtath.
One Cam go for appea in all thee Coe

Ahy hee S difference in lhue 2

thee isan Act, taled SC enlargemat o
CainialAppellaleJuaisdickian ACt-lto i s Power
s o Raahancat uder Aak: 134) whith Sa-
Poalioment ma by Lato Confer On the S C n uther louros
 bud s Cam be glvenb mauing an
4.
ohy this Act a made
Sec(1 of SC Ehlarge mtnt_ol Criminal Rppellake
JUIS drchion Act 19to Sathe Sam wlhg whuch is wnten
n the PL Se 34
wiil A Coh tuhional amnd mend be heededto haku
nthe Lons tituhM)
No Conitinal amtnd men 1s
ulsl becauwe t 134)
Says-Pariament Can eknd the Pouwer ofSL ba making
Law

d8m June oo CD
agoinl any_otder of Hhe HC there are abelak powes
anilalee under Aicles=_ 132133 and 134 Ro Ad 154 A
sþecial Lkaue of t HC)
what Sheuld be Ha rde of SC, while
deermihlg Such
Mattesin the Cose_ of-
Stae of uP vs Baisnath oo s c
Sc lbid daan h Circumances, Ohere SC sheuld inerkert
ith Hc.s Judqmemk
The HC.s decision is baleal on a totally Croneow V1'eu
o Law tha HC ha 1ghnored tha Settlesl Law posihm
The Conclusion ol tha HC a Conthay to the Cutcdlante and
doumenh in retod
The
The enie ap}soach of He HC in dealing wit tho euidence
ha beev Vy Cabualeaalihg o a
graue Miscarriage
 ofJustiie.
The Judgment o the HC is unjwt and unrajorable bae
On_erYOneow fack Or law.
Howeuey when the SC dectds any matter ther is
no nted ef theYeaphraisal of the euidente bec SC nead
ho to g in aSuch details a an ohpeal Cout.
iH clari fi ed im the ta ol
8: Pandeus State of Bikar Aoo SC
hert Cannat be c appraisal ot cuidenee unless it is shown
hat t e indvea aretoally Perverse. So that is why H
Sc mwxt s t weign the indingp ol the H and anly
only it
hey a Peruesee then only the SC should intrfer.
in matkrs of atcquittal LiA the both Session lout arc
HC o d e the a q i ttal then in such Cajes he s
Should no4 interfere

u Appea by special ltave Aadicle136

Axt 136 (U thee axe extya odinay þowea
bung qiven tu
the SC, so th Sc may ih ts [Link] pecial ltave.
to appeal rom
any Judgmenk Decxeedelkrminahon, sendene
Or
Ode or even made by any Cout or Tibunal.
Howeuer Aet: 1362) pus a jcatraint
-

where Matters a e claked to Amed Fores taibunal

wha 1& the erente betweem AppealsUnale Arhicles
132, 133 134 1362
 Axkicles 132 133 ancd 134 Ar 1S6
Appal it (an be any Cour o
liu againkta decisfon
of he H unler Akla ttbunal. So, the Sahordirak
13, 133 and 134 Lourh Can also he_oppeale
agaunst
IH is only hal oxder 2 Even an interlocuBory ocep
which is aplotalable Can be apþtalable
hertthe mattr is of tívil 7any Caude or any matker
oimihal or otht proltedlios Lan be put up be tok tu
of the HC. SC Hhinas Can n he
The leave o{ he HC is
i f it S furely ex tuuhive ot
adminis taave orde
Apptal unda At i3b CHo inuo ke 136 the þoposse
it is a Juisdithion whidch coppeal mul be Juditial or
iS an exthaodisary Juaisdichon uasi JudiualJ cleaiktd by-
it tanmot be taktn Manju ucrme vs StoluP 2oo5 S
Awayb-
any leislain, other than 2 Aamed forces tri buhalis hofe
Lons hituhan hothing Can tedule h o ia no heed of lta
1 poue HaHC
tis mater tame in the case of
Mahen da Sarte Emporium vs_G.V. Sainivasa Muathy 2eo5 5
its At 136givts very wide duscttio nay ower
Power t
the S C i t s in thuhatart of spteial powe Or ilcan
een be callea Residuay PoweriA is purely bas on
the demavd fu Jus Hite. Under A 6 SL IS no tquo
to be Sithia ike a gular (aurk of ahal, and
AlSo
 in the al
Hat 1361S ho a Righ His matBer Came
Aaunachalam uls p.s.R. Sadhanan ham1a44 c
136 doy hot
Jdgment.
in thas th Hon ble sc Said- A
he sC
on
(onerer any
an Rigkt to invoke tha juisducthion o f
iS basically the Prtrogaiie of thu Sc alloo e opbead
or na to allo

Setially in Ciminal matktrSSC hcld in the Caje

o

Tahera kka toon v s Salam bin mokd. 1aq SC.

twas held thot in aimial matts Ssþecial ltaue b app
Grums an-
Should ho be grankd unless thert are Cxeehioal
L ad tave injshice havt been dune.
what is the hature o Pouwer unde Arh 136

His Matkr Came up in he Cae of

Stake of oissa v/s_GJena o03 SC
though his is an afkell ake power ou not like xeqular abpeal
then the Power urder A 136 (an be uatel with the wut

Jursdickm o th H Under Ark 86

NobecawAewaik jurisdithion is_an origikal Junscdutim akd
powerunol Aat: 136 is a appellate poe

urder o hal Ciumslances t Cannot be allowre undtr Ark. 1867

S matker Came u in te (aye ol
S.6Mincaals vs m|s MstL 2olo SC..
i a claniked thas-underohat Utumstance Lea Should
not be anta
whee there is an appeal o aisivion auailable.
 Subaec
1SSue
mattr is oo Stale or.
Friuolous or wher u
is So Small
me ond exena
Or
negligible, tha is
wnnecejar wak
waste
whee the matkr is talken to delaa the proteealis
Can thert be pu esicHons on Art 136
i s matter arised in
many (ays one of Ahem is-
the
Karamkapahi ujs Lal Chad àolo S
question Came u Loa
h 136 is the disreionesy þouer of t SC a tkos
Omy limiBatíons on this9 i theae ar
lími [Link] h a wil
thmpoje)
SC clailied Ha- this is t
hure
purel dscehionaay pou and
ae
no islaturt Can impose vestittioyitiB want to
nhese eshichion it will be stlf imboiad
boically thay Saud- we haue o tollo the voice of
Our Constience tis JuisdithioM is untettered ths is no hous
by an_baud

Guidelires are givtn in

ay impordand Juelg me
Mathaivs GtogeAolo SC
basic quudelincs t givtn tha-
which maBkr shauld
be lonsideco
AlL matts which (huo lves ubsan
tial 9uestoJ ofLau
egardug intere tahin ol Constiturian.
Al Ynatters 6 Nadional importance o Publi bortahce
Mattrtlahed to valtdityo any Law of state or of
Cen ter
 M a t t s o Judital Ruies thak the matteris aqait
Baatc s Aructure o hot Aer Resavahahda Bhari L )
0iHecntes o f openion between cuferent High Cour.
where there is the blatant mascarriag. of Jutie
whee the tundamenal Right o any person has Prima fauie
been uiolated
in these Ca the special leaueShould be giutn
unde Aot 136

whad a th aihcr ples whichgude Art: 136 2

Piniple were laid doon_in Ha (oe
ol=
rangaKumar Szivastava vs Stae of Bihar oolsc
in 4s Judgment pnuibles wert lad donn 1egar cliig
Poerte be wed under A 136
the bowes uder Ark 186 is vary ide but in Ceimikal
atecals only n exephional Lircunmsances At 156 Should be
allouwed
i f he Righleurt has actesl perverSela then itshou
be allowea.
wheneuer mather 1S of general public inbottane and th
cdecision Shocks Ha Longcience of he loar hen also it
Shoule be allowo
Lhere the eidence which has beehtaken bu the Lower
Couts is noteliable and_hence iS not acce pBable and
IS nok Ssafe thad let tHhat Judgmen Conhinue then Art l34
Should be alloweol
oherethee is an eitordreaularity or illegauhy or
there is a bas iL violaton of
of Natural Jushceih Sehe
Suth Cas Art 136 should be alloud

thee Isan ALernohive acmeely. 3hould he

the SC
s
allou Aat 136 2
his hater Came in the Casl ol-
Shin -Ctsu Chemicals us Uindhya Telelinks o S c
hey Said ha there is no Lao tha i here is an alttrrahu
emedie auailable hente the St is baredthere is no Suth
Q Hou euer uwhether thal remedy Can easily be auallable
Or Lwhethr in akig that emely. there is a lot of Poblt
O thee is grou injatitebasically the Sehas to ollo
tsConSciemte.
ohether the cili2ens oTndia_o any peaSon does ha
had a ight to appeal Unole
Aak 136
this mater Came up in the laseo f -
Taupati Balaji Devlepes vs stare of 3ihar coy 5
it was held that A 136 hough it is
baed on piuple
of Justie, it doy not Coner a right of ang oppta on any
Panty bu meelygive ciscehen to the $C hich will exertise
ik þowtr under Ark: 136on stdlonaideraion of Pu Ju he

Docline of Megur
wheneer a lower (ut haj given a dfkrend Juolg me
and itis overuled and chaged hen the hanged Judamtnt
merq ith he ear lier Jucgmt of the taur
thi's Dotkrine is bosedon lommon Lauo Piniple 1 1
Is not t e docaine of Conatituhtnal La
I 1Soumdled on the badi Principle of-Hierarchy
Sas Hal thethe decision ofinfeiior Lou has been
iSaa
it
Changed then
hen thu deision of supeior mergs uith it
ard then the inftrior (ours deusion i l l b e the suberio
outsdeisim.

Astide 13 this Aahicle_deals uaiBh th Reui Power.

RLiew Rooer 1s aluoas given by law thuts
nothig allea
inherenPower of Cvieweven the S will aet the reuiu
Powco buLaw
meaning of Revito is Re-cxaminatim or Retontdeuahm,
the Concept of Ruiew is bauaol on Hunan fallibiliky Lshich
means thad th SC has the power ta tuitw ik own Juolgment
Ssubsect ko any Laus made by the Paa liameat_or ik oush Rules

on what oundla Reuvie (an beclone )

OisCovery of neoevidemce ana very impontant evidenate
Mistake o rror Apparent on the fae o he recod.

Reuieso Juiscuihion Unader Aat. 134 gvea en me poweS

to uiew
uiew- wheneuer the takes
reuieo
plaleitis_nat
hearihg o
the appealall ove again i i is baslcally Reute
o he poink ushith arc Paoblematic.
amatter Came ih the Caje of
Devendex Pal Singh NCT Delhi aoc3
the mad ter Loas decided by 3
Jusges bench a said thee
thue
shall b death Penalta and ISauicd he shall be_life
Sentences Pe tikon fo
fos RwieO w a Put u
 SC denjed to evi by Says it is not tha matter o
RavieL there is no eior apparen on tale o Recorel
Suth ma tters Cannothe taken or teui e

here iS ano thor Ca

an

Onion of India vs Namit Shatma 2o14 S

iwas held had- A Tvie of a
Judgment uler rt 13 *
iS Con thed only to tha etors appaant on the late of
deLord

ih th O»der 4o RI_of SC Ruly l966 it is clearly

witen thar the yeasoning the judgmend Is Clear
-

in then
fhut s no Point or Carryinq a euiew it is only when
thurt is error aarent_on the teue
an of ecord then
then onl
ohly
Hhe eviecs pehtion is maininable

Halide 132 Enlatqement of SC Jurisdihion

the jurisdichion ot e st Cannot bhe uraile but t
Can alwaya be
Cam enlarged under Art 158
S o the Pouers o the SC Cam be enlarged oy lau,
(Las ill be maole by th Pau líamLat Pa lfament taln
make ik own lauw or Can delegae to o Gv of Irdia
OY Go o Stae that by makikg Specialag ree ment Can
Con k moR Power to the Sc..

Aduisoxy Juri'sdichion Art 1y3

i i S a y s t thee is an Matktr opublic impottance
ReAfertd by cidendt thon S May denu o hea that
matter
in a Couse in 19asS he Matkr oRam Janm Bhaohm
w lktd to the SC cnd Sc clarly denitd o ebly
on thas matter

Aa: u32) wheye there is tha malltr ofPe Cohah tuhim

tacaj4gacement _enaagunendSanad ek. thee SC Can
not den

sthe Nduiso oeion binding on the Phuidnt 2

iis merkly _an_ aduite it is not a judiial ponounemcA
that is why i is_burely aduisany in naturIt 1S not
birdin
on the Paident h e may tollo he may not follo

1 the SC hahag given au adluice and iis nho bihdthg

on
the Pheident bu 1s it binding on the Courh)
Yeaiis bindina on te Lou thi'S mater Came in He
Ce o Re: 3ecial Couas 6ill 1418
it
was hld thad 4 vitws erpresaed by the Sc in
the exerise o ik aduisony Jurisdichon s blhduing on he
LoJe Caur bud iB is hot bindiha on the peaident

Fa 2 Inhtend owrs to the SC

here theye 1S no Law SC Can Utate La.
Anu hung whith s nueuaryfor doingLomplele
doin
jushie inany Cauy
SCwill not go againt any Law Per Se unles it is
unConsti
titional the Sc will delae it antons ti tuhional bu as
a geneoal ule Sill ho go againt any ltislahiu laud

Judicia legislahionis not enuisagecd by te (aHtuin

bud whert any de kuUeny in Las o where La isS
an
o i agai t the Soiety the Cam SC give is own_uitw
O make Law 2 Yes it Lam and best erample is
Hirdu mariag Atirelaievable breakdoun of mamage 1S
n o a raund bu ha SC madeus GrouUna
Rupa shok Huata ( e
i s amank the Juditial legis laiom bud in the inereat o
Juhite
2DecrininalisedsecSec 311 IPC
Decrimialts Adultoay
all
a u t o axe exompley o usthgpowe Umalkr H

theae was a Cas

Stae of katnataka by Nonauinakere Polite us Shivanha o14 5C
in thes_Co4e the SC lesd clown te Lomplek qude lines
garding Rapeby Ai poLer urdu Ahtle 142 eg9
o n RLcerpt of înformahion of Rapetha 10 ghall take
immidiae skps to take ha uichim to ang Juditial
Magishakt for the purpose [Link] her Stement
Undler Sec 64
the Powess under At 1u2 are too enotmald
1S am inhactnt powes o h SC
in the ae of-
Delhi Judacial Seruie Msseuiatin vs She oi ltujot 991
thecourhs pouoe o do jutice undtr At14-2is Completly
difftrent leucl cnd Complektly dilknt qualty any reatithm
Oprohibiion Conhined in _odihany lasCannok t as a
limitaim on the Const tuionalpower givtn hy Aat: 142 to
SC

Shall s deline tS owes

hi's quahim aised in te cag ol
DDAusSkiptr Conttauction Compay 1916SC
in tis Judament i way hele that,it is dduiaable to lecue
s pouer unde fintd and uncatelogad so hatt remain elut
enough to mouleto the given $ituahony

when itis_power is wc by SC then a n it be calledPrecedent)

No PowerS undeA |4L do not Ctale juelual brecedend
becae thn it will be Juduuial ltaís laim each atkr is
spectkc and oleal on oun manih and any Jucdament giuen
Urder Aak l42 anno otm a Juditial ?iecedent
June June do22 L)
Aticle 139A under tha Ar 13 A(where h Same
Cs Hons have Come u where he matkers Concerh
substanially- theSame moatter_Qno thee a Pedinq
befoxe the sC and High Couasthem he SC Cam witdao
all of them ano decde theM.
this poser of wthdrauig he (ases from bgh louts
ano delermiking them and givi geudelthes to them loma
faom. A q
Also he Sc ma-deter mine thequeshons give deline
and turn he maters p e Coter hed HKs

Can SC ans fe any Caseabpeal or Matter om one

HC o another?
Yes in he intest of izhte hee tuigsCan be done.
=

tas fer of Case of Jailaltta becaule t was

tartd Hha probably Jushce will ntbe done in Tamilhaslu,
it wa tàas ered to the nabouring Stde of karnala ka.

Ax 1141 this Arhicle hcorporates cn English La DoctHi

Dochine of Stare decisis
this doctine meas tha-the Louoer Lourts are bound by
the decsions of the ighe lourk.
Aa 141 gives a Conahi tuhioal Stakuy o Prececdens.
Sa
the Preceoden of SC become Pcedenb by uittue o P
Ad [Link] is whyt udicial Pronoun Lements of Se
also Cons Htue the La othe land.
 The Jualamens bind not only he Lotwer Courk it also
bind those pa Hies wko are not PaaHes to the Casea.
s matter Came tn the Case of
usUion af 1 ndia 1194 SC
Jagannah
In u s (ase- Coastalarcay wert geHing destroyel bca
becaue
Shrink indutry, ihough S Case wa arta
bu itwill be cupliedto all CoasBal a

anothe Matter Came up in the lase o-

opi Aqua Faxms vs Onuon e Ddia 11a4 Sc
this judsment also Saud-th decision of th Sc is biding
on all the peopleeven though they may no kaue been
pei Hones or they _may not kav been poarhiey o th Sut

Thu or a s pecs o _ a Juakgment

Raho De Liden ai obier Dic ha

Ralia Decidendi is de fintal in he erm of the Sc.

in the Ccose of
Dircctor of seHlemenb Andhra Paadesh us MR Abarao
co sS
it waa held thad Raio Deuidendi mabe desinaa t
Pinciblu of La formulaesl by the Judse for eleudirg
the
poblem before him, itis bindir it is basically
etho of
of the Tualgment it is bindin on evea4 Cour
ane it has C Piecedent Valu
Obilpa Dicta its a latin Phrase it baically mea
baaltall
Something Said by the way o inciden tally.
is hoseobseruaions by the Judgewhich are hot
escnHal o the decision
obiter Dicta is no doubt aþectablewherter
there
here are ho other proncuntemeut on thak matker, obikr Dieta
o4 theSC Cam be binding on Hs.
Ahis matter wo clearcd by the case ol-
Oaiental Insurane Combanyvs Mteha co1 S
there is an another Jualqmend on 0biler Dicka
Aun kunaj s Sfae of MP 2oll SC

obiter Dicha a3 an openion is hot necenary i e

Judgment i it is an obseruation made by a Judge. wch 15 hot
heces
Yecess a
ayfor the decis ion it is a by the oa mark. An
obiter 0 Kla isno doubt of Persuasive value italwa4s
has aperstua sive Value on all the Laver Cours- but Aen
i hers art no aher retedenks on thad matkr hen the
Obiter Dita become veycsecable and Cambecome bíndig
th Hgh Courk

Can he S Reuisik orReuitwik own Judy menk

the lau declard by th SC shall be bindihg on all lou
Except [Link] hat is why there is he Concehto of-
Curaive Pelihions the reason bealn its ound hat the
Law ms be Changad o iis hot in the inkeyt o
Juhte we Can alwas agk tha SC to Reuie (6 own
decision. for thisurhase Cubahue Petihon shallbe be put
pu uap
CPltase Cur your O n Paoblem)

iS mattcr Cane up in the Case of

Bengal Lmmunity Companyus Stale of Bihar 155 S

here iS nothig in _our Coithim wuch Prtuenh wshom

cleparHia om puiow. decision fwe are Conuinced
of i eros Cn ih baneful etkck on th geneal nkyt
o ha Publr.
Vecleanly ths judgment Aunthe Sy Ha: 14 hich
Cour
lays doun th law declearedhy hi 1 shall be [Link]
all Courh within the tenitory of Indbia quuk obuiouly sfers
thitourk othe than Sc

wha is he meaing o Law declarcd by S 2

this matter (ame up in the Coso of-
Sahara Lndia Rea Eskk vs SEBIol2 SC
Law declarea
by S mean La while inkerprehing the
Stakue of the Consithiam or the Coniuhm wauld Come
uholer
s erm Law declared by S
Suth Judiual Law makiny is
a þart ott
JudiCial phoce and hente a leiimat Judictal unchm
A matter Came he
u in Cale of-
Union of India us Hansoli Deui oo2 SC
n ts Co theory o tedens wa duscusselit Saus-
JudguJudga bench is Supposed t lw 3 Judgu bench
but itaJudgea bench
is not ace phnaHha 3Juclye
 then the mater
bench because hey are intottect unjuE
oilbe nlkred to ano ther 3 Tudges bench (wim tasohS
heLo thee Julge bench wil decide tad old 3 Juslges
Mo
bench wa Rght or not, if it tings hat the deusimM
b t old 3 Judgu bench way not Jut Cthtn hey wen
will ekr has Caye to tha
iue teir deeiston ) bu hey
S jdg bench

thee wad am another Case of

SS. kumay v/sJagdeeshan 00 SCC
in his it o a held hat - HC cannot overrule any decisio-

of tha SC thay do nat alcept, they Can aluwau move

t the$C that -we are no able t dcept your deusi
then e Sc again move atording ly .

Lohen euera judgmend is overruled then had Juelgmt

Ceases to optrat and the neu La 'ohith is laid downa
by th neLs overrulh jualgmed Comes ino foace.

then Hhet ovcauling Tudgmtnt will Come with attro spechiue

efec 0r pos þechivly
wheneuer mei is Ptviay an
owrnling ot the
deusionit aluap isRetrospeciv. Cunles it is te
meHer o Rs JslkCaka)

the Doctain of pos pect

what s overruling)
wheneer Sc indial whetho the decision haa
hay
o be ablic phospectely then ohly the Docthe of
aos þective oveuling apblies How ewY heneuer he sC
OverTul then i will be atþlied Retrosbechively

The Rule Makirg Power of he 5 AI45

The HCs amd SC have a very inpoatant ole called

The Bule Makiny Powc Aak: 145 talks abou the Rale
makina powey of ho SCthes Rule making Power oknS almesf
all he rule making PowerS of te SC Howeveth prouisick
the
hae to be subiect o any laus made by the PasliamCrt Sc
Rules Cannot be nagating any Parliamendary LausLheneuer th
SC Lank to make any Hulesit must get the aphoual ot t
President these ules are buially like CPC hey oveIh
procHe and Procedue of the Suhreme Coutt.
Examples=
Rul garding persons pachiuing in the Couxt, Aduocaka on Recerd
Procedu of hakiha Ha aph ealk.
Protedu of enfortin any fundamental 1gh.
Ho wiIL he appe be enterli
nadl
Rulta rgarding granting of bail
Rules zardin Sty of Protesdings
Under wkas Rulu Can you Summerily dekmain
an appeal. ck
ou hoe aue Car cd Umle pocaiven by Aat 1S S.

italso tells Ha Hos many judlges will Sitin wluth

Mattr. e i n Re lae nce Case there will be 5 jualguy
ben th,in the. matlkp of in teiprehhin of he Conshtuhon-
there also 5 judges bench illsit
Het45 (
Sa SC ill
Sa declae is juda met in an open Cetu
 OfSices of he SC

Mihis eria staffs under e Jualgus

the Chie Juite will appoint sta fs unde him or
also he Can delegae the þoweao an dge Houw euey
SenioY ohcers ae to be abboinked then Presidend Can ordler
to appo in therm thrcugh UPSC-

PART VI (THE STATE S)

Paat 6 of he Conshituion deas with the Stake Same a
the Union State is also devided into 3 Paak

State leqislature Execahiue Judi taty

The Exetuive Art 153

thee Shall he a Governar toT lath Stee HBowever
by te 4hcAR 156 thee may be opbointment of Same
peson Coverhor of2_oc more sales.

TO VCY nog Position of the Gouenor

in he Case of-
Hargouid Pant usRagkukul Tilak 19 A SL
t w a sajd h a t - The Crouernor is a head o f a stade a

C t high
high Confhdionaloffite Ashith (as with i it
i'oartant Constthnal Hunctia and ouh ahel he Cannat
 Seruant of the
there fore be egarded a an emblogee O
of the Covk o India The o fhce of Crouernor is no
embloyment urderthe Grout of India.
Just ag the Prestdent is tonstktutional head 3imilasly
he Croutnoy is also a Constituhional had of a state. De june
tha
heod of me SBade is Tovernor aral De Fato head of he ske
is chiel minister CSama as Union

Appointment a GoucIno Art. 155)

appoinled by th Peident of Inclia
ToveThors are

eam o oice of Governor (Aat 156)

Can a Governa.r anyime be thrown out of his oFlic by
Pesiden 2
thee a Juslgment sgardiy this
Surya Narain usOnion of IndiaRajasthan HC 1ag2
3BP Singkal us oniono India olo S
in_both hese (udmenh ik wa held t
haugh
CToveT hoY enjoys his o fftce durirg he Plusure of ho beidet
buw then we (ant teat a tonsikuhional eost like a
Foot ball ou Can't emde kim Aabitrarily tha i the eajon
whg
why the Preaident should no+emoe hu'm Axbiba
The Cowmo is not only the ConyAH tdiokal head
he 6 the Cief executiue head of the Stale
In 4he Daalt Constituttom the Paoceclue wa to
 elect he Crover nor Same as odinary mLA 1s elected,
he Slede l l elect hinbud a the Hme of lakinq deusto-
in lonstituend ssembly itoa
ecded
he oVernor is elected hen he would be an electo
basoneleeded by he ente stale he oould challage t
C M t t uill be eqular Mg betasen Cm and the coverr
the conkinas figh will take þlace then Lwhole Sklk will
t o the docks.
he governor will be elecked then Howoud the Center
Conko w sale iR tenBer!s þerson oill be the coverher
hn Cener Can Control the statt anal CovernoT wil have
have
allegjante towards the enter ama hence oheneutr Uny
poblem Lomi to Stale then uwill be in stbokger Posihon
a aper the dietion of enker, we _ase o4 ntay
Syademama not lika Amatca shere CrouTnoS are ditctly4
electec we tollo HheCamealtan Mode..
I f e e Loill be diect election it would tnil a lot of
mont
-

when yP Singh_(rovt:Came into power he removed all

thUroverno s0 me-oho e t {xterols ot eprejent out: hak
wert allowtal to Contkue
Lohen u.P singh Crov fellL Narsimha Ruo Coul Came Over
- nigkk l4 (oernors Ckonged
S CHadal avey bad inpresstan and thoa is tha
t a o wh te SCheldboth h Suaya Narayan Caje
Ono UP Siqka ale thad Cqoucnor is not Stooge of
ha Center
 thene were 2 lonventionsas well
Governor Should mot belory to the Sam skle
when th Preident has to obpoint and couernor he must
Conault He CM

whad
what are ha qua hahos or apboun tment ol Covernor
HeShould be cilizn ol India
e mut have Comleted tha age_of 35 a

what are teLanditioms Ad 15R)

He Should no be an MP or MLA if he is aleady an
MLA O meten it is deemed thad he has vacaled ks
Saat on the day he enercd his o thice aA a Coverhor
He should not hald any ofhe_oProt
H e is emhtled o wue Raj Rhausan
ALL h's Cmmoluments Allosamces cae delermi had by a
Paxliamentand not by a stale.
2 wheneer he Same pcrson is abbointtd a Ccovernor ot 2or
MoR saks then the emolumenk wilL be Shakd b both tha
Staky. shaL o e shes ill be clelerminad b the
Praiden
(IL
The CroveTnoK ha Same
of Incua enjoa
immunitie ohich the Presrdert
He Cannot be aae or aimial Cazes, Lohute he 1S
in ofice andfor Civil Cases he muyt
be tore the Ciril Pacceedi neagainst luim is
beqiveh2 mon ths Note
His oath 19 9iuem braugktinto achon
ih tke Cons titahn Ar 59 tells 4hat-
 the Oath of Croverhor ill be Samt cs Prelident these an ta
onl peotle who take the oodh to Praerueand Prokct ad
defend Lonshituhio
the Oath of he Crovernor is aalminised
og He t t Tyhie
Concerneal H it clhie justice is hot available ten thea
Seniex most julg of had Hc ill adminNser us oatn
the ttm of is_o fce is oriten 04 5gears Howeverhis
the
ofice is urely
urely the Subjesd o 4he plasure of the Preaident. i
he wank to uign then he Sendu eaibgnadion letter to th

Prea rdend
Ln the Judgmant of VP Sthgkal it wa Sasd hakA
Crovenor Shouldnot be deMoved on arbitray merely on thm
whia anel fantuies of he Peident Neverthelea 3 also Sadd
tha-his Plealure of he Patdent Cannef be challanged thany
Lout oF Lauo.

