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Design of Protection System for a Section of Integrated Nepal Power System

Method · February 2025

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10156.58244

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Anil Poudel Samundra Gurung

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 KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Assignment-1

SELECTION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER RATINGS IN A RADIAL

POWER SYSTEM
 1. Determine the circuit breaker ratings (Rated current, Maximum Short-Current Interruption Capability and
others if any) with a minimum of three buses from the Integrated Nepal Power Systems (INPS).

Selection of radial system:

The radial system selected for this assignment is of Koshi Province consisting of Kabeli hydropower of 37MW.
In this assignment, I have taken the grid joining Kabeli hydropower to Phidim, Ilam, and Damak as shown in
Figure 1. Although the Mail Khola hydropower is connected to the Ilam substation for this assignment, it is not
considered in this system. The transmission lines are of 132kv transmission line using Bear conductor also, the
grid joining after the Damak is not considered.

Figure 1: Selected Grid

The block diagram that shows the radial power system with the conductor and the substation details is shown in
Figure 2. The 37MW Kabeli hydropower is rated at 11kv with a power factor of 0.85. The reactance and other
necessary data are inserted from the given datasheets. Load flow analysis is carried out and necessary data are
shown.

Kabeli Bear Bear Bear

Hydropower conductor conductor conducto
Phidim Substation r
8KM 42.66KM Ilam Substation Damak Substation
132/33KV 34.55KM
G 132/33KV 132/33KV
Single 5MVA Single Single
circuit circuit 12MVA circuit 25MVA
37MW
Figure 2: Block Diagram

2
Single Line Diagram

Figure 3: Single Line Diagram

Load flow analysis

From the above one-line diagram the circuit is implemented in Digsilent software and the load flow analysis
was conducted whose results are shown below.

Figure 4: Load Flow Analysis

There is one generator, 5 buses among which 4 are substations with one transformer and 4
transmission lines. The data obtained from the above load flow analysis are shown in the table below.

3
 Table 1: Data from the load flow
Active Reactive Current (kA)
Power (MW) Power (Mvar)
Generator-Transformer 37.8 19.8 2.241
Transformer-Phidim 37.8 19.8 0.187
Phidim - Ilam 33.1 17.2 0.163
Ilam- Damak 22.5 10.9 0.111
Phidim- Phidim load 4.5 2.2 0.022
Ilam- Ilam load 10.8 5.2 0.053
Damak -Damak load 22.5 10.9 0.111

Fault Analysis
The selected radial system was drawn in DIgSilent Power Factory Software and fault analysis was performed.
Single-phase to ground fault, symmetrical three-phase fault, double line to ground fault, and double line fault
were applied to each of the buses and the fault current was noted. Then, the circuit breaker ratings were chosen
by observing the maximum value of current for each of the buses. The data that were observed is tabulated
below. It has to be noted that a single line to ground fault was applied to phase A, and a double line to ground
fault was applied to phases A and B.

Table 2: Parameters obtained from single line to ground fault simulation at all buses
BUS Single Line to Ground Fault

Ikss(kA) Ip(kA)

Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase A Phase B Phase C

LV_GEN 13.775 0 0 38.963 0 0
HV_GEN 0.977 0 0 2.763 0 0
Phidim 0.977 0 0 2.762 0 0
Ilam 0.977 0 0 2.761 0 0
Damak 0.976 0 0 2.760 0 0

Table 3: Parameters obtained from symmetrical fault simulation at all buses

Bus

Ikss Ip
LV_Gen 9.909 28.053
HV_Gen 0.726 2.053
Phidim 0.726 2.053
Ilam 0.726 2.053
Damak 0.726 2.052

4
 Table 4: Parameters obtained from double line to ground fault simulation at all buses
Bus DDouble Line to Ground Fault

Ikss Ip

Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase A Phase B Phase C

HV_GEN 0 0.819 0.819 0 2.318 2.318
Phidim 0 0.819 0.819 0 2.317 2.317
Ilam 0 0.819 0.819 0 2.316 2.316
Damak 0 0.818 0.818 0 2.315 2.315

Circuit Breaker Selection

The maximum value of the calculated fault current is 0.977kA when a single line to ground fault is applied
where the operating voltage is 132kV. The 138kV class breaker has a symmetrical interrupting capability
I*(𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑉) = 20*(145/132) which is equal to 21.97 kA at the operating voltage 132kV. The calculated
symmetrical fault current, 0.977kA, is less than 80% of this capability (less than 0.8*21.96 = 17.576kA), which
is a requirement when X/R is unknown. Therefore 138kV class circuit breaker was selected. The circuit breaker
setting table is shown in Table 5.

