Notes Chapter 8 Environment

and Natural Resources

Environmental Concerns in Global
Politics
 There have been many environmental issues that are concerns of
the global politics.
 There is a decline in the availability of cultivable land and a
substantial portion of existing agricultural land is losing fertility.
 Around 1.2 billion people in developing countries have no access
to safe water and 2.6 billion have no access to sanitation
according to the Human Development Report, 2006.
 The loss of biodiversity continues due to destruction of habitat in
areas which are rich in species. The act of deforestation takes
place for personal gains, removing the natural inhabitants.
 Another danger to ecosystems and human health is a steady
decline in the total amount of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere.
Even the coastal waters are becoming increasingly polluted due to
land-based activities.
 The environmental consequences of economic growth acquired an
increasingly political character from the 1960s onwards.
 International agencies like the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), started holding international conferences to
deal with environment issues.
 Earth summit or Rio summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in
June 1992 which produced conventions dealing with climate
change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of
development practices called ‘Agenda 21’.

The Protection of Global

‘Commons’
  Commons’ are the resources shared by the community as a whole
not individually.
 In the world, there are some areas which are located outside the
sovereign jurisdiction of any one state and hence require common
governance by the international community. This is known as
Global Commons. They include Earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica,
the ocean floor, and outer space.
 A number of agreements were signed which includes the Antarctic
Treaty (1959), the Montreal Protocol (1987) and the Antarctic
Environmental Protocol (1991).
 The history of outer space as a global commons shows that the
management of these areas is thoroughly influenced by North-
South inequalities.

Common but Differentiated

Responsibilities
 There were differences between the countries of the North and
the South over environment issues.
 The Northern countries want everyone to be equaliy responsible
for ecological conservation.
 The developing countries of the South believes that the ecological
degradation is the product of industrial development undertaken
by the developed countries.
 In the Rio summit, 1992, it was accepted that special needs of the
developing countries must be taken into account in the
development and interpretation of rules of international
environmental law.
 The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) also provides that the parties should act on the
basis of equity.
 It was accepted that a large amount of greenhouse gas emission
has originated in developed countries and per capita emissions in
developing countries are relatively low.
 Developing countries like India and China were exempted from
the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol.
 The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement setting targets
for industrialised countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions.
Commons Property Resources
 It represents common property for the group but with a rule that
members of the group have both rights and duties with respect to
the nature, levels of use of a given resource.
 But issues like privatisation, agricultural intensification, population
growth and ecosystem degradation have caused common
property to dwindle in size.

India’s Stand on Environmental

Issues
 India has signed and ratified Kyoto Protocol (1997) in August
2002. Developing countries like India and China were exempt from
the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol.
 At the G-8 meeting in June 2005, India pointed out that the per
capita emission rates of the developing countries are a tiny
fraction of those in the developed world.
 The Indian Government is already participating in global efforts
through a number of programmes like Energy Conservation Act
(2011), Electricity Act of 2003 and so on.
 In 1997, a review of the implementation of the agreements at the
Earth summit in Rio was undertaken by India.
 India suggested that the developing countries must get financial
resources and clean technologies from the developed countries in
order to meet UNFCCC commitments.

Environmental Movements
 Some of the most significant responses to the challenge of
environmental degradation has come from groups of
environmentally conscious volunteers working in different parts of
the world.
  The forest movements of the South, in Mexico, Chile, Brazil,
Malaysia, Indonesia, Continental Africa and India are faced with
enormous pressures regarding forest clearing.
 Another example is of the group which is working against mineral
extraction company as it leads to displacement of communities
etc.
 Another groups of movements are those involved in struggles
against mega-dams. In India, Narmada Bachao Aandolan is one of
the best known of these movements.

Resource Geopolitics
 Resource geopolitics means who gets what, when, where and how.
 Throughout the cold war the industrialised countries of the North
adopted a number of methods to ensure a steady flow of
resources.
 Oil countries to be the most important resource in global strategy.
The immense wealth associated with oil generates political
struggles to control it.
 West Asia, specifically the Gulf region, accounts for about 30 per
cent of global oil production.
 Another important resource relevant to global politics is water.
Regional variations and scarcity of freshwater in some parts of the
world is a leading source of conflicts in the 21st century.
 A number of studies show that countries that share rivers and
many countries do share rivers are involved in military conflicts
with each other.

