Kuwait Oil Company
Marine Facilities Upgrading Project
Technical Note 03 – North Harbour Layout Rev00
4.2 Appendix 2: Association, Japan Ports and
Harbours. Technical Standards and Commentaries
for Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan. S.l. : The
Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of
Japan, 2002.
SGF09033-TCN-MRN-003
PART XI MARINAS
Chapter 5 Mooring Facilities
5.1 General
The type and size of mooring facilities shall be determined appropriately in accordance with Part Ⅷ
Mooring Facilities and in light of the purpose of mooring, boat size, and tidal range.
[Technical Notes]
Specifications of mooring facilities may be determined with reference to Fig. T- 5.1.2. The distance between two
adjacent piers should be determined appropriately according to the number of pleasure boats to be moored between
the two piers so as to prevent any contact of pleasure boats with auxiliary piers or any contact between pleasure boats
themselves. Avoidance of wind-induced touching of the masts of cruiser yachts should be considered in the
arrangement of piers.
B2
B1 S B1 b' B1
b b
W1
W2
B2 S B2
W3
Width of piers
b¢: main piers 1.5 ~ 3 m
b : auxiliary piers 1.0 ~ 1.5 m
Length overall of
Length of berth Slip Distance between piers (minimum)
pleasure boat
~ ~ W
1
= (ship breadth) + b + (0.3 ~ 0.6 m)
W
2
= 2× (ship breadth) + b + (1.5 ~ 2.0 m)
~ W
3
= (ship breadth) + (1.0 ~ 2.0 m)
Note: The distance between the piers should decided in consideration of wind-induced touching of masts for cruiser yachts.
Fig. T- 5.1.2 Examples of Mooring Facilities Specifications
5.2 Design Conditions for Mooring Facilities
Design conditions for mooring facilities shall be defined appropriately in accordance with to Part Ⅱ
Design Conditions and in light of their use as marinas.
[Technical Notes]
(1) Safety of floating piers should be examined in consideration of the following loads as necessary:
(a) Support load of any connection bridge on the pier
(b) Snow load in heavy snow areas
(c) Footway live load (see Figs. T-5.2.1 ~ T.5.2.3 for the methods of loading on floating piers.)
Auxiliary pier Auxiliary pier
Main pier Main pier
One-side
loading
Fig. T- 5.2.1 Example of Loading in Examining Stability of Main Floating Pier
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
One-side loading
Loading position
Fig. T- 5.2.2 Example of Loading in Examining Fig. T- 5.2.3 Example of Loading in Examining
Stability of Auxiliary Floating Pier Sinkage of Auxiliary Floating Pier
(2) Loads in examining the safety of floating piers against the sectional failure may be defined refering to Part Ⅱ,
Chapter 8 External Forces Acting on Floating Body and Its Motions. Normally, waves, winds, tidal currents,
and wave drift forces are to be considered as acting on floating bodies. In addition to those forces, wave making
resistance is also to be considered as an external force on the motions of floating bodies.
(a) Methods of simple calculation of wave forces acting on floating piers themselves and moored pleasure boats
include the following:
① Assuming that the hydrostatic pressure acts on a floating body, the wave force can be calculated according
to equation (5.2.1), by taking the difference between the water pressures in the front and rear walls as
shown in Fig. T- 5.2.4.
P = r0 gHLpd (5.2.1)
where
P ：wave force acting on floating body (kN)
r0 ：density of seawater (t/m3) (1.03 t/m3)
g ：gravitational acceleration (m/s2) (9.8 m/s2)
H ：wave height (Hmax) (m)
Lp ：length of floating body (m)
d ：draft of floating body (m)
Floating body Wave
Mean water level
Water pressure in rear Water pressure in rear
Difference of water pressure
Water pressure in front
Fig. T- 5.2.4 Wave Force Calculation Assuming Hydrostatic Pressure Acting on Floating Body
② When a large inertia force of the floating body or any action of breaking wave pressure is anticipated, the
wave force may be calculated according to equation (5.2.2), by considering the wave pressure calculated by
the Goda formula as lateral load, as shown in Fig. T- 5.2.5. As Fig. T- 5.2.5 applies to the action of wave
crest, consideration should also be given to the action of wave trough, as shown in Fig. T- 5.2.6. A
triangular distribution should be applied to the uplift, by taking the pressure p3 at the front end and zero at
the rear end of the floating body. When the breadth of the floating body B exceeds L/4 (L: wave length),
uplift should be distributed in a L/4-wide triangular form.