5
 Table 5: Preferred ratings of outdoor circuit breakers (symmetrical current basis of rating)

Case Study 1:

According to the question, assuming a large generator of 50% of the total load (18.9MW) is added to the
generating station modeled in the above grid, we run load flow and see if the circuit breaker rating is
enough.

6
 Figure 6 Load Flow of new system with added machine.
Table 6: Data from the load flow with updated generator
Active Reactive Current (kA)
Power (MW) Power (Mvar)
Generator-Transformer 37.8 19.8 2.241
Transformer-Phidim 37.8 19.8 0.187
Phidim - Ilam 33.1 17.2 0.163
Ilam- Damak 22.5 10.9 0.111
Phidim- Phidim load 4.5 2.2 0.022

7
Ilam- Ilam load 10.8 5.2 0.053
Damak -Damak load 22.5 10.9 0.111

Fault Analysis
After applying symmetrical fault, we can see that the fault currents of the different buses are:
Table 7: Parameters obtained from single line to ground fault simulation at buses
BUS Single Line to Ground Fault

Ikss(kA) Ip(kA)

Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase A Phase B Phase C

LV_GEN 19.726 0 0 56.491 0 0
HV_GEN 1.319 0 0 3.731 0 0
Phidim 1.319 0 0 3.730 0 0
Ilam 1.319 0 0 3.728 0 0
Damak 1.319 0 0 3.726 0 0

Here the fault current is found to be 1.319kA which is greater than the previous grid as the generator has been
added but it has not exceeded the limit i.e 17.576kA. So, the circuit breaker can withstand the new fault
current.

8
Case Study 2:
Assuming that all the individual loads of the system modeled in question 1 is increased by 5% and
checking the new load flow conditions:

Figure 7 Load Flow with increased 5% Load

9
Fault Analysis
After applying a single line to the ground fault we can see that the fault currents of the different buses are:
Table 7: Parameters obtained from symmetrical fault simulation at buses
BUS Single Line to Ground Fault

Ikss(kA) Ip(kA)

Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase A Phase B Phase C

LV_GEN 13.775 0 0 38.963 0 0
HV_GEN 0.977 0 0 2.763 0 0
Phidim 0.977 0 0 2.762 0 0
Ilam 0.977 0 0 2.761 0 0
Damak 0.976 0 0 2.760 0 0

Here the fault current is found to be 0.977kA which is similar to the previous grid although it has been
increased by 5% and it has not exceeded the limit i.e. 17.576kA. So, the circuit breaker can withstand the new
fault current too.

Conclusion:
Although there is a change in the fault current in both cases which is increasing, but the fault current has not
exceeded the limit i.e., 17.576kA so the circuit breaker can withstand the fault current. In this way the load
flow was carried out and different fault currents were calculated. The fault current varies as the increase in
generation increases the current flowing through the conductor and so does the increase in the load.

Appendix-A

10
Figure 8 : Fault analysis with updated Generator

11
Figure 9 Single Line to Ground Fault

12
Figure 10 Symmetrical Fault

13
Figure 11 Double Line to Ground Fault

14
 SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION
EPEG 415

ASSIGNMENT II

CALCULATION OF RELAY SETTINGS AND COORDINATION FOR

TRANSMISSION LINEs

15
Determine the settings for IDMT relays (Both phase and ground fault) as well as distance relay
(Mho-relay) settings for your system modeled for Assignment I.

Selection of radial system:

The radial system selected for this assignment is of Koshi Province consisting of Kabeli hydropower of 37MW.
In this assignment, I have taken the grid joining Kabeli hydropower to Phidim, Ilam, and Damak as shown in
Figure 1. Although the Mail Khola hydropower is connected to the Ilam substation for this assignment, it is not
considered in this system. The transmission lines are of 132kv transmission line using Bear conductor also, the
grid joining after the Damak is not considered.

