A.
SUB-STRUCTURES
Site clearance
But sometimes the in our company project has no site [Link] the ground slab is
suspended and ground is flat. This site clearance include:-Removal of trees and other plants
which were on the selected location and unnecessary structure on the site like old house.
Deep Foundation
Deep foundations are the founding too deeply below the finished ground surface for their base
bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions.
Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading to a deeper, more competent strata at depth if
unsuitable soils are present near the surface.
(a) Pile Foundation
Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the load of the structure to
the bearing ground located at some depth below ground Surface. The main components of the
foundation are the pile cap and the piles.
Expansive soils are those with excessive swelling clay minerals such as montmorillonite. The
presence of expansive clay minerals in soils can cause excessive swelling when the soil comes in
contact with water and also shrinkage and cracking when it undergoes drying.
Figure:-3. The expansive soil site
Piles are used when the upper part of the soil is not suitable for a shallow foundation by either
being weak or the hard stratum is found at a depth. The design parameters were not available for
me to refer but the usage of piles at the site was very economical.
Methodology of work
Methodology of work for pile foundation Excavation soil machine is Hands operated Auger
boring and Machines driven Auger boring.
The design team used piles up to 6m depth to resist the load by skin friction. The drilling
machine has 3 metal bars one of which has an auger at its end. The metal bars are 32cm in
diameter and have a length of 2m. They will be added during the drilling process to excavate a
total of 6m (or any preferred depths) deep holes. The auger machine performed by manpower,
they rotate it & remove out the soil from the machine until .Water was added while drilling to
make the removal of the soil from the metals easy or else I witnessed the soil being stuck to the
auger
Figure:-4 Hands operated Auger boring
Figure:-5. machine of Auger boring
In general Use pile foundation because of the soil is black cotton .this type of soil is week soil
and less bearing capacity so it can’t be able to resist the load comes from the super [Link]
black cotton soil must be prefer pile foundation because the soil is expansive and swelling so that
pile foundation is considered.
Casting of piles
As discussed earlier, the ground consists of expansive soil which means if it’s left for a long
period the ground may collapse due to groundwater or other soil properties leading the holes to
fill up. Hence, after the drilling is done the concrete will be cast sooner unless any other hardship
occurs like a shortage of rebars or concrete mixer.
Procedures:
The rebars are cut and braced at the manufacturing site and delivered using a truck.
The rebars are inserted in the hole manually
The sticks will be used for vertically positioning of rebars, and for lifting up to provide
space between rebars and underlying soil or for concrete cover provision of 5cm.
The concrete is cast by a concrete mixer truck and then vibrated right away
The concrete mixer truck has a capacity of holding 3m3 of fresh concrete mix. The truck would
cast 6 piles at once and is very efficient. After casting the pile with the truck mixer, the stick is
removed immediately before the concrete sets.
The concrete is vibrated using a vibrator from the bottom to the top for compacting and
removing voids and air to facilitate the correct bonding between the rebars and the concrete.
Pile cap is the combination of two or more than two pile; it used for transfer the load of building
in to the two or more pile at place of high load occurs. After the piles have been erected, the pile
caps have worked.
As mentioned before, the profile level is the ground floor finish level of the building. Since the
piles are cast by using trucks, the ground should be excavated later for the comfort of the driver.
following casting of piles, the excavation of pile cap proceeds
Procedures:
The area to be dig will be marked
The DL will manually excavate the pile cap to the specified depth i.e. 50cm
Pile rebars need to be integrated with the pile cap rebars so the casted concrete had to be
chiseled away
To check the exact position of the pile cap, a formwork is put leaning on the setting-out
rope and used as a reference point for the rebars
The braced and wired pile cap rebars are carefully inserted from the top and braced with
the pile rebars by using wires
Finally, the casting and curing of pile cap takes place
The grade beam depth is 50cm, which is the same as the depth of the pile cap for the BIG-H
building. Therefore, a total of 1m depth is needed under the profile.
The detail is shown in the following pictures from the site.