Poweasano funchons o the wuerhoy

hey
the are almost he Same a the PreAldlen he po ss a SSe
Execut Pouwcrs Legislakive fowers Financial owey aha
Juclitial Power. Mort oT leSame, like t e Presiclen.

The Pouwes which he dots mot haueand hoaidenk haueAad 36

he are 3 a s o pouotsohich a e not Htre witm the
Covernor_ anewhith Powes ar auailable olth tha Pratden
He has no Diplo maHi Pouesthat are only uith te Preaidet
(1
(2) He has no hilitary Pooc Pheaidend ts he htaal of He amed
fo rces bur th Ctouerhor ha No Suth_Coa bondi Pocxa
3) Thee oare no tmexgeny Powx uith the roverne al he
3 tmergenei Can be romulged by me Phuident bu it Cannot
be homulgaded by the overma

txecuive PowcS of he Cqout noor

of Presidentit
theg are almostthe Samt ag the Poer
Can be Saicd ta tha Powe af tha CoverMoY are analo gos

he Praidents foes
AI execuhve cchy dre taken in the Yame o the CDutrno
He Mok aules sbLtitging the manner in wkih _orders
and inSaumens how to be Caied out in tha stak
H e Appoins the Cm and oterCounel of minwsteas.
u n d e r Axt 164 the is on Sepatat aspecE-thas. he.
appoink he Tibal welare Ministr.
tha slodes in uhith-Tibal welfare min fs ter are-
CkhatHis qauh Thar khand Madkya Peadesh and. odisha
The Tribal wel fare minisBer ill also look ukrt hu
hu
Taponathiliky of oRC ad Ss
Cthere is no Suth Parallel PowC with the Pesidt)
apart om th's
He appoink the Aduotate General of he stale.
He apoihts th sBae tlechion ommi'sSioner
Cordi tHos of h Suu{Ce of Siate election CommSAlmer_ S
deermihed by t Coverho
CNormallg oboinhing and emoval
authority cre th_Sam
perso bu here i doca not abply )
Stale elechan Lommiss ionar is apointed by te coverher
 bu his emoa an be done in he Same on he
mo valo Hc Judg Chal Removal of the Scand H judge
C

tkSame. t mesund stale elechiom lomnisslonex Coan be

dmouedby the Padliamen

2He apboink choirman ano membes of the

shk. though
TOvernor ophoinks choithan ard Lmbers of He shte but he
Cant Kemeve them theg Can be Xmaved only bu the_
Pestded
He Cam_ask abou alfairs of th stak as he Prestedend Can
ask
ifa ministe has_hken a deisim, then he Can ask the Cm
ho the decisíon
is not goed, you Pleae sik doon_ih your
Cabinet ard eases thad piece of orders.
2 wheneuer thtre i a lortakdoon in
Consituhoxal maL' nery h
the Sae it is he
lerhor who ectomehds Preaidenk Ride
t h Stalk.
Themomend, Presidlenk Rule is
imbosed the oveg no becomesbeComes
the Supreme Execuive in the sense thad n o
agend cf 4 Prside. (thatis wh hebetome3 H
many imea it Is Said tha
CTovenor is actually th Agnt of thi
Union
2 He is hostly the [Link] of the
Universiky of that stat ard
he oppoins te uice Chahtellos o he uniuersi hie.

Legislahue Pouwes of th Croveanoi

Legislaive Pouoers are also th
Same Pridens
legislahive Pouoer
He Summons he Stale legis ladue he
the
dissolues the Shle
Leg islaue he Proroua th Skde
Leais lasure
 Headd1tue the s t Ses3ion eca yea Chd wheneua
e rov: Coms for tu Eist imer then thehnt ses.5lan Is
ouddseed by th [Link] like tha Preatder
2 H Can Send messaguu to the housc CAn when thtre is

bitamtral, he tan nd the menage to both t lgislaturey that-

Lony is bill is bending

is valant
whenever th Skad o speaktr of ceputy speaker
he qourhor oill appoint a Pro ktm sptaker
Earlier1nominee fom Bnglo Indian as to be appoinled
but i a ho thted RentedinLouihAA So the
Nomihahin of Anglo Indian ih S tate ssembly 1S ho4 Canellead.
the queaion comes tho whether an MLA should be disqhal hel
Same a t Presidtnt it is Covemor oho e to decde the
qwshon of Disquali hiahion of mA CoR Course with lonsul ahon
witk th electton Commission
A s per AQ13 he tan pomulgak
ordinante when s hk
lears latur S hot in sesaiom. (same as paesideA)
these Odtnance) hau to be approdwithin 6 week
o the asemble. lite of ordiance Same arEAident
6 Months and 6 weeh) becase haximum gap betw en 2SeMins
Can be 6 Monthy
AA tho Raporh _of Stale Finance ComniSsim Puble Seruite
[Link] sak cilthese xpor h Counor
them to lay dounbe fore te Stak legislatuxc

Passage of the Bill

whenever thoaSsembl paes tho billit is Send to
oveThor Crovarhothay he 3 optioy
0 He Can aive hs assent to th bill > the bill, when
is assented by e Crouernor it becomes Law

2) He Can
withhold s Assend à Pocket Veto
3 He Can Retun the Bll({ iB is hot t
mony bill
he
he
etuns for dtConsideraim of te StaBe
bill 1s
legis lature t the
þassed by the Slak leqislakuae again with or wimd
CAmerdmenb thcn Just like the 6
Prcsident 4heoverner
has toive asent

OneRooer (S he shich }he Pesidtnt

does not haue-
S cisrekon of Ha GoveTnor thathe Can
e r e any
bill for he taniderahim of tha burdnt. i s
bIsccfon Cannot
e Challanged is is He n un impcachable pewer
Is there ang bill whuch Shall be cserved bCouea nor
ran he h a o rese Te thad bill?
Ye. anu bill of the s e leais lakurt
tokith kmþers
ithe the s poes ofthe H has to be reerued by the
ythe
rovesnos for the Conicleahiom of e Pratdent

oh
whu and when wil) the rovtnor eAercise his custre hion
ineerving bill foa the tonsidetatim of he Pres telents )
whad a the guicde lineg
hereitedanges thepasition of the HC
where te bill is ultravi rL in other Locrds
it IS againut
Hhe lohtuhini in the eges o th Gouer
Couerho
21 iS in the larguu inkrat of he tountry
I is very important om the Nahitnal point of vieut mean
National inkgrity slaiorsl Scunty is o Stake beca
of this bill
wheneuer there aCompul sory acpuisikion of the Phoperty
Urder Aak 31A
S thege are he 5 haHers whe always te Crovernor
oill reaerve the billL,he will e is_dhscnim to eserve tha bill.
tor Conatderahion of Hhe Pregident o India.

what is th Next ourse of Action 9

here are tapes of hills

Ordinaru 8ils Noney Bills

Passageaf an omdinary Bil=-

when Covernar Sends odinary- Bill to the Preyider
( ) Phealdent givc ent t inmidialely btcom las
2) PauAtdet ioithhold ta hill it will emain as its Pocketh
3) He Rdturns ha bill for ReLonideraim to h Statt legislatu
the Stale legslature has to onidtr it hawwitin-
6 Monils and stnd i back o tha Patdent now won tha
bill is ttohsiclered by the stae leqislakue Heaident Can sill
den to assent 4hat bill Che IS het baud o csont
oer lensideration lilke union bills ) and ance the (mernor
tierva tha bill or Presicdent then a he do not have ang
uther ole in h inactment of bil.
 Money Gill -
Moneu bill in_ Stake subly15 ectomerdkal
by e tover nor (lile Pres idunt) hoto the mahey bllpasau
D hSlele asemdl dnal o to tha Lcaenor, then uhlike ta

2overnor ma Grivt his auent

He maywttold is assent
He mau
m Send iB pr Corisideration ef the Preaident
gut money bíll Canhot be Sent for delongideahim
hec alS0like unio

whad hapþens i hoy bill 1s cdeucc for the Con Sidehahion

of Prcsidendq
when a Mohy bill s tseruesl tor tha oyideta kon oA
of he
Phesident then again t Crouer nor hay ho futher ole in ha
Money bill Nou
T he Pratdent gives assen to the bill beuomes an E.
2 I he does not gie 4hke Aisent then it ill remaln as it rs
potket veto But
>ike the Parltament Phestcdent Can not retuan tha Money Ri
forConatdehatien of Stale legslatre.

Nei Nei ther in tha Parlíament mor in the slale lequs kkue
Mony Bill Can be Sent for RLcnuideaaim.

Financial PowecrS of th rovetnor

the Cqoverho T ha Hnanuial Pouey Same ay he_ Preatiden
He la doton the Annual FhantialStaknont Cs tete Budget)
 MoYey
Money bill an be introducecl in sBale legq1slature ong
onty
with hs Þrior elcomerdation
withod his Teomendahon.
Node mand o1 grant Can Lome

2He can take acluanzes trom toningeny fun of tours ty

haue to abþroved by t stae legislaturtlar on
He ConHtuke He Stake Finante CommSsion every 5 yea

DIference hetucen Finance Commissin apbionktal by H

Pacaiden and by e coveanor
financ_lommuS sin CFunchio

by Phcaicdent (wnion) by Cuve1 hoY Sake

Dishri burim of RevENue t o review he Einancial
between Center ana Positino Panchayak arel
Sla Muniti palitg
Judicial Powers of the Covernor-
there ae almost th Same Judictalpowers of
the Praidert ahd the lrovanor

ardoning ower
thore 1sthe dilerence betwen the
of th Crovernor
Pardoning power
ard the Pres ident Covernor ha less poer
than eaident
CdTnoY Cannot Paxclon a Death Sentence
but then he an
Comnade Death Sentence ihh Lik
impmSon ment
An alao
 adentis also 4ha head of t Amed fortes but
CtoUerhoi has no poer in the mattes of lourt Maatd
o ther han 4hu two Covernor has all the powen ike=
RepaleueRapitk Remisston lommuuakom
oheneua Judges to be appointed tn the Contetnaol HC
are
HC
th Peident alua Consulk the
Crovetnor
He
He maks apþoinimenks,
pos has pomohiony ak of
Distick Judseain Consultation with the Slae HC
He alsoappoins posons to the Judical seTUÍCe3 of
thu Stae in consullaton with th Stak HC anl stak
Public Seuce Commissiom.

what is his ConsituhonalPower 2

by 2d AA itwaa introduced tha President shall
Act on aduie of the Couhcil of_mns
ters
thue is no rea þonding Prouision for the
oue nor, y2d HA
w applica lble only to tha Pryident o India it oax_ nat maola
applicable to he Couernor

is he boural b th adluite )
At 163 Sas tat-to aid and aduite
it wascleurtd in the (ale of
Shamsher Sihgh us Stale of Punjab l414 sC
itwas held tha thought is not writtenHhat th
Grovernor Shall act_on adufce it 1s implico that overnor
also atk on tha Acluice of tho Cm CAn the Counul of
Mihts ler
 Cn anotherJudlgment lam-
PameshLar Paaka s Uor o06 SC
it wa cleatd tha- the lrouernorlonti thional headl he
is_a
must act_on the aduice of hui's munsttr
of
So. it ISs imlied Hat he also ach on the acduice
his Counil o{_munus k
Sae

So, hePositson of he oKIno is more o r les' os h

Preandent)
ht has ditfurent Posikion tht LonHkuien very
leaSau thad the Govrnox Cam alt in hs clrs Crehm
A 163 2) he ha disceken t Rescve any Bil)
So a matler which is pumly- o Coverhos dscehon.
that dascre iom nowhen (aN be thallagea that 1S a
Conai tuiona cduscrehm

wha ar th arca In whith_he CmucE No exeriscs s

duseiom
Resvation ol a bill Ar the Lasideuatin ol tLe Presidest
(2) Tmposi tion 0{ the Prestdenty Rul in the slat
3 when Charge of UT is giun to him thotn htsdisuehionsuy
powr will \te in VTA well:
5 DvscatHonaay Þouwer in pacuiding amount uwnclt Sthclule&
(6) Seeki anyin toimaisn om (m and hs Counuil o f
mthsK
thee bowers ar Longhi tuhional DiSteion and tannoB be
ChullangLo in any Lou of Laus
hee Ors cehion
iS alto a SiHuaona
the Stale gov brokan and parly Comu n MihoHty
oppostlion Floo est it is dwCrettom ot GoverneT
aska fo
to (ohdtutd ioy not o r when to lorcluct
and also opbosition stelkes permsien to Cons t tde Gov
b
by binaihg majoity h n also it 1S discrttan ot Crouer ho
o allo it or hat

Unde Aatitles 3 A o 311J s pecial brouision

aanding4 administhatien o Maharashira tujtat
NagalundASSamMani pul_anel sikkim cne disceton
o the governo
 here iS also aa Situatona Orscetion
ithe Stake qovt bro kan and
pary Come in MîhokHty
&iopþosition aska fo Foo est it is duacctm of toverher
to Londtutt i}ox no Or when to lorcluct
and also opposihon stekes rNSS fon o Conttk rovl
b bningi majority hn also it 1S discrettom ot Crover hor
by
t allo it or hot

Unde AaBicles 3t1 A Ato 3 sþecial þrouisiona

garding adminssthatien ot Maharashia. lau(at
Nagalana SSam Mani pul canol Sikkin cT discehon
ot th Crovesno

Soth Jun Qod2

Ar 164 2 JuA like hexe is no

Selechion and opbointment for pm, Sþeciiu.
hotedun or
Similarly the is ho
Specih Procedurt er alþoint fa CM
Ar 164 merelg Sau Cm shall be appointtd Hha overnor
Lasapply Same as tha m Jo Cm
by
when there is heu electedSa assembly
ASsembl i uidhan Sabka hem ahoeuer Clegis hive
hu's clalm Mow Hhe Couermor
haue majonit ake
hay discretional value -ha
where a t Is ho
majoritythen to whon he will all to
form Grout
and also it is not necessary ha the tm should Pro
his maoity bebre he joins 0Cm Juat ike Pm) the
GovernorCan Aast appoint um a (m, then ask hi
 to proe
pro his mejoriky on the tloor of the legis laive
asgemlol in how Ymuch Hme it is to be done 1tts h
Pcogatiue of h Gouerh0

Same LawS apbly on m as PM

I he is no_an MLA hen also he tan be opbointe o
a Cm fo r_how long 9 fer 6 Monts same as Pm)
h eCM Can be apbointed rom any of the heustu ie rom
Vidhan Sabha or from uidhan Parishad.
Normally Cm is apþoinBeel rom Lowtr heue ie. uidhan
Sabha- hut mam y tims it kapþendl hat they Came tom
upher hou ie uidhan Pariskad:
= CRajagopalachari ( a s )
Morar ji Destui ((as2)
CB
yP Mandal. bihar
Cr appoinled aJ CMs when they were_membts
oflaqis lakie Louncils.
The Cm may belong to egislaka sembly o Leqisletie
Council a i lale ma be

when the Cm entes hsoftte his oath is

edminiSerea ba th Tduennor_oath of
(m_anel mnus krs

0aHh of Scacy
oath egarding Allegaiane to the lonshthon.
2 h e texm othe M is nst xed it deþere on hus
majonyo the home ihis majonty wed lem then
 he will longer be
no
thet
DocA 4he M holds o hice durin th bleasu oi lht nveThoy
holds office clurtna tht bleajur of vid han Sabho
ACM holds hW's ofte during he Pleaaue o He Coerher
Same aPm helds o fCce cdurte tthe Pltaiut of th Paideut
then lon the qo urnor dusmiss htm any time
No the Crovernor lannot clusmiss him untl he Cnjoy te
M4jori of He lears lakae the meme ks nojeriky erdu
he Can be vemoveal he lan
or
ulgn.
CTMRAigha to Hhe covernor
Salaryof tha CM deideel by the stale leyislakue.
As Repard to Council of Minis tes
2Powexs and unc-kons of CM are Same ag Pm
Crouvernor Can appoint only those persons as muinisBs whom
the M reLomemds
CM Disti bu or evcn
reshufflu he Poatfolios to the
Misle
if he wank ahy mintser to Tesign en- he can ayk
him to and in a e
esian he does not ruign then Cm
Can ak the Couerhor to dismiss him
In al the meetihag o the Council of Mini's ten the M
recides over there
AN the guuclelines tor ninistes
A to u n thur deparmenh those
cu as pr dichly of he cm.
I he dalans O dies the lass aN Same ay the Pm
he en hi Minist go but ifany miuster dies o
 e ign. then ew miiser Can be appointed.

As Regads to gover no
He is the Penona ckannel of Communicahon between he

Governo and Cauncil of miwi'skrs.

their all th inporknt deu'sions are lommuniiaded
theovernot by the CM
A AL t atex of sak ad is odmiuthation is inbrmud
by CM to the lovaYnod
Any bill made by any m'nisBer hich is ndt Joco qLoydikg
Anu
Ho fhe % CroveThor then he Can aak he CM Hcontider
i ith entit Cabinet
AL the important officials of the sateis appoinlsl hyt
Covernoy on aaluite ofhe CM g Hduocate Geheea
Membes
of Sthde Rublc Scruice Comnisiion elechion Commsin Pinantt
Comnissloaelk all of them apboindeal by_(uerner on
detommenelahim o4 he Cm

Relationskib betweenCm ard Legislakuat

as tay as stae legislature is Cohcetneahe aduites
the Couernor ohen to Sum mon when to Prorogue when
tocissolve the hous akr 5 yeay Cuuomahically leqislative
assembly dissolues..
bu if he has lost his taust them he Can

Teco mmed tHe dussoluton of He legislatve alsemby

in Such situation the reommendadian f to dussolue he

legislahie aembl is Mot boun on theCoueThor here

the Siuahoval DisCachion make asgembly of
Com
Comes
 o pbsiion i they have majorik
A the Palicies ar declared on the haue.

Otheytunctions of the Cm art

He is ckair man of
stalePlanning board.
He is the vice Chairman of t e
zonal (ouncr byroteio
i chairman is Pm anad it is madeor ar.
Zoo
Zoal Councilis one of the best wa_of îroning ou he
ou Merence beween the umion and he Satej.
wheneuver there is Cnisis in the SBalehe s he main
manager
He is the membea of the national Deulopment Couhcil, inter
iner
State Cotuncil.
H iS also thePoliical heas had is
whgit called thad
he is he De- ato_ boss of the Stak
Hes elaionskip withthe Governorîs almosB
the Same a
he Presiden his main Job is to aid ana aduice the
Crover no Ar 163
Howeve the 48 hol CA kich inodute. 4he 0apect
that the PreaidenB will be boud by the aduice tha baovislo
S no here in the Statey becae [Link] CAA made
aupplicableOnly to the Patiden not to he Croverhor. bur
tkot cloes not mean the t Crovernor 5 Mot bound by tha
odu ices of Counil of miniskis .

AL e minis ters hold ofce cluplh he Pleajure of t

CoveThoT Same a) President. Pm amd his miisters
AN the Countil o4 minis krsare ollechiely res bonsible o
Vidkan Sabka Same ad i nCenter)
 Communtate to
it is the duty of the CM that he m t
the CroveTno all dectstoha o the_Cun cl o{ ministes aardin
the odministaatton of the atairs in he Stak.

pe rson Can be appoinled as Cm or mhist even

even
Amg
Amy
ministen tan
itMou becomi
becomina MLA wt a the PM or Can
be abbointed uwithod becoming an [Link] 6 Month
this matter Lame up in the Caje of-
SR Chaudharivs 3tale_of Punjab dools
tSaucd h a , in States also,a
aersonCan Coninue aj a
Mdises 03 a cm or 6 month but thee is no prouisims
of anotheT GMonths byeappaintment

Aheve wa an anoither judgment

BR Kapcor vs S tale of Tamil Mada Qool Sc
the 9uston aHiSesl- Can a lonusted PexrSonbetome Cm
this Judg ment Says that A Conuictea bersoh of Caiminal
6ffente and sunencacd for imbrfsonmend, or the þerod of
a ycas Cit noi less thana yeos) . he lannot be apþoin teel ay
a Cm o t a Stae Ualer Aa 16 e Lalu gadau.
the same ing i s abplecable to stale Counul af ninsks
Aattcles6 3 L164 dealwith Cm as well a Slake lounul of
MINsteys
The advice uohach is trdesed by the ministexs he Coueyho
Cannot be
enqred by any Cout CAat l63
theeshall he Spectal Tribal mNStrs in Chhohsaah
Jhaa lthaa, osso Maolhya Paodezh earlier Bihar way
aso there in hs list bus he ihar was dtmoveelro
he list+ by tha C m CAA 006
the total 3trength of the mi'isters Shall not excecd
S 7 of i total strengh of the legrs lafiue hsembl
but No o mtnistr Shall not be lesa han 12 incluoi
Hhe Cm tis poulston uwo3 added
incluolug
by q1st CAA 2c03
when ha qst CAA Aoo3 wa passed elady here we
ma
maw stales Lohe tet were mo han 1s then
here tos a p uiston given tn 9st CAA to d u e hom
ane make tem them
uto
IS7 witin 6 monthy
Anyhody who clusqualuhed undler Tnth scheslu le ts alko
dasqui to be a miskr Cts also (ame fom
14 CA
Counclof minsles art Collechiely por4ible Bo legis ative
Assemolgnot legys lahiue tounil
The revernor Cannot act witmout the advice of Hhe Louneil
of mins er
bu, i Croutfalls hen hou the Crover nor will att, becoale
CAre not Miwis tes
any longet-
SC learifiea hat, unill the nuo Cou
Sc Lome
exis tihg nises, No wittanding the aig katiom ,
nNotwitaksdi
the dsoluim, they ill Coninue to aduice tho CroUhor
HeNew rovt Comea

The Caovernor and he Pestcden Do not att on thir owh

aw matters *egardang adnisstoahiam haue to be decded
adwice of he Council of mi's ters
i s ma kr aClaified by he SC in tte Case oP
Sham sher singh vs State of Panjab
htr wll tha ihste (ome from)
'nis tey Can be from anu of the houe of S4ete legrsleture
He may be ftom Vidkam sabha or he mau be thom vidhan Panskatl.
but he has igka to Speak in both tme hsuses bu his Uotig
Rignt is limtted to thad hous Arom ohjch he ha been el&cteol

The Solavies and alowanee ot the m'WSkrS are jwt like tha
MiWs te of ha Pasliamet are deter mined by he Stade leajs lakx
he syatems ot Cotlectiu 7eaPoxatbiliy CAnd Indl vidual zeb
Indfvidual oslbrl
Ce Sa me as Cenle

heneuer there collectiue deapona ibi liiy it means

is
Sw im 4o Sink o
-

toquther, Dne may hot be agree with

poliy f a ministr
bu he cant Say it openly henewer
iis takan to be deusion oRach and any deciston ot any míns tr
euery tsteTS, inclull na the&

Euera inisters holds o ffice duri na the PleajuRof he

oer nor
So, h a means if the minisler has atked in a orong Log h n
-

th m aaka him
to Sign, but he cloes not esign he tan
k the Craver nor to alwass
,

only dis miss that minister

there S
here no legal eonsibility o he miNSkrs, they Cant be
Sudtoxthur uwoik. (same as unlon)
Hierarchg
Cabine Miisters o Parliomen Harj
ministen Stae
Depu
Secretariey.
 3oth June o 2
Stale Legrs la ture
Aatcle l65-12 Deal oith stae leqis latu re. tha mayo
difevene ohich Comes uh is in the State legíslaka, thue
are only lowet ho e
mos+mosty Ui ca merol Leais lahue, here
Bihar
only GStatey hau Bicameralism ie. Andhda Phadesn, hese a k
Maha 3a ta, Telangana, UP, karnataka. NormallH8
bigger s tedes, that is why there is need foi bicameralism, but
ounc les
even tne bicameralism, h e upþer house Calleal legus latiut
0T Vidhan Paris haals, Canno be taken at Par with Ra'ya Sobha
Stee
2s0, we do hot have ubrmil oforganizahiom o
e
Stes have uniamcaal legis l'on
legislatu becaus most of the
Bicameralism is Concerned here are houuej
As. a,
launeil (vicdhan ftishmd)
- The upper houc; aned
ie ugislahive
-
The Low Ey house ie Leais tuhive sem bly C viclhan sabha)
vidhan
Just as Rajya sabha khoun a houu of elders, similasly
Parishac in knouon a House of eldes.
totst of?
whal will the legslaue
At168 >
ke Skall Loraist of Croverno just as
the leeis kulurt
Paliament Conai st he Prerolent, Lok salbha aned Ra
o Rajja
in the Stedts7 Cqover nor and in the staky of
Saulbha Simlarl
Maa ash taa, Rat ha ta ka, Telangonna
And hr Paadesh , Gi hor
in these a hou
houles
Tamil nady and P howu a n her,
a
and legasladhue PsSem bl ih o ther
wilbe, legistakve Councul
States, there is one house Lwkich
1s knoton a legu's lativ
Assem by
 How do we Ccate o abolish leoyis lahive Councils 2
aoou it. that hoo leqis lai ve Conucil 1s
At 16q talks the
Created or aboli shacl
the
the Creaion or abolitiom of leslat Counil is purel4
purely
Pacro gedive of the Parliameyt that is why agaih a
up he whether a sta otng to have
united
uitory
brcamedalism
Come
or unicameralism isilldeþtrol Completklg on

Parltamemd
Ho Lo Can be stantec o abolis had he legis lative Council
t hthe
e leas laive assembly ofthe Loncerneal Stase Pas Se
a soluion uS Resoluion ha to be þassel by Specaal
Majority ie Majonity o totl strength + a/3d Majorit
of Presend and votng
Once itgoe to the Parliament if 4he Paliamont agres to
theesolutin, will it be Considered) as Conshtuhonal Amenolms)
No,
No Parliament will Paas twis Re3oluion bSimple najoiy

T h e Ceation or he abolis hment of the leis lahve (ounul

the Reaoluhion s þawed like an ordinary peate o of
lRislahiom Mere is ho special potedurc the's t's noteuen
a Cons kukioral amenol men
many s tales Creaked leis lahive touncil but hen abolishea,
avd many again attd ater obolishme
Artto talks abo Combostíon of leq1slatiie Assemblie
Legislaive AsSembly ie. vidhan Sabha s ike Lok sabho
which has to be elécked ie Diett Elected, So, a Der
Aat14o iACan elec Direcily ih MLA
 he Marimum_ Strength is fixed at 500, it means
Masimum MLAs Possille at any Legislahive semloly are
500
The Minimum Strength is xed at bo. that means a
Leaislaive sembly Cannot be less a than of Lo MLds
Howeyererloin stales skich are very Small ae
allaseol Bo have lesser than 60 memoers
-Aruhaclal Piadesh.
Sikkim, Croa in [Link] minimum Staerqth is tixeolaf 3e
Also in Mi2oam D Ho in Nagalond 46
basically the Ptnciple ofroportonal epresenBahler
Shall be tolloed thex So t h a is the eajon
ohy in Hhase
Smallerareas they Cannot haue60 MLAS becau
thn the
Poportiowal wpresentasion would not be uniform in Tnda
inSikkim and Naga lad IndirtC Clechian
there are
to Asscmklywhich js_called
Sanqha Seat), her Religjous
Heada have heir Separate election
through their Moneatriea
A ar as Nomnalion to Asscmbly 1sConcened-earler Hhe
watheprouision o One Anglo Tndian Lould be Naminaded to
the uidhan Sahha by the lrouernorof
,
that sBate that ww
e r Aat 333 bu Ar 334 Saa that R Nomi nadion of
Aralo Irdian wa not enurdahd had is why in doo
there er No Nominakian tor Mrglo Indiany.
ginCe wehave elechHon 9o he enit SatiS deuidled
into ibral ConaHtueniy these teribrial Cona H'uehues
a agau'n devided in Suth a ua that the Þopulahian of
eath ontituenyand the No: of
Stedes are he Same
meag-Ea h Coni tuenty Mt have the same No
o voks.
 So
So Parliamentoary and State lonst tuenciesart mostly
mostly not
a per the clistict they are almysa per the þopulbhin
So, one pistaict may haulo MLA but in another Distitt
uhch is bigger
mad
in csta
wise but lsserin Populahtn may kav
less
lesg than lo mMLIM. aJaisal mar
that 1s why the baas spect is- Propostional
Repeaon letion
there is a Conceptof De limilation of CotituenucA ohich kas
to be done aS perAcs there a e - Delimitahon lommsS16n
Ack Delimatation wa held in the yeas of 1952, 1962,
but them by u2d CAA 146 it was troun the
42
to lat no ofhe seate in he assembly and the krrto ríal.
0 z n . ill Me year dooo ard then the
(onstituencs cu
Fao2enaspectuay increajed by the 8Yh CAA 2oo or
anoter 5 yeas with meany- i i l Ro26.
the mitation in_2026
Deli wil be ba^eol oh

he backgrounel of Censuso aoo1.

therhere ater every ensug there Supbosed to be eadjutment
becauletime to ime pobuahom inuease So thL SYAtepm

Parliamenlary Lonsiuentics aa wel

6f de adjutmert both in
O in Stale lonst tuencje is enuisaged by ourConstituhiom

Kesorvahion
As tar as oceruahionis Concerhes +he re are ho
hee a t no eseruahoh
aezeruation for S s and STs S i l
toy 0B Lsand women bill br giveng rprzenahin to
Poaalsament andStare ssemblies it wag asSea
women in
it still emaihed a bill.
hut it neuer Sa Hhe lgkt of tho day
 However for_SCs and STs he Lonsti tuhional_ou siy
are her in Art: 332 the Lonshtution þrouicde Reseruaon
o SCs and STs
How the seates ane eseveal fox SCs ana STs
Seak a set u according to Populaion Rahioaf Scs
and STs i means f the is 6 Populatom o SC tan
6 Seads Laill be eseveo for them, Same opplie to ST.