Figure 1: Selected Grid

16
 The block diagram that shows the radial power system with the conductor and the substation details is shown in
Figure 2. The 37MW Kabeli hydropower is rated at 11kv with a power factor of 0.85. The reactance and other
necessary data are inserted from the given datasheets. Load flow analysis is carried out and necessary data are
shown.
Bear Bear Bear
Kabeli conductor
Hydropower conductor conductor
8KM Phidim Substation
42.66KM Ilam Substation 34.55KM Damak Substation
132/33KV
G 132/33KV 132/33KV
5MVA Single 12MVA 25MVA
Single circuit Single
circuit circuit
37MW

Figure 2: Block Diagram

Single Line Diagram

Figure 3: Single Line Diagram

Load flow analysis

From the above one-line diagram the circuit is implemented in Digsilent software and the load flow analysis
was conducted whose results are shown below.

17
 Figure 4: Load Flow Analysis
There is one generator, 5 buses among which 4 are substations with one transformer and 4
transmission lines. The data obtained from the above load flow analysis are shown in the table below.

Table 1: Values of current flowing through loads

Loads Value of current(A)

Phidim load 22

Ilam load 53

Damak load 111

18
Calculations for IDMT Over-current Phase Relay:
The maximum and minimum fault current values for phase faults for all the buses are tabulated as follows:

Table 2: Maximum and Minimum values of phase faults at buses

High vol side of Phidim Ilam Damak

the generator Substation Substation Substation
(in kA) (in kA) (in KA) (in kA)
I fault, max 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.976

I fault, min 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726

The setting process was started from the tail end of the system,

Deciding the CT ratios and plug settings:

i) For the relay at Ilam, the maximum load current, assuming 25% overload is:

111𝐴 + (0.25 ∗ 111 A) = 138 A

Assuming 1 Ampere relay to be used, the CT ratio can be selected to be 150:1. The plug setting PS can be done
at 92% i.e., PS = 0.92A. The nearest highest plug setting i.e., PS of 1 A is chosen.

ii) For the relay at Phidim, the maximum load current, assuming 25 percent overload is:
(111 + 53) A + (0.25 ∗ (111 +53) 𝐴) = 205A
Assuming 1 Ampere relay to be used, the CT ratio can be selected to be 250:1. The plug setting PS can be done
at 82 % i.e. PS = 0.82A. So, the plug setting of 1 A is taken.

iii) For the relay at Kabeli hydropower high volt side, the maximum load current, assuming 25 percent overload
is:
(111 + 53 +22 ) A + (0.25 (111 + 53 + 22) A
= 232.5A
Assuming 1 Ampere relay to be used, the CT ratio can be selected to be 250:1. The plug setting PS can be done
at 93.72 % i.e., PS = 0.93 A. Plug setting of 1 A is taken.

Deciding the time-multiplier settings:

Starting from the most remote relay i.e., relay at Ilam,

19
i) Since the relay at Ilam does not have to maintain selectivity with any other relay, it can be made to operate
the fastest. Thus, the TMS of RIlam can be selected as 0.1.

ii) Now, to maintain selectivity between RIlam and RPhidim, the following constraint must be met:

Operating time of RPhidim for maximum fault at Ilam

= Operating time of RIlam for maximum fault at Damak

+ Circuit breaker Ilam operating time

+ Overshoot time of RPhidim

The operating time of RIlam for maximum fault just beyond bus Ilam can be found from the equation as:
𝑇𝑅, Ilam =

For maximum fault at Damak, the fault current is 0.976 kA on the primary side which becomes (976/150)
=6.5066 Amperes secondary.
6.5066
𝑃𝑆𝑀= = =6.5066A
1
The TMS of RIlam has already been set to 0.1. Now,
0.14∗0.1
𝑇𝑅,Ilam = =0.38
6.050660.02 −1
Let, TCB,Ilam = 0.5 s and TOS,Phidim = 10 % of (0.38+0.5) s = 0.088s

T𝑅,Phidim for maximum fault at Ilam= 0.38 + 0.5 + 0.088 = 0.968 s.

