PERIODIC TABLE
PERIODIC TABLE
• The periodic table was discovered by
• Father periodic table
• Periodic laws were put forwarded by
• Modern periodic laws were put forwarded by -
• Elements were classified on the basis of atomic
volumes by
The atomic number of elements were discovered by
-
Antonio Lavoisier :-
• The earliest attempt to classify the
elements.
• The elements 30 are classified into
metals and non metals.
Dobereiner :-
• A group of three elements have similar
chemical properties – Triads.
e.g. :- Li, Na, K
Li atomic mass = 7
Na atomic mass = 23
K atomic mass = 39
Newland :-
• Law of octaves was put forwarded.
• Atomic mass increasing order elements
are classified.
• 56 elements are arranged.
Mendeleev :-
• Father of periodic table.
• 63 elements are arranged in atomic
mass increasing order.
Periods
• Horizontal rows in a periodic table is
• Number of periods in the periodic table is –
• Elements in first period –
• The shortest period
Groups
• Vertical column of elements in the periodic table
called
• Number of group[s in periodic table
• The same group of elements are characterised by
same number of electrons in the outermost shell.
• Total number of elements in the periodic table
• Naturally occurring elements
• The last natural element in the periodic table – Uranium
• The first artificial element – Technetium
• Elements on right side of the periodic table
• Elements on left side of the periodic table
• Group 1
• Group 2
• Group 3 – 12
• Group 13
• Group 14
• Group 15
• Group 16
• Group 17
• Group 18
Alkali Metals
❖ Elements in Group 1 (not including
Hydrogen).
❖ Very reactive metals. Always combine
with something else in nature.
❖ Salt - an Alkali Metal, Sodium, and
another element, Chlorine, combined.
Alkaline Earth Metals
Elements in Group 2.
• Reactive Metals that are always
combined with non-metals in nature.
• Several of these elements are important
mineral nutrients, like Calcium.
Transition Metals
➢ Elements in Groups 3-12.
➢ Less reactive, harder metals.
➢ Includes metals used in jewelry,
money and construction.
Boron Family
❖ Elements in Group 13.
❖ Boron has properties of both metals
and non-metals.
❖ The rest of the elements in this group
are metals.
Carbon Family
➢ Elements in Group 14.
➢ Contains elements important to life
and computers.
➢ Carbon is the basic element in all
organic compounds
➢ Silicon and Germanium are
important semiconductors.
Nitrogen Family
➢ Elements in Group 15.
➢ Nitrogen makes up more than 3/4 of
our atmosphere.
➢ The red tip of matches is made of
phosphorous.
Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
• Elements in Group 16.
• Oxygen is necessary for respiration.
• Many things that have a bad odor
contain sulfur.
Halogens
• Elements in Group 17.
• Very reactive, diatomic non-metals.
• Always found combined with other
elements in nature.
• Chlorine is used to keep bacteria out of
swimming pools.
Noble Gases
➢ Elements in Group 18.
➢ VERY reactive gases.
➢ Used in lighted neon signs.
➢ Helium is used to make party
balloons float.
✓ Atomic number 57 – 71 are known as
✓ Elements with atomic number 89 – 103
s,p,d,f blocks
• Elements of group 1 and 2 are called
• 13 – 18 group elements
• Transition elements
• Lanthanides and Actinides
• The elements present in 1 to 18 groups are
known as
• Element having the name of ‘Sun’
• Element having the name of ‘Earth’
• Element having the name of ‘Moon’
• Element having the name of an asteroid
Ionisation energy.
The energy which is required to remove the
valence electron from an atom is called ionisation
energy.
• Along the period atom size decrease
• Down the group atomic size increase
• Atomic size increase ionisation energy also
decrease
• Atomic size decrease ionisation energy increase
Ionisation Enthalpy
The ionization enthalpy of an element
can be defined as the amount of energy
required to remove an electron from
an isolated gaseous atom in its gaseous
state
Electron Affinity
Electron affinity is the energy change
that results from adding an electron to
a gaseous atom.
FEATURES TOP- LEFT-
BOTTOM RIGHT
Atomic size increases decreases
Ionization energy decreases increases
Electron affinity decreases increases
Ionization potential decreases increases
All the elements in a group in the periodic
table have the same
1). Atomic number
2). Electronic configuration Dislike
3). Atomic weight
4). Number of electrons in the valence shell
Which element is a halogen?
A. Sodium
B. Calcium
C. Chlorine
D. Argon
Which element is a nonmetal?
A. Iron
B. Sulfur
C. Aluminum
D. Copper
Law of octaves was given by
A Meyer
B Mendeleev
C Moseley
D Newland
Which of the following is the most reactive
element of the group 17?
a) Oxygen
b) Sodium
C) Fluorine
d) Magnesium