Generator Third-Harmonic Protection Explained

Ritwik Chowdhury, Dale Finney, Normann Fischer, and Jason Young, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc.

Abstract—Because of the nature of stator winding construction,

insulation failure typically results in a ground fault. Other
failures—such as interturn, interbranch, and series faults—if
undetected usually evolve into ground faults. Since these failure
mechanisms can occur on any portion of the stator winding,
100 percent ground fault protection of the stator winding is
recommended.
Various third-harmonic schemes have been used to provide
neutral-side stator winding protection for high-impedance
grounded generators. Applying such schemes in conjunction with
a fundamental neutral overvoltage (59N) element, which protects
the top 85–95 percent of the stator winding, provides ground fault
protection coverage for 100 percent of the stator winding when
sufficient third harmonic is available. Fig. 1. Damage caused by a neutral-side fault.
This paper compares the performance of different third- There are two general approaches for detecting ground faults
harmonic schemes and shows how these schemes can be applied to near the neutral of a high-impedance grounded machine:
provide secure and sensitive stator winding coverage.
1. Third-harmonic schemes use the third harmonic
produced by most machines. Exceptions include units
I. INTRODUCTION
with a two-thirds short-pitch ratio that notch the third
In high-impedance grounded generators, faults in the top harmonic.
85–95 percent of the stator winding can be detected by a a) If the terminal PT is wye-grounded, a
fundamental neutral overvoltage (59N) element. However, third-harmonic measurement at the terminal
ground faults near the machine neutral (~15 percent) require (VT3) is available. In this case, both VT3 and the
detection for the following reasons: neutral third harmonic (VN3) measured across a
x If a ground fault near the neutral remains undetected, neutral grounding transformer (NGT) are used.
the machine becomes solidly grounded. A subsequent b) If the terminal PT is open-delta or wye-
fault will bypass the grounding impedance, resulting ungrounded (VT3 unavailable), the third-
in severe machine damage. Fig. 1 shows insulation harmonic neutral undervoltage element (27TN),
damage near the neutral caused by a foreign object. which uses VN3, is applied.
Early detection of this condition can reduce insulation 2. Injection schemes require signal injection across the
damage and the likelihood of a catastrophic NGT. The operating principle is that of an insulation
subsequent ground fault. tester, where the impedance to ground is measured. If
x A series fault can result from the fracture of a the impedance drops below a threshold, a ground fault
conductor or the failure of an electrical joint. The is declared. This method requires injection equipment,
current continues to flow via the arc across the fault but it does not rely on the third harmonic produced by
point. The arc will vaporize the copper conductor the machine and can operate when the machine is at a
between 8–12 inches before the arc breaks through the standstill.
insulation wall of the stator core and evolves into a This paper, an expanded version of [2], compares the
ground fault [1]. performance of the third-harmonic elements described in 1.a
Some generator owners prefer to alarm for faults near the and provides protection guidance. A user may want to apply
neutral terminal (~15 percent) and resolve the issue with a redundant relays that employ different operating principles
scheduled outage because it should not cause direct damage to using the third harmonic. Understanding the relative
the unit. However, the failure mode associated with a series performance of the elements allows the proper protection to be
fault evolving to a ground fault near the neutral does cause applied. In this paper, we assume that both VT3 and VN3 are
direct machine damage and requires protection. available.

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 II. PROTECTION ELEMENTS TABLE I
EXAMPLE THIRD-HARMONIC CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
We begin our analysis of third-harmonic protection by
focusing on the third-harmonic circuit of the generator. The Parameter Data
generator step-up (GSU) delta winding provides Third-harmonic source (VG3) 1 pu ‫ס‬0°
third-harmonic isolation from the power system, and the Stator ground (CG): 0.342 μF
equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 2. Capacitances (per phase)
External (CX): 0.100 μF
Nȍ
Neutral-grounding impedance (ZN3)
HTXDOWR Ȧ>&G + CX])
Nominal frequency 60 Hz

For reference, Table II provides several calculated VN3 and

VT3 values for various fault resistances (Rf) with a fault
location of m = 0.15 pu. For a healthy, unfaulted machine
Rf = i. Note that all values are in per unit to facilitate analysis.
TABLE II
VN3 AND VT3 FOR DIFFERENT FAULT RESISTANCES

Fig. 2. Third-harmonic pi-equivalent circuit of a unit-connected high- Rf ȍ ȍ Nȍ Nȍ i
impedance grounded generator.
0.15 pu 0.21 pu 0.51 pu 0.57 pu 0.58 pu
VN3
The distributed stator ground insulation capacitance (CG) is ‫ס‬0° ‫ס‬35.5° ‫ס‬29.0° ‫ס‬20.9° ‫ס‬18.4°
simplified to an equivalent pi-section split between the terminal 0.85 pu 0.84 pu 0.61 pu 0.51 pu 0.48 pu
and neutral sides. The terminal side has an additional external VT3
‫ס‬0° ‫–ס‬8.3° ‫–ס‬24.2° ‫–ס‬23.4° ‫–ס‬22.3°
capacitance contribution (CX) from the surge capacitor,
isophase bus, and transformers. The neutral impedance A. Scheme A
(ZN3sec), when reflected to the primary side, is selected to equal The Scheme A operating equation is defined by (1):
the total capacitive reactance magnitude of CG and CX.
VT3 and VG3 are the average of the respective per-phase VN3
Scheme A  PKPA (1)
voltages. When a stator ground fault is applied at location m, VN3  VT3
the circuit is as shown in Fig. 3.
The phasor sum of VN3 and VT3 always adds to VG3 and
the operator, ||, indicates magnitude. The behavior of the third-
harmonic circuit in Fig. 3 for different fault resistances is
shown in Fig. 4 along with the operating region for Scheme A
with a pickup setting, PKPA, set to 0.15 pu.

Fig. 3. Effect of an internal ground fault on the generator third-harmonic

circuit.

Various approaches can detect a ground fault using the

measured quantities VN3 and VT3 [3]–[8]. To develop an
understanding of the various implementations, we consider the Fig. 4. Effect of fault resistance on VN3 and VT3 with respect to the
example system parameters shown in Table I for a single- operating equation of Scheme A.
branch machine with a resistive neutral grounding impedance.
When the generator is healthy, VG3 drops across the
VG3 is the total third harmonic produced by the machine and is
impedance divider circuit defined by the terminal-side
set as the reference (1 pu) to simplify analysis. Similar
capacitances (VT3) and the neutral impedance (VN3). For most
approaches can be applied to machines with multiple branches
installations, the ratio during healthy unit operation is
and/or resonance-grounded generators.
0.40–0.80. If the neutral impedance is sized too small, the ratio
approaches 0.40. If there is a large capacitance external to the
machine terminal, the ratio approaches 0.80. For the example,
properly sized system, the ratio is 0.58.