The TMS of RPhidm can be found from the following expression;

0.14∗𝑇𝑀𝑆
0.968=
𝑃𝑀𝑆 0.02−1

For the plug setting of Phidim, CT ratio in Phidim is 250:1. So, the current in the relay is
977
Irelay= =3.908 A.
250

PSM= =3.908

Now,
0.968(𝑝𝑀𝑆 0.02 −1)
TSM= =0.1910796
0.14

iii) Again, to maintain selectivity between RPowerhouse and RPhidim, the following constraint must be met:

20
Operating time of RPowerhouse for maximum fault at Phidim
= Operating time of RIlam for maximum fault at Damak
+ Circuit breaker Ilam operating time
+ Operating time of RPhidim for maximum fault at Ilam
+ Circuit breaker Phidim operating time
+ Overshoot time of RPowerhouse
The operating time of RPowerhouse for maximum fault just beyond bus Phidim can be found from:

𝑇𝑅,Powerhouse =

Let, TCB,Phidim = 0.5 s and TOS,powerhouse = 10 % of (0.38+0.5+0.968+0.5) s = 0.2348 s

𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅Powerhouse 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑡 Phidim

=0.38+0.5+0.968+0.5+0.2348
=2.5828 s
The TMS of RPowerhouse can be found from the following expression;

2.5828=

For the plug setting of Powerhouse, the CT ratio in Powerhouse is 250:1. So, current in the relay is;
977
Irelay= =3.908
250

PSM= =3.908

Now,
2.5828(𝑝𝑀𝑆 0.02−1)
TSM= =0.509835
0.14
We can verify that the selectivity for minimum fault at bus Ilam is automatically maintained. Minimum fault
current for fault at bus Damak = 726 Amperes. RIlam current corresponding to this is 726/150 = 4.84 Amperes.
Since the plug setting is 1 A, this translates into a PSM of 4.84 A For relay RIlam, TMS = 0.1. Thus, the
operating time of RIlam for minimum fault at bus Damak will be:
0.14∗0.1
𝑇𝑅,Ilam,min 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑡 Damak = 𝑇𝑅,Ilam = =0.4369 𝑠
4.84 0.02 −1
𝑇𝐶𝐵,𝐷𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑘 = 0.5 𝑠
The expected operating time of RPhidim for this fault should be greater than,
0.4369 + 0.5 + 0.1 ∗ (0.4369 + 0.5) = 1.0305 𝑠
Now, let us find out the actual operating time of RPhidim for minimum fault at bus Ilam:
Minimum fault current = 726 A.
Relay RPhidim current corresponding to this is: 726/250 = 2.904A.
21
Since the plug setting is 1 A, this translates into a PSM of 2.904. For relay RPhidm,
TMS = 0. 1910796
Thus the operating time of RPhidim for minimum fault at bus Ilam will be:
0.14∗0.1910796
𝑇𝑅,Phidim, min𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑡 Ilam = =1.241311𝑠
2.904 0.02−1

This value of 1.241311s is greater than the minimum operating time 1.0305s, required for maintaining
selectivity between RPhidim and RIlam.

The relay settings for the buses are tabulated below:

Table 3: Selected Current Transformer and Relay settings

Relay CT Ratio Plug Setting Nearest Highest TMS

(in percent) Plug Setting
(in percent)

RIlam 150:1 92 100 0.1

RPhidim 250:1 82 100 0.19108

Powerhouse 250:1 93 100 0.509835

All the parameters obtained were used as data for the simulation. The network was checked for coordination of
relays in the digsilent software.

Table 4: Relay Details

22
 Figure 1: Fault at 50% of the line between Ilam and Damak

After applying the phase fault at 50% of the line between Ilam and Damak Substation. A time-overcurrent graph
was plotted to check the coordination between the relays.

23
 Figure 2: Time-Overcurrent Plot when fault applied in between Ilam and Damak Substation

From the figure, the tripping time for the overcurrent fault of different relays was observed. The relay at the
Ilam Substation will trip first in 0.364 seconds, and then the relay at the Phidim Substation will trip in 0.998
seconds. Finally, the relay at the powerhouse substation will trip in 2.491 seconds if faults fail to clear in the
Ilam and Phidim Substation.
When a fault is applied at 50% of the line between Phidim and Ilam Substaion, again, the time-overcurrent
graph was plotted to check the coordination between the relays.

24
Figure 3:Fault at 50% of line between Phidim and Ilam

25
 Figure 4: Time-overcurrent plot when fault applied in between Phidim and Ilam Substation

From the figure, the tripping time for the overcurrent fault of different relays was observed. The relay at Ilam
Substation will not trip. Then relay at the Phidim and Powerhouse substation will trip.