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PART XI MARINAS
h* = 0.75 (1 + cosb)l1H
6444474448
p1 = 0.5 (1 + cosb)a1l1r0 gH
p3 =a3 p1
2
1 ì 4p ¤ L ü
a 1 = --- í ----------------------------- ý
2 î sinh ( 4h ¤ L ) þ (5.2.2)
dì 1 ü
a 3 = 1 --- í --------------------------------------- ý
h î 1 cosh ( 2h ¤ L ) þ
where
H： wave height (Hmax) (m)
h： water depth (m)
r0： density of seawater (t/m3) (1.03 t/m3)
g： gravitational acceleration (m/s2) (9.81 m/s2)
b： angle between the line normal to the longitudinal axis of floating body and the principal wave
direction (with a deflection toward the former by up to 15°
)
l1： modification coefficient of wave pressure (normally 1.0)
Wave pressure
according to Goda formula
Hydrostatic
pressure
Hydrostatic pressure Hydrostatic pressure
Fig. T- 5.2.5 Pressure at Wave Crest Fig. T- 5.2.6 Pressure at Wave Trough
(3) In calculating the wind force, the area of exposure should be defined appropriately in light not only of mooring
facilities but also of the mooring condition of pleasure boats and the layout of mooring facilities and surrounding
structures.
(4) External forces caused by the motions of moored pleasure boats and linked floating piers act on a floating body,
as well as the forces by waves, winds, and currents exerted on the floating body itself. Such external forces
should be calculated according to appropriate analytical methods or hydraulic model experiments.
(5) It is important to consider the tractive force of moored pleasure boats due to waves, winds, and currents under
stormy weather as well as the impact of collision at berthing of pleasure boats to the pier.
5.3 Floating Piers
5.3.1 General
Floating piers as mooring facilities in marinas shall conform to Part Ⅷ , Chapter 12 Floating Piers.
5.3.2 Structure
Main structures of floating piers and connecting mechanisms between main structures shall be durable and
able to resist the external forces calculated in 5.2 Design Conditions for Mooring Facilities.
5.3.3 Examination of Safety
The safety of floating piers shall be examined in accordance with Part Ⅷ , 12.3.3 Stability of Pontoon and
in light of mutual impact of floating bodies constituting the pier.
When the surcharge calculated in 5.2 Design Conditions for Mooring Facilities are exerted, floating
piers shall satisfy the stability condition of a floating body. The slope of the deck, the sinking of the
floating bodies, and the freeboard shall create no obstacles to their use.
In this case, the freeboard of floating piers shall be determined in light of the dimensions of the pleasure
boats to be served and the wave conditions to ensure smooth boarding and alighting of pleasure boat users.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
[Commentary]
The slope and sinking of the deck and the freeboard should create no obstacles to the use of the floating pier when it
receives a uniform or concentrated load or an eccentric load corresponding to the surcharge calculated in light of the
dimensions of the floating pier, the condition of use, and the natural conditions.
[Technical Notes]
The examination of the stability of a floating pier should satisfy the following conditions:
(1) When the loads (a) ~ (c) in [Technical Notes] of 5.2 Design Conditions for Mooring Facilities (here referred
to as the “Notes”) act on the deck, the stability condition of a floating body should be satisfied and the necessary
freeboard should be maintained. The freeboard of a floating pier is usually set around 30 ~ 50 cm to ensure that
any user falling into the water can climb back up easily.
(2) When the footway live load under the condition of the load (c) of the Notes sketched in Fig. T-5.2.1 acts on one
side of the main pier along with the loads (a) and (b) as necessary, the slope of the deck should be 1:10 or less
and the smallest freeboard should be zero or greater.
(3) When the footway live load under the condition of the load (c) of the Notes sketched in Fig. T-5.2.2 acts on one
side of the auxiliary pier along with the loads (a) and (b) as necessary, the slope of the deck should be 1:10 or
less and the smallest freeboard should be zero or greater.
(4) When the footway live load under the condition of the load (c) of the Notes sketched in Fig. T-5.2.3 acts on the
auxiliary pier up to 1 m from the top along with the load (b) as necessary, the sinking of the deck should not be
excessive.
5.3.4 Structural Design
Based on 5.2 Design Conditions for Mooring Facilities, the structural members of a floating pier shall be
safe against the external forces acting on the pier under stormy weather, and during mooring and berthing
of pleasure boats.
[Technical Notes]
The structural members of a floating pier should be examined on their safety against the bending and shear around the
longitudinal and lateral axes. The stresses resulting from the motions of floating bodies or pleasure boats should also
be considered as necessary.