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 During internal metallic faults (Rf ȍ 91DQG97DUH Scheme B compares a differential of the magnitudes, hence
in phase with VG3. For any metallic faults, the ratio in (1) the element behavior for a fault can be represented as shown in
equals the fault location. As Rf increases, VN3 diverges nearly Fig. 5. Because the element looks at magnitudes, the NGT
perpendicularly to VG3. This results in an increase in the polarity does not need to be consistent with Fig. 2.
magnitude of VN3 with an increase in Rf.
Based on the previous analysis, we conclude that Scheme A
is a neutral undervoltage element that is normalized by the third
harmonic produced by the machine (VG3). The recommended
guideline for the pickup setting is the percentage of the stator
winding requiring protection. This method does not usually
require a survey of the generator and relies on the fact that the
neutral grounding impedance is matched with respect to the
capacitance around the generator. The denominator of the ratio
is a phasor sum, hence the NGT polarity needs to be consistent Fig. 5. Operating characteristic of Scheme B.
with Fig. 2.
In some implementations [3], Scheme A has the additional Based on the ratio of the impedances during healthy unit
terminal-overvoltage supervision shown in (2): operation, at Point O in Fig. 5 the third-harmonic voltage with
respect to ground is zero. This point is defined by (6). For our
VT3 example, O resides at 0.55 pu and indicates that a metallic fault
! 1 – PKPA (2)
VN3  VT3 at 55 percent of the winding will not be detected by Scheme B.
Mathematically, the Scheme A operating equation (1) is a VN3 RAT
O (6)
subset of the overvoltage supervision in (2), hence there is no VN3  VT3 1  RAT
benefit to this supervision in a digital relay.
In some implementations [4], (1) is rearranged into (3), PKPB is a security margin, and setting guidance is provided
ZKHUHȕLVDVHFXULW\-bias factor, mathematically the inverse of in Section III. PKPB introduces a region around Point O (±W)
PKPA, which in turn corresponds to the physical per unit of the where the element remains inoperative for metallic faults, as
stator winding protection desired. defined by (7), (8), and (9).

91  97 ! E ‡ 91 (3) 1 § PKPB ·

W ¨ ¸ (7)
VG3 © 1  RAT ¹
Generators typically produce VG3 in the range of
1–10 percent of the generator nominal line-to-neutral voltage Lower Winding O–W (8)
(VLN), depending on pole shape, winding functions, loading, Upper Winding OW (9)
and saturation. Scheme A includes a minimum supervision
(e.g., VG3 > 1%) to ensure that valid voltages are compared For instance, with a PKPB of 0.85 pu, W = 0.39 pu,
and that the element has adequate security for external third- providing coverage to 16 percent of the lower winding. As the
harmonic events such as those described in Section III. machine produces a larger VG3, the protected region increases
and the element gains sensitivity. Consequently, if VG3 is
B. Scheme B smaller than PKPB/RAT, the element provides no neutral-side
The Scheme B operating equation is shown by (4): coverage.
6FKHPH% 5$7 ‡ 97 ± 91 ! 3.3% (4) C. Scheme C
RAT is a setting obtained via a survey during If we set PKPB = 0, (4) can be rearranged to form the
commissioning. Typically, VT3 and VN3 are measured over a Scheme C operating equation shown by (10):
range of generator loading conditions and RAT is calculated as VT3
Scheme C ! PKPC (10)
the average of |VN3| divided by the average of |VT3|. For our VN3
example, RAT = 1.20, which indicates that the neutral
impedance is 1.20 times the terminal capacitive reactance. The PKPC is obtained via a survey during commissioning, and a
PKPB setting provides security, but it is set with the intent of security margin is provided on top of the ratio obtained during
providing 100 percent stator-winding coverage when combined healthy unit operation. With the security margin lumped into
with a 59N element. One setting criterion is given by (5): the ratio of VN3 and VT3, the element can lose security when
the third harmonic produced by the machine (VG3) is small.
^
3.3% ‡   0$; 91 ± 5$7 97 ` (5) For example, when VG3 = 0 pu (with VT3 = VN3 = 0 pu), the
ratio of VT3 and VN3 is undefined, possibly resulting in
Note that a highly linear correlation between the survey
unexpected behavior from Scheme C because of measurement
values of VT3 and VN3 translates to an excessively sensitive
errors. While Schemes B and C are similar in nature (i.e., both
pickup setting. Therefore, a thorough survey is recommended.
look for a deviation from the healthy machine characteristics),

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Scheme B does not suffer from this problem because of a 2) System Events
separate setting (PKPB). Power system ground faults on the GSU high-voltage side
In some implementations [5], positive-sequence voltage can couple through the GSU interwinding capacitance (CIW),
(V1) supervision is required to address the Scheme C security inducing a zero-sequence voltage across the generator
problem based on the premise that sufficient V1 indicates grounding transformer that must be considered to ensure the
sufficient VG3. However, this assumption may not always be security of the 59N element [8]. The same phenomenon is
valid, as in the case where the machine operates as a observed when a system ground fault alters the third-harmonic
synchronous condenser. An alternate solution is to supervise circuit, as shown in Fig. 7.
the element with a VG3 check (e.g., VG3 > 1%), as is done for
Scheme A.
D. Scheme D
The Scheme D operating equation is defined by (11):
6FKHPH' 5$7 ‡ 97 ± 91 ! 3.3' ‡ 91 (11)
The core operating principle is the same as that of
Schemes B and C discussed previously. The element requires a
survey and looks for deviations from a healthy distribution. Fig. 7. Third-harmonic network for GSU high-voltage side ground faults.
The left side of (11) is similar to the Scheme B operating This effect was illustrated very clearly in a real-world event
equation. The distinction is that it includes phasor information at a plant that consists of two 23.5 MVA, 13.8 kV generators
and that RAT is a complex value. The right side of (11) scales sharing a GSU. Each generator has a 13.8 kV:230 V grounding
with VN3. The resulting problem is the same as the Scheme C transformer. A ground fault on the 115 kV line leaving the plant
element, where at low values of VG3 the element security can caused the third-harmonic element to assert.
be jeopardized. Prior to the fault, VN3 was 160 V (2%) and VT3 was 410 V
(5.2%), for a ratio of 0.39. While the fault was on the system,
III. SECURITY the voltages on both generators changed significantly, with
Third-harmonic protection schemes rely on the circuit to VN3 rising to 400 V (5%) and VT3 dropping to 166 V (2.1%),
behave as a voltage divider for two fixed impedances. This is for a ratio of 2.41. Because the generator terminal impedance
not always the case, which negatively impacts element security. was reduced, VT3 decreased and VN3 increased, resembling a
In this section, we review several real-world cases that generator terminal-side fault. Schemes that only detect neutral-
challenge the security of third-harmonic schemes. side faults remain secure for power system faults. Other
A. Factors Influencing Security schemes require a coordination time delay (e.g., 500 ms).
Faults and switching events on the GSU high side can also
1) PT Secondary Faults present an external third-harmonic source. This source (VX3)
For a fault on the secondary side of the terminal PTs, an can couple via CIW WRJHQHUDWHDQHUURU İ WKDWPD\DGGWRVT3
external impedance is introduced to the circuit. On a 24 kV, or subtract from VN3, as shown in Fig. 7. The voltage transients
800 MVA unit, the transformed impedance on the primary from these events depend on the network impedances (e.g., long
FLUFXLW LV  Nȍ 6FKHPHV % DQG ' FDQ PLVRSHUDWH IRU WKLV lines have lower natural frequencies). The frequency response
condition, which is shown in Fig. 6. Time coordination of the of a third-harmonic filter (60 Hz nominal) is shown in Fig. 8.
element with the PT fuses may be considered for these schemes. The filter attenuates (but does not notch out) the higher
Some relay manufacturers provide a method to only detect frequencies from system events.
faults in the lower winding region, thereby providing security
for PT secondary faults.
Secondary faults can also occur across the NGT, as shown
in Fig. 6, but this condition requires detection because it shorts
the neutral side of the machine.

Fig. 8. Third-harmonic filter characteristic for some digital relays.

Fortunately, these transients do not last long (typically less

than 50 ms), so a time delay larger than 100 ms (e.g., 500 ms)
provides the required security unless trip-acceleration schemes
are used [9].

Fig. 6. Secondary-side fault locations.

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Fig. 9. Field event showing stator ground impedances for various machine states over a two-day period.