26
Calculations for IDMT Earth Fault Over-current Relay
The maximum and minimum fault current values for ground faults for all the buses are tabulated as follows:

Table 5: Maximum and Minimum values of ground faults at buses

High vol side of Phidim Ilam Damak

the generator Substation Substation Substation
(in kA) (in kA) (in KA) (in kA)
I fault, max 0.977 0.977 0.977 0.976

I fault, min 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726

The setting process was started from the tail end of the system,

Deciding the CT ratios and plug settings:

i) For the relay at Ilam, the maximum load current, assuming 25% overload is:

111𝐴 + (0.25 ∗ 111 A) = 138 A

Assuming 1 Ampere relay to be used, the CT ratio can be selected to be 150:1. The plug setting PS can be done
at 92% i.e., PS = 0.92A. The nearest highest plug setting i.e., PS of 100%. But, since, the fault current to ground
may be comparatively very small, plug setting of 10 percent i.e., 0.1 Amperes can be taken to ensure sensitive
operation.

ii) For the relay at Phidim, the maximum load current, assuming 25 percent overload is:
(111 + 53) A + (0.25 ∗ (111 +53) 𝐴) = 205A
Assuming 1 Ampere relay to be used, the CT ratio can be selected to be 250:1. The plug setting PS can be done
at 82 % i.e. PS = 0.82A. So, the plug setting of 1 A. But, for similar reasons as mentioned in point i., the plug
setting can be taken to be 10 percent i.e., 0.1

iii) For the relay at Kabeli hydropower high volt side, the maximum load current, assuming 25 percent overload
is:
(111 + 53 +22 ) A + (0.25 (111 + 53 + 22) A
= 232.5A
Assuming 1 Ampere relay to be used, the CT ratio can be selected to be 250:1. The plug setting PS can be done
at 93.72 % i.e., PS = 0.93 A. Similarly, the plug setting is taken to be 10 percent.

Deciding the time-multiplier settings:

27
Starting from the most remote relay i.e. relay at Ilam,
i) Since relay at Damak does not have to maintain selectivity with any other relay, it can be made to operate the
fastest. Thus, the TMS of RIlam can be selected as 0.1.

ii) Now, to maintain selectivity between RPhidim and RIlam, the following constraint must be met:

Operating time of RPhidim for maximum fault at Ilam

= Operating time of RIlam for maximum fault at Damak

+ Circuit breaker Ilam operating time

+ Overshoot time of RPhidim

The operating time of RDamak for maximum fault just beyond bus Damak can be found from:

0.14∗TMS
𝑇𝑅,Ilam=
(PSM)0.02 −1

For maximum fault at Ilam, fault current is 0.977 kA on the primary side.
0.977∗1000
PSMIlam,max fault current = 150 = 65.133𝐴
( 1 )∗0.1

The TMS of RIlam has already been set to 0.1. Now,

0.14∗TMS
𝑇𝑅,Ilam= = 0.1607s
(PSM)0.02 −1

Let, TCB, Ilam = 0.5 s and TOS, Phidim = 10 % of (0.1*(0.5+0.1607))

𝑇𝑅,Phidim max 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑡 Ilam = =0.1*(0.5+0.1607)+0.5+0.1607 =0.72677

The TMS of RPhidim can be found from the following expression;

0.14∗TMS
TR,Phidim,max fault current =
(PSM)0.02 −1

0.72667∗[(39.080.02 )−1]
TMS Phidim,max fault current = = 0.3948229
0.14
iii) Now, to maintain selectivity between RPowerhouse and RPhidim, the following constraint must be met:

Operating time of RPowerhouse for maximum fault at Phidim

= Operating time of RIlam for maximum fault at Damak
+ Circuit breaker Ilam operating time
+ Operating time of RPhidim for maximum fault at Ilam
+ Circuit breaker Phidim operating time
+ Over shoot time of RPowerhouse
28
 0.14∗TMS
𝑇𝑅,Powerhouse=
(PSM)0.02 −1
Let, TCB,Phidim = 0.5 s and TOS,powerhouse = 10 % of (0.1607+0.5+0.39482+0.5) s = 0.1555s
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅Powerhouse 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑡 Phidim
=0.1607+0.5+0.39482+0.5+0.1555
=1.71102s
The TMS of RPowerhouse can be found from the following expression;

1.71102=

For plug setting of Powerhouse, CT ratio in Powerhouse is 900:1. So, current in relay is ;
977
Irelay= =39.08A
250∗0.1

PSM= =39.08A

Now,
1.71102(𝑝𝑀𝑆 0.02 −1)
TSM= =0.929651
0.14
The settings for ground fault relays are tabulated in Table:

Table 6: Selected Current Transformer and Relay settings

Relay CT Ratio Plug Setting TMS

(in percent)

RIlam 150:1 10 0.1

RPhidim 250:1 10 0.3948229

RPowerhouse 250:1 10 0.929651

All the parameters obtained were used as data’s for the simulation. The network was checked for coordination
of relays in the digsilent software.