(1) As shown in Figs. T- 5.3.1 and 5.3.2, the bending moment or shearing force around the longitudinal axis should
be examined appropriately according to the structural type of the floating body, based on the concept of simple
beam or the Muller method.
(2) Bending moment or shearing force around the lateral axis should be examined appropriately based on the
concept of simple beam.
Dead load Dead load
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Fig. T- 5.3.1 Simple Beam (Separate Type) Fig. T- 5.3.2 Muller Method (Monocoque Type)
5.3.5 Mooring Method
The mooring method of a floating pier shall be selected through the consideration of fulfilling the function
of fixing the pier on the water surface, ensuring the resistance against external forces including waves,
winds, and currents, and retaining the durability.
5.3.6 Access Bridges
Dimensions of an access bridge shall be determined appropriately so as not to undermine the safety of
users.
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PART XI MARINAS
[Technical Notes]
(1) According to structural types, some bridges may move up and down in response to the change in water level,
while others may further move left and right in response to the motions of the pier.
(2) The breadth of an access bridge should be 75 cm or greater. In particular, an appropriate breadth should be
secured if consideration is required for utilization by disadvantaged people.
(3) It is preferable that the slope of an access bridge is not steeper than 1:4.
(4) It is preferable that access bridges are equipped with antiskid devices.
5.4 Ancillary Facilities
Ancillary facilities shall be installed as necessary for the purpose for prevention of danger, environmental
control, and efficient operation of the marina.
5.5 Lifting / Lowering Frame Facilities
The structural type and size of boat lifting / lowering frame facilities shall be determined appropriately in
light of the type, size and number of pleasure boats to be served as well as the handling capacity of the
facilities.
[References]
1) Sigeru UEDA, Satoru SHIRAISHI, Takashi ISHISAKI: “Calculation method of forces and moments induced on pontoon type
floating structures in waves”, Rept. of PHRI, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1992 (in Japanese).
2) Satoru SHIRAISHI, Haruo YONEYAMA, Kazuyuki YOKOI: “Calculation method of forces and moments induced on comb-
shaped floating structures in waves”, Tech. Note of PHRI, No. 828, 1996 (in Japanese).
3) Sigeru UEDA, Satoru SHIRAISHI, Kazuo KAI: “Calculation method of shear and bending moment induced on pontoon type
floating structures in random sea”, Tech. Note of PHRI, No. 505, 1984 (in Japanese).
4) Sigeru UEDA, Satoru SHIRAISHI: “Determination of optimum mooring chain and design charts using catenary theory”,
Tech. Note of PHRI, No. 379, 1981 (in Japanese).
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
Chapter 6 Facilities for Ship Services
6.1 General
The type and size of ship service facilities shall be determined appropriately in accordance with Part Ⅸ ,
Chapter 4 Facilities for Ship Services to ensure smooth ship services in the marina.
[Commentary]
Ship service facilities include water supplying facilities, oil bunkering facilities, power supplying facilities, boat
washing facilities, lighting equipment, boat repair facilities, wastewater and refuse treatment facilities, club house,
and land-based storage facilities.
6.2 Land Storage Facilities
The type and size of land storage facilities shall be determined appropriately in light of the type, size, and
number of the pleasure boats to be served.
[Commentary]
Land storage facilities include boat yards, boat houses, boat racks, and multi-storied storage facilities. Their type and
size should be determined appropriately in light of the type of the pleasure boats. Dimensions of land storage
facilities should be determined in light of the operation area required by the equipment for boat shifting, in addition to
the size of the boats to be served.
[Technical Notes]
(1) Dimensions of land storage facilities can be determined with reference to Fig. T- 6.2.1.
(2) In the area frequently affected by stormy weather including typhoons or the areas with a long off-season, the
manner of storage should be determined with due consideration of local features.
Mark length Mark width Road width
L: ship When tractors are not used:
length S=A
B: ship When traveling vehicles
breadth (forklift, trailer) are used:
The value of S is defined
in light of the traveling
vehicles radius of gyration.
Fig. T- 6.2.1 Dimensions of Land Storage Facilities
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Kuwait Oil Company
Marine Facilities Upgrading Project
Technical Note 03 – North Harbour Layout Rev00
4.3 Appendix 3: Thoresen, Carl A. Port Design
Guidelines and Recommendations. Norway: Tapir,
1988.
SGF09033-TCN-MRN-003
Kuwait Oil Company
Marine Facilities Upgrading Project
Technical Note 03 – North Harbour Layout Rev00
4.4 Appendix 4: Permanent International Association
of Navigation Congresses. Review of Selected
Standards for Floating Dock Designs, 1997.
SGF09033-TCN-MRN-003