The Indigenous People and their

Rights
 As per the United Nations, indigenous population comprises the
descendants of peoples who inhabited the present territory of a
country at the time
when persons of a different culture arrived there from other parts
of the world.
  Indigenous people voices in world politics to treat them equally
with other communities.
 The areas occupied by indigenous people include Central and
South America, Africa, India and South-East Asia.
 The indigenous people appeal to governments to come to terms
with the continuing existence of indigenous nations as enduring
communities with an identity of their own.
 In India, indigenous people applies to the scheduled tribes who
constitute nearly 8 per cent of the population of the country.
 Issues related to the rights of the indigenous communities have
been neglected in domestic and international politics for very
long.

FACTS THAT MATTER

1. Environmental concerns in Global politics cover losing fertility of agricultural land, and grazing, depletion of water resources as
well as loss of bio-diversity, real danger to eco-system and coastal pollution, deteriorating of marine environment,
2. Environmental consequences of economic growth acquired a political shape from 1960s onwards, following a book published in
1972 namely Limits To Growth and Initiatives taken by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to promote co-ordination
and effective response on environment at global level.
3. The Earth Summit held in Rio-de-Janerio, Brazil in 1992 revealed different views i.e. global north (the first world countries) and
global south (the third world countries). Global North was concerned with the issues of ozone depletion and global warming and
global south focused on economic development and environment management by Agenda 21.
4. Global commons refer to the areas or regions which require common governance by international community on major problems
of ecological issues i.e. discovery of ozone hole over Antarctic, earth’s atmosphere and ocean floor associated with technology and
industrial development.
5. The Rio Declaration at the Earth Summit in 1992 adopted the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities ‘refering
special needs of developing countries in the fields as development, application and interpretation of rules of international
environmental law to protect environment by both developing nations in a responsible manner.
6. The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) also emphasised to protect the climate system
on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities.
Example-Largest and current global emissions of greenhouse gases originated in developed nations, hence low emissioned
developing countries like India and China have been exempted from Kyoto Protocol held in Japan in 1997.
7. Common property resources refer to a group who have both rights and duties with respect to nature, levels of use and the
maintenance of a given resource with mutual understanding and practices i.e. management of sacred groves on state owned forest
land.
8. India plays a dominating role on the environmental issues as it signed and ratified 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002 to follow
common but differentiated responsibilities and India is a wary of recent discussions with UNFCCC about introducing binding
commitments. India participated in global efforts by introducing National Autofuel Policy, Electricity Act, 2003 and National
Mission on Biodiesel. Besides, India supports to adopt a common position by SAARC countries on major environmental issue to
have a greater say regionwise.
9. Environmental movements are the movements of groups which are environmentally conscious to challenge environmental
degradation at national or international level aiming at raising new ideas and long term vision i.e. in Mexico, Chille, Brazil, Malaysia,
Indonesia, India faced enormous pressure.
10. Environmental movements are categorised as forest movements, movements against mining and mineral industry for creating
Water Pollution and Anti Dam Movement.
11. ‘Resources Geopolitics’ is all about who gets what, when, where and how? The practices of neo-colonialism spread on a large
scale and throughout a cold war, industrialised countries adopted methods to ensure a steady flow of resources by deployment of
military forces near exploitation sites and sea-lanes of communications, the stock pilling of strategic resources and efforts to prop up
friendly governments.
12. The global economy relied on oil as a portable and essential fuel. The history of petroleum is the history of war and struggle.
Water is another important resource relevant to global politics. Regional variations and increasing scaring of fresh water may also
lead to conflicts in the world to play politics.
13. Indigenous people bring the issues of environment, resources and politics together. Indigenous people live with their social,
economic, cultural customs in particular areas who speak of their struggle, agenda, and rights to have equal status i.e. Island states in
ocean region, Central and South America, Africa, India and South East Asia.
14. The issues related to rights of indigenous communities have been neglected in domestic and international politics for long. The
World Council of Indigenous People was formed in 1975 which became first of 11 indigenous NGOs to receive consultative status.

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