Table 7: Relay Details

29
 Figure 5:Ground fault at 50% of line between Ilam and Damak

After applying the fault at 50% of line between Ilam and Damak Substation. Time-overcurrent graph was
plotted to check the coordination between the relays.

30
 Figure 6: Time-overcurrent plot when fault applied in between Ilam and Damak Substation

From figure, the tripping time for overcurrent fault earth relays was observed. The relay at Ilam Substation will
trip first in 0.199 seconds, then relay at Phidim Substation will trip in 0.796 seconds. Finally, the relay at
powerhouse substation will trip in 1.790 seconds if faults fail to clear in Ilam and Phidim Substation
After applying the fault at 50% of line between Ilam and Damak Substation. Again,time-overcurrent graph was
plotted to check the coordination between the relays.

31
Figure 7:Fault at 50% of line between Phidim and Ilam

32
 Figure 8: Time-overcurrent plot when fault applied in between Phidim and Ilam Substation

From the figure, the tripping time for the overcurrent fault of different relays was observed. The relay at Ilam
Substation will not trip. Then relay at Phidim and Powerhouse substation will trip.

Calculations for Distance Relay

Here, the transmission line is made using Bear conductor in all section of line.
Impedance of line = (0.000623514+j0.002280541) 𝑂ℎ𝑚/𝑘𝑚
Impedance of first line section from Powerhouse to Phidim,
8 𝑘𝑚 ∗(0.000623514+j0.002280541) 𝑂ℎ𝑚/𝑘𝑚
(0.004988+j0.018244)𝑂ℎ𝑚= 0.01891358∠74.71

Length of line connecting Phidim and Ilam = 42.68km.

So,
Impedance of the second section from Phidim to Ilam,
42.68 𝑘𝑚 ∗(0.000623514+j0.002280541) 𝑂ℎ𝑚/𝑘𝑚
(0.0266116+j0.0973335)𝑂ℎ𝑚= 0.100906∠74.71

Length of line connecting Ilam and Damak = 34.55km.

33
So,
Impedance of the second section from Ilam to Damak,
34.55 𝑘𝑚 ∗(0.000623514+j0.002280541) 𝑂ℎ𝑚/𝑘𝑚
(0.0215424+j0.0787927)𝑂ℎ𝑚= 0.0816845∠74.71

Impedance of first zone Z1,

(0.8 ∗0.1891358∠74.71) 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠
(0.1513∠74.71) 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠

Impedance of second zone Z2,

Z1+50% of Z2
(0.1513∠74.71+ 0.5 ∗0.100906∠74.71)
(0.200906∠74.71)

Impedance of third zone Z3,

Z1+Z2+20% of Z3

0.1513∠74.71+0.200906∠74.71+0.2*0.05436∠74.71
= (0.363078∠74.71)
The obtained impedance on the primary side are to be transferred to the relay side (i.e. secondary side of CT and
PT) because the transformed values of current and voltage from CT and PT.

250/1
𝑍1(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦) = = *(0.1513∠74.71)
132∗103 /110
=0.03152∠74.71

250/1
𝑍2(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦)= *(0. 200906∠74.71) = 0.0418667∠74.71
132∗103 /110

Similarly,
250/1
𝑍3(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦) = *(0. 363078∠74.71)=0.075641∠74.71
132∗103 /110

Now, for Mho relay,

34
 0.03152
𝐾1 = = =0.031628 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠
cos (74.71−70)
𝐾2 = 0.042 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐾3 = 0.07589 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠
Similar calculations were performed for line sections from Phidim to Ilam and section Ilam to Damak which are
tabulated below:

Table 8: Calculated zone impedance for Relay on Phidim Substation

Line Impedance Zone 1 Zone 2 K1 K2

Resistance Reactance

Phidim-Ilam 0.0266116 0.097355 0.01618<74.71 - 0.016875 -

Ilam-Damak 0.000623 0.00228 - 0.0081684<74.71 - 0.0081913

In Digsilent powerfactory software I can not find the distance relay that supports small values of impedances so
for simