LIFE SCIENCE
inorganic compounds
inorganic compounds are made up of geophysical process in the environment. they are made in
living organisms such as metabolism ( in metabolism reactions )
examples of inorganic compounds :
✓ nitrogen
✓ oxygen
✓ carbon dioxide
✓ sodium chloride
WATER
water is a metabolic compound made up of hydrogen and oxygen with a ration of 2:1
(H20)
reasons why water is used :
✓ to dissolve substances
✓ to control temperature
✓ for support and structure
✓ in reproduction
mineral elements for humans & animals
micro elements - need in small quantities
marco elements - need in large quantities
MACRO ELEMENTS NEEDED BY HUMANS
macro elements deficiency diseases
potassium ( K ) mood changes , slow reflexes
phosphorus ( P ) nerve dysfunction , muscle dysfunction
sodium ( Na ) swelling , nerve problems
calcium ( Ca ) irregular heartbeat , muscle spasms
MICRO ELEMENTS NEEDED BY HUMANS
micro elements deficiency diseases
iodine ( I ) goitre
iron ( Fe ) anemia
MINERAL ELEMENTS NEEDED BY PLANTS
macro elements functions
nitrogen enters roots as nitrate in soil
phosphorus enters roots as phosphates
potassium
micro elements
boron
zinc
iron
fertilizers
fertilizers supply plant nutrients or they correct soil fertility , where years of farming or over using
has removed nutrients
MAJOR NUTRIENTS IN FERTILISERS :
✓ nitrogen - most effective way to improve crop yields
✓ potassium - quality of food
✓ phosphorus - fodder
EUTROPHICATION :
when nitrogen - rich compounds in fertilizer run off and cause lack of oxygen in water bodies and the
ocean coastal zones
⁃ without dissolved oxygen , the zones can't sustain aquatic life
⁃ water becomes cloudy and discolored
organic compounds
organic compounds are made through chemical reactions in living organisms.
they are nutrients and energy sources
they are made up of molecules and contain , carbon , hydrogen and oxygen
examples of organic compounds :
✓ carbohydrates
✓ lipids
✓ protein
✓ enzymes
✓ nucleic acids
✓ vitamins
CARBOHYDRATES
carbohydrates are made from carbon , oxygen and hydrogen
reasons why carbohydrates are used :
✓ store energy
✓ provide energy
✓ provide structure and protection
GROUPED ACCORDING TO SIZE :
structure example
monosaccharides ( single ) mono glucose & fructose
disaccharisedes ( two ) di maltose & sucrose
polysaccharides ( many ) poly starch & cellulose and glycogen
LIPIDS
lipids are fats and oils , made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
they have one glycogen and three joined fatty acid molecules
TWO TYPES OF LIPIDS :
✓ saturated lipids - from animals ( single bonds between atoms ) eg butter and lard
✓ unsaturated lipids - from plants ( double bonds between some atoms ) eg olive oil &
sunflower oil
WHY ARE LIPIDS USED :
• provide structure
• store energy
• provide water
• absorb nutrients
cholesterol
one of the lipids made and used by bodies to keep healthy
three types of cholesterol:
✓ low - density lipoprotein : bad cholesterol
lots of LDL can cause atherosclerosis which is a thick deposit plaque that makes arteries narrow and
hard
✓ high - density lipoprotein good cholesterol
lots of HDL can prevent heart attack
✓ triglycerides
PROTEINS
made from carbon , oxygen , hydrogen and nitrogen
they are made of 20 different kinds of amino acids
EXAMPLES OF PROTEIN FROM EACH SIZE
amino acids 1 molecule
dipeptides 2 joined amino acids
tripeptides 3 joined amino acids
peptones 4 - 10 joined amino acids
polypeptides 10 - 50 joined amino acids
proteins 50 or more amino acids
FOUR KINDS OF PROTEIN UNIQUE STRUCTURES :
✓ primary structure
✓ secondary structure
✓ tertiary structure
✓ quanternary structure
reasons why we use protein :
• allow movement