3) GSU Events
B. Security Analysis and Scheme Settings
Nonlinear GSU events, such as inrush, can present an
external third-harmonic source [10]. The coupling is not direct Having reviewed scenarios that challenge third-harmonic
because the GSU low-voltage winding is connected in delta; protection, we now compare the security of individual schemes.
indirect coupling occurs through CIW, similar to Fig. 7. For one We do this through the artificial introduction of an external
such event [11], CIW = 8 nF and VX3 = 6 kVLN (2 percent of a VRXUFH İ WKDWDGGVWR97DQGVXEWUDFWVIURP91DVVKRZQ
525 kVLL system), causing third-harmonic element in Table III. We solve the circuit of Fig. 7, apply the resulting
misoperation. These events can last a few seconds. Adequate voltages to each scheme, and determine the pickup threshold
security must be built into the scheme pickup settings, as will that causes each scheme to operate. In determining the pickup
be discussed in Section III, Subsection B. setting, we also consider the following manufacturer
recommendations:
4) Modification of Stator Ground Capacitance x Schemes C and D require a margin of approximately
The distributed stator ground capacitance of a generator 50 SHUFHQWZKLFKFRUUHVSRQGVWRİaSX
originates from the insulation and varies with temperature (due
x Schemes A, C, and D require a minimum VG3
to machine loading), moisture content, and age. While these
supervision of 1 percent.
factors provide minor capacitance deviations, large changes can
x Scheme B does not require supervision; this security is
occur as the result of the failure of the generator cooling system,
built into the PKP.
for instance.
The results are given in Table III.
A field event captured by a 64S relay, which measures
generator stator ground impedance, is shown in Fig. 9. The TABLE III
REQUIRED SECURE PICKUP SETTINGS FOR VARYING LEVELS OF H
cooling system was accidentally left off in Region D, and the
insulation resistance and capacitive reactance dropped to İ SXRI Scheme A Scheme B Scheme C Scheme D
13.9 NȍDQGNȍUespectively, almost resulting in a fault. VG3) PKP PKP PKP PKP
Adequate security must be built into the scheme pickup settings 0.00 0.58 0.00 1.00 0.00
to prevent a trip during a thermal event, as will be discussed in
0.10 0.48 0.20 1.41 0.43
Section III, Subsection B.
0.20 0.38 0.40 2.04 1.08
5) Impedance Profile Change at Generator Terminal
0.28 0.30 0.56 2.87 1.92
Some generators have a low-voltage breaker with a surge
capacitor on the GSU side of the breaker. In such cases, the 0.43 0.15 0.88 6.79 5.85
impedance of the third-harmonic circuit can change
significantly, depending on the breaker state [4]. This behavior Note that the pickup settings of Schemes A and B are fairly
can be seen in Fig. 9. When the unit is online in Region A or B OLQHDU ZLWK İ ZKHUHDV 6FKHPHV & DQG ' DUH TXDGUDWLF DQG
(relative to the offline state shown in Region C), the additional diverge very quickly. Based on field cases that demand high
surge capacitance reduces the impedance significantly. Some security, the above data should be considered at VG3 = 2% VLN.
relays provide alternate settings to tackle this problem [4]. This only affects the setting calculations of relays using
Abnormal conditions, such as water ingress or other Scheme %ZKLFKEHFRPHVSX‡ VLN  1.75% VLN.
contamination of the isophase bus, can also modify the
terminal-side impedance. Adequate security must be built into
the scheme pickup settings, as will be discussed in Section III,
Subsection B.

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Fig. 10. Sensitivity provided by ground fault protection schemes ZLWKVHFXUHVHWWLQJV İ SX 

Fig. 11. Sensitivity provided by ground fault protection schemes ZLWKVHQVLWLYHVHWWLQJV İ SX 

IV. SENSITIVITY provides very high resistive coverage; the performance of third-
In Section III, we determined settings for each scheme that harmonic schemes is not a concern in this region. Note that the
provided equal levels of security for an external event. We now schemes may operate for a resistive fault, but not for a metallic
compare the sensitivities of each scheme. To do this, we solve fault, at the same location.
the circuit of Fig. 3 while varying the fault location and All schemes can be set to provide similar levels of security
resistance. The resulting voltages are fed to each scheme, and and sensitivity at a given VG3, although this is not evident from
we check the operation. an examination of the operating equations. Furthermore,
8VLQJWKHVHFXUH İ  VHWWLQJVZHVKRZWKHUHVXOWLQJ manufacturers do not normally provide these comparisons.
coverage and resistive sensitivity provided by the various We are not aware of any guidance with respect to minimum
elements in Fig. 10. The 59N sensitivity with a pickup of resistive coverage. However, for faults in the early stages of
0.05 pu is shown as a reference. inception, a large fault impedance can be expected. Scheme B
Note that Schemes A, C, and D have fixed characteristics. is most likely to detect the condition at full load with a lagging
The characteristic of Scheme B varies with VG3, shown as a power factor (when VG3 is large). If sensitive detection for
percentage in Fig. 11. Two typical values are shown for no-load such conditions is desired, a sensitively set Scheme B with
(2%) and full-load (7%). At low levels, its resistive sensitivity PKPB = 0.40 pu ‡ V LN = 0.80% V LN İ SXDVVKRZQ
is similar to that of the other schemes, but when VG3 is large, in Fig. 11) can be used to alarm.
its sensitivity is much higher.
We repeated the exercise for a less conservative case V. CONCLUSION
İ = 0.20), and the results are shown in Fig. 11. Various implementations of third-harmonic schemes are in
The primary sensitivity requirement for generator protection use. All third-harmonic schemes can be set to provide similar
is to provide metallic fault (Rf ȍ FRYHUDJHIRUSHUFHQW and adequate security. When combined with a 59N element, all
of the stator winding. For our example system, all schemes schemes provide sufficient neutral-side coverage to obtain
provide this coverage for both sensitive and secure settings. For 100 percent metallic fault coverage for stator ground faults
faults in the upper 90 percent of the winding, the 59N element when sufficient third harmonic is available.

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 Scheme A is the easiest scheme to set because the pickup A. 59N Setting
setting correlates directly to the winding coverage for metallic The 59N setting is calculated as shown in (12).
faults. Scheme B provides the highest sensitivity, especially
VLG
when the generator produces a large amount of third harmonic. 13.3  SX ‡  9sec (12)
A higher sensitivity may be desired for incipient faults. PTRN
While the methods described in this paper are explained in B. Scheme A Setting
percentages and per-unit quantities, relays often use secondary
Since 100 percent stator ground protection is desired
voltages as settings. A sample application is provided in the
(barring additional security constraints), a 10 percent overlap
Appendix.
with 59N is adequate.
VI. APPENDIX Scheme A PKP 0.05 pu  0.10 pu 0.15 pu (13)
The example system shown in Fig. 12 is used to demonstrate Scheme A VG3min 0.01pu (14)
the application of stator-ground fault protection on a sample
The fault resistance coverage at the neutral by Scheme A can
high-impedance grounded generator.
be analyzed by solving for Rf in the circuit represented in
Fig. 13, as shown in (16).

Fig. 12. Example third-harmonic system.

Fig. 13. Equivalent circuit for a fault at the neutral.
The system parameters are shown in Table IV.
1 Xt
TABLE IV 5f ‡  : (15)
EXAMPLE THIRD-HARMONIC SYSTEM PARAMETERS 3 § 1‘D · § Xt ·
¨ ¸ – ¨1j  ¸
Parameter Data © PKP ¹ © Zn ¹

VRATED = 20 kV where:
Nominal voltage
VLG = 20 N9¥ N9 PKP 0.15 pu (16)
Nominal frequency 60 Hz
§ § X ··
Neutral PT ratio PTRN = 20 kV:240 V = 83.33 D VLQ –1 ¨¨ 3.3 ‡ ,P ¨M  t ¸ ¸¸ q (17)
© © Zn ¹¹
Terminal PT ratio PTR = 20 kV:120 V = 166.67
1 (18)
Capacitances (per phase)
Stator ground (CG): 0.342 μF Xt 3, 263 :
External (CX): 0.100 μF § § Cg ··
¨¨ S ‡ ¨ 2  & x ¸ ¸¸
ȍsec Nȍpri © © ¹¹
Neutral-grounding resistance
HTXDOWR Ȧ>&G + CX])
‡ 51 pri ‡ ± M; n
Zn 3,917‘ – 49.25q (19)
We assume the following protection philosophy: ‡ 51 pri ± M; n
x 59N is set to trip at 0.05 pu.
1 (20)
x Scheme A is set securely to trip the unit. Xn 5,171 :
§ § Cg ··
x Scheme B is set sensitively to alarm only when the ¨¨ S ‡ ¨ ¸ ¸¸
fault is on the neutral side. © © 2 ¹¹
x A 64S relay injects a current and measures the C. Scheme B Setting
associated voltage to calculate the resistance to ground
to determine whether there is a ground fault. The Based on the recommended survey, the RAT setting for
secure setting used to trip is set to a similar level as Scheme B is consistent with that of the system impedances.
Scheme A. The sensitive setting is set to a value PTR Zn 166.67
higher than a PT secondary-side fault. 5$7sec 5$7pri ‡ ‡  (21)
PTRN X t 83.33
The time delays associated with tripping and alarming are
not within the scope of this example. They can be set to In some relays, the RAT setting is scaled by 3,
coordinate with the terminal PT fuse and external system events corresponding to the ratio between the neutral voltage and the
[8] or they can be accelerated [9]. sum of the per-phase terminal voltages. In such cases, RATsec
for this system would be 2.4/3 = 0.8.

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 The pickup setting is set sensitively to alarm with [5] C. Mozina, “15 Years of Experience With 100% Generator Stator
Ground Fault Protection—What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why,”
İ = 0.20 pu. The error in the primary signal is calculated as
proceedings of the 62nd Annual Conference for Protective Relay
shown in (23): Engineers, College Station, TX, March 2009.
H pri H ‡  ‡ 9LN  9pri (22) [6] CSC-306 Instruction Manual, Beijing Sifang Automation Co., Ltd.,
Beijing, China.
§ 1 RATsec · [7] X. G. Yin, O. P. Malik, G. S. Hope, and D. S. Chen, “Adaptive Ground
6FKHPH%3.3 H pri ‡ ¨   9 (23)
© PTRN PTR ¸¹ Fault Protection Schemes for Turbogenerator Based on Third Harmonic
Voltages,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, Issue 2,
The following should be noted when choosing the settings April 1990, pp. 595–603.
using (22) and (23): [8] IEEE Standard C37.101-2006, IEEE Guide for Generator Ground
Protection.
x If the relay uses a pickup setting in percent, then the
[9] M. Sosa-Aguiluz, A. Guzmán, and J. León, “CFE Generator Protection
pickup setting would be 0.40 pu ‡2% = 0.80%, where Guidelines for Setting 40 and 64G Elements Based on Simulations and
0.40 pu is obtained from Table III. Field Experience,” proceedings of the 68th Annual Conference for
x If the protection philosophy required Scheme B to trip, Protective Relay Engineers, College Station, TX, March 2015.
WKHQİ ZRXOGEHXVHGZLWK3.3  V. [10] R. J. Marttila, “Design Principles of a New Generator Stator Ground
Relay for 100% Coverage of the Stator Winding,” IEEE Transactions on
x RATsec in (23) should always use the RATsec value Power Delivery, Vol. 1, Issue 4, October 1986, pp. 41–51.
shown in (21), irrespective of how the relay scales the [11] R. Chowdhury, M. Rusicior, J. Vico, and J. Young, “How Transformer
RAT setting for Scheme B. For this example, we use DC Winding Resistance Testing Can Cause Generator Relays to
2.4 instead of 0.8. Operate,” proceedings of the 69th Annual Conference for Protective
Relay Engineers, College Station, TX, April 2016.
The resistive coverage of this scheme varies with the level
of the third harmonic produced, as shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11,
and can be determined by using tools that solve the circuit based IX. BIOGRAPHIES
on available commissioning data. Ritwik Chowdhury received his bachelor of engineering degree from the
University of British Columbia and his master of engineering degree from the
Based on commissioning data, the example generator University of Toronto. He joined Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. in
produces a VG3 in the range of 3 to 9 percent (or 346 Vpri to 2012, where he has served as an application engineer and presently works as a
1,040 Vpri). Some relays provide a terminal third-harmonic research engineer. He has authored several technical papers on power system
protection and control. His interests include the analysis and control of
value that is the sum of the per-phase third-harmonic voltages. generators and their systems, controlled switching, and generator and line
In such cases, it is important to divide the sum by 3, as shown protection. He is a member of IEEE.
in (25).
Dale Finney received his bachelor of engineering degree from Lakehead
§ VA3  VB3  VC3 · University and his master of engineering degree from the University of
VG3 VN3  VT3 VN3  ¨ ¸ (24) Toronto. He began his career with Ontario Hydro, where he worked as a
© 3 ¹ protection and control engineer. Currently, Mr. Finney is employed as a senior
power engineer with Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. His areas of
D. 64S Setting interest include generator protection, line protection, and substation
The 64S setting is set to trip at a similar resistive level as automation. Mr. Finney holds more than 10 patents and has authored more than
30 papers in the area of power system protection. He is a member of the main
Scheme A; we can set this to 200 ȍ Based on testing, a PT committee and vice-chair of the rotating machinery subcommittee of the
secondary fault resulted in a fault resistance of 6 Nȍ7KH6 IEEE PSRC. He is a senior member of the IEEE and a registered professional
is set to alarm at a higher value, such as 10 Nȍ engineer in the province of Nova Scotia.

Normann Fischer received a Higher Diploma in Technology, with honors,

VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT from Technikon Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa in 1988; a BSEE,
The authors would like to thank Eric Eastment of the United with honors, from the University of Cape Town in 1993; an MSEE from the
University of Idaho in 2005; and a Ph.D. from the University of Idaho in 2014.
States Bureau of Reclamation for discussions and field events. He joined Eskom as a protection technician in 1984 and was a senior design
engineer in the Eskom protection design department for three years. He then
VIII. REFERENCES joined IST Energy as a senior design engineer in 1996. In 1999, Normann
joined Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc., where he is currently a fellow
[1] C. V. Maughan, “Incapability of Analog Relay Protection to Detect engineer in the research and development division. He was a registered
Generator Stator Winding Ground Failures at Neutral End,” proceedings professional engineer in South Africa and a member of the South African
of the 2013 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference, Ottawa, ON, Institute of Electrical Engineers. He is currently a senior member of IEEE and
Canada, June 2013. a member of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).
[2] R. Chowdhury, D. Finney, and N. Fischer, “Comparison of Third-
Harmonic Stator Ground Protection Schemes,” proceedings of the 14th Jason Young graduated from the University of Waterloo in 2006 with a
International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, [Link]. in electrical engineering. He joined Schweitzer Engineering
Belfast, United Kingdom, March 2018. Laboratories, Inc. in 2006, where he currently serves as an application engineer
[3] G60 Generator Protection System Instruction Manual, GE Multilin, in Smiths Falls, Ontario, Canada. He is a registered professional engineer in the
Markham, Canada. province of Ontario and an IEEE member.
[4] ,%UQþLü=*DMLü65R[HQERUJDQG7%HQJWVVRQ³$GDSWLYH
Stator Earth Fault Protection Based on Third Harmonic Voltage
Measurement,” proceedings of the CIGRE International Conference on
Relay Protection and Substation Automation of Modern EHV Power
Systems, Moscow–Cheboksary, Russia, September 2007.
20180307 ‡736851

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