So, whenever he prouisions for eservadion of Scs_and

Sls are_madeik is baal en thei Polahiom Rahid in
thad sBae

As ar
far a heey vaHon wa Cohcerned
supposed , itwas
he Sor lo ucarsiB meangit uay actually Supposea to be
1a6o bu them aer lvery lo ycars L e haue been exkidi
this esevaimby Constitaioral Amendment Ack anal ho
the laat amunadment it has been exleded for 8o yeas it
mean{l 2o3o. CAmondment in Ard 334
Soaer every o ya byaonsHtutional Ammeameat
Ack he reaetuahim is încreajes by uather 1o yeaH

Leaislakive Councils Axt 141).

Like the Raya Sabha the membes o Legis lahive
launilsart also irdinctlyelectd
Lohad is th Streng h ot the CouncilD
Strcngth of Raua [Link] is fxead it 260 [Link] Sta
haut difkent opulahmthat is the ason why we
Cant haue a txeal Fomula 3o the ormula ohich ha been
 Set up
up by Aat is of Hotal sthonga vidlhan
Sabha ans he mini mum strevgth 13 Hxeal_at Yo

Earlier there oere 36 Stah in vidkan lariskad ok

Jamu kashiir ie Less tham Ho, axd there wno
þyovisionngardi twS in the enhre lastttuhion H)
blausethay had Heir_cuon la ti huhm.

in our Conshturian it has been provideo that ohat will be

he minimum ard Maximum strengtu but who will dekrmihe
h Achual StrergBh9
Actual strength will be deteaminal hy the parliamunwt

Manneyof elehon-
Tho members of the ugiskkhie Loncil are elected in
Vaxiousa =

A) /s d of t membes an electecl by Lecal Bocies

gMuncipali Hey Distaict Boaid ek
theyelect y3d members.
B Yn th ae eleceal by- Graadiaks CHha shal be Residenr
o that place and muat be gaaduukd
3 aas earlier (at Aeast

C n-hm ar elected by-Teachars Shallhot be ttackers

Lauoer than Secondary Scheols.)
uplo Pimaty teathe s ake hot alloc td
 the teadke must have Conblated 3 ay
oteaclig Cat leastD

3 d ae elected by - mLAs Sitkg m LAs of viclkan

Sabha will electe V3rd of Hhe
Mem be
Cthe person eleckd Shoule not alad
be MLA)

the tptal of hue ake 5/ of he members, remalhira

6 Members Shal be Nomnaded by wCrno

eleckionis Conducked the Same o a 8 Rajsa Sabha-

mem bexs are electeal Paoportional Represendakion by meams o
Single 3 taany keaable Uotes

Al: H S) those who (an be Nomirakd -

peoble
atPeosen Shal have Special khouwleda or Proachcle 6xpeniencein-
C Liakae 2 ScjenttK3) Aat (u Loopcrative Movemet
Am S) SoLtal Sexuice CNotin Rajya Sabha

Can the bonatid oCoVTnors NomiahioM be lhoxllamgeal 2

Noit ca nnot be challanged. in any tourt ot laus

tis system of eqislahive (cunctl i finalo Can he

Po liament Modity itor cplate it2
the Parlíament an modtyo xplatehe ex is
heexisthing
System
 Dn his thee is a judament of
SC
S: Natayamaswami us CPannesseluam 1 2
in rsitwas heldIn making Legislabive Counuil a

the amers of the Con^tithim have net

epresemtative body
made it exclusively one of elected xpruentahivej aLLerding o
they occufatiny it is tntended to be a. helaoge neoy
and more baaad based body Conaiskig persono4
culfeacnt wak of ulSome elected Some nomnoted. each
wiHa the experienle in is own icld o{ achiuity
in ixi the Composiionof oasslahiue Countila a unchnn

Chamber has alio indirectly laicd down Cerain quals hiahion and
also cusqualiltcaians_ of membes t be eleckd there urcer

Another matter Came u beere the kaxhatek H

Shadadamma us M.CDwdu2olo karnatak HC
thequashim was Hgardung Heachexha wha ahout th
eachers=
hai to
theg Said he electoal RoleKGardin tachers
the
Sahst he pllooing quatcahy-
Eistly Heshe mut be engaged _in teathing hot
thatEducatonal inahiuiom where heshe is eashiny should
be beloa the Seconday schao
minimum 3 geas nelema
expeniente i s neLema
n e s e quaukcasions a nat thet in aperson ahd
Suhapersonshame is nclualedl in the electoa l tole
itwould be uncostituionalana he |she Shoall not be enhtle
p vole. ho whe is writon that alhers i l be fpom
ovsinatituhon o P lstituhin
 Ad 142 wha Isduration
ar
ho+ a
a
legstaive Auenbly 1s Concenad t ís
Conhi nuig thamber on CompleHon of 5 yean t
Ouomehicoally dussolu the 5 HeauSa fom he da4
when the Conauct meettg fos the kist tima. both lok Sabha ad
Vidhkan Sabha)
Ouira-
2Duing National Emergeny
Cam be extended
th 4enure ot vidhan Sabha
or Iytar ata ime Same a Lok Sabha
a
itCan be exkhded for furthur one yeaT again and again v n
geo iH the Nutioral Emergenty Coninues- and Lwhen e
tmegeny enda then the exBention will be kiniskaal In 6
Manths

Legslakivt Louncil
As
ar as legs lative (ouncil is Conetrcd t tsa
onhnuingq Chamberik neue dissoluey like Raj4a Sabho 3 Td o
ik membe eHire
evtry 2d year So. the tenux o te
MLA iSalso 6 yeax üke Rajya
Sabha Me.
Rottng membes Can Standup agan for Redechion o r Re nol rah
Rettg
they Com be elecked as many Noot tme.
 Art 142 whaIs durahion)
As far a Legssladive Amunbly 13 Concerhao t1s
not a onhi nuiva Chamber o n Comblehon of 5 ears it
Ouomt hitally dussolvea the 5 yem sBas. fom. he the da
day
when they Conduct heetrg f the iat time both lok Sabha ahd
Vidhan sabha)
Dung
Duing Naional Emengeny the ttnurt ot vidhan Sabha
Can be extended br
Igtar at a ime CSame a Lok Sabha J
it Can be ekded for furthur one
year again and again CV
J e i the Nadional Emergeny ontinues ard when e
tmeeney_endsthen tme extentioM il be kinighea 1n 6
Mants

Leaslahiul louncil
s ar as
laaslahive louncil is lonternealit is a
(oninuira Chamberit ne dissolvey like Rajza sabhon. 3 Td of
1 member ehie evty2nd year So the tenu of th
MLA is also 6 ax üke
Rajya Scabha Me.
Rakinng members Can Standup again for Redec HovM O Re noihat
they Cam be elected as many Noof Hme.

nd July 202

Stade Leg islatare Members (mLA)

AS aT a MLAs are Concaned-
they must be Ciken s of Doia
the must take oath whch ispcaca besl ih the
Schedule,before they take teir Seat
 MLAS Mihimum age IS 25 years u t like MPs ano Oa
(ounGl 30 Samea3 Rasya sahbha
or leais laive is years
he
Al the qualikitahions a e thoae which an prtycrthed hy
Parliamevt ard gualitiakons a Same whith.a giuen by the
Reprcsendation of People's ACt-19S1
Disqualitications are also the Same i
- f he holds any o thice of [Link]
h e s of unsourd mid
h e i undaschaged insoluant
1 e is hot he cihan o Irdia oor

-1he is disqualhda nder any ot the proui'si o

Repruonahim of peapleus AG 19s
Also thet Can be disqualikcatn udler lota gchacdala
whert it Parhy thanqs Sides to other or ekuie
to obty the whip of te pay, then he will bedsqualoel.
- iS Subject to Judicial Revit thot s wny if /3ad
Of t members break auoay 0Splihtergxoup then
Schedule o Pokibihion doa not apbly (schudule lo u)

Poaidng o
fiten of slae leqis lakure
Speakex 2 thert s a spaker and a Depudy speauker
Steak is elected by the assemklyheresgns to the cdebuly
Speakes
2 he has o
be vemoved then 14dayscaluance Nohte
must be qien and the Skall be resolhan majoiky o
all the membes of the astmbly CSame as Lok Sabha
Speakes focwes ad duhies ar elso Sam
 hus Pows and dukes. are
To a i n lain order anol decorum
He is Anal interreer ol Lonituhtan avc Raulusor frocedu
He adiourns the assemb
He does hot vote but he can put the Cash vok
He Can allou a
Secet Sitking of Hhe Houst
He decidu hetheg the bill is money bil
He deid oh the quuttan o disgualehttahion i n lo tn Schedule.
He aphoindk Chaitma of te CoMmtHee o e sgembly
H& himself is the Chairman of the businey
acluisoky lom'ttee
Rule lommitee General Puapose Lommitte
All ese are Same a Spcokir of the Lok Sabha)
2Powers and unchio of Depuy spcaker is also San
Chaàman of the ouncil
In Rouya sabha Chauy man Ns uite President but in
Legislative Ceunil Chaitman is elected by Sinple majoit
fhe wants to vaLak his ofhte then
Ceaes to be menber of the Ceunel, auomehcally us oa
will be vaLatd.
he eigns e n h e resig4 o the De puky haitmah
ihe has to be xmaued then themanne 13 Same
Iu daysohe axd rezoluhion
assesl ky the members
of the Coucil
Salarg and cllosances ot_ckairman is decided by Statt
legsslatu
AAN othex thinghsart absolubely Sane as Chaitmarn of Rajya sabha,
 Deputy chaii man is absolut yH Same as Debuy chah han
Roya Sabha
Chair man and D«puly Chaiman of Leg is lahive tountil > Aat 182
Ther Renmoval Aad: L83
Thetr Pouwers Aat 1gy
hair Salarie Aal I86
when a Dedut Chaiaman ceaes o be the member o f
Council he is no longe 0epuky haurwman.
h e hag to algn it is gin thetha Latmam
he Can be atmoedby giving 1Hdays nohie and Reaoluhion
payed by the majorit
Bath o them Yominale the Panel of vice Char men
botn Rajya Sabha ad egsahive Launul chauima

Lanauage of Stale leaylatu

Ofkcial anquage- is Htmds or Ehqlisk Ho eer hpruidn
ofhce an alla in the houe to be adclrtsed in the
Mothy ngw
2 hany Stae Legisluurea disconkinuud EnalishSo the
Can discon Hhue English by a aoluhan.

theae Is a diMence in Stoatu legislakue om Parliament

Passageof any odiary bill_is the Same e an
be Otiqinated in either hose idkoan SabhaoT Uidhan
ParshaditCan be introduasd oy wiste or it itis
Pvae bill hen i Can be (hodued by he membes
basic s pect o Pasgin the bill1s sam
st nd ond 3rd Readihg SComman
 Next step is- drd House
Bill in
Noo thert s a DAference-
in Stae LegislauL hert IS
hothin Calleel joint SHth
assembly
How i is Posseol 2
uhen te bill s paed by leas laive Asaembly
ir. vidhan
Sabha and Now itis Sert olequs latlue Counl Now
i hau go 3 0pia
itaqrees to bill as it
2(Ahem it is Sent t he Coverno
Is

anaitis ase)
2) H ay mabe Amtclmah od Tt house vefec he Amed-
tturn it o the 1st sembb menk avd Send it back to
o tlohaiderahin the lcuul
3) i may Reject the Bill AndAssembly Senoly again tat bill
COit ep's the Bill Peydlu' wy and i! it kehi pendirg koa 3mont
After all thuue Cozek,ibill tmains e
ano ther 1 month with Legs lahve (ounl,hen the
Bil will be dleema o pose
the Whimak pouwer of þairy an Oroli nary bill
is vegte
oith the assem bly So the maximum lan Counl dehin
or delayhe bill IS 1 mon. thede n o
maLanism of joint sitHing-

heat IS Mo [Link] Rajyasabha ad legislehibe

lounuilr as lar a powers ort lonterned
 Money Bills
As far c money hillk are Loerned it Cannot be inhoduced
to legslative Council.
itCan only be intoduced in leqrslahve assemblythat too
with the etcommendati on of the Croverno
it is a Gu: bill it has to be introduted byaiwsttr
the Laancil had ahicted pou qarding money billit
Cannot ajeck or amend the mony bill.
iCan make only MLOmmendainy Cal muut retun withwn
4 dauysad legislahive
assenbly may aueph o¥may
e jectthe detonmmendadiom
ilegisladive Caunil dos not xkn the money bill witin 4
days will be deemc to have been passd by both the hauu
ohenthe meney bi'll îs- pasSeal it is stn to the gaikrncr
he may giue hisassendhe an oithhold his aslent o r Can
Rserve 4ht bil fos the Praidesar but he aunot 1tkurn th
bill rHonaideoion becaus hekimselk kas put a the bill
when mene bill gos to_preaiclemt for Consickeaahiom he tan.
ive h's asseut or he Can witheld kus_as sent but he caunot
t n tta money hrll or nonside adian af he slale legus lakut
Cpvexoy s an agen of the AuAiclemt)

Lohat Ort aapeLisLwhtaeLeqis lative Lounil is equal wkh

Leg1sladivessembl7
Ordinary bill an be introdu ced in botn
he Lm Lan be tiom bath the houju
Rebors a dea and discussed in both he houy
hom
Prvilegea C Same tor * bo th he mem bers
 wnequal
money bl Cannotbe intodued in both the hous
the Lounul (annot amend or nject he money bill
decla the money bil Þoser is wi sheak and hat
he thair man
in oadthar bills
uwhee Legqgislaive Caunuil rejech or make
amevdimentid does not become dead then It will bt
dezided hy lequslatiue assembly
Leaslatue Countil oea not Parhitepodt in ereaicdens elechm
1 anyan àakkicadion is to be dene in RtensHtuhn Amedmut
bil1
bill htn, onlylegiclahive assemby aticapade not leqslkhive
Caunil
Ver eistant of lequs ladie Lounul dehends upon lqus bdive
4sSembl
High Couuk in thestaku

Axt 1 Sas Mere Skall be a Aigh Lourt for each Stk

Histo of hgh Coue h thee wtH Mo Hs before

1&61 Ac by the Hgh Loauts A ls61 NC Came ind
existance in India3 igh Cours were Setup in
Colcutta. Bombayand Vlcdhau in the ytar ot Le66 44
Hign Court Came in Allatabad 4hen Slowly each
phou'hce In India Started ih own HHgh Court HCs of he
Provin became Stae Hg aer Conaitutim lommente
4 n CAA- 1956 allowed the Par liawent to eatablish a
Lommon HC fo O mo Staks O o j mokUTs.
 The Juasdiction of the HC Coupords uwith the em
of the Stade
he Ote no Sepatae HCs or Union tentoy only extepham
is Delk who ha ik own Hah Coaurt on n66
this is the
Powe o Par liamen to Cxtrd or Rxcluda tha
pouwer oang Hgh Cours Juaisdichimn
Adkiclu 1 to 931 dea with High eurb he
hatterswhich are dlealt-
the orgaisattan of ihe lt
the JuMscichion of the H Power ard rocedure

in the ConRhituon, Stacngth of ha Sis

clealy qiven
but hot the stchgth of tae Hah Courts
stgth of t H desdesd by e buident i t is
dekimind by e leuel o Hha aork the Ne o f Case ck

No ot Cascs Congup ina yar work o HC

No f HC Judges Jud doe.
Auoing o hhuir work, Tudgas ae appoinded

Ho Ortthe HC Judgs abpo inted )

Afer tha hd Judges cal Shlod tha, HC Jucu
oil be apothteol
oill
by Collegtum tha is coh the ollegum
which appeins the Sc Tudges h game Collegium will now
appoint ard tven traner H Tudges, NJA was Set aside
Tudgmen Oigtna Aal 21+ hs been
deformeda ater nd Sudgu Cae
 Gua hktcahon of HTudga-
HeShuld be t itzon of 1hdia
2 He shauld hele the Judicialofhce in theeioryof
rdia by 1o yea
h e is an Aduocae htn he Should have been an
aduotale of a H for lo yead he may also Could be
in di Meren High Cour
Th is ho ninimum prescribtd age ora HC Judlge
Marimum PresCyibad q S62 geosA

Seat Bench are CitLiu benh

Scar ohere tere ts hsadguatter

bench Bench a Smalle Veatim
Cix Cit Behch ey a kmbora
3d July doR2

hsta Judician
Chabkr 5 deals with the Stakt Judiciary
Indsan Judiiay is an inkgaaked Tudciay The Apex is
Suprme Coutin Slatea,. e highet taut isa high (outt
ana lous the Kigh Lou thet CAre all he Suhordiak letuths
Ahat is why Chaber 6 deals with the Subordthak Cou
Aaticles A4-231deal with all e aspeck of te HC, in the
Lohhiom unlkke the H not much is uoritkn abou Sut
Louats Poers in CPc and CaPC he tskan beng
thd the S is negi the a trial out both in cPC and
CrPC

Thereate 9s tgh Courh a on today largana

His Lat H Lokith Came into xistaua Delhi is ta.
has ik HC, because s s the
only Unibn tturitory Lukich oon

Calpita and also bealge of its bpulation.

At a14 So h skall be a High Cout ahal
A 231 Saus Har ealiamentmay by Lao eslablsh a (omou
HCox oo o more Starey ad alko H may-be extuded to
a Union titoy (Arlicla 23o ana231 allo th

Aad: 216 ohatlhdish o Htgh Couas.

No. of HC judgeu are not xed by the LonaHhim.
they Loill be determir3tar to stak and Hme to time
dependun an the ookloaa itwill b detesmned by the
Presidetom tme o tme deem is necessay to appoth
 ppotn met of HC Judges
he opboint ment of Judgea has alwa been a
vuy Point of tug of oar between legis lakut ael execuhie
On nehand and Judicioy on oter
NJAL has been Created under
hand Mo
Aa 124 but me whole
anendnment way hed untosttuhional and thas Is uhy urder
Hat &1t NTAL
abhoirtmend pot
is no
lorger Valid.
So. Ho the H
judg would be ottolntd 2
As per the &hol Tudges
Lak the H Judse will be
hooppoixhed
b the Lolleaium of Juds the same
Collegium ishih amerds r te opbointment of SC Juclqes
th Creeaponzible_ for -
Aypotnt of HCTudg
Tiay ferof HC Judlges hom HC toancther
Gualehcahion of Judyc
He Should be me ciizen of Trdta.
He should have held a judical offAte in the
kumitory of India
tor lo yeavs or he should hau been a HC or lo
yean.
will the Cxberience olundeuided India
lwhich is now in
Pakislan) be Couned 9
Aat 2112b) clear
a i c h is noD
tt expberiemce oundutded India
tn asknitill allo be Caundel in
the experiche
An eminend Junst in the eyes of th Praides Cannat b
abbointed a a HC Judge thlike SC Tuda an he
appolnted
 er S no minimuum age for a Judge either ih Su or
In HC
Hc bw he martmum ag ghall be 62 ucas tor H
and r SCt uill be 65 ya
aBefore laking his ofhtehe shall tak an oath Cuohichis
gben ih Schedule Aa219 talky abcut cath of Juday.
belora entex ks o hre he uoill be administrcd ihe
Doth thelqovernor of the stake..

Aqueion arised in the Caje of

lUnion_o Ixdda vs Sankal imnad Lal scth 194 S
the quationsa If a HL Judguis tahSered om Hc o
ahotherdoey he has to lalkeoath again?
in i s Cage thee a a lonstiuhoal Bench Cid olec'sion
Came
Came by
by 3 : ahd SCheld tat 0ath is necessary,
So when he entn a he othte though he [Link]
Oathas H Tudlg ad ikmnly a tmnkr but he hag to ake
Cn 0athA

what is he ture oa Jucy)

Ahe enurt ofa Tudgu s hot tird. hecwe ohie ill he
betomu 61 gears old he: may haue joined as an oducede at
Ve yu ag bud h e IS ho ixed periad

1 the quesho Come cgardiig age to be deltemneol who ull

deletmne the final Age?.
Aa 2113) Say he Praden ill be the Hin
eekermenenr in onsultatiam with the CTI a ha
decision o Paident shall be tva
 Hou cloes Judg of HC Resign
the
HSds his agroaion to He Praident of Lndia

whth is the Sþeike Arhiclefor Reeval oi H Judgs2

Hv lg Sauya that Prouisío of claue (YJ ard5)
of Aat 124 will be abplied, it _mean te Same uoay
CS the S udges arenovsd.
Nothivg is shecitied sheiitallu
Judga bquiy act 467 also aulae the meval ot a
H
Judge
Inporhaw Juolgmenh
GRaui Lhandaan lyer vsJukce Am. Bhattacharjee 1905SC.
th quskian ariaed-t o egster a Cue 0gainst HC Judaa do
we heecd to haue the Sanchion of he C12
becaAs sec: 194 also that Sanckhon is neecled
in tus Tudgment it oa cleayed Hat the Sanchian Onod
approual of he I is the Cordiion Piececdend b Jegiser
a Cas ad inuestiga ino he_matlkr ane Sanction br
Ccuaitutin of t Said Judge

Hhe vocess wa opprovecd by the aof

Jushite P.0. Diakaran vHonble Judgu Lnquary Lonittee _do|| S
w hald tho e Plain rading ot Ark 12u u s)
and Aat 91t makis it Uery clear Hot th Tuoge of S
or HC Cannot be vNoved a exept by oeder of tu hestdenk
pased by okr om addr paned by ath house of t
Paa liament supþorteol a majoviky of te tolal membersp and
ba amajoit net leshan /3d o the membext of tha
Hou esentand anduoting ha been þesented to tebre3ident in
Sarne Sassicn or the emaval s on the gund
und oof
misbtkauiau or incoupacity-

a question aaiseal in the Case of

Uion o Lndia vls Sankal chand 1 4 S
h quest wa-whad is he slauS of a Judge 1s he

itwa cleacd tHhat IH is the essence of Judial sehuite

thodt a t there is no master and seruant rlahiokskip eween
a Judge ad a touAJudge (annot be asked by th Gaat
to deude a Caue in a þarhtular way. even theHigher Leu
Lourt

genciallyonly Comtc ta louer Court it does net Comad

him
hum there is a fundamentel dishnchion in Hhe maskr and
Seruay tlatonkip_as is geneally understrod ad the nlationsu p
betoeem the ovk: an a High (ou Judgt

Sala ie of the Judgu

As ar a Salar ax Loncened the Salary of Judges
of the H is dekrmined by the arliament ti'me o tie.
o l sckedulk)

Taansttr of Judges
Tra e r o f Judges are clealthy Mal: 922ie
thansley of Judge fom one H to anatutytransfer s
also hod be elkcted by NJAC bu it ill be
 bu the ColleAfumin te SC hay keld
any Judgqmenk, to
a t transr of HC Judae should he soted
also ih
in
only aexcephonal malu in Public inkrest
another Judgmtnd. SC [Link] of HC Tudge is Ra

Paishment LBat Somttimy they do (ome out a Punishmen:

Jushite Dihakaun Case

Ha22 Appointmesd of Aci Chie Jushte

the Readent Can abpoint a Judge _o a HC a3

the otice of hies Juhte ik vatont,

ACHh Chie Juhe when
ukable to berkom
o he is temporatily absamt or he s
hs dutea.

Aad 22u Addshional and Achinq Judgo

the Peaident Can abpoikt duly qualrkital judge
as additional Judge r a tmboiary Period not exteeding
an atih
tars. dds the resident is tmpouwereo to apoint
to þerfotm his dutes ar
Tudg amy Judge is unable
whenever

aþoinled chielJuia tmponatily and tha post

the judas s a
abpoihedl
iSvacan_nooin Suck Cases the acting 1udge 1s

the Aching Judya holds his ofe kl the þermanent judge

umehis o hte.
hu is an Achig Judg
whether or an oddikioral Judg
he Cannot hold offite alkr attaining the age ot 62 yeax

be ahpoinBed ?
Com the rd Judges
Judge
At 929A Sas hat A o f a SBale
thind alo Can be opoo indal
tan equst a rehhed
of a H
he Chif Jushce
 Judge to at a a judge for thoð Stae or a temporary
beriocd with he previouy Consent of the Pre iden How eueY
he willnot deemed to be a Judge of the HC

How is the Independente of HC maintaihe )

The Securityoa enure
FixSarvice Lohditíons
Salaries Canno be increaged or deereajeal by the vokg
The Lordutt of HLJdgu (anno be disued in te Par liamen
the Stae legisladure.
Aat220 imposes bandtstaichions a t a HC Juda
atter atirement Cannot Paactice angwhere except în H SC
r othex HCs. i n other words he is het allbtad to Padchce tn
his own {C.

Jurisdichion Powes of the High Cours

the Juaisdiction an bedéuded intoollaotkg heads
OriginalJutisdichon
Theotit Jurns dictiom
The Appellat Tualkductiom
-The Reursional JuHisdut hon
Court of Relord
Pouoer ovez Suboadinak Lourk

The osiginsuJuaisdachion s Pay a Jurisdich'om is (oncernd

Consti tuhion is he biggest sourte pahat tmm Coushttan,.
ettes Padent is one o Hhe bigae t Soure then .
A of The pa»líament specially Pows (n CPC P
 thee aN
the Somaxu atlers, whe H (an hear d
du t
e-Matters of Adimi alt
Sca deladtd nottes
An dispuke of mP o mLA tkchias
Hng
Dispuls Ytladed to Rucnue
Problem in exforcewend of fundamenhl Righs.
hen he Case faom tower Ceub Hrasis lentcd t
interc he onihiturion (As923).
there aeu Hgh Couek, Delki Bombay. Madru Calutta
wkoe urisdichion in CPC is highuat.