• provide structure
• transport
• provide support
LACK OF PROTEIN DISEASES :
a continual lack of protein in a daily diet causes the diseases kwashiorkor or marasmus
kwashiorkor swollen abdomen & swollen legs
marasmus ‘ old men appearance ‘ very under weight
FACTORS THAT AFFECT PROTEIN :
✓ high temperature
✓ pH level
✓ high salt concentration
ENZYMES
made up from carbon, oxygen , hydrogen and nitrogen
enzymes :
✓ function best in certain specific optimum conditions
✓ act on a specific substrate ( substance )
FUNCTIONS OF ENZYMES
perform building up ( anabolic ) and breaking down ( catabolic ) reactions
FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTION :
✓ temperature
✓ pH level
✓ amount of enzyme
NUCLEIC ACIDS
made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
TWO TYPES :
✓ DNA : deoxyribonucleic acid ( stores information as genes to make proteins
✓ RNA : ribonucleic acid ( helps to make proteins from amino acids
VITAMINS
vitamin main source disease
A dairy products night blindness
B egg yolk beri beri
C vegetables scurvy
D egg yolk and dairy rickets
E oils nerve problems
RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLLOWANCE ( RDA )
FOOD TESTS
CARBOHYDRATES
starch
positve blue - black colour
negative yellowe - orange colour
glucose - fehlings A AND B
positive red, green and yellow
negative blue colour
glucose - benedicts solution
positive brick red color
negative blue colour
LIPIDS
ether test
positive translucent oil mark on paper
negative no oil mark
water test
positive immiscible
negative miscible
PROTEIN TEST
millons reagent
positive wine red colour
negative white or cream colour
biuret test
positive violet to purple colour
negative blue colour
PLANT CELLS
vacuole - stores water
chloroplast - responsible for photosynthesis
cell wall - for strength and shape
nucleolus - region where DNA makes RNA for protein manufacture
nucleus - controls metabolism and holds
genes
mitochondrion - makes energy through cellular respiration
nuclear membrane - proteins DNA and forms nucleus
ribosomes - make protein
cytoplasm - where chemical reactions occur
smooth endoplasmic reticulum - transports proteins
rough endoplasmic reticulum - collects and transports proteins
ANIMAL CELL
vacuole - stores water
nucleolus - region where DNA makes RNA for protein manufacture
nucleus - controls metabolism and holds
genes
mitochondrion - makes energy through cellular respiration
nuclear membrane - proteins DNA and forms nucleus
ribosomes - make protein
cytoplasm - where chemical reactions occur
smooth endoplasmic reticulum - transports proteins
rough endoplasmic reticulum - collects and transports proteins
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL
plant cell animal cell
cell wall present cell wall absent
large vacuole small vacuole
fixed shape irregular shape
MITOSIS
3 purposes of mitosis :
✓ growth
✓ repair
✓ reproduction
TWO DIVISION PROCESSES OF MITOSIS :
⁃ karyokinesis : division of the nucleus
⁃ cytokinesis : division of the cytoplasm
cell division stages in animal cell
prophase
- DNA condenses into chromosomes
- nuclear envelope breaks down
- centrioles move to opposite poles
- spindle fibers start to form
metaphase
- nuclear envelope disappears
- chromosomes line up in the middle
- spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
anaphase
- chromosome copies separate
- spindle fibers pull them apart
telophase
- chromosomes reach opposite poles
- new nuclear envelopes form
- chromosomes return to normal shape
CANCER
3 different types of cancer
◦ carcinomas
◦ sarcomas
◦ leukaemia
CAUSES OF CANCER :
◦ inherited
◦ radiation
◦ smoking
◦ processed foods
CANCER TREATMENT
◦ radiotherapy
◦ surgery
◦ chemotherapy