The oi Juaiscucthion This tse mest

mporhant Pootr
of the HC Au 26deals with the wit pae of Hhe
H er ore 2 tya of wrh-
Paogadiut wih Deal with Aundamenl Rrghk enrema
dihary wnb 2
Ot othu tham FRs
h226 allouws both tuu rik, At }2 allots ohly
hPreogaive wi
Thege Art guaan tedl bu the SC howeuer thse a
hot auaanked by t High Courk
rdina
wik are allauea in H% olow not in SC,
Sth wrt juisdichian o f a HC is
bigger than the se
in 4he Cade of
L. Chavdra kumar/vs Unuon b Irdia 19t Sc
it w held tha wit Junsdechon tormi e basic Steactue
 of the Cotitutnths why the ot annol ba oilhdtauoh,
Vaxious aspeck ofwnk Junsdictim

1Swider han At32

Zee tlektlm s Onion o doo 5 Sc
Idia
was hled thak A 26Lonts pouty_on heHCs
to issue Lnk or enforcement o of Fundameral Righh as well
a n tundamental Righh hence the wnk jusdichim of tha
His wider than hat of a_SC

Loho Lan afply under Arl 224)

Tis queshom anseal in the cae o
SP Cupka vs 0nion o 1ndlia x2 Sc
Lohen legal wrong or legal injuriea lausedto a peion or
dekerminak tlus at lerlons bytaon of uialahan ofany kgal
or Conhitbioral Righkthen in Hak Ca they an Moue e
Court uder Art 224.

then oas a Tudy ment of-

Chaitman Railuwn Road us Chahdia. Das ooo S
th question aiseal (an only evedberson Moaue iheHC?
doe the Rule of Lotu Slendi apbly b wis )
it hedd t-The adiional Rule 1s [Link] þeson
LohosR lonukhuhiomal or legal ighk in #rirgad Can ohly abl
Undtr art a26 of he ons kkuhim Howr the sc
Costdeveby_libealiäal he ahoue ult of Lous gfaaaand
has alloueol Pabliu s prted Ciliny mainlai ut Akhou
or enfortemend ot Aundamenh and Steutory Hghk eta
Other Penon f that peson iK unalale to ihuok ha
JuHsdickion of the HC, euen non c(tiiuy ar inclualtol

Cun another 4hcshion arista in th SC:

Stak of Hiackal Pradeyh us Parent ofa studest laess
alther a s wit
The
qustion ariseol-Can a High lourt use
HC_umder
PctihnYes it can, it s hoo Stlec La that
take
A826 Can theat a letter asa wnt þehihiomand
as a
auhon upon i. but Mo euery lete may he trakd
wtekkon only if letkr s1dggnied peson_or bya
Public speieol ihdividuals or a Socialatkiom aoup br
enforccment (ost tuhora or legal Akh of apeson îh Cusady

or class of qaup of pesoN wha by raon of þouesyor

chsabiliky o Souially_or etonomitaly dsaduaasagia potik
it dhlt to mee te Couat
CA]lawcol o bothih sc awell a HCs

Ano the ushion aaose in Hhe lare of-

Slake wst Bergal s
ol Comnllee fo prokechimot Demotic
Righs weat Be &olo SC
thi qwsftm tane-Can Hrgh lourt brder a mafttr t a be
t a t to t R12
S pLcial Po liie Esablshmtnt Ack s t a t S t a t copndecde
Whemer Case Shal go to C8I o notbu H 1s Mot h
State, So Can i give Suthoader
in Has Cas e ituoos hud thab-s
pouse udtr wnt Junsdichm Lotthod ven onuk to t
 Is hec any Juxlsdichim ovelouat mar tial 2
an
s que hion arisal in the as of
Union ot Lhdiau us RKSharmaQao4 SC
in t i s t a held h though the Court martial
oceedin a the ubzect uied by u Hign couk
AderAat 926 the toutt maxhal ikelt is hot Sukjct.
h e Subridenk of th High Cout
thu ar alimitatin to 926=
O ) High Cou Cannoi Jo byond
dik Jurisdich'n
)The person to whomwit is ssued tet also should be in
hat artoa
tese
these destrictons awere laid down in the Cate of
Elechim
tlechin Lommiss ion of Iholia &Venkaa Ras ltS S.

I s thertang limilahan Pertod to go usdaHl: 2269

s quea hon ansd in the Lae ot
SP Sadai SwayusStke_of Tamioadu 1Ttu SSC
e was also Judament
an another
Kashi nathvs The sþeaktr 1a43 S
it way held hat though, tMert is hno mtah am laud dooh
or a2 yk th Law of Laches applyif there is
tnordinant delay on art of the Peleh'oner in wnti of
Peihion a»d il hot Sahis factorly exlaihdthen Hhe
Lao of Lathes Can be applied an HC may rus to
enerain the þek tim.
 Power of Super in len olence
A 224 Saperintendence i t has
HC a a powet of
As pecls
SuperinBendence

Judiial
Adminishakive i t has potoe of Reui'sIom
h ee e is Art 22t
(an be made
where Tules
tutm,_
lontecal 1s altady
baitMannes o ivn in PL ancl CrPc
tons Can be hadi, Boo.k enty not provide in
all a So need
upload of judamenb lonsituin
Coutta by Art: 914

to had exten he powea of Sapgainttndente

this tae in th Ca of-
195 S
waryam Singh s Amarnatn
HC ha xtreme pouer
in tus Judg ment itwa held thot
Superinendenceon
botha Couk and THbuna
includes al pooes hether juditial or
power
administaachivn
Hpp ellade or esionadJudKdic hmis ho dsussd
in detai i the Conhtuiom in detsl alrash given tn
CPL and l L

ISHhe any difkacncebelten A6_arol 9949

th the Cae o
Hus hatttr Ca m
Mano Kamar us eard of Reueue oo M Hc
Mano
MP Bigh Ceut Said Ha aoteedihgs uhdeAat d8
a 0r4ihal ju sdichan of e HC whertas h Power3
Unaltr AB: AA ar only suhervison and notoriiral.

Ae 28 deal with Taanukr of Caley'

1 teHC Cou Retord ) Can HC isSu Contmpt

o
Couh af
Hat S1Suchy dealy sas High Lourts uwillhe
RLLox
 EMERGENCY LAehicles 352-34o)
h
Emagenty e the sihuahon in ohih the Lounbryi
tmeagentymtan
clanger, The Soereigniy bniky_and intgiky ot tk
CountysPatamount nothing abovt the secuity of h
County and ou Lonst bahton_Pau Conshtation,UniInkg.
Sovereignt, Secuity are ih daner then _we have to resort
an exteme measure.

The Sgstem_of emtageny s feuliecr o lhdian

Lonskkution India IS mo o_Jessa fderal Lounty,hough
the spinit is Dritary wheneuer thut s a purtly kderal Syutem.
there is a hght hould useuse he
twordh of Dr Ambheslkatr.
The Haht mould in uhich union _tant
touth the bowtr of he
Staka
Ln_Amenta theye is no thing lalled emergenty and
ifit iS, 4hen it Lannof touch the þower of the Saks..
in_oterworc the fecerlisn_of Ameita is_ih a very Hgkt
mould
mould whue weCannet inting uon the ighh of ka
Stales mea he Ameritan Lonahituhon Can neu be Unikry
Indian Lonahituiom_ is bniquabecaute_iB is bothiB is
fedeal in notma Hmea Hawer hen heee is an emergenty
the union ku auay the powts of Heshla So, our Systu
Can be bo#A Union a3 well a umteana this tasikion hoa
federal t o oniayih inea_oi emergeny cloes ho need any
Comthutional amendment. when i s i m was distused
dustussed b
Dr Ambedkar ih lonattuent he Said Hha
 Our(ounkhj is necoly Indtpendent (ountr ard ang ptaple
may beoillthg to ake over India thatis why w
Imbosi 3 ypes ot Emergency hadis uny
COHthion stipulates 3 types of Emergenl

Poclamahiah o Stade Emergenty Fihancial Lnegy

Eheagenty A:352) where te lonshkio CArt 36o
IM lommgu worals Machiney of stak
it is calleal failS, also Called
Nahional Emekgenty hestdentis Rale
(Aht 356 Rla.365)

Paocla mahion Emeqh No wotds Called Nahon

Emerzent Jiven in onatihuhaaAat 352 dealk i t h i tHs
i he fAst Emagntywhith is inmbosedlwhen Loundag is
in danger the CAF 3 CodHons
U) war (Exlana Emergenty
External Agg esion LExkrnal Energency
3 Aamed Rabellion Internal Emehgent
i a hrte emergenciegthe ver existane of e
Lounty Lome into danger

Common i h 4hue 3 emergenLiA

wheneu thtre isan emergenythe Cen tal Crou:
becomes all þouaAd the staea zo into the Lontol of t
Cendeykdeal shucture gh nuecded in Unikry Stuctare
 anal Mo foTmal amerdmont o the Lu ihuiou is neessa
of
So th e Aeet Cmergenis- Center takey olecisfon
the stae.

A 366g) tlls abost prodamahion ol Eme rgency hich

iS Covered lb A:352 i means the stak tmeagenty
Ad:356 and financial Emergenty A 3 60 ConnoA be talled
Prolamaith of tmegncy-

Nahionamerqency B s o necessay tho the Naional

Emesgcwilbe imposed all or India, it Cam also be
Emergun
pu uIn ay Part Trdia. y2 CAA 16 cleao
thama be mad appltable eire lounty or
the
only
onya pasB of heLoandry his aek taas nad_ealier
Prtaident Can
limit th opttaionof Proclaahion o mgenty
fo
One aea only alk Ua1 CAp

A 352 Paoclamakion ol EmexgencNahona EmergentJ

here are 3 hands
when Tndia as a whole or lart of India is
Hhreatenetd by
war
(2 Ex Ber hal Hgge3ionor
3) Armed Rebe ll ion
i s hot necessary ay an ofha slarkol
lohea wheneuer there is an mminent danger ofa
war Exterral Aag ression o Armed Rebellion 4hen esidend
Can oclaim the emergenc
Cam Emergeny1nknal ad
thi's mot ter enz.
uell a exjtrnalbe imposeol
it wa
allouo 38n CAA ad nou
iuoa held thas 2or more AAAk
patalleland it kapbexed emergencyCan bun
In 19 whevM we won
Bangladesh war then ExcTa
emerentgas alady goingoh
and in 11S Lndia Cqandki
Huat
Iposeal iukernal Emergeney
imethe word Axnmed Rebellian was no here
hat was- Internal Dis tuzbante

the emergeny roclaimed in 915 wa ver mucch

haded betauye aybady Can be bookedunde MISA and
hey Could not even
move th lourtbeLaue the wa a
detision by S in ADM
Jabal pur lasewhent it a helcd hat
anyOn person os been areed under MISA CAueniut Dekenian
he Can eueh mo to Cautt
for Habea lorhul it wa a

ver
vey dtatonian Latothat is a tadon why- whenJanta
Gou
Came power Maxtmum Changs were [Link]
in emtgunty Pdouiaíos
by t 44tCAA lat8
Earlitr he Caouuo was Inknal Dis turbance but
hs is a vay vague erm and
Onyhinand ewything
an ome underinernal dis turbaneethat Is why First
Chanqe
wa t hod Intrnal DisBurbae wa 8tbs ikuttd by
Axmeal Rebe llian it kasto be a Rebelliana Revault
agai'nt Drdia and hat too Armed

IMixa Cardki was sihgle haxdedly gone to the

hardentand agked the Phesident to proclaim th Emements
 She did not even Congult her Cabtnet tha is wh
dano theramendme braught by uthCAA wa, ha
in uture Rm Cannot pioclain Emergenty on hs
Olon
Own Pm Can only aduice the eatdent to þoclam Emergeny
with oritten decommerduian o labinets. f
wntten tommercahion is nat thet then
Phatdendannot
hoclaim emergenc
So akr yuthCAt the shole (abinet myt take
deusion of Emugen not only PM

38 th CAA 194 which came during emergn it

Pais anethr aspec, th Paoclainahion of Lmergny
immuna o Judicial Reuieu it meansit tannothe
Challaugd in auy Cour Houw euer this houisian ua
dele hed s- uuutAA
Juditial Reuitto is the pat of aur baji shuchume
So it wa clead in Minerua Muls case har
Proclamahion of Emerqen an bt_challangeo th any tourt
Csc o HC) on oun Hat- is malahde or Exianeos
and bad on ireleuant fackit is Peruee or Absusd
on al these qrourdsMgeg Can be braught to
Juditial Reuito.

wh is Role o k [Link] 2
Step1 - Pm and s Calktat i e s a witten apbroual o

Cmergenty to th Prutdentand Pruident inhosêal ha

Emergeny
Steb 2 - this proclamahon o
emergenqy mus be oproutol
by both he hou3e within month of iBs issue, eazlier
itha t be aphhoved withia 2 monhs bu laker
itha
HuhCAA Monhs by on

was Kduteol to manth

h e day whem emergeney (m
Lok Sabla cussolued
oseclthe Same day
in that Caje Rajya sabha myt
appro Rajya Sabha did hat abhoued then emerguny
i l l ehd Decause
ajya Sahha neue clisolves)
and he moment neu Lok Sabbalomes
mu4t
must
approve is emergeny sihin 3odays ik Ist silh
Prov ided Rajya Sabha
has altady apbioued
both t haus ie Rawa Sabha amd Lok sabba.
both haue aphiouveal then
Month eaalien
itenergenytonhinuel px 6-
it wa indefinite t t a Chavgte by-
uu OAA hom inde finite o
6month
i t i sis to beConhinued then it will be
ehee euer
euer 6 mnth, So both he houes ShalL aphroue
it ever 6 manh:

earlie it uwa pageal by simple mojoily, bu en

YumCAA Came whith Said it Shall b pees by
Sheeial majon'ty Majorikok toBal sBatngtm (+) 2gr oE
he house Paeent vo
iy
Ho th Proclamakion aEmergenc beRevoded 2
haidert Cam pas a simple prolamah'an to Remo it do
oheed Parliamenarg aphroval-
 hePrestdent is hot BEvOcki-thun Can he be forteo )
tor th, if Lok Sabha Cnet Raya Sa lbhoPaky the
tasluhm. by
by Siple majoiy then Pretidend has to
Cmave it. i s thing way alko inheduted oy uCAh

1 Padiamend i s mot IS Sasaion nou o tM o t o t a l

membes o Lok Sabha will give writm noti to
the speakerPresiden to Call a specíal siti 6
Lek Sabka then the will þax the uoluhim to Revoke He
Emergtney ten h tha sessionLok Sabha Can dasobhrot i
Hthe estdont is hot evecki thon Can he be torteol)
o t it Lok sabha Cnat Raja Sabha) o th
oluhiomn b Simple ajorik then Presiden kas to
mave iE. s ing wa alko introdutd loy uaAA

Paliamtnd is mat is Sesaionno /iotm ototal

membes o Lak Sabha wilgive witkn notiu to

he Speaker |President to Cala speciall siHhg

Lok Sabha then thes Laill þau th heioluhim to Reunke t
mergtny ten Ih hat sesionLok Sabha Can disopbrok

5ta July åoka

Consequencesofhe Emagenj
Pa 353 ech on
Executive
Legis lakur
Financial_

The basic aspect o Any emergeny is, that

outlitcrally takes ouer êveythikg the entte
the bwion
Cener shk velahionskip üvdergo an absoluke Chon
changa.
whethe it is Executiue Legislature or te Einanctal
osbecs ih all thex mates Uhnitary aspect takez over

the tecutive fistly the Cener Can moa

Eecs on
that hoo Shall 4Hay exerUse hai
Stae
direc any
Exec u Pawerin normal Condition the center Can died
he stak on on_tertain matters uwhich an y kw
how ever durhgpro clamaion o Rmergency the lentr
Can qivedieckon on anmatter
an in other word the
h e Centre,
State Gou:art braught under te ondrol o
Are the Stuk Ccout Suspended)
No the Stade Uou a t not swpnded, they toinhnue soxkig
not work under he _dirchtouz o
Central Ccrou.
hut
but hey
n other woidythe kderalism gek
Conuutd ino UhiBa ry

EfAech on Legslatutt As lar as Legislakure iConcerned

empower to malke laws on 8lak lis but
Only Slade.s are to
Hhe Parlíamentqeh empototttd
duri tae emtrgpncy
dunhg
Leaislakure of slak dou nt
make lato on stake Subck
wl pa those
getSuspended buhen stabe legislakurt
Paaliament ditck it tho means, larliamt my
las ohich
hake Laus Oh stak subjeck whith is totally agains
Unitary aspecs take
aver
Federalism, but [Link] mtany

is talon why an n o t s ake

the [Link]
ael that a

las on_any 3ak subject i n othe) words the lanihhin

whth is hotmally Rde ral.
betomes

IfheParliamend make any laws oluaih Cmebgeny

art they Laws operahiv prevc
No a Las made by Paxlamen on glak subjech-
Leases o opeaak
Lastonly 6monh,aer_h e emergenty
os a nat be valie ale thak
woulod
 Can he
Con the PacardentPas odinanlesOnStute Sabjecb2
Ye t Parliament is not in Sesson. during emergen y#
then ratdent Com aw ordihances onSlat aubjeck.
Undler shat circumsenco (ana_pxaident pasOrdiance
on stak subjuk)
whu the proclamation of emergency ha been
impased
will these rouiston wonk htre, wheebarHalemegen y
ha been imboseal in any slade)
baia
Ve
Ve iftax is parhal emea gen 4yih anypart of
Hhon aluo the Same ek4 will aly on eyeLuhive avd
lkislatusa, s thing wa intduted b4 2d_CAA.

ihancjaE eek As lar as rantal implicakion qat

Concened ohenever there arocla mahoy of Nahand
then President Camn Combletely modi he
ennergeny
Stat evenur Shar itmea n President Can
Cent
even Cancle e mokes
tcdue the moneH beihg given ano
ien to a stak.
Ho long i l t s madi hitahion (ontinue 2
Such modi frcahonalwags Lonhiut hl31st
march of
eyeyFinancial year in that Finanal year.\AxwAsth_emergenu
eNerd
Ceaes to opeaaki
hus order of the Pheaident hag tobe abbrov
by boM he hous o th ParliamentHa35y
oha is he eflech o tmergenyon th l k of Lok Sabha)
whemeuer theemergendys þroClamed the enust of

Lok Sabha Can be extnoled br i ea Cthe

exkntiom Can
but 4year ak atheima) bu
be eated eue
euey ear
for
hen it Can ho4 be exended
mMome emergenC hda
mergtnC
more than 6 montY..

a kme o emergenly inInda , our

14.
Lok sabha which wa elecled in 1941 was exknded i11

w had abowslak Assemblhes_

Parliame
Stae asembly Can also be extnded bga
Hham
tor 1ear bu i t Can not be exknded or mot
worda the
6 months when emergency is ouer ih other
gcLrding Lok Sabha. and sBade les lahie aitmbly 1s
La
h eSame

Aicles35F ano 3S

Al 358 Suspenaíon o At 9
Axt 3593 SuspenSion of Fundlamental Rghks
Ar: l4ana
A

only deals ith Susension ol

353
a r e dealt wifa by
tha remainiry undamenal Righh
Aa 35
At 358 Ar 1 has go 6 fundamenta tredoy
he momentemergen is oclaimed auto me hically the
it meams no
6 frcedom of Art art Suspendes
neede in o4har words
Separak oder of spengin is
 Ernesgenty
and
ano Sus pension of Ar 1 g0 hand in hud
moment emtrgency is over +hs Supension
auttomeially nda. So duniy emergen
emegn no wi ill
l i e n t edohu which are su [Link] undamn
Righs an be claimes uder Axt [Link] attan
taken durig emergen hay Mo medy. a txecuhve
egsladiue achian taken dui mergncy Cannot be
thallamge.d anywher ean afkr emtgeny IS over the
art beyeno t law

his Matter Came bor Janta qsut. arol thes

hade 9 Small amtndmenhby the uuCAA

the a 33 grounds ot emergene Oar exkeral

agrewion_ad Hamed Rebe liam ad th amendment
Said thot under Aa 35 the Heedoms of Ar la
Csm only be Susbendtd when he emergncy S proclaimed
on Exttrhal grourals i. a r or Exk1naul fjgressiom,
i it isam interra Emtrgencyi Amtd Rehellian
hen At 14 CaMnat be Suspended

Earlier noting Can be challeged whaker achn hoa

been tdken duny emergenyHMos tha 4u u cAA ha
baught another Hivgny hose Lauos which art elated
e remegen Canpt be challagucl, SoAny execu hive
action Or Leais lative eHtan Connecteel with he
Caunod be challangod bu other ad emrgen
a dur'ny Cmerdeh
Can be Chall angud
 Ax 35a Reat othe fundamental Rahsare lovcred
Unele tai's Arhicle. Aak: 354 allows the Patden to
Ssend al fundamenal aignh CADM Jabal pur ca
he eutn Habeas Csrpus w a a nat allouwe.
Udtr Ad: 359is i suubension of FRs or is suiptnaion
of'Enforcement o f FRs
Fundamen tal Rights are neu Suspehded only hair
nforcemenk a r e [Link] in_other ord- onlu Patogahua
wis art suupendedSo the udamena Rignk o
alte bu Right to Saeh demedy- mder Ark 31 K upnded:

Hou theseighk are spendedl 9

theeghk ae. Sspended bg amerepaestdential order,
he s no PaultamenBar_aphroval i h the begninghowtkr
Larer
Later t h muyt be aphovrd by the lazliamen
T 4 iS no [Link] thot all fundamenal Righk should be
Suapended or ther enortemend Should be Suubended o r th
enfortement should beSusended [Link] the emetgency
the operahon Can b e Suspendeol fo a shorar Paiod ít 1

tCan be fo months or 6 monty ek.

The suspensiono f fundamenl Righis may be all Inda
or Hs Supensim Lan be extnding to a pat of hdia

Once the Pae^tdent iss d he oder now he Stak Can

make any
Ymake an La or even lan ake any exeutin achtnm
taktngawa
akna the andamtndel Riqhh Sine_he entoremert
ooarlamendal ighk c t h a lange hee that meany
ieraly
iteralla t ara qoing wikout Aundamental Hghts
 Ang achon laken by the leqis ladure or exeuhi tokile
Ptdenial ordtr enai Comnot be Challangod een
ar Cmergenc is over

UmCAA On A 35 9
it Said tatArt 2o_and A: Can t be
Suaperdesl S o t a Right o,not to be Louictd o
Cx Post fatho Laos and Rigknot b beslt inuimiheseel
0Y Rigkt to lik and Libuty Cannot be- aken u
2)
only
onlg hose Laws shich an dieiy slated to emueny
Canno be Challanged,ang xecutie or Legislabiur atin
hot lovnecttd with emeqencH Can bt hallaes in the
Law

Dileenle betwecen Arlicle 358 and 35g

Raticle 3y Aaticle 35q
i s vury reBitked eimo tCouers al other
Dnlyeaticktd to A: l Fundamundal Righb.
Aomahi Speaima Susension if Pruident wan.
okerite on only Intrnal opeein on bota intrhal
a wela ex er nal ewer9ny.
Emergn
A Serde c may be or Csnble of
roughou. mont or idebunda.
Exlen ds o the wkol Launty whole or pa ot the teuntts
whale Arln is susperdel hot whole FRs SuSpencte
Aicle 2021 art out ot purUicw.
 kr na emerguncy has been imposed
In India Hl nou ex
and Second in
twite tiastuin i Loar Ua62)
1Akrnal Emeageny
Banglace3h a r UatD, and 4Hird
uoas

imposelby ndi r a Gumalhi on

1nker no dus turbane a s )
in Irdia
AfHer AnHernal emergenly her LH So much ouktry
ín ik
then Shah Commissfon u0 oppoinked Shah Lomuissfm
jushfreol Shah Comisim
po Said that this is het atall w a s justihical or hat 2 ao
waapatntes o sce uwhether it
Said-it w a s net jusihicol.
Vry clearly Shah tommissin
Asa ult of he Shab ommissiams Report_, the
Safeauada ere indaoducesd by tha qunCA

StaheEmergen Preidents Rule but

This is Covered by Ahicle) 356 and 36s
js PoucrsCome Aom Aa 35S

Aat 355 I hee aggmiilono

is any externa aggmislen
Interna disturbance Hhen itis dwy ofthe Uwon to
Thatis why Cenial lou Sends CRPE
euer stae.
phoBee eve
protect
O Rapid actin fosce.
oho ives he Rightsto theCentre to intex fcrs in Lao.
ano odea paoblem of a sak 2
Axt 355
Also i is duty of Ha Union o eut thar Ha Cou of
euty Stale is caried on in aLordanrewith the prwisian uf
Hhis Lonshtution , i meag f a y statee go agint Conshtdhon
Fhen Union Cah iish ha Crout of Hhed State: So basically
A 356 Comes out fhom At 3sS.
 ohereverr h Cou h e stale is ot mavih
M e attordae tuith t Phovisions f the Cotitutiont
is Calleal-Failure of CoshitutionalMachinay i nthe stak
So, ohereuer Cona htutional Machihe has tailesd
aud ey Ceuld not protett Conshituin then Presidtnd
Lan takeour tha stae

Hoo oill the Ukion khow2

the agent of th Union s aletady in tha stak, he
i l l Stnal a
nportand if he Governo1's Rabor or
othurwise ie. other Seurce ikthe Phetdent Sakis Atol that
he situatan kay a eason in shith Go o the Stadte Caunot
Cari on in actordante aithk H Pouisfon ot the t
ostitution then it is duhy thte hesiced umaler Ak355
to proec thethePaeaident an tak owr all or any o
Sunchasof t Gut of_th shak all or an pOxrs
ofheCrovtthor CAna he Cam take ovu all the execuht
pouxrs H stae otr tHan legsladiu powt th funckay
o Stade legs ladueill be perormed by Hhe larliame

Paouidaol-Onioh Can take over Exeiuiv or lkaslaiuuA

Power but not th tosevs ot Hha HC.
b th July io22
acaidens Rule 0staBt Emagency or Krakdoan o
ConshtadioKal Mackinty i slovetcd la 2 Ahcla
ticle-356 CFailur
365 ohod Conahule the lailur

A 365 whee Stae 4ou hod het Lombly the CXeuhive

order ot Hhe Uion then i s lauwalor the Prsident
o hold h a d the situaton has axtien ih ohich e Cout:
o sede Cannot be tazties on in actardante Laith he
Cohlhituion. ih Simple wonds iBis called- Bruakdoon o

Constituional Machiney
2H 365 is an_ashect of Ak 3S6 a , where th
doe hot obey the otders oI_dees not Cate toe fket
the executive orde ofhe union, then it will be deeneol cu
failure o£(onskkhional Machinerd

sidends Rule basically means that the Conatituhon is

hot beig Caxrid on aper the provision given inthe conythhionh
a a aule nou preaidet oill ake ougr all the due ard
ensue Hat the Cowhituion is entbred

the Union get pouerJo Chforte the cons i huhan 9

Lohere do
Aat 355 R[ Art3 56 Rw Art 365
whad is he ale o Parliamend in stodkemerge n
Preaide nis Rule
shen the
he Preaidentu Rle is roclaims must
be atproued bg both te housu of t Parliamenw witin
monA of Poclainuatian. C he dusahion is ducedonly
ln notional hot in Stak
emergeny emrgenty-
wken Hhe Stk emengeney isoclaimealthe
Lok Sabka hoin þhogres Same Rle opplity ad
National Emgencyiit- Roiya Salbha mut Pas t aal
heo Lok Sabha must poA it wlthin 3o days of i

1sti R
fRaiga Sabha abh>outel and Lok sabha coes
nothi fo 3o dasys thon Pholamarian [Link] Cease

i iks apprveal b both the houes of the Patlia ment

then the stdets Rula Continue tor 6 ma nts
Can itbe [Link] ) Y
wka is the maai mun erkndion alloweal ) it Com he ex emokd
every 6 monthsHIL 3 [Link] itha tb be
Cuer mon tw by both the houes for
opproue aHer evcry6 for
3yean
tduln mee6 monts aMol dunna 33 yan
Lok Sabha disolves hen Savne ule alpple i Rajya Sabho
mut hae aroveit and neok Sabha mut aphoe
it withtn 3o da of ik st sitfing

isis iipuntel b Simple majoityo Specia) Majoit9

Unalsr A 352 sþecial majoikua nded bat
 Ae366 Sayit Can bt paued b Simplehjatly
uthCAA brauyk1 very inborBant Change in aidents
Rulk-
Caxlier the Prowisionoa, Paaideny Rule be Can
inplomentedeey bMontky ill he aximumof 3eax
bu GUHhCAA SaidHhod it Cant be exkendleel beyond 1
ca i 6 mont monty

only i Canbe Calended upo 3 yeas it 2 Couolthis_as

thet mutt be Nahional 6merqen 4y,in ohole India or lad

(2 {lechion Lomwssion cexhhital thodt General election Cant

be Londluted in that stee.

The Revotation of Pclidenks Rale Can beby _a timple

Revocaion dlo not need
frolamaiox hy Prtaident hinself,
Faalamenlar ohronl
Al these art Coucded b Arl 3S6.

whad axt the ctkck oPeidenhs Rula 2

2the meaning o Prardent Rulu is-_Praident Jaku all
late.
exhaondinary owes o he s
Powes
President lakea all he Power of he Governoy
AlI he eunctionsof Slak: gouk: is perb1mel by the
herouernor of tad Slek or
hesiden through
 Arcsidend tan alko otpoint te Adninistrabt, bu
Mo mally it rough the gonrno
un
it mea whole
exeuaki authorihy of te siak
nous vsed with the
Couernor
He Can houo deda that all
the powes of he stak
leislature they will be exerulsed by te Patliamer
Ther a
any Cons tituhitonal roifonyclahing o an
badies or adtorities he lan superd oll he prouision
gar dng Contituiona bodis
whad hophe to the Cm and is mistss 2
whener the Pratdexhs Rulu is
inposdhe
dismissey tha M and his Countil o Minskr and ho
Pside
di the Ccaumor to Cary on the Stake admiwstaatim
with tht hulp o the 1As Peapleckiet Secrak o the
Stde as well oa aduisors.
4hat soky it is alled Preaidenty Rule in Cammon
Parlance
Noo evtn the slak Budgut is þasssel by the Poarliament
adl all the legislahvn bill ar ho pauesl hy u Parhaine

Noo becault 4he Ste leqislature is distalued or it is

Sspevaleel No oho uill make law, Can President make lauo) Na
he arliament must oelegak the pouer to make laws fer
sloe to the Pregident

Natif Lk sabha is Motth Ses ton then Prsldent

Can spend moey om the loilidaleal uh o the
Cam
 ske
S te bu aer on ar liamen must opprove i Hhwevar
Pesielend have PowRr to make oadikances Soresident Can
iNtd
Gaxs ordinantsmking lawswhich Can beemovol oler
6 Montta 6 weeks,hat'sshy. mostly ordinanez o Pass ed
where Ptaidentis Rule has been oclaimead

anu
Hay Lauo mads duaing Natiara Emergeny it cloa hot
emaintoreuer i Survie only tHI 6 monti

Aa 354 saysthe Any Las male by th Parlíament or

he Presidem _duig thePruidemtyRuls Rennain operative
torever nlike At: 352 w here h Lavs made duri
Cnegency onlySuruie fr 6 montg aeremergeny way oe
eeaen
The
The_ewly stake assembly Can nouo speal hem or
altrthem

Prescdent Cant take ovey the eoe ofhe HC

neither he Can suspeno he H Cs_Pouwe nor alkr ik

DxAmbeclkar in_his debu Said that-tis is a

dead letter and would be wea anly as a mealun o
Last resort in kis oords The inkrvenhiom f the
Cent muat be deemed e be barred because that would
b ihuasim of the Soutreign authorihy of the sfaktis is
fuvdamenal roposikim tha we atept by eagon af the act
that we hay a fkderalConsttdhan
Cin eallyinsted ol deal lellkr it became oleadl [Link])
d
 The Ist Pidents Rule ad iposkal i'n1951. in
The
Punjab
Hhe is no Suth stae uohith did not Come under
uidenhs Rule
Bhar me
erala 4imy
Pnjab
tmu ek
wodwod miswed bladondlyin 1914when Jana
Gr: Cam and theyH Aiectnposeal Pruidends Rula t
s h u by Sauirg tho they are in Center So th ongy
Shal hdi be in Sbtes
hext 4Rar wken Cohg1ess Cowme again then hey alo
did the Same thi.
in 1911 ard laro t t was blatan misue of this power
in 192-agath iS wa misuued hre were 3 0J Rule
Stak, Modhga adesh Himachal Phadesh acl Rajaathan,
they oen tmovedby ongru on Fliay Ghonde

hoo the qusion uy dian Demotray ae federal sttucke

art pne or atosswe need to p an end to tu
Sor purpasea tommiss ion hay oeen apkoiuktdthu
Commisstan wa Sarkaria Commislio
Saakazialommissian Said f a it an be allaweal onlu_ in
Sone siahons taB ma be-Polikial Cis Iteral
Aios ayol SAak is indavgar 1Ahy execafiut detislon ha
ben
de iod by te stuke.
he basis o SAT Haia
An
on ommiss ion 2 inbor lan
 Judgment Cama
SR Bommai vs Union o Ihdia 1aau S
it was by Judass Bench in s Judqmenitwas Sarc
ha, the sahisfation o Me Paident under A 356 that
the Conttuhonal mathinery ha baokenit 1s wary to Say hat
Cannot be [Link] i n
t h e Couat

38th CAA introduced H's, thati hesielent imbosa

esidents Rule inan stak +his Cannat be tkallagtal in any
LOu of Law Howeuer his pouision wa deleteal by 444aCAA

4yth CAA cleaed tna he desion o mosihim af

Praidends Rule is Subjcct to judictia Reuiau

a_a salt of LumAA, SL daliunged Tudges bench

Judgmend in SR Boma Case whutu- auided some
uidilinu-
The Prestdenbal Proclamation eqarding Praiduntu Rule
is subgul to JudictalL Reuieuw a it is judi'ial
deuio is h Pat of H bazicstructure of the Conatihhm
Since federalism is also he Part af basi Structure hence
tere Can be judiual euieu of Presidentis Rula
The sais fachiam of he Preaident muwt be haieal on xeleuant
metenalL that means if the Preaidenta Rula hau been imposd
on abihay iounds nalahde gaaunds then Preaides Rale
mui be descinded.
T h e burden o faoolies on the Cente ana ot on the
Stak
Cout is not sukbosed to geing inb meerjal aa un h
alot of
going
time. whethar itis adequade or not Couausr
need o See whethr itis Paima facit rlivant ot ha
he Caut d s tat tha Presidents Rule is Perverseal or

Malkfide. hen ther is no bar on he Cour Ordeai the

cuiual o the stadt legislaturt_and also askina he CM andl
hs Counuil of iwsers4 take ohte again, in other twords
it restinduhe Buiduwtal Rule
The Pcstdent Should not he in a kury the heaidents Rue
h to he abbroue by both the hou 4il then h (evd
shall 1ot be disssed they tan be supenalesh bu not
dis misseal inae Paliameh doey not appove the Asscmb
ill act rachvata
The Groud of Pidets Rulh ín l92 s vety
impartant aahect Seculasim is oneof the hai taku
teakus
of th ouituhion, ohen shak couk bttomu anti Setular
ha is h bxakdouon_ot tonihtheal mathinr a 4Hs
is valid o u e o ds missal
f th Preaident Rule hay to be _imposabecaue stat
Crov has Cantdenta of the MLM then it muyt be
pvon on the floor of the hou
ash
a neo lasty oms in cende
ds issal ot ano ther party in Slaa
t s is _no. rouna
grouno af
of

Pouwer o A: 35G S a exteptioal power and

on
unde etreme Situahios it Can be weol
 Ano ther1nbortan Juagmen wad
Rameshlwar Pasad vs Ouon oIndia 2oo 5SC
in this Case ba^td on the eportSf Sakaria Commssioa
and also he Lage of SR: Bomma it w a laick doon
h e t ik IS o þer and whuret s mproper-
>bhert there s a huhg Assbly. where here iS no

majoaiof any pai thtre Prestdenlk Rule Can be

roclaimec
2whe. a þaayin majori i s Uable t to make
henn
Lo-ondinakion. aA hs paaly isnat in lomblet mayot
also heaidends Rule tan be aJklid
hee the Conatithonad gien by the ental
diection is
Grovk and it is bladantly disegarded by the SBat Cravt. h r
alko Presidend Rule Can be impsa
oheae t is Phgsicalbrtakdosn spectaly_in Secular
the slale
matenwhex it is endamgeri he Secut of

Hhere also it is proper te inbose Pesiclenks Ruls.

whe it is i p o þ e r
2oherea miistr toslgn there oithout givika any
Chanc to_all he parti to om a Cqovt 1 t is
cuisso lved thtn it s hot ioper
where here is mak ive deeat of Ruling larhy shde
in Cendae that is also not a popes Groandto dissolue
Pro pe admin'stahian is Mmot unniua in the Stk
tws is alko hotground offre tdends-Rul
Allegations ofCoatuphion art alko No o u d or
sideds Rule
Also
In andk las CovCTo
delechion hay o role play
pla
He
tha it IS
loth Schedule has made itvery lea
Speakersdomain Arunathal Padeshk, SC
A h tine of CSis in
play ik to Role. a has
lom cchedule
rokibited he CoveThor
itShalbe detideo
hot givem amypoer to the (roverno
4 hthe Speake
 Also
I n anh deechion la CrovCTho y has ho ele to pla4
lokn Schedule haa made it vuy dear tha it IS Hh

Speakers dlomain
A h ine of Crsis in Arunathal Pradesh 5 C
rokibiled t CcoveThor to ploay ik [Link] lom Schedule ha
hotgivem amy Poero He (overnorishallbe decidel
b h Sþeaken.

h July do2

Financial tmtrgunC
Financial Emegeney s the 3ad ybe o k Emeaqeny
Ad: 36o Allowshe Prdsrdent to protlaim tha Fikaintb
emergenyFinancial emergenty is not So Sringent a s
other 2 Emergenuia. t h e heaidend is Sashiea thata
Situaion has axisen by hih the ianctial shhilthy ad
Credi o India teaten:No inancial emergtw ha been
ever
ever imposed in Tndia thet wa a me in laq1 wkesa-
situaion have arivedbut orkunately iwas neuer employeal

tha 38mCA 1 5 masle the Sahis hzchim of he

esidend decdaxd in he kinancial emtgency a l ao shal_
no be qus koned in any Lout of lau. this pousian oa
Temoveol by yu'tAA in other Loodk Mo anu Sakstachaa
of the Pcident tohoclaim ha kinanctal Emergencu
is subyect o Judual Reuics
 Jus as other Rmtagenues he nanial_emeryeny
muat beapproued bybotn the houges of the Parliamtnd
witin mon ths o m the dale of ikissae
whem he paotlamarion o tinantial emergeny_tome
when Lok sabho is daissolved or shem the financia
emergengisdeclared Lok sabha is dissolved wittin amonth
of ik declarahioma obhhouing hen. here also Same
Lavo i l apPly- i Raiga-Sabkah a appoe i then the
Lok sabha m oaoue iwitkin 30 das ikmeeia
once he Fihanca Emergeny is in pogieyit Caney oh
Indatinadely hexe no enusal is equred unlexit is
xevoked No harimum peniod)
he Paoclamahon of Fihantial Cmergenty can be pastesl hy
sabha and Lak sabha by simple majorikymembeas
prec ad voking that dau
hese 2 difkamses a e ere tom other 2 Cmegtncie

Revotakm lan be done by hu Preaiclemt _at any imeb y

Subsequenproclamatm- hisproclamahian i s a þresidenial
oxde docs not need palamedaag ooua

CSees_af finanial mergenu

As far0 etlects aeConcened
6ecauze i s is inancial emergenyS that is whCentr
Can oder to the stalea egarditg Shendia mone
mohey
he salaaie and allouwances lan- be duedofal or
any class of asDhaServika in the shk.
who Se Saaries Can be edued 2
The Peident Can isua e that Salany of Pablk
Sex vans of the Union Can be rdued or alousanuey Yot
Salarte)
e aivenand this is he Only situahim where
o SCor HC Judge) Cam also be reotues i t lan
only be done on dicchion of he Presidena hdia

FinancialHoprica
As lar ad PikancialPropriehy is (ocenea Mony bil
Financo bills o he stas will all Can be ordered
to kee
keep then or engide rohim_of ha aesiden So atker
they o passesl by th stabe legslasuy Pacslden Can
o der tha all he. haniabills or mohey bills Sheuld
be Sent u f kis Considehahn. in_other wordy e Cente

CLCqwrt ull inangal ontaol over the Stales

Thee is an Act in America calles Nationa) Retouek4

Act 1933in the Cowttuent nlyDebalu while 4al kig
abou Fiancia 6mergeney Ambeclkar Said the
Aide ot Fian tial emgen ie.- At 360 ollows the
aHen of Nahioral Retovcay Act 1953 with giuyPaidens
Silar Pouens tmove Cconohic dHrulki
thas ime thee a s a gread dehretum tis speual
bowea ay i n to t hatdent o move thak geat de þiestf
 Local Self Goveth meht

hdian COshituhion has 3 Ties

Uhioh Stake Lotal sel Cou

hal why te Lonshhoion of ladia is e lengthicat
CoxAihanLotal self_Cu: wa arlie not there thas
Loy in oiginal CohsHiturion thert is no Cohcept of Local selt
Cgou theugh the btal self Cmuk is basaoan Cranclhian

Phloscbh
Local self Crovt. Can bedeideal in 2Paak

Villaga Touons
ha Lotal CRurol Areas) Unban Areas)
Self [Link] Ponchayai Raj Muici ali
bo th of he are 2 aspeth ofLocal self Cod
he Lotal self Govt has also Same 3 Pilas of the
Demoa a Union and stat je.
-

Lotal Slf Crov(3 Gllas

Lais bkae Exeuhve Judi uag

 the 43d1uCAA
The 3rd Titr wa added by
CAA deas with Rural IhdMa i Ray and
Panchayah
tumCAAdeals with Uban Ata it Mumcthcuihes
AN D
the 3ad aspet alo has been
addeol which basically
oheratusthis_aapect hos been addecl
olealy witta the Co
the 97 t ChA dol
in Paat1x B o the Conaktuhon, by

So there are 3 as peck=

(1 Panckayah Raj
2) Muniupalikes
31 Co-operatives

Panchayah Raj hemeahing Panchayah' Raj-

iS h e Rajo he nckayatitway he Philoso bh
Demoaty
6f Grandiji that her Shall be decentralisaim, the
oanke
c nass oot leltor tus purposehe wanded tHad all
villagesto be he Sel Governihy body he
I d i a a eotlee shoule b of
replica
villogg oR giass
ii wos nok implimewko ill t
the she avd the Cen
4 d CAA Camein lq42
becaue o e Ganalkian hanahk
Fanckayah Ra
and qandkiJi was uery devotaay o
Car ly a 15t he wJas paluant Ra Mehta Co' tke
he wotkihgs of
which bastcally sas appointo t
exa mi
(CDP a
Communiy Deulopment oqawne- 19S2-
Nakonal Exienhon Sevice-1153 the both kau basically
the pows of De cendraliahonthe Tecommendaiony of ha«
CommtHee became te baje o A3acl CA A
a l a n Ro Meh a
 So is Pavedhe way Hor democaahe decenhalisadhsn
kich 1s alled Panckayadh Ray satm
Balwant Rai Comittee ecommendleol Had, t make Panchayah
Ro Sy4em of3 Ties
v i l l a g e leuel i.e tdam ahchayat Diec elechiou
2 B1ock level ie PanchayarSamik LIndicct)
(3) Disict level ie Zila Parishad (Indirtc)

he members of Gram Panchayashall he elected

the
diretyano membess o Panchayat Samihi and zila lanskod
eiree
Shall be elected by elected members o Gham nchyat
hese 3 bodies i l l Caryon all the deulopment
achvities tn thuir enire Panchayat

PanchayoS a h and am Panchayat wilL be he

Cutihgedga thy ollthe executive badis when as
Cuthha-
Ztla Paajsbad oill be mort or lA Superuisorybod
off ~ila
bad
aduirou body
or Co-odihading bady. the heaol o
Paaishad shall becsticd callecler Pouwt shall begenunely
hanalened1 to Demo Cakc bedies adequak tsoues skould be
S o thatthey can hoa umchion a
Selt
given
ive to them-
debendent tunchionaales-
thee ecommendasions a x aueplee and slurte
hem,these a notolloweaaaiisfes
applaing
pplyin them
ere ako mada
Chamge

Rajabthan became
eport of Baloant Rai Mehta Commtke.
 istly it was atbliad in Nagaur Disteitt Roas that on

AHer Rasthan Andaa Pracduh

SAme
followesthis cnd
$skm was abplies m
AR er that
Gram
maystoes s karked adohing
bnkayad sqslom bat they Applit in diHerent ways
Some dd Tiere- TamilNada wat Bangal did y tier
So hut wcre ho
uormy in ndia.

ih
ih 1944 when
Janta Crau lam ik started anotht
Comnitte called Ashok mehla lammitee in wkich
Said at Hy
3Hex shall be Conuertd in 9 kes, bu but
Granta cout dussolud itin oneyeay So
thad i t wa_hot
imblimetea

Hhen
then amather Lommitke CamCalle LM Sinahui
LMSinghui
Lomittee, it wasappoinded in 1986 by Rajiu _cadhi
i itle wal Revitaliiahon oPanchayh Raj indtidudioy
Hh Re þort of LM Singhui uwas almos Samae a t
8alan mehk lomaitke
Rai bu hert wa a liHle
duteent, Some othey eCommendakouweR mad=

1)Panhayah Raj skall

be giuen Consituhional shut
2 Nuay Panchaat ouer Clu kers anal uillao
3 Paoude Mort ihante
Judicial Systm is to b
eaablishedSo that Judtuia
Can ath a Cha dood le
laer it became GaamNgaya laya Act
Hct
Rajiv Candhi liked t Repor ot LM Sihui lomhttee
and hDu heintoduttod 64hCABill Lok sabhu assd
i bu Rajya Sakha ajecled ilon giound ha,
bill is doihg Centaali2aim ie-Unioh is gethig- More
PoLserin kdealsyudem

Ater tha VP SinghGou Camn in l9g0 h e

Called for a chief minishs ankrene to inlimekit hut
before he Could do t his Crovt-uOas- dissoucl.
e n Came Narsimha Rao Gout nou agai'n hey
ook p Ha matter they mads somtckanges and th
ad
braught 13d CAA la42 His att as_baed aud Came

ino achion on IYtn April 1443 Paat | of e Conytituhion

from
deal with this d CAA: Al2u3was aiven clauerom
Aat 2u3 A o 2u3 o, which form he emire law o t
awhoyah Raj Sgs km.
[Link] oneo our Diacchive Dintiþles Aat o
clealy Saus Haat Stales Skall to ogakize Vllage Bauchayas
Conituhanal
accoding to that Direchive Pinihle. me
att
Sau has heen Giuen tha h toTmaion ol lanckayak Ra
Aet 2us talks about at the Defihehrons elakd to village
Panchayat ete Panchayat means a n ihstithion oself Gou
Conshi tued meder Aat2u3 B or Rural artas the whale
gores-
Prouision Can be taken i n 9Ca
U tohih s Conbulsoyane 2 ) shich is Voludaa
 Tram Salbha is he foundahin ofhe PanchayahiRay
AsS3m where
bas icallyGram Sabha is village b
reisdecd voks o thad orta perorm 4heir Aunchion
A2u3 A tells aboud am Sabha
the acport o Balwant Ra Mehta Commitke isimplimonkol
Under Aad 43 B wkith Saus there wil be 3 leuel o
Panchayat
Duillage leuel
2) InBermediale leuel ae
3) Dis taid levcl
Hoever wherever the opulakion is less than
lakh there Inkrmediat leuel an be *moved meany
in suth areas T i t s o Panchayah Raj (an be kept-
So in shih sttt the Pobulakn is le a n Ao lakka
here y may Mot kave 2he ker

A 203C ells about the Composition-

all the Laws rgardig Crta Panthayat will b
made by the leqislakure of te sk with Tpe to
Composihon of Ranchayah.
No of Sealkd of Panchat ill be deperdinguon popu laion
avel thut will he ooslional Repxenlahion menbers of
Panchayot, here will be Direci_elechin tor fanthaya Seak.
Teioria tongktuencis wilbe mede of Panchaod arta,
and evey Panchayat will be devided ihto tenbrial
Cons huen the mannerof deviding Shall be ih a wo
Conshuentt
that in tver
ver tonshtaentyRopalahonoun No: o Sa
shall be equa
Noug ho wibe thur Cair pertoh San Panth),
who wil be on mkmtdisk lee and who will be on
disthict le tiS wkole law shall bt maale by legutlant
Ra ya Sabha or Lok Sabha MRs or mLAs of t shales
also Can be made euzuntahtes of these Pandkayas oha_will
eent and Loha wil e te baais thak oillbe_deuided
by legislahiiu assembly
oho will he the Chanpersen)
Chaà ekonaill be eleced bg Hhe Panchayat Pancayad mehes
will b_eleched dincy aa on Jakmediahk and Drshitt lu
will be elected indiitdy by uillage RanchayaB mcwbes

At 2u3 D deals with ResenvaBiam-

As tar a Restvaion is ConreineaSeaks uill he
xtued or SC ad SIson all the-3 ltuels it: Uillage
lew Ineamediak leuar and Distitt leuel ther will he
eAeTuahion br SCs and $Ts
whad oil) be their Poporim)
her ill be ysd uvakim ar women undet which
hee ill be hodonal vescrahion or Scsad SIs alsa
to ysd Representuhion oill be h a u of tak ys
honlonlal threentah'n will be pr SCs and STs
Reseruam or women SCs and $T will also_be
o Chair þesons or all three leuels i FoSar Panch.-
Indtrmadiak amd Dshtk had meam d Chait peaoh)
will be women Ss or Sl3.-
by Chante oke SCs aT l y t u will be
otaon of osk. their Tcservadion
Aad:
by hd 334 is Croverneo
tha mea
334
twill be otasas Sine s o i 1 o
As far as OBC are Loncernedit depends oh
Hhe
the state lepuslatun th mo keebhey nay
ejeruhim or

hot ons i tuiom docs hot mandak i t i t al deperds upon

stade leaislakurt.

whad will be duradian ol Panchaya

duahiM will bbe 5 uas, ofer 5 qeas Panchallas will
be disolued JuA_ike lok Sabka amad uidhan5abha

when will a membe be cusqualuhieol 2

At 2u3 F alk aboutit- the tajons of disqualiecatton
of elechon t h l q s latre he Same Latsapply oh
hem. bu is a difkrence
the -

eleaibilitot beLoming an MLA is_o yan

for aam Panchayat itis zeduteol to 1uers

Powas Ond tesbonsihiliHe of Panchayars Aa u3

the Powers to Panchah gien by stae leqis lakan
ano Hain functiosis to-
Deulo thair own ecolomy
Do their own sotial Juhte
the matters on which Panchayah an take
Under scheslule ll
their oon desim, the oits are gin

te is to be mboseol a fands is to be
No
Noo it an
0Y grans is to be qien,itaU shalt
provided a
be done by Slek lequslatut Aal2u3H)
here is also th prouiston o Fihanck (omuston
umder A 2u3 I, the rouexho1 of he Slae afer eve
S yeas shall Consitude a tihance Commsgio.. the wolk
Piance Camis im ii=
te aaecommehdaians regardig elistribukion.
behseen State ad anchayak, theprocesho taxe ame
ouiee k
which axes_or 4olls shall be alloeal to unchajas
generok e emselues his Lommeclah'as ill be-ginhy-
the ihance
nance Comisian Grans in Ad is vey imborla r
Panchayad ik Is givon ou of Consalidakd uso So ho
much itshould he gien, itis dekimind y Hus.
Firante(omisston is a uery good-tta mmencla toy
body shch RLomemolsthat ho tha Hhancial posiim
Pantkaah Canbe mada betler
Centaliamte CommlSSlon alsohas aole here they-
e ell the measu tha heow a moheyLan be braught
o Consolidaseal kund SoHhat i t Can proutde more maney o

Ranchayak
As thene So much Ymone is inuolvee thabis uuhg
Audis of Panthayak is t , thakis Couered bg
Ax9u3J
Hous the eleckony will be Lonelutted9
it is Covered bg Ar 3 k thert will be oan
clectoral Role whch will be pepaed by the Stake
tlechon lomussrm Stak elechion ComniSsion wi be
Cohaist of a Stae elechion (owmussionerwho willbe
apkointed by the ouethor he ill have his owhSt
anal the khu and Seruiceol sleke elechona LommSS ioner
will be delermined by the Couthor he stake clechom
Commissioner i l nat be mous in an ordrhar he
wayhe
is maead by the Same uay inRnobig a Judgl

HC o SC
Th s tale Elechion Lomissione is appointtal by he
Crovetnor but h mannr of mouio is unoler
ar ltamen
So legtslatne uwill make all laos gaading elkehiay
Lokich will be impltmndel by the sheelechion Commassohe
Seme of ik pard do no abslyto tibal aeA Amal alua o
Nagalan Meghala Onol mi20ham 0nal also to Darjeelig
Cro&kha hill Counul the PESA AC Appli

tere s ho ixkr kence o Coun i n Eletoal altas

Aat 243o Says it veay clearly
a elckion pehtan ere Hhen it t o b
gium to Elechiom Comnissionerr in he mannepruatbeol
iben
Stat assembly 'h is Law
b
S Ciil Courshas ho umsdichim gardig ny
matten gardig omihai Rejuhm o no inakim o
the Caudidadu e

unala he laws ofAA24 there ar ter tas'n obligadooy

Coroitos ard ceaain are Volundary ooxduscxhona
Cohdikong
whtx Shal s menhiontal
Comulsoy Hauisio
Crram Sakha is o be madu.
Hhure aill be 3 levels uillage inarmediak and disti
levels unless the þoplalaion of shk s less han olath.
hert will be ditut elecion Panchayak ano ahove them
or
t oill heindizetd elechiau.
Minimum age is SLea
Rearvationsor SC ST ad oomn
Stae_eleckioaM lommiSsioni s he hada ae enun will

he S yoars, for Panckoyak

Stae finance CommiSsion_shall be Cautikued_eua5a
they Can 1ghort hese direchiv of thu Longhithim

Volun tar ordikio- whex May 1s mendioseel

RepmaUnhahion to MP aal MLh _cun any of the leuds, it
s dicLrtidhaa
Rervaten tor OBCs, jt isalso discxkian ol the she
Hoo much Pouwe is to be givenpPanckasas IK also
discacion 6 he Stale.
buoers to be qien which lakeg
Homuch the Hhancial is
avt o be allowed a hese a h herogah u of Hha Shk.

Deinasion
Pon chaya meang am ihghituhon by wbattver rame it i
called oSelf Cowt o Rual aray
Village villag sbecid by he Gvernor by pul le
Noi icahont bea urllagt for his purpost
htes mediake - mtam a lewd beheen tha village ano

Distc
Distaict Meana th Digtntt o a stae
Village- illag speuifies b thaCrovernoT by pu lr
NoH Acahom t bea urllag tor uis purpose.
hkes mecdiale mtam
-

a lu behween tha uillage ano

Distit
Distaitt- Mlah t Dg tmct oa stuke

h July oRa
Local Slf Cou has 2 Paak
The yillaats Jh Towns
CtheRuRa Local qout) The utban Local Gou)

U ban Lotal ut was intaoduted the Y CAA \a92

lokjth Cam iw forte o n Ist dune laa3

Oxban Letal Cou mea Crouenawceo t an Urbay ara

b e 0n Lcal pesple hroughtheir elechd preenthte
Alwa taJuisdichon ol tat urban Lacal Crout is limits
to the Specikc utban area Hhe slek Cout: demartaes the
are which Shall be Covered uder uban area- dependivg
upon
H Si o Haara thert ar odfkent kid of
Urban Local Gouhin a Meho fhere ae Muic pal laposahioys
n Smaler places here at Municipaikes
hesths_Syulem t
Urban peobla should be allowea totoutrn the mselvey
the idea Came up Ist ime by_
b th Father oLotal
sel Croul Lore Ripon Municipal Coxporahion was_maole

fo theIst ime n_madas aaoura 168+-168& hen

munictpal Lorpootioka wer made in other Preaidenes as well
Lod Ripon is called the Father of Lotal self Cou. bttaue
he wa3 tme penon who issued a resoluhon thab all urba
aTtAA Skal be Self Crournta.
fbr the kht ime to
Rajiv randhi hod ned
but
intodute Hhe Nago Palika _Bill ie Munitpaliky Bil
Somekow was nat poaskd. UP sibghtolloe lim introdud

tuiced Nagar Paltka bill buk t h Hme is Lok sabha

oay
C
in
dissolucl so the bill wasalso dassolued. Iwaonly
Py. Narsimka Rao enure that hequthCAALsasAckbasued
both he kouse ard it became a Conshttioral
bt
by
thIS At added hirgs
Part X A
Auecles 243P=_2u3zG

Hhe 12and LasB schedule of the Co ithionwas aclded

was added bt 13hd CAA aha 12 H schedale

So 1n Schedule
4UhLAAit tells what alll areas a Munidipali'by
way added by
o n which
will gouen in 12m Sche dlule thece are 1gikem
Mhiipaliky Can tunchon.
+9LAA S veyinporkant ConaH utonally because tor
the tst me Muniupalikies got a Constutoral sks,
in

Other w0rds î t noB only be Lame apat o the

lonstituhn, it
now aluoausLomes a a pouiston which
can be_euieweo
by the Coua

Paut IX A
Aa293P deak with all the_dekinaios,houtweriA IS
Axla43 which deals uwith 3 imporhant deinato_wkich
tells tha theR are3 ypes oMuniu paliliey S o th
euLTY h wil be 3ybes of MuNubaliks
A Los Rank=Naga Panchaya
4 hame Can be anying. bu in Lon tihuhn
t i s Naga Panthayat Naga Panchaya 15 basitalla
tanaitoral arta Lgkich was ural ara earlier bu nouo
deulopeal ana became uban axta, basicallyokant (4 5
do ing ta ikion from Rura ataouzhan ana thoa
Phak
Uaban area haA ik oun
by Urban Deulobmen ministi whah are thosa Paaamets 9
Paramekrs argien byAx243S 2) ,whith caus
thansihonal Cyea Small Urban ara meansSulh
an arta which he CrovroT Mau hauivg rgard to he
the
poplulation D D h i arta,densty oflopulahion
geneodes rom thaB_plase he Percentage af
atvenue geneaases
the elonomi
embleyment in hon agiultual achivhes,
mborance ek all these
all helhs the overnor to olekrmi
village Comes under trangittoral arca or not
ha a

Secon
A the d RankE tnucihad Counel
Smaller urbam artaj kich are o _ metos r
 which ae Small cities ther Muictpa Counci exisht.
and in big ites the a Muuifal Cor po rahian

Camposidion of munit palitis Ar u R

A membes of m Mumapalily at d'ectly
elecked
by the pesle Loho live in thar Ynuniupo ata
So hoso tae electionof Muniupal atea Conduched )
the munitipal aeas oill be diuidesl into teaitorial
CongtituenLies okich are basitally (alles uoards eash
Muiciþality i l haue clairkion , hou the chaiypeion is
Ho be elecka. will be decided by he skak legis lakara hse
a eleted pesongLertaihpetons may be alotwed to
rpregent he lotalky in the muiupality hese pesons
Can be-
MPs MLAs_ane alss thosepeopla Lwha haue Spetial
khbaladg ih munial Adunis taadin
A hee peses Lan be irduckal in the mumictpàl
lommttee eachward wtll haut a lomttee L her
Ouon Committte Called wards Comitlee.
Any Muicipally lwhich kas_opalahian3Lakh o hoke
An
the will Cnnshitue thei wardslommuHce he lomposiktn
o ds_lommitke and all othr ting abou waidh Comnm
-thee skal be deuided by Shde legis lakut
So baslcally wa>ds lommiHee Lwill bea vey
Inoortanklommitee look alkr th daily needs of Hat
eveyi abo wards Cammittee is _mtnhianes
the wards lommtke ilL be_eslablshedwhet he
po pudahon is mo an 3 Lak
Resexvahio 3 T)
Reservahlo art het b SCS anl women
as per their opuJakion in total ata o Hat
Muniualthyall reseivahio art done as er t
Repreen tation. of that Conmuni in the tolal popularon
tder Lonsiderahion no less than d of he Staces
will beserued or womt H's3d will inelude
eservahion for women SC and ST(Hoizondal Rebaseudahioh).
stade legislakue Lans may ake ervahim
or 0BCs inot mtdag
Similatly H Char pirsona ilalkokave eseruaho
3 d Reseruaho will Ar SCSTand JOmen(or

hain person How eur he [Link] legislakure is magt

inporlamt dekmiat of eervadiong.

Durahon o Munpalihe Ard u3U

the duaton 5 yas 5 yean o ohce of
Cuer muhitipaliy is theConat dictak. How ve
ttonal ik
iCam
euer be dissolud beor 5 yeaKbu is manoator b
dassolus th Muniupality afer 5 ax th Cagei s disseluel
then
then i is essenal to londuck a esh elechion iku'h
6 Monta.

Ad 43 v }lk abou Dsqualihteahion

Apusoh will be disquali tiedthe s disaualited
bg Stake legis ladune elechion Lavs the leaisstan
with apbly on slak the Same ill epbly on tem
IHowevty in stale legisakion th [Link] 1s5 sas
but he tha miimum ae is yeas or Standig u
kor the eleciom

there is qukion Regardina DIsqualihitahmit ail

bel t d t ohom heSak legislature will dekrmin
it ts not qiven cleatlytok itis nered

who wilL hold the elechins)2

i 1s bastcally the stale elechon Lammissfon tis tih
is eleritd clearied by-Aid2u3 ZA
So e tn [Link] Dirchion(onlia
pebavahiono elecoyal Jolatonducking enrire electon
all i s s t h eduky ot th Stalk eleckion lammiSsion

Lahat a t Powe and Aunchtoy f th Muicpakehy

tis thtr is a Comhlett Akcle 1tArt 2u3 W
Ra 12m Schedule
he
Clearlysay a She lgslakure will gie palorr
o the muniuipalittunden that wkith pouwtr 1s h be giueh
Hoto much pouers b be giuem
Hoxo ma pla o eLononuit devlobmen l l be done by he
muunii paliku
Lha suhemu 0nt o be yun for economit deula pment.
which Scheme is o un to geneae the employment
I nmattks oith ant qiven in th gchedule hoo hair
admi haktoh is be don
 baaically I8 maltesothe
aAicall h Shedule. ar t
baaic jobsof the Muiuboaliky.
uhet will tinahee Come o)
AtQu3 x alks ahou it ik saus shak leatslatur
il prouide giank by ikell, shich Pands skal be
Cedidead to the munic falika o o much ara when the
Caanh in Atd s t be giun and also to what exkut
huunicipaliHe shall be allatweal o Leuyand Collec taxes
cuhe l Pees ek ik will be outkoHSby he stade
leANslakue.
SomeHmesi Som taxesa t Colleched hy te Stak
CoutSe, ho t sill be dshihukel tomuicpalh
i s also decided by the stake leaislature
Hou the Slale leis lakut ill decide il)
on the etommtdahon o4 Ha Hnann lommissfom. Ark 93 y
th Eikanee Cobhai im hich will be coy thtal euerg 5 Yeag
i oill alko nuieus the Eiantial Positonottha Munit alite.
CH SawL w A tor Panchayab
Cmd no itwill also qive te rttomedasiay o th
Covenor qbout distriluton o axes betueen muniu paliltc
and slae Covt toto much aank in Aid b be prouidesl
He slak o How to imhrove tha inancta postkaM, when
Lan hey qenetat Reuenu and fo his mater even
CendraE[hane ommsstnwill give meajursHou to
9enerate more and more uance faom t munct pal
hS Rebor be gvtnt tu routT ho r who
Sall Caue t t o be laid be fore H hk leas akure
 th will be_a Reqular Audi_of hese atounk o
Muniipalrkteg 4S i sLoutrcd by Ard: 43Z So
thent oill be gular Cudt of alteuns thS audi ool
ato unk rouisiony il_ be made oy tha stak
S

is tak

this muitupalih Laws will also be apticable to

alu Union eaitorig- hder 2u3Z8
here an_CerlainareasLhere il is no applicasle eg-
Darjeeligthey haus i r own Darjeeling rorkha Hill
Counilinw bengal h it is hot abbitalbleard
also its not applicable to Scheduleelaeas Cschedule 5
er Tibal Areas Lschedule 6J,they have hair ouwn $4ttm
o f m u t palihes haks wh thege areay are exepkeo
b

by Axd-9u3ZL
Ther s also a tommitke or omplet Distt called-
Disticd Plannig (omnitle this ison DisBtct level
basically i t Cosolidake, all 4he_Pla of th Panchayastoa d
Muncaitkes in the DishictPepas a dati- Hoss
datt [Link] pla for the dis trit.
Ho many members will be Ih DrslatdPlawn'ng lamuke
Hauo the CommitHee members wil be elected hou the
Chairbexon willhe appoinka wkat are their unch o
all u Hun will be cdeuided byStale leqislature
How eutr Certaun uings are made clearin the
Constitukon /5 M othe Membe of he DIStctE
Plamihg Commttce Should beelected by the electod
Plarmanq ba
hembeso h Panchaak anal Muniupalites.
 Normal erepesenlaion IS decides amorg#e
tha how muth of them shal be from village aol
ar
how many f temwill be hom +[Link] depenal
I digitt vill ag_is more or oon are mot
thre a MDH ullaou then natual4thert wil be o
ebeaendaion hom tha Panchayhit there aK ma otos
toos
them thet will be Mort hesenatton n DisBritk Plannhg
Commtt o H toton.

wha abolt Meros 9

hn a So ma metho area in-our lounty hee
s Aat 2u^zE for Metropolikan Aras_euer mtro pol{lan
a a i l l hau Melnpalidan lommittee (Samas Disic
Planni Cammiktea pxba Diaft Deulo ment þlan,
Houo manH membes_will i n Lomnmttke nahner
ofhir ekthm what thauld be he rehesentaion Cena
Cov stalk tovt other organnahon ohowill be ui
Chair peson All he aspeck o th Committe uotll be deude
by he Sale lag1sladut
Hower, he Constitution Sas 3ad of t
Mewbess_of metropolitan Planni lommitete electeal by
elected membes of Muniipalikesand chatpeson of Aandhayats

A 2u3ZG=his Arkicle bad the ihkrkaence o t

Coark in th elecloral matt of mumidfa litesA
matkTs haed on deltmiaton of (ongkduanues
aro also
h' ohe lan . o the toadibetwih elechbn Pethon
 the manner o prescning elechion Peikion is to be
ecribed hy he Stake leqislahut that should be bllowed
Only

oho is MauorL
there a e aseck - Municipal (orpokaHon ah
Munitt palikea Munid pod orporatiomon br b Cities lik
Delli Mumbalkolkata ek Muniupal torboxahon arc naou
out of Laws the ontuned stak leslakure fass s law cq
Delki municipal Covporakon Act.
the a 3 Parkamuniupal Cororahtas

Municibal Lountil(M) Shandihg [Link] Muiua (omsSone

Hhs Counuil doe his is baaitally He is normally
he enhre work Aduisory lpmiHee an IAS ofkiter
are called itis ilike kelbia, hi's work iso
LounylloK handin biq tikie,.. exetuk he deusio
Dirtttly electd by whert the Countil ofmunupa lounul
H Publte O Standig Cammi ke.
Headof Counil Mumbai there 2He 15 the main
isCalleeMayo heComutte dealy xecuhing authon
9Debuy mayor 1S ith difkrwt inyp o inplimentall
belouo the Mayar. eluacakion healh he decisonstaken
meeHng of he Santahoa ek. or oy he Lahil or

Lounil is þruldtd Hhesa there ae dit by thu Sandirg

by the Mayer Sknding tomnitteg tomitiu
top bossis mayor
becaue MC is backloone
 in Smal tocons Munulalities a hee, ana he a
3 Pars of Tmuici palika a well

Munii paluty

Counul Stanalia_Comthte Chiet cxeuhive

oFhcer
CeunLil takes all 8tamali Noxmally ha15
the deision) lo mmitte i s Stake Saruice a hice
bur a many
Peopleof touneil Same a^ the
Call Counillox ad Standi lales-
teya dinchy Lom ce of LAS okcer
elected ta Munidpa alko oppointo
thei head isalled Coxpoyahan
Chairmamor Peuident exetunvtoer
belouw him the Is
a uice hat m a n o r
vite Presicle.

Payt-IX 8
Coopeakive saciehes
Indta hod ver good Rxpeente with Hue_Coopeat
Co-oerahivethis vy
Amul became a woyld famous
Sacenl erperimend slarted b D. Kurien wag dekely
a Sho in he a m homas for the ist kime
and spread
Loncept of(0-opeadiiay slarkal in India
Lo:aperahive bany o:oberdt
inwhole Lrdia , includin
banki ederahians o-ohuahives s latledhr many
hee
these uwere uery necemarytor villages becaya
it would ive thtm
Stergth., Unity So tha theyuwould nok
beexploite by the ika.
in Some looptraku the Grouk: kaue So me moey
to pu oavd Some Yole to play and in
Gpu have ole o
manylooprahivu
no pla hey are now So wicde and
So Lommon in lndia so hey have o be given Congihuoh
Slatug ad by ta 1tm CAA 2ol, his Pardt ie. ParBZ8
aardiv
gardia a-opeaakive Salikics waadded to the Lo thuhion.

Aalicles2uS zH to 2u3zn all theta dea Loitn

lo-opuahive Sotihes a ooerahive Sotithy has been_deinal
oler At 2u3 zHC) it Sayg tha Sotities gilemc
or
deemed to begisktxd underany lay elaing to lo-opurahive
Souk o the kme huing in orce in heahk.

Aalu32T 4ells thod hou a Cooperahut Saue willL

be intor þoraled 4hat [Link] it uill be prowded
lega taltusohen itis to be wid ho it will he
hegulated the backgrouwd of the laoperahive is a boi
03pec euery Co-operakue haue ore baai aspeck Oneaines,
ey make [Link] jointly
A Co-operahive iSuphosed to be ivdepenalent and
yoluntary also it ià Sulpbosca o be woking demothadially
ano i alwa haautbnomud uchiouing Lew ga
inorporahion will be Mad hy the Sal leqsladue each
Stale hawe alasly maale Cooperahiv Lauwsad dun
aCodi to thue Lass
oho wilL_Londtol hem
here ill be
e will be tontlled by a hoad
a board_of ey Co-opevakv board has been detneal
under At 4 z H ) . Boad means Board o Dirttos
guerningbdy aCooperalie Soiks
thereare So nan oorke in loopaahtue
Socike. and tha polttis ore delermined hy the bearers
thy ate called boad or whatuer he mame they art gion
bayitally they Contol he Mamagerment ot he afais of Hhe
Societ
A 2u5 2J ellu about Houa many member_ aill he ih
4h beate the boad will haves Suchmembex
maauma he ouided by Lao madla hy skt leqis latut
Hooevey Makimum board membes i l l be L_arol munimu
memben ill be determined by taesak maeng Law
deherdavg on the hakurn of te Co-optrahix

Reservaion tor board members

I s s a t will be eseru for SCor St
States oil be eserutd for womeA
thee S SC or $T wO men hun hee ' l l be
Honzona urua'on
Aport hom the membus thue wil he Co-opted
hembos, and who ill be te o-opka membes t ollbe_

dele mind o Stale leqslaka bLaw thewl balallg be

eperkCa Maase mod el hodever M d he
iS rom
aom oill beHe exeit o tha kild. they will be
other han thase 21 members and becau they ar
exber they kaue ho ighd to uok
in th vohhg o la-oprahiue Sctitd. lo-opteal mtbty
Canho uake.
Similarly i hut s any lonchonad Diechthey
also do net haue igkt to vok a Funcional Dixcctors
woulcd ho be Counte in al Dihtk thir work is only
to xecuke

Hoo the Daad Menbas a l be eletkel

Aa 32.k tells_aho how the memben will be eleckl
h boad MemheK of he looperahve Sothyae the most
inhortantAnd Laws gardina ther_elechin will be madt
by thStae leeusladue. Syglem will be Same Loal sl£
Lov HouaeuYher londtutt in the elechonher quali iaho
ek willbe dectdedby he skae legrslaut:.

on a baardo Dirtcor bSuspevaltel)-

1 thereis no de of the Couk: i ther is ho skares
b te Lowk: in the lo-obtrakue Sotiky no loan givtn by Hu
Csvh o kirantial asiskanee and no guarankee given by t
ov them thu to-operahiveSotte shall Mo be Suended.

theeIS agovernmenla ole initn any wa

I'h Sachmattg i t hee Is ang default c- Default
Paymens, or Board 1s aCing againg tha lo-operave
Sots indoask i s woki againt th looberahies.
 in such Caju he board o Ditcos Can be Spended.
tAS Supe^lom will Carry on iN 6 Months aer
ty Can ouer it by Sleching heus board

there thus a
a mon lo-oprakue Banks
So many
Calle Banking Lo-optadivS So when thR (S a lo-operah've
banl or hui work is elaled to Finane or boankshe
theat gevaneal by Bankina Requlaha Hct-14uait
appliy on euth banky and e Laoperaive banks too

Tha loopeakue SotBHes are dtalikg with lok of mon

ad na (omplainh Come againt thena thads ohs ther
a pousion in he lonaituon i Ad: Qu3 2 m whith
is br Hudit thert will be m gular oudtt.
t manner aaprovislonsregaydi audioill
nade b t Sk luisladu Slaklagis lakun willake
a lomlte preteaure for a audikiuhidh uill hld at least
once ina Finantial yuar bu wher lo-0perahve 1s
verd ar t it is held qankrly or
hal yearly detnoe
heo bia is a_lorokrakvu.

whowi be the audi tosCmd whad will be thuir

ali kakNillbe deknmintd by tha Stale leg1slabu
he accounk oteery loopelive Sei wil be ed auditd
within b Menth 6 lose o taftaial yeaít
1S necessar t p a t audst veport within Mont aler
math 31s4.
 Aa 3 202 Rig to Khow
member to.
it IsRight o eutry lo-opeahiv
boo ks all ha
get inormatan and to haut altesko all mber.
me
it is rigkt of
of every
n toimahionalI he alLounti ba thee
aill make the nat who oil
Ste e slature Lao
(n manaqement in lo-operakve.

t the Lo-operahive
Fill in thatr etutnM
the
they haue to
debaatmends hder Ard: Qu ZP annualrsporh ts to be
to lbe the
given audited stadomenh of aLounk s given
ha th bye
led led ovt moneywhex willbe wd are

is o be in med to the
Las Hhe kavamada everything
CaDu Co-bberodive depurtment

Ar23 2 Sas tha

Says wha olentes ey Can clo on
hat will be hir PemalHey will be deuided by tha Stat
leislaturL l a Cam be made on-i{ False Re4urn oy talks
iniotmahim is given het Is any musapo iaian disobeye
thwitten bday of SAat gcul a t
h ou Al1
deutl of Cooeanlivts hud oSubulkd l
Hih i'll be laid doun by tu La thal, itis illkal
and every Stake
a t or ômnussionad t ü r punishmenk
Condikon.
Co-obtraHve Ack haue allle Hhese
1o th July ao2
Consktuhoral Bodie
Part X Elections
Adicles 324329 deal wh eluhios. As tar a

Elechions are loncerned in India, theutis no discrimiaian

on
9rowds of Rellgion , Casfale Sex 0r anghikg
ven in Last electoral Role tansgenders we also
includeclSo we have Rigke o voke and Hhert is ho
cuscriminahion on Right to uok in other words here
iSUnivalsal Adult Suflrage in Tndia ti's
pracnbed uderAt 325are A 326
Electjonto Houe of People'and ltaislatue
semblywill be oh basis of adult suffragard
0gisnolo19 yea earlier i was 1 yta», 61tCA A la?
mads it 18 ytas Hwte Hhese 9ualikcakiona ar laid elouh
under Ad: 326

Arthex anDIs 4ualiitakions uolcas 9

dey Ar 3a6. disqua kcakons are laid down.
Non [Link]
Unsoundhess of mho
Ctme
Corrut on illegal Phache (Cntven under Repuentationol
People Acd)
Sor
Sor everbody Can be rgskreadl a a vokr ite pecHve
O ReligionRate, Sex, Cash ekbsubjecd to
the di'squaliktotiony
givtn inAak 326..

Pacedu acs fox elechiond

Regardirg all theat apec, Hhe Paaliament has t
powe Ax 3- Says Parliamen may akt law rgo»ding
elechio to either houst o the ta liamentor ether
ho of te legislbkurn.
How thar electoaex) Roles illbe mad
Ha thuir Cohatitueny ill be de \teol
Al the asbetkwill be dekmined by Ha larliameT
Aat 329 baas inden krence bg Louat ih_electoval matHers.
So Catu Cannot queskon 1gadiny dililabion oflantumis
allet men4 oScaks ct

wh Carducs the tlechion 9

tlechion Commigs[m Conduck the elechmEleckon
lommisim is the Permanentbadyavo is an
ihdehudent
bady Aalicle 3u Sausil an body whith shou le ho
Most Indepeadent then it isClectom Commwssiom Ad3u
dea wih all the aspeck f Electon Commissim. that mea
ttelks abou e Powe ot ele ckom lommssln
he elechin lommissin ill DinctLonhrol
Superialkndente eletkon
howhich oCite elechonill beDieckd Conoecl and
Saberintended by the elechon [Link]
Paxliamenk
Stak legislaku
 ident o hdia
Eleckon of vice Prldent
A lhe clecliod
Clection wil be Conduulol
lommss ian.
Hence Elechion lomiss
Al Indta tm 1S an
a oady
body
Stak
and it ales o bot Cene a
oell
ComisSim Cravenmenk tou ver S Elecktan
kich evisagas in : 324 s
Concend with ocal not
sel Crouk elechons
LoCal Self Crouk aenot Cokred by Clechinn
Commssim. o then Stak eleckkon Comissm is thee.

Compositim oan Eleckan lammiss(on

tShall Conaist oa Chief &leckon.
s oppoink Commisstoner
by
b the residen oR India. (He is an
LAS
Mowally) and other Elechon lomw'sslanes a te
Pes tden may kx S essential o be the pestof
Chief elechon tomtss ioner, others a not eSSeadiad
in 15o lontituhan Came ino achn
our
Rua l 1A81 the
wo only one thief elechtan
ComsSioner hert were o oterloMi'ssioner. n. 148
be cau the age ovokiwa rdued Fom a to \8
So woxk load was alko incealehence more eletion
(owmisstones weK added, ad became 3 members.
body it rmiad 3 memben body KII La40 when
ork of electoral Poles oed dohe hen
mem bers
emovecd and 0gain it as membe Chue elechi an
tommissioner hen aain in 1943
itwa Haleal
mo membe ar eadid So in 1913
 again become Smembes bods his is cHll
Conw anaother elecKon Lommissoners will also
be appointed by e Pacatdent. Sobastcally ol 3
eleckim omnis sionerswill beatpointtol hy te Prealdent
Since her_ ar 3 how So Mototae earltr
Chief election omnissioner sil act_as a_thaitmam of
Me eletion lomissiamPaeatdend may akpoixt Regional
Elechios CommiSSioners thae ill also be aphainteo by
fatdent and he willappoinB them a per the heeds.

wha are thei Pouers 9

Chie Elechim Commssioneroo is also tha auman ana 2
otAer lectim lommtss iones hae tqual þaws qual
SalaryEqual Pequisihtd_Evaymig aual
The Salari ot Ckief elechon LDmmissioner an
Elechon lommissloneys be equal to ta Salary ofE
Juda ol he Saprcme Cout.

1 anu Dispuke a e betuch Chit elechon ComnSioxt

Cano ohtr ElechionLomisSho then Lan hiet
Elechon Lommisslont ovetnde thewn)
No
No in Case he Ckiel cleckim lommissloner oloes not
agrte with them e Maker will aloays b dectdeed b
Moipnihy. So the Elechim Lommssionera e
not gub servient o the Uie Eleckim LomnisSioncs they
Oa Cqua
 of
the ofhre of the
o Cuiet elechton lommissloner s of

gearsOxuntill is_ag o 5 gears.

hica tutr isear litr

Elecka LommSSon ha to be the mos1hdehthlent

nod betaa it ts Cohduchtky te eleckion

Ho does tht Cenattuton ensure their Indle perdence )

be
ee haut a
SLcunty oftnur f has to
he has to_he rtmod in t Same way
d Tmavtd mtn

o ther eleckton lommiss lo neus or Reaional &lechm

lommrssionus wil he emave onlgon the ruommendatn
of H Chie lechion Comss ionet

ualicatins olhe ChiefElechon (amaistioor

Elechton lommissiohe
No Such alikcakom rt pracibedltke legad
edutahiona ek

o man Mem berS rethert

Paeentl ter a 3 membersin
Paesently uka it it is t
be inaealthen there is No bar. they_Can be as br
needs ot tu hour

No whe under Ael: 3u it is meakeiond at he

Elechion Lommassfoner s debatred. rom any urtker
aphointmtmt by the Crou
 had arc the Powcs ofElechon. Lommussln o an elethn
Co missfontr)
o dekrmiN eleeoral Con kkuen4
to Make electoral Role
Notty elechhoms daks and Schedtuly
t gi Rtogitin to the polihtcal par tie
ther a a pes of Poliktal Parhoa

National Regiona
Cit depends that haus many Stals thy have)
it will be delkmied by tu Citdim (ommlisi and ako
H bolikial parha will ba tcognisealy 4a Llechim
LomSSim
>italso giue th _necessaty elechim sgmbol has ber
vEr(entaoverualpoik
H S any ds put rgarding sgmbols htni ac
aAa Cour it lan also be satd thar us 1s 4uai fuditial
pouoer thywill stle a dispule
Code o Concuchor te Pa hies a Caudiclaesuill
be deded hy th elechon lammss
Hha Rostar ol ta Proma tn ef Palshical Panhes on Tv ek
Is kea by elecfon Commissim.
MP 1S be dis quali tiedhan elechah
om
CommISs iom aduite the prestdu
Silalyian MLA IS bbe diquali ia thtn
elechon Lommissim oduiles tha Croutrnar
when the is an uiolance dutg poll r bco t
Ca kuing Cancelled by the elechmcommsstm
then it 1s
d y MP o MLA dMey atkr gethtng eletkd hen
Bge Electa is Conducttl hy th elechon ommSSn
Apart om all thexit Superutsa whole elechlom

Mahiner
belou th election Comssim Somany staffs ar thee
Croverora
Stath a giun by Pyrdent or

he Cake
may be
in elechm Commastion he ax ste wise Dcputy
Elehion .Comissionersthey all ax tom ivil serut
they become Depuly Gleckion lommss toner for 5 yeas
belo them t is whole de part mn

A h stede leuel the an elechn tomss tm

t h is a Chirt Elcoralotlkter who s hasttally t
head ol a Stak who Codut Panchauat elech

Heis ahpointel bg t Chief Elcion Lomuission

on Dis aict lavtl Collecler is h e t o llee tor is baatally

Returning oiter o ConatitutncsColleckor
aeebs eye D enk Pollig Dooth of heDistrict

So Sis theenht sqsem o Elecion lonmisslon

in Lhda
 Ano ther very-vty im borHant Cons thttomal Aulhoy
AuBhov

UnionPublic SexviceComas Sion CUPS

Stak Publi [Link] (sPsCJ
JoinA Publi Sevice CammlSSL
Aaides315 to 323 dealwiththuse Public Servite
Comss ism
Aa 31S Says here Shall be one Pablic Setvice
ComSSion for the Unim_and a Publie Servite Lommisifon
to Cath Stak.
315 Says there Shall be Ohe Pullic Seruteomsgim
fo o r mort stae Called join Publit seruite lomissim

UPSC is a Central Reckuiing Hgency all he Poss

o UnionSelecked by UPS thadis Lshy there is a vely
way
elahoraeluay of cuayhing ok UPSC rom Aattles3153R3

CompasiHon
UPCsc Consisk of a Chaitman ad othe Membeswho
or athointd by Hhe huidentof Ldia. the streugth of
the ComsSSioh a nol beeh decltared in he lonhkton: i
is the mader which, has been laft to the Paesident otmally
they haue odd number oi MembersMembers are noBmally
q-I1
Lohat il be thei qualitiahion
No qualitiakions a phecibed by he Conttttn. he
he
itn only menione in he Cohatitutton is Half of
 Members of the Commiss fon should be Such who
have Servt or alltast lo years ether Under theono
hae
of India or the (put of l
the stak. hals ohy Mostly
Membetof P S a AS o 1PS, Cnd artly
hy are om
wha oill be thu Londihion o Seauite
)
thr Condittons ol Servite shall be dehexmneal by Praident
onua
tnue of thuSaruite 6 Jeas
So tnuK of Chiet tlechon Commssioner 6 ycas
ana the tenun of Ckaitman and Members a}upsc 6as
Atteinikg he aga ot 65 yeas whithewr Is
eaHie

h e wani to Ruign then ike haue

o Raiga to
Paident becae t h r aphoinHg authoriky is t haidut.

Can
Can the Achtna PSC Chaitman be appoinBtd )
Yes Ard 316 talka oabou me oppoinbnent a al he mem bes
Preaident an appoinB an aching UPsc chaitmanin Rlixumsdeunce
CI okce of dhurman is uacant ad AS inkruic is to take
plate
2) when the chaiman is absenk

earlier he onceptofNCHhg Chai'man wa hot

hott
there ih tha ConsHioM t way added by ha 5MCAA
63 So hoto thexis prouision_ot Acth
Ackhh ha'rman
 the Powes ofActng Cha'thhan ls Same a the haiYman.
So ill the thaiiman Resumes his dukes he Coninues aith all.
the Pouwers o the Ckaitman.
Hoo 1s h e Chai mah or MembeS o U PSC CeRemoixal1
Hto
As 31t deal with he delaul of he Hmoval
i fhe_adjudgea a an Ihsolvent
Remoue will be done hy the PestdenB, and not
bythe auliamtnt, bnly Peident Can Reiave lhtm.

a qusHon atSed in the aje of

PSC v_Union o Indta 0 r
Can thi CBI Enquy be eondluckal 2
ye i was tlarsd in tt's Judgment if there IsAllegah'an
of ConuHona Nehotsh selechsns disputel them
CBI Can alwag ingui and give ik eportt th Lohcened
Authonity
 becomea HL Jdg
A Pexson oho is Shecialtt o Fhance axd Accowrt o
the rou
3Highly exriacad Peauon of Financiabtkx(Einantal ark
An xerniencd Eonomist..
The HComnendaho madle by the Finante lommsion are
Aluway Adusory in latux, hey are ho bindin on he Inut: So
i i s ub t the Union o auept the ncommtrdatons
o Rejeck
QlL the ttommtndahio

2 is the balaneing acor between the Sta ane dera

SuBtm hith it talld FiscalFederalisn

12-t July 202

National Commission oScheduld Casle Schedulesd Tbes

and OBC

A 333 deala wit Nahom Commusaone fpr SCs

Aa33 Adeals wim Nakonal Commkslon for Scheclule Talbes
A 33 6 deal with Naiona Lom-ission for OB

4dded by 1o 2 24CAA-Aal
 Funcho
Powes of_Finante omhdssian-
Commisslonis to make ecommerolatoky
Main job of the Finante
t h e Pis ident resardig the dishibuion of net octcos
oTaxes betwen Cente and the
ae p be shacd
all the major
Stalubecause the sBales haue veyless Sourtes
the
Sourte of Reuenue a n uken by the Centhe thas
tasony uohy distibution o et hoceedh is_a vexy inpor
fant
aspect
whad Shauld be the Shainq basis oi h e dshibukonat
Revenue also what Gaank in_Ad lo tht Slades haue to begiuh by Lety
whatever theinance lommission eLommends.

he Fixante Lowussian Also lells that - toto o intease

the Consolidatal Fundof a stak So that hey Can gie
Mort ahd moemoney to the Panckaya
isouon telouts
meAan
So,it Ho Can State intteae
So thatit Can help the Panckayats and Municlpaltea.
Hhe are He 3 maior jobs o Einahte ommisiim

Till lao epor duly imposedl on

there was the
Jue. hat is wky the Ganh have o be qiuen to Juke
phoduutna staBu,uhith meah AssamBiha Opissa and
west Benga theu Cank were Retommendeo by +ha Finahte
[Link] ua only tor lo yeas then_sBopped )

The Finante (omnis ion Submik ik Rebob o 4he

thcsident_and aident hoa la ibefox bath the
Hose
 The ole ot Finance Comm ion is an Aduisedy Role
and i t s a_quasi Juditial BedyMostly ther Mostly
Lommedaions art not um doton unlea here a
Compelli Reaon.

NationalCommissjon fo SCs

who aYe SC s_9

At 3U tells ahout SCsit Sayg the Pratdent may
or 4n stake or Union Tenibyatler Coksultaton with te
Goverhor b

Simble Pulic Notiiahionwll sþecsky the

Castes ates , tib ek which ill be Consideed a SCs

Avd i s the Petogahie od tke Paxliament o

keep
keep O
an Coste or Tibe ou om he is of sC. this
aspeck hoa been clearikeul hy 4he At 341L

Simi larly uder At 342 gien akou Schedule tibe

Aeaidentwith the ConsullatonofGoveXnor Can clar
the STs

thee aue 3 bnaktkona bodies-

(Nahiona Camm'sslon for_ Ss
(2) Nahioal ComSSion foSTS
3 Nahonal [Link] tor O8C
whenour lonshtuhon usa_FoamRd her_wa
No NaHonal awmiss ton tr_SCs STsox oBCs
Under Aat 33 here was an appointmenfo f a
oiginall
 Speral ofhcer for SCs and STwho uould inwkgak
matters egHs regardi'ng Conituhioral Saeguards for
SCs andSTs He d gin hus Report to the Pacaident
and he ed t be Called-Comi'ss lonertor SCs and$ts

h 198the Cput: by a sthde reaoluhionnon Statulo

made a mali member Commissioa_for SCs andSTs inM
198 tht Cov: enamad it ax-Nultonal (ammissiontor Sls
Cnd STs Chis Role wa also incicaace
Jhis Nahional Commssiom tor SCs_ad $T wa
iven ConskiturioralStats by 65thCAA q4.0 So thefrevious
Sgkm_wal endedahdthento Cozhitudonal body(ame
ie. Nahional Comnission for SC and ss. ha uas single
Commissisn
Then 84mCAA 2003 Came whith bifurcaed
Nahional lomnmission fo SC and SIs intp Paxrk and noto

it belam
Nahiona Cemmission to SCs and
National Commissidn fo STs (Al 338 A
And also
Earlierher oa Only Oan aardug
xecutiveOrder ngarduy
NakionalLom'ssion or Backioad ClastcAHoevr by he
Lo2 hd CAA 20 the Nakonal ([Link] on 08Cs ha also

been given a_Cohstitdioal staty

Nahiona [Link] to SCs

Art 33s 2) Sas i Consisk_6{ a Chat peionUIte
Chair ferson and 3 other Membars Paestelentdeteaming
 their ohdikon Seruce They are not deermuined by 4a
Payliamaxt but the Prerdend of India

They are all apboinkes by te Padend Unde hus warent

uder has handand Saal.

Baaic unhiod of Nabional (anmiSSion oi SCs

bosially hee a loks of okuhutonal sakguards
r Scs So oheneer any malters lakih ae Concerni kae
SCs Comey uthen onueaigak and monitor all
mattes and t tualuade the Sakguard shich ae 'n
xistance for the SCs
2when aMy Complaink uhith Comes allo rdia gazdiv
violaion of Hha Rigks o SCathen the ingui Can
be ode by the NahionalLamniSljon tox SCg

here is qwhole deulopmemt programme Jhich have

have
been givenb e eok: ulkt t Schedluled laste
lohih is Callee Souio EonomitDevlopment_ol the Schesluleal
Caakes the Natona LommiSsiomPaahcipasih those
Deulopment natlesevaluaks the hogasohich ha ben mada
by tuse ogamas and Fo fare e ae ekchve
ekchive
The Job Nak onalComm ssion 1s to eent p thaPaeaident
Arnally the epork on tha oorkshg o these Sakquards
gien ininthe Conttituton or n tha Publit Poliliej--

Based on Hha Expexteneeit giksHlommendahons ad

 whatmeayu Shoula betaken by the Union tor
etthtueinpltmendohion of thes Sa guard

Basicall he main job o is Commu'[Link]

look alkr th welae o th SCswhatever plans
hnade byhe u a their_ekchienest4 well astair
mis akes keeping- eue onthem, ei texe is anystake
SC ek
Hhy Shall gie eozta u Paidew any thad how
to make HhngsbeHer r Ssthouah ik siten in
the Conghhdion a they prouie aMKual ehortbut
Hhey hink h e y an give any aehort_anykime o ta
haiden. whichee ehort given b the Prtzident by
Naiona Comnssiaa jor Ss Preaiden laygdoon Had
eho
befene he Paaliamen cad becalme these axConterning the
Stalethe hetidet fouuendh these epork adko Ato he
Stake Cpuetkorsana Crovenos give it to HuirSate lislakng
ahd legislakurea ok on that
what ae he Pouwex o he Cominission
The lomnaission kabeen given Paxrs uader At 33
tequlak ik ownhotedue.

The Comiss jon an invesigak ito any lomplait Camblaiab

axe [Link] A theyhav all the fowers ofa
Civil Cotet *ying SuitSuit.
thas uahy t theyhave oSummon anybody or
the Haue o entoteattndence o an persoh
 Can have the same ooes gen tothem byPC.
samna Under oath Qnd take Stadements.
they CaM
of Documehs, Produhon o
hey Can ask for distouRuy
Documenk Duterogatorita
aidau'ks
They Can Receive Eudence on
TheyCan Call or anyoHte.
owiBneng
TheyThey Can Sendsummon o eamiahion
n other words tey halle all boucs of Civt
Coua okile Cenduuhikg the inqui

whenar tha stak Cout or the lenta Covk hau to

make a Poltciesik is mandabr hat they must lonuult
nake ay
Lom(1sian for all peleg astrt major Policy matkr
Lokich Mey wanto [Link] his tammsssim wa alo
Suposedt hav s{milar Aunchio o ogCs but nouw the
Nahiomal Commissim tor 0ßs hay been saparaked. Sono
iks only loak aler the Sts

At: 338 (D)Says- tat tha also look atkr he

the Anglo
Indian Communy

A 338 A this Arkcle doalh oitm Sthelule

Tbes
Nakional lommisstmM or STS also a Consttshonal body
earler here never ed to hae Sebarak MasAaytor
bals b (n 1444Miníhy b Tribal Aan sa slaattd
becaeit way aksd thak Tie e o be taken lare
moe. andno he Ms oB Tikal Afairs a
Ienked witm minuskol Soctal Juat'te Cnol Emposer ment
 lier only executie bodies woaki laer it wa
Cc only-
ealisedtet there is a
were

need for Naiona Comna'Ssimastly

one Comnissin waJ made o rScsand$Ts- bud hen ik was aivem
Conithional gtaky. by 8qm CAA a d hen uther ths Ac
o amended Parh
by deuideng Ar 338 ino_2
The Naiomal (ommssim for STCame into exis tance
inQoo. Axt:338 A Saya-it Conatsts o fa- Chai Persoh
Vite uair Person and 3other members Allar oappoined by
tha Paestdemt thur Condthios o seruiteare dekimi'ao by the
aiden an unchos_of tha lommisim ae e
the Same,au

the Nationa ommisslon for S

P o e s a alto same_includinq Ciuil urs Powet

There is not much duerenee between Aa 32g_and 33 4-

ey a almost th Same

Aa 33E w a added by ha lo2hd CAA Aolg is

is alko Similat a Axicles 328 ard 33AA,

There will be a National LommisSienfox Sccially

and GelucahonalyBackwad claye whithwill be Calleal
Nahonal Camissim fo ackward Classe
all the othea i g a n S a m e
the only thig s it naguen onhituhimal
Stou i2olE it wa giuen Conshituhonal statul
by o2d CAN 261f
A: 33- e ident may at any Kme ad at Hhe
Capitobion ot lo yea rom the Coimentemon order
a Commission oehort under admiu'stohon o scheduled
ArcaA
So, eR a tour Commissiom
Siomguder Aiclus-338
33 A, 33g8 and 339
w h o are ses ana Ho they be decleatal as S At 341
Delasaion of STs a Sts Aak 342
Socially and Gducaionally Backward clasud Ard: 3u24

H 35o B Sþecial oficer oi Lingushc mihoihu

Sauys Hhee shall be a sþetíal ohcer for
lirquustic minority4 to be apboinka by thePratdent
Driginally_our Coahuhion did not have any Such Prousian..
when The Stak taganlatim Commsstm w ode ifmadu
aeommendain tha ther Shall be a shecial o htcer
likguishie nminoi. As a ault he CAA 1456
iher ted tus neo Aticle ie_Aak 350 B
thert shauld be a Specialoitar or lingusht Ihkathe
appoinkd by tha loNKkhion

ik major work isthar Hos to prott the likgusht

mino ihe under th (okituhon. ah i t Sends thoat
o the Pestdenk:
 Al 35o 0is qit about ik quai ttahi enut, salarie
Seuice Condihions otedut br oval otirg 1s
mentioned uder this arhcle SoH's thhaident uho
Loill delet mine
i the fundamtndal Rigkt to b r o k c tO uL
r arquag has

wh
why there is a Post of Lingushe minoity Special officer
to poket thue
likqushe m(noniies.
the Special ofhicer of Lingis ke mkoaíty is calleol
Comussioner to Linguíshe minoHhi
I head quantea isin [Link]) ik haa 3
Regional oflite C Belgaum ([Link]
(2 Chennai Taml Nadu
3) kolkakt u i Bengal
Heads of thae 3_o fite a alled AsSistantCemhsssloner

Commuissioner fo lingus hr Minaaly Stays in touh

with Stak Crov ana Unon Teriloig and ih Cent
he alls Undey Mini'sthy foa mikoyatkishe stanin
tonslant taudh uith 4hem when euer he
he has to Submt
their Repoi the Preatdent ah Paldent Pacsenk thar
epoat befoe Union Minoily afains nintskr.
 Compoller and Huditor GenealCCA G)
Ahtcles 14g and 144 deal ih CA DrAmbedlkar
has said hat CACis he most ipothani oicer undtr
tha
the Consihution of India He is the Corner Stone of the
Demote hic 3kn in India. Dr Ambedlkaka_alio said o t
Supme Lout Elechin Commssim UPS anol CA a e
pillpills o 0ur Democraty
He iS
is ave
avey inportanl otte becaue o the att
that He keeps an eye Onthe eniR Puse of 1dia
the a wods=

Comb hro ller > abodyLohith allaas the ISSue of

Money
2 Audi tor _ it is basitally_an ofhite which check
whether money spent rightly og hot

îh u k no mone tan be sþent it a_Comptro|ler

clees not Teleaja tha
moneybut in India Release of money
is hot by tomprollerit
asdi h on sþend o mMoNt
CJn ihdia it 1S more Audiot Gttnta and Contpaolleri s
homina

CAG iS the one of the most inpontan dobs becae the

Monty shent by te rouk: checkea by_CAG
Ae148 CAG 1s appoinlal by the Pheatdex af lhdia
avd he 4akes an Oathfor the Allegtante to the
 Conathtion he holds olhte for 6 ya or upo the ag
o65 4ear whichevur iS eAelier

i he has to eNgn- he oilladduos his reulanatorna

letkr to the Paeatdent

1fhe has o be thoudhe has to be maued ih the

Same ua in which a Judgeof t
Same 0a SC Can be tmaveal
in otherwodsit is only- the Parllament by speuial
majprity that a CA Can_be emaued. otherwise he annot
be tmoved

The
The CAGhas to_be
madu vey indepandeut
Haio Do we enau the [nalependen o CA
Secuty ol Henu is gin o him he Lanonly be hemaikd
ikea dge of SC CAG do na hald afiedut te
Meaaure ot the Datden though he Is abpoinked hy ta
bardnt but emautal by Paulamtnt
A : 48 very learly saus one he etieuhe Canno hald
any furihur ofite hetther undler Cout o Ihdia or

under sak louk.

H s SalaySeuie Lordikio Ce dekrnihael by tho Parltamet
3The Sala» of the CAG is equialankto the Salar of a
SC Judgt
Hts Salary 1s charged on Conlidalal tund of Indka. and
hey lanna be alkacdte hs disaduankage bg any uotiag
 thert
7hetisa Cemtal Seruite CalledLdian Audik ad
is mad om ut
ACt ouns C Gtoup A) nomally CAG
SeTUice

Soo al
S of Audhs_and Atounk is
he dehautmens
dekimined by CAG aer Consul atan uwi thu Preaidet.

dPrejdent Lshatevey fo 4he Audi b and Actounk olehatment

is on ReLommevdahim of CAG.

Sc once alked about Lootk of a CA of

tn the Coje
S. Subeaha hiam balaji s Gouk of Tail Nadu Aol SC
ug has Cacated lonak takonalfunchonay in
itsaid- A a

4heotm a
CAlr CA examine the ProprickyLegadey akal
volidity of all expent inud by the lrwt:he othte
fCAG, exertie e fhechia Lonttol oVer Gout auounk. this
iS the maih joh of CH

there is an another Cau-=

Shahid Balwa vsUnon of India olu sC
itSaid- CAG is the most imporaunk oier nder
ConuHhhn o India and his duy being the uardiau 0
P u b l i Ause is to See that not a enny o il spend
withad te authority of te Paliament
Al 149empowes CAt perfoan Suth duhesa
xertise suth powes in elahon to the aLounk of he union e
Hha stae and la a vay inportant ele in the Stheme
Fihatfa on thol
6fPaalramentary
 Duka af CAG
The Duhia and Poes a gian under Art 194,ohich Salu
tha Pasliament
hasbee auhoisd toPedcihe
the dutes of CA Se Paxliament þassedtha law Calle
CAG Duies Pouwex andCondilions of sevite Act la11 t i s
ac has been amended many tiesand noo his Actlls
hat-uihat ae he Dukie_o a CAG
H e audik oall he acouh ie lonslidated fund of India
Consalidated Sunds th Stak. Conalidaea fumds of the ONion Tean'oig
Al he akounts_are audikd
Heaudik all the expenditue rom h e Cont'gencyfund
o f 1ndia
2He also audiks the PablizALcoun of India.
h 4he
e Coningeh«{
Con ingenCy und ol the skades art also audik by te CAG
Apat thom thue al he deharimenk o Cental oi shk
Crov whadesr they do it Tiadtng manutatturing Prolit Lass
eything is chekel by CA
A h ceipkallthe experdikus checked by cAg tha
whether hey a a ber tuleaor Protedure or not
AL he Publi Sactor undertakings_of he Govk: ar audiko hy
CAG
a geneaal uleCAG_doe notauditthe atceunk af
Local self bodiu bu 1f Governor or Pheaident reqush
in any Special nmakex thenhe Cand do So
He Submis his efork disecklyto the Preatdent in th
matte o Lenb. aneta ha Cmenor in the matk?s
Stae.
The CAG Submis 3 audit Repoa to the Preaidh
 Audi Rebort on Apbro priako oAcouns. mont
. mans monty
Spent igktly or nof
2)Audi Repor on FinanteAtounk
()Audit Report on Publitunde taki both
audil ehor Preaidend l s btfox
all 3 to Publ
he houes o{
the tha Parliament in Parliamen igoes
(omnittee ad hee they ind ou if e ss any
an
ACCoun
SCam

Undegembhasized He s
The Role of haudly-
CAG is
be vea
The CA ha to be vey
he ainwaBchdog of eonomics
honat and basically he is achihg ad a n
idehendext
so thal all
agunt of he Parlamn we the Peepld or both
expendi tu al the nceips are propesly actonted
inthe Cenhe a welay slate.

tHoaney Geneal of Idia. At46)

Axt 6 ells abou atBorney gnetal o Inda.

The AHome Geneal of Ihdia is Highat Lao ofhice h ndta..
h 1s appoikled by h Pruident

whad ae s qual icakon

Ar6 Saya Hha he mut he qualihed be apboinlad as
a Judg of Sc.
So the quali cahin of s judge
applt to he AHBorhey (renetal
of Ihdan he 4ermof
Ator ney Gteal is not ixed by the Congh tion hehe
Alho ney abpointment hor abotd emoval S menkonea
abour
 anghing in he lonhtuhion ik is only urilen thet
He halds ofice during ha Pleasure of the raiden So axytine
he Can be cmevta by she
Pxaident ano if he ha oto ign
uign
hen he Can Submis hi's ugnaion to the Pcaicdent

Notmally he aign hen te lacuncil of minslex eign

OPaaliamerd iK dissolved:itLok salbha)

His dcmuneaaion is nod sied by the Coruihtonbe

Leivts that munesaim ohith may be iresl by th yrdent

Dulia o Aldaney Ctnexal f Idia-

Htsmain duty iS to give_aduie to te Crout. o
Lndia on legal Mattex which ate ntfd to him by
he President.
t o perbrm those dukieg skich ase assigntd lo kim by he
heaidend=
t o obhtaL on behalf of he Gov: in_all Cases in sC
in Relerenee Cales uhder At: lus thet also
also Atarney-
Athrney
qeneal will xeþiegenk ha Goul o lndia
LokeneuCI the (out oLhdice 15 a Party_in HC Cd it
is heeded then he Can alays go t ke HC alka.
Gecauye GcouoH Lndia is normally nata hady in lowcr
LouxK has is a rtajon hyhe never Jo to tLewer Couk.

2He
He has Righto
audi enu in all tur_in Lrdun

Even Even while heproe eali ep obot houls ar

thou he hag and take patin the
igho speak take
pvoteediks_o both the heug he Can speakardMP
parinJoint sithikg a tll Howenr He is n
an

So he kas o ig p uok.

2hough he is hot an mP he enjoya all he Privjlegas-

and immuit given p an MP

then av Cetain Limihonoh Aitorney Genea

H e will hod sheak agal the Coul ofIndia sa
to pmoslauger of th Croul Lhdia , thas whu
he will hot hald aMy meehirg4 brte again Cov o
Jndia
1 he is aheatg h ony mate ofthe Couk: hen
he Should ho hold any briet in these aja also.

H e Shoul hot deled atcua pesoin Gimihoal Proseuhion

ithauexps
tsspermissim. om rou of dia

He should hot acebt appoint menta dinchor inan

(mpany or Cororadionm oitkou 4he þermissim o out o
Lndta
Can he Conhinue s Ptachue)
Attomey Gtneral is not alull Kme Louncil of h
Crou thats why he Canwet be CalltdRalit servan thogh
he has all the Privileges of an mp. thad is a rajen
why he Can have his Privak legal hathte.
wh
belo tha Atlorney genera of India. thtrt Is Solcior
Genehal o India
ayd Addihional Solicilor Geneial o Irdia
they a r ho{ lohuituhional bodes thtn i na metn of
hue 9 So bagically theu a tahiosoexeuhve ohder
tlolotutAtHorney Gtnexal is asisheal by Salicilor aenera
ot Idia and Addihiona Soliitar Geneal of Iadia
belo tha Atforey geneal of India thert sSahaito
Gtneal of Idia ad Addihioa Sokkilor Gtneal ol Idia
theyare hot lohkkuhional bodits htt homesm of
h So basitally thty art tahions oexeuhive oder
HototutAtHorney ueneal is_aisteal by Solicitor laenexa
ot Indiaand Additional Soliuitor Gtneralol India
July o2a
AdvocaeGeneral
Aduocak Ceneal is kighstLau olkrer of
the stakhe s apþointed by the GoverhcYHe
mut be qualiked t becamt a Judae ol_a Hc He
m be uiten o India
the e m okis okice is hod ixed bs he Cena Htuton
Ccame_ax atBerneg generc He holds ofhceduning pleau
rouernorin other worda Attoxmey Genera Canbe
demoved by te Phesidenand ka Aduolake Genea Can
be emouRdoy Crovernor at any 'me
i 4 he wan quikhh e oer hrs gahion t
Covernornotmally ohen Cqouk: euignhe also reslg
t h e money with is p be pard i s deuded by the (rovetno.
h e docs SameJob as Atorney Cenerc
He aduiced Hha Cout: onlegal matteax
Perorm a l the duhe okith Seue kas giuem him
He Can apbead in any lour wilHain the SBae.
He Can Speak_in uidkan Pariskad uiclkan sabha
bu he dotsnataue Hght o vof
 Relatio beBwcenwon avd Hhe Stae
Our Consikion is tderal in sthuckurew
mea has, then S cleardeusion of Powts bekween
the Cent and ue Stade
ohith Powe
Leaislatve Pouoens
Admunistraive Pout i aro
Financta Powers
One pouwer uwkich is hot divides is Judicial lowur
becae India has an InHgrated Judiuiary So there is
ho divisfon of Pouey in_judiciaryhowvur there i
lear denmarcaiono Powu in legshturt Admuw'siaktm.
well a Finantial Powtrs-

Paat
Relahionsbelween ONion and h Shk
Legis laiu Relakoa
Lxecuhiue or Adnikistaohiue Reloions
Financial Relaho

(0Peg1slahivee Relaiona his s the Most imborant

part becauethough ouT ContH kuh'on is federa
in stauctue bur is pat Shotos he
uniay Spirit
In Pla hichan Purty Federa Amerita here
oe id tha the Centhe awd the Staue 1s Powers a e
absoludkly in wa gt Compaat ments the union
 Canno legislak on Subjeck o the stakas CCind vice-uersa.

The Legislaive Relatona i n our Constikhion ae

given
iven rom Aahicles uS-255 4hiswhole tapis Cam
be divided ino Park

Legislaive Pouaes_af Legislai Pouaus ol

Cend and Stakes wilh Cene oand slale lh
Rupectta Ttonu Respec ta Suhjuo l
i meams
t CamtentaolLaw legislam
be applital to Staes or here is Complek
Staky Las Can be applo Schedule 4 by is
Cene or not.

Texioial exlen of Cen and slale leqislation.

A us Exlet of Laws made by Parliamenk ävel slake
leaslatses. Parltamentmay na Laws or wholeoL any
pae f he tmitoryo India andLegislature o a
Stae ma ma ke lauas for Lohole or any parh of the stake
No Laomade by the Parliament skall be oleemd to be
ivalid on the gioundAha it will have exha niial
operaion.
Hmeant Parliamenmay make Lauws for stales& onion
Territorie3 OA ell
States a n make laws fo uhole of the slu o r Any a
any pa
of the Stole bu these Laws of the staks qre not
cpplicabla oukrde the stae
 Par liavntnd hau been gien ouer otExloa Territora
Legislahion meav, Paliament Can make laws fr
hose Indian cithzens sho an cukide dia or thert Propty
isoutside ndia. Powe omes om Aa us of the lostihuhan
a Idia

whee
where do theLa Parhamtnt no apply)
in four Union
Temitornes- fndaman and Nttobay
Lakshaducep Dadra ayd Nagar Haveli. and Daman anol
Di because there Praidexial guatiom are a eecthe
as tha Parlíamerdary LawsSo Parliamend need Mot make
Laws o these yUnjon Tentories

i Schedule 5 and Schedule 6 the oveTnor Can disallos an

Act of the Paliament o be abþlied to the Schedulen
ata o to the THbal artas
Dishi buion o Legislahu Suhjcch Ad &u6
Ouh Scheduleclear demar cae
Pdoes undar is liskit mtan okabtu suhject
mators ome in Union list only Union Can malee l a
on that, on 2nd list stae listonly Shase Can hoke
ia
the law ard om 3rd list i loncurtend lis both Can
make laLs

A Prehen
these Cre loo Subjeth inthe Unjm ie List T
there ae Subjeuk In the Stae ie
List L
 the u2cAA 16 anserred 5 Subjech aomn
Stae lis to oncurxut list
EduLaham
Foregs.
wuighks ana Meaduc-
otectim ofoild Aninals ao birds
dmiistadion ot Jutice
ALL hese we State Subjechthty wee sutled
to (oncutrent So SBale l s t pdesently have 6 Suhjech
Origihally he t t 66 5 Subject Shitted Bo Contutnt list

i n loncu*Tent lis how thee are 52 Subjeukoxiginaly

there wen

Calle
1H any mater is not lisBes hat mather is
Kesudiay Matlar

Aal:u8 Sap onlg Parliame Can moke laws on

Resudiary natter

Lish IIand II fschelule waa

the Creakon o Cpv of Irdia Act 1935 where

basically the -

the fedexal, Prouinctal and Concutrent Suajeck wtere maple

h e r s t tme Hooeeroken lae see he three lis
hey Sho tha we areedesa stale becausDemarahion
of Subjeck is he hall mark o y fedeaal Stuctur
bu when we go deep in he lsts_e.
ind thad Uon ist hag aken awa d tha (npor laut
 Maters of the. County that is ohy iCan be Sad ta
Stale list
thertispredominanceof ofOnion listDue the
moke
dhol euen he (oncutiun ist thak s wh the Cony ikuion
V lear lohenever there is overlapping between UhJon
lis ad stae list he union list oill pieail n Ca
her is union list and Conurnt list again the Union s
will Pheail.

As a genual tule Cene ad SBake both maksing Lauo on

Concu rent Amd La ofbion will Prwal over State La
laio
Bu here is an xcephiom

a s t a l e naky any Laa on Concutenl s t a

thot uwa eserved o r the Lonaicdehattam of the Prestdent ahal
Psidend sscndalin that CageSBale Laso willL ovenlde h
Owon Lau
B
Ahis ouision does not shop the Unon hom pasSth
Another La to oUearde the Las made by Stak
Docdika
Doctine of Tembral Nexu th's dochina mans=
it s not netesary thatlaw Should be mads
apþliasle
only within he bowndrits ofhe tenito
lemtor
E1-Bombay lottenes and Pri2e lombe lihon Ac1qug
was npes ed tax on GroSood Puzels ad
Lotte-e
Hnere
her LOa a ewspaper. whidh_oSed o publish in
Banglore bi most of ikSale_ua in Bombay then
Qesion axised tha His Ho shall be aplted in Ganglort
buk How Can_a dak o Bambay lan._be applied in Banglort
thatis ohy a landmark judgmen (ame-

Slake of Bombay us RMDC 1951 SC

in Has_case i cleastd HLat here is a suktient
Ney hehwcen ta- State _mak he la and theohjeck
the Las hen, evem Hha lau Shlls cukide that
area then tha Can be kepf

This Dochine o Tedorial Neulwas evalued hy

Priy LountlJudgme in he Case_of--
Oallae Brolkes and CoLhd- vs TheLomni'ssioner of Thcome kak
Bombay UAuE PC)
in this lasa Conpany wasrgiskred in thglandit
had aboihbal am agent in Bambayhrough tuis ageht hke
lonbany Carried on business within Bombay ano hhe Lompa
lompahy
earned nullions of Rabceohen Intome tax a(mboitd on
hen Hhey Said that Hhey are English ompany and they
ave not liable do pay tar then privy Counil Apphieal
h Doine o Teioral Nexus dnd ade them liaule to pay
+ax
 Dotine_o Ph and Subslance
uder Ar Q46 t
thi's Dochhe sehlectod
mean that [Link] the Las is made Subjeet
onone

SometimesLad
and thod Subjeck ha many btanchesSo
whch tom
madt the Staleg also touthes Some matterg
o
by
under he Subject o the centre and Sometimo
he itIs
hpossible Seggak then i t Shall be Seen thot what
is the ethos of thot Lau or what is Pith ar subs tande
o tha Laso i k ethoo Pith and substante is
he mater of slak i rohsienk iks list becau it
is Connectd with the main Caw which perkin to the

Stateg then t Can be allauwed

S o if he lourt Conduch he ihqu ad tds

PIth ad Substance it the ethos of LAu pertana h te
mater wkich is itkin the ompetane of the leqrs lakura }hen
hat lan be allowaal
us DoctHn aagain applte by the Privy taunerl in h
Case
Phatula Rumar mukhes jee vs Bank of Khulka 1aua f
in 4is Cale he matter w the Law wa agalnt
the honlenders avd it touchas Prahsoy Nok whlth
isCenta Subjtttin tuis. Pth and Subsance is o
Dokibit money lendes so i wa alouwes
 Dochine of Colourable Leaslahion
his Dochme meaw hat, what you Can not
do dtthlyyou lannot do indinelly ako.

on this dochine. the laudmatk Cose is

An ameNtan Cak=
Bailey s Dxcxel Euakuse Company 192 USA

in Ameaita he la mak body is Callel Lenguis

and all poterso taxation arewit longtess and the
Labou is matktro sla (longaess is OAloa here
CongessSuod Child Lakbau tax Lato 1414 and Sald
that tayone will emplog_tAild then thty_kae to paar.
here he matkerS more ha tlatod uith_Lhuld Labau
and not tax.

hert, Pith and SthsBame 1S= Child lakour

ard to Cover it hey aremakivgittaxoble

is is taud on he Conahikiom anal thas whyw

this Doctine Saus-Ohat you Cant dodirttH jou Lan
clo ihdirectly as well
 4n July doR8

H26 A thisarhidebaaically deak with GST

thot ho Can maka Lao on GstT

A 2 6 A was tncerted by 1o|st CAA 2ol6 hs

Aricle Sa tha Paxliament and stae legsladue hau
Powes to make las gardikg GSTi depends thos
whether he Goods are ih Union GST o in Stake GST

[Link] ho4 xclusive Paae make Laws

on GST,whert Cood are beBween Staes ie wherte
there isan inttrstak trade in guch Casesthe Paaliament
S alone empoutred to hake Laws.
Aha is ahg hereisC CST and SGST

Under wha Circums tances he Parliament Can legislake Ih

the Stadk fuld
9
ih hotmal kmes lenhe and he Stake have a
Clear demarCakion So, in normaHms 0hion maks las
On
On Union list and stae makey Laws on Stak s t _ bu thema
Lohen the obnbrmal tmasthen
the onsthukon ikell pouide Ahed the dastbukon tan
be noo ckangad in other worda Paxliamen tan make
LAS On Stale Subjtck
Condi ions giuen in he (ong tituton
A t au4 the RajsaSabha daleas 4h t s
necesay in Nariona Lnderut tha Parli ament should
make Laws_on any madHer in 4he Stak list and the
Rajga Sabha ses his &esoluhon by 3rds of the
membess Presend aind uatig hen i i s þass
BuT
twis rsoluhion will be entorted only orTyear
i s to be Tenewd after one a then the
Same þrocess has to be slloweo Cam be rrnwso
eas as H Raja Sabha Pazses the
many
esoluhan b23»d mayibnity he laws-
nce the tsoludion. is o r then
Loill have eects only HlL 6 Mon th afker the esoludíom

i s o e r s onlywith the Rgya. abka. hot the

Lok sabka-

Poue
AadSe Durig Naional Cmergen
duringEmergenty he Poalíament aLcqure al the

poes Ho legtlake in madtHers oslate liit they

will lonkhue undill the expiy o 6 Montha ohen
emerahu Ceades to opeaake.
Duri the Emergency Lohen_larliamtnt maky La on

shteub(ek the slaBe Canalso make he lao on the

state haku
Slale Subjeck durikg Cmergencybu, 1
e La whch is rkugnent to he lws macle lby
he paaliawnen hougn it is Stale list he Pazliamenaan
Louo i l l overmde he Stale Lats ths thuhg 1S
dAriked under Aal951

3td Powoet

Aa &s when OT more Stalea make a tquet

he Paxliament to enact laws on the maHer of
Slale list hen he hrliamend (an make laas regaty
had hatter
in Suchmaters t h e Parliamer maku law
will only be abblicable e thes« or mort Sate
okch tqueskead iwill na be opplicable to all skh o
Indta. However i he other Shale wank o adopt His
then hey Cah pay saluhm and adobt tus awwhemeuer
tus La has o be amende or ebealed then it Can be
epealeOr anendeonly by the Parliamen ana
and not
hot
by the sae leais latures

h thew Traltes hose or more Slada wh'ch

mou to he Par líamavthey acually gieu urpows
Lstch 15 Calle Abdicasson of Powers they Surrnder
ther Pouers t he Pazliamtst becaue thut is
dis puk
beween then Slake

Powa
Al253 to Couer an Lnlernahiaal Hadee ment cas
to et
he wan gie to tha Inlerhaiona Ttat
So
So to Cove inlenahional rtaly Parliamen Can always
take u oamy Stae list
5nPower

Ht 356 During Paidenla Rule

hePhsidentss Rule has been
mbos on
the stae Hhen also. the Parliamen_btomes embowtded to
make Laus ilh gard to anu of the states listbut hen
Hhs isonly abplicalle to that SBat.

Hoo do the Centae Londrols he Slak leAislakun?

wheneyer he stalepase the legyslahm wkith
in 4he eyes of the CcouLrnor Should Mot have been

pass Ohe ans o haue Hhe And openwion of the

heaidet he Can aluwaya deserue i t or he Lonsiderahiam
of the resident.

there are Such matkrswhich. Governoor haue eSerue

indu Stale reedomof taade

ih CaleOf Einancial &mexgenc then Preatdent Ca holel

all the money bills.

thee ae the Contholo CenB over state lgis lakure.

 Ad ministralic Relaaiona(Executive Relatons
i s Comu under Chabler Lo£ Paet XI. Covttal
under Aricles 956 to 63

Executiufcwer is like legslahe Paer has been

devidedin the Same w the leaislahue Pouex art dvided
betoeen Cente
and the s feea.

The
The Execuhve Pows ol e Cenkre
o Thdta on Motlers whert=
Cxdends the whale

Paaliament have xclulva ighk o leaislahm

hereeuer is any treaky Qmd ageenment where Parliamat
ts elgible o ake Laos.

So baaicallythey areSame Execute_Power ar those

wich inblimenk th law basically miwsky and whole
deparhmen Uhder ha miniSkrSiilarly Statekau
thetr own miishy-
So the xecutue pouwex ofhe stak_ ekna to hose
maters in which i l is Lompe tene o legislade

whee here Concutent maters here both Parlamext

and slae leguslakuae havepouwert
Bu
whe there 15 Conurd hadlers the xeukie Powe
rea k with the slales. unles ure s speakaly
Parliameuna Law ho tha maBer aill be taken (as
by the Unim

E IPC, CPC CP they allare Peasliamentery Laws

but implimendesd by sladea polie Statoya oSlales.
Conaithon Says it vey clearly that the execuiue Power
each salk ghall be exercted in suha wau
So a hey Comblyith th Laws of th Parliamert
theslakslak does not Comblythe centralLaas then
hen
will be Baeak dosh oohsh tuhional matkinery it mea
Paidenda Rule.
ohalever the execuhve Power oCenre is in he
Stale they Can
Ahe g againy that Centol Exeutive
Pouwes
aa tom thee major hings thet are Some Smaller
Hhings
Union CangieOrdes to the sBade rgardiig Natnal
militar imporHanee eg
en Boade Arraathur Constuchton
anal MainlenanLe meams otLommanitahim ek. Centre
Can oyder slale to take Cat th 4igs.
Pro ecion of Railway lineg in tha slale is the rsponaibiliy
oslae la prole them
hother toumguo Shall be poovi'deda Prtmar leve of
eduuhkon, tha theg proutdle adequak fatililies toinpart
mo th tenque ad the Pdary Saga Sperally to those
who Are lihqwahe minoiky roub
welfere of SCs and Sfs they have to execue all
Ahe Scheme ofof the Cente on SCs ard S
 s ibuim Oxecukue PauORE Is verg-2 tre
gicd Can Cen
delegadeik legslaive Pouwtr 7
Nothey areignd so here Can be no dis hrbuhanof
Legislatuemattes.
Inexecuhite or AdmiNstaiuemates here shter
Uernmenel Delegdion of Cxecuhur Funchoy thaukss wh
Hhatagh d not allowd under legislakut but undder Cxecuhve
it has o be allawed becau many laws will sillout

So, whad are te Povisin9

Ark sg lls hat the Pruide with he logut of t
SHale ro Can intrut to thar C v any
any of he execuhe
Funchiod of the lentre
Simila the Couernor of the Slakwlth
Lonsen of the endre Cow Can intruat to he Lental
Crou an of tha exeuht funchoy of tha Slak.

what if Stae denics the worko Centre in

Such malers Can he CenBt give an executue unchn
o the Stak wtkoud he shk
the Conjent_of he skk
Y hut i Cant be done by Presicen a
b e done by tha Parliament, So wdler Art A5s
iPaliamendwans tCa on
any Uhion ust Suhject
Cutho HSse he execuhie fowe be given o a slak, but
uis thing Canbe doneby the e s . i k is One way

only
Ho will ke ensue he Cocpea0otion beloeenenbt ahd
he slale2
Onder Atcle 262 and 263
An the ihter shk tiv duspuks those Paaliament
may brovide for odjudicohim. in this matter neiher
Laumay
byLa
Hhe SChor other Cours skall eertiseJuisocim it
willl be Salud by the Patliament by makir lauas.

t maintain Eeaderi betweenCenta ad stales arsl

One Stake ith anahu sak tha ohy thereis a pouisin
ofTter Stabe louncil Ax263 inter Stak enCountil
is basically aConyitutonalProuiston his Countiluwa nada

Tob o Inla stake Counil

job is to Seluehe disbuks betuen States ar
Lente_and ako dispua betozen one Stae ard another $lak.

Axe he
Ake the ctomedahomsDecision o InterStata Lounu
bindivg in Nakue2
No these are oduiso inNature s_decided by s
here SC is allowedtdecde inler fere in these makrs..

he kair man of Ine stak Counci isPrime

Mihis ler
vice Chaima of uis Counuil is a chief mihi'skr,
CRo tahon wise
 kmng)
he Chit nunsks of Onon embrie ( Onim

art also the membos-

he adminsthadors whe ebresens Uham ktibrie they a

algo Hhe bart o Int Stat louhil

6 Cabikale Miwsks are heealso includikgHome
Miuser hese 6 labinae minseas a nomrabedby pm

and their meeti

he ate basically secommendatay body.
they
n Camea Prexs aR_notallowel hue

the meeings a held mintmum. imes in a year

he uakone O deuded there by Consen su

agrteme arong he membe

hee 1 averyimportant ComisSim onLenlae Stele

Relahinshp ie Say kaxia lommissim Hhus Isone of e
leadi
leadiv (ornuss lon on Cent Stak Relakanus
krps-i4 wa
mad oud 183 ard maineal or u-5 yas Cho
ho IS Lohy Sar kaa ommission ha lommanded Mat
we should have a Petmanen Intar Shte leuncil aho
tS pey maner From l910

the bone o on tnian Is aduwau IA S ard IPs

the
becawe thy a r uttd by UPSCLCentre) ahahey
Seqve n he Slae and Hha Same AS cnd IPs doe om
Ochuahon in Cetr hert also dispue anise, betawe an IAS
or TPs may be very close to Don bu Sade is agoaikt hi m
tus ugof waT (ovH huo
 16 4h
June do28
Financia Relahons Artic 26s-243)
The most imþozant bone of Conlention between
Centhe and the stoka is alayg tke Distaibutiom o
Mone
Money he sBate are alumyg Clamorin to more and
Moxemoney and Centre tries ik best o ivehe
minmum

Eldt 65_vay cleat ly Sas that- No tax shall be leviesd

O Collected excepk by aulhoity_of law whetkr it
is Stade ox Lenra

The Pouwer of Parliament to impose tates hot is

Only on the Subjeck Lskich are. geuen in the Union list
aho her ae abou S Suhieck on whih Cenkre Can leuy
toxe
State le4slaue ka excluyive pour to leuy taxes
on Slake list matlersStae list kay o Mattew on
wkich hey Can impase axe

As ar _lon cunent list s Concerned both,

The lauliameut anohe
hesaks legislakurt ho Calm leuy
taxe on these Suhjeck there are 3 Suh suhjtck
So. basitaly [Link] will leytaxe on Uhion li.
Stae ill leuy- taxes onslale li'st and on loncurni
lis both Can ley theBaxey OnRestdue Matiers meas
taxarion and any of
of hose [Link] are not gien ik the
h Sehedule, only Parliamend kaue power to leuy oes
-Gitar. wealfh hax expenditure tux these ee
Residury Haxe and Can be levicd only by he Fariamed

Do the stoku have anycichton on thur daxirg Poa)

Yes. 4mee a t Teshaicko

Can he sBake legislaian inpoie toxy

Oh Aduocaks
on
Prolesid
Po lesion 3
e
taod CmplogmenH ek
on these ubjechhoxmally Cenhe also inboses taru
thais why ther _Av 13whch Say S taky can
also impo$a taxe on rotess ongtrods embloy mens, Howeue
he Naxismum lax Can be impssea no more than5m Pa.

So. Staktleqiskhurt (a impese taxe on Aoatou

c bu Subjet mazimum of zA50 PA. (Al240)

she_ Can inpose tae on Sales and Parthase o

Goods,
Lalle Salea tax butone hikg exemped that Js
NewspapesStakes an nat imbose taxe on hews
pape
Lohad are he kestichHonsimposed upon Sales tax by
a Slak
anpurchase o Sale laking plave_outside the sh
then Stake Cannoimpose Sale tap
ohert the maler oimpor hoxpor okeady
hey art Subject to impor or eort duhe So there
Sals tox Canno be inposed by slok u
ohere hereisinkr Slate Commere or tde here alko
Sale tox Can be inps«a.
in_ase Panliament declears anyhing Speial matler or
Speciol gocd, Ca Oxigen at tha ine o Covidin Such
matfes alio iPauliament wank Can inpose rhit4in
inder stak Cammerce. trode e and stae govoil
have to
doe the [Link]
thesg are the y ghittta on Sade fax
lax
Apark om is d majo Tuhithongiven inAxd 284
Slak imposatax- on Cchumpton o
elechnihy or
Sal o ekchiciky but the clectnuhy is Conaumeal
the Cenbe and stak is seling by
elechicity to the Cenbe
Raiaya thenin hen Cales Stat leqslatre (annat
ipase laxe Calles clechaiily laxes

On i u velly projetk, on_sbrd wakea _on_elechitily

eneohis the $tak Can ipose tax rouidta he
Prutdentgiva hug _aphhoual.
Hoo do e deuide he tax eenue?
ths sthe moitinporant Anal most problemattt arta
s lalk and Cela
hat olwaysbeen kgkHhg on Has hat hat
iS why a vuy
imporlank (omission sas Sekuballeal Sarkarla
Commdssiom and. o Finance LomSSian epor Sajd
h e Cenht Shall give 2q: o the Stak. as a
regult o
i s ehot the tiauce omndssim Amenonaents wor
 FoAsed o CA4andSFh CAt
C&o6) Joo3)
introduteo masor Ckang
both in the Scheme
of distibuion betseen the Centre and the Sak: So
h o thert is inplimentaion of the lo h Finance lomssiom
ebertegarding dishhi butim o tox tutNued

So no the topic of Tax Revenue Distribuhn into

Vanidu ate goric

Hr26s Taxe ohich are leuicd by he cent but

Cellected by the State and lea b the stak
So, thee ae Centtalastes under Lisk 2. bul
he
Aheyare Lollectedand uhilied by the slaks, man in
are Covera uderHi
e suente Policy tanst of Skae skamp duka on

bils o exchanga tk
hs heut beta Hhe pard of'loyolidaled d o
Ldua.

Aat 948A o been deled by lo CAA &ol

A huse hang _was braugk abou bylolst CAA 2ol6-

by i'nteduchton of_GST

GST the Cowpihuiu Indeyuet Tax on Man ufactu

Sal Lovunphim a Nadioa lewel earlier lpdtrec Toxe
 a diHerent levels - tax on hoduthton,
eve
Were imposed
then sala then On ConaumeHon
hou they havt merged all 4he taxe and it
huc oas
ISonlytuid a he last moment ha s h
ho need of Aa 268A thais ohu tHWs arhcle was delebad

Aad:269- and olleted by 4heCenhe bu

levital
to the siades. e taxes onSale ana purchahe of
asstgned
in he Coune of tnkrs tak, that means o n indershk
goods
thode axes impoiad by the Cende and lakr id gis share
4he slae.
s s also not the Pau_of Lonjalidast urel Thdlua "
has why
Aat 269A was added o levy and Collechion of GST
in the Coue o inter s tak thade and lommerte

Colleckd by the Cenhe hut

Ar to Taxu leuitd and taxey Uhder
So
Dishibuled betweon lente andhe
Ar &68 and 269 are Coueree undes Art 20

the-
Ast H=Ces. Suathargeek. are inposed by the
Centre b u Cess and Sutkar leied ontaxea inCom
thot means 307: axis pasd then Ces anol Suxharge
taable Inlon. aho
Loill he leuicd on 30 1 not on whole
a l s o i Can no he mposea by the slae legislakurtit
1s Parliament albnewhich Can impose kuy Suhatges
ana Cess.
 Txes which ade leuitol, lected ahol ued bythe

States-
hee are the attes of Slake lst here a
Oalters ander Stae list- lquoY tollsSales taxek.

one of the bigge Sourtes o income o

Stak is Land Reuenue ana Agriculkure is a $tak subjtek
Qnd also Exeise
du which is impostdoniqusr

Non Tax Reuenues oCenhe anc he Slates

Railwaua Cone_o the bgges Source uA b
fosk a Telegaph Cendre
Centtal Publi Sectey Unclea akioa (Pso,)

Stals
>
Drigoian
Fots
Fishen
Stalu Public Sector Undertakrna

wha moncy
money given Stade Is no ehough for
hen
For tha ther isa Systmof (rank in Ad
heve an apeu of ranh-
CD Slautory Grans (Art245)
2Discrt [Link] d82)
fau liawent Can make ank tothese seku whoase in
heeds o Fivancial i s he not evey stalt ael it
NothNoath Eas ckhatisgarh k a vey
under deuloped SoHey have b e gien mo ak
ad

Svsty
Ainstly they
the bil
a_k meney om Certthen Parliamew
thenthe Grans pouided b tase $laka
hege Gaus a laken isna Coalidatd tud d India..

Apast acm tis. Gank gwen toSCs and ST

ther an_many ibes in Assawnor levelaf Admiwshahisn
is b b incalcd then Staktory Gaank Qe_Prouided to them
Stakutoay Gan are hor Hheir ighk ikonly Hhose sfake
which ackually desetuas ad arebelaa than otkers hen then
Parliamendt Com
tan oahau Slakuby a these pan are
tcommcnded b th FinanteCommissiom and hen Rarliamex
pases it
Discxehiontyaank A 2s2)
heu aamk Qt madle by both Centr
a the Staks hese arebalitally mesy dlestehton
these an& ae peuidesd on tht ELOmmendah o -

Planning Commsim CNik Aayeg ther is no _oblgohian okn

it
lempoka rand inAd hs is Coutrt
lsexpork du
Cax Loas paud to Assam bihar
brissa and oest Bangal as jude are produted hee
put Stopped
hen
the Payinxport dul Sato
 Compensale Sleakes mpoar gronk we giuen o
thewn o tasoter Cowneneman 0f the Conuhttm.

Can
Centhe Slade boraoLo money 9 Y then
o
taom Whae
Centt Cam ooouderHa292 And)
Shade Can Dotio UhdeA213.
S, Conaltton has iksell rovided the Sakem of
bottoig
Cenaal C Camboroo aom Lo ithih Inota
ou side India ddthe Securihy i -_(ohaolidabol tud
ofIhdia or GodRescrv
ao T a s money there ate hom Idia.
[Link] RBI Bords Similatly many departmenh of
Stade iss Bond wkichprouides gaod inkereat bates
So peale ihuat heir moneyOnd the purhaje Hhose
bords in wkich +himoney blockd 1 6-4
asd thy keep eceuivikg ekuns on hosa bads So
this hoto Goub: borneus omwiin Jrdia

SimilatyStae Cout: Canborota bu Stale

DV Cannot bor fomousideLrdia they lom boow
TOm itin Idia and the Secunty - (onsolidlakes und
o h e Stae. SobaliCallyStoke alkes lomeom Cent
istak has t ause lohe then h Conjent
o Cent iSYnecegsart whera Cente givey s
uan He.
Loha abod Haxing each other,Can the Cene ox lhe
States or sloBtu Canlax he Centre)
there is aule Calltd-1mmuiity on Muua
Taxaton, which (ome under Azhicte 8s ard e4.

Centaal Poperty s a At:285 is exenpkd tom all axe

impoged by e Stahe. Incom tax o fhice gtak Can
noipos tax on thew.
Similaaly

ohere here is htovmt o tke staesthere (ente

Lan hod inpose daxeg So ahere thea 18 Souean Aunchons
he slat hen ar Lannot be inpasecb hetenh asd

Aak 3ol Says in IrdtaTade, Commerteand intercous

[Link] taunhol gocdsill aluwaabe fe
i w l b e See moimendo ogeods all oa ndia CeaBain
utitton tan be imosesdwhith a gven uvoer Arktly-
3o 305

Paalvament Caun inpose ahckay in_Public Inte t

bur it Can na kuor Ohe Slale over another.
Similarly
Slasescon alko mboseatnthayih Pablic Intiesk
b wheneuer slates haue jo imposeatathoa the maker
must beopproued by the beaident o Ddia. w ithout
opproual of the Prdetil Can hai be þaicd by Hhe ljshbenu
 Docs hs meam thod mono poly Canhod be. Grtaled)
Cent Can alwa Cale Monopoly o natoalisahn of
Manopoly is allouwedin the nkeut of e tountry it lan be
Ctaded

Lmborand Aticlu
Aakilu 3 . 31o 311 and also Ar:
312
Ad 30 empowew the
Parhtamenthis Loncetn bureaucoak,
ofiesialso tmbouss the Stak lesyslakua gulak
the Cendiko
a Seavice and nutment persona who
o

a appoinhed fopubltc Seruice

Preaiden uey noK Can Make uleg amd lats
eladed to publit Seruice of Lender and slates pecktily
e fox TAS1PStheis
A11 Îndia Seuite Rulesnads
by the parliamext amd
are be gotna
Parliamen or Centre a d Stale
Couernorfer
Slale employes Can mak Candikions for centre
Condi'tim
Mad by faxliament empoering thPdidert
lenuer othee okcem
Here Come The Doctrike o Pleajure
the Pretdent is alway Pleaiea
itmam

A 3lo Sayo MempesoDelene Servitd Civil Seruite

 heConl Centr (Intone Tax ek A India Seruites they
all hold theiT okce during the plzae of the Pident,So
h appoiding authoikas
awellas ther Onauiry authoeily
is Pesde so, tsiden s þleajtd to appoind them Dis usS
them, Remova thema w l l ag þraidend will allow them to
take volunBary [Link] Same thing happn in the
Stale and bleahg authorty is Coe nor

the mast imporkawdAak is Aatrcle 311

Ard 311uh beshihions on octine of Plealuc it

means there areá Sakeguards er dis/missal of the Civl
Servan
N o iui Servank Can be dismissaaOr removea by an
by an
autkonika wha Suhodiak to tha othoinHvy authoi

on Civll Seruant is p be ttmovd or dismiss«d o

educkon inank is to bedone then he mst be qien a
xaonalleopportui eventhey bri
C Canbtig
a their
h r
aduotales..
At
311only oplres to_Ciuil sh_ad ne uliary
Pos

Carlier Reasorable_oppoahuntiea given-

U Durikg
Duri he heaving af the Depaitmental iqluay .
x 2) A he ime Runishmen ie on Senkaco
bu is hdpant aaRmolud byy2ra CAA 1916.
 any Cimina Charqaon then
ahol
here Is
any tajonable
they Convited then they wont be qiucw
ophortuniy obing hared uhder Aa 311

7ad also whese Ciuil Sepuant is not found anywhat

then also he oill hot be given heaorable ohpoa hnuy of
buing heare
ioonduckinginquy 1 nat in intuut of the Nakn
then also h won't get talonable opþorkunsty of At 311

H 3129 Raja Sabha Cam aMAI Lnda Servstes

includiAll India Judicial seulte. Common to the Onim
aro h Staks in ecruitmen_Londeky tektemenk
eh euething will be giuen.

Au 312 D-Saya A India JuditialSTUIte shall hot

ihcdude
am pot ihttrior toa Dtstict Judge.
Soaso ho JMICwill Mot be Couertal unadur All
India Judical euils.

het in AN\ Irdaa Judicial struite

he prouisions Cam be Changed dtdy ad hat ill
not be Cong tdeed a Amendmt of the los tdon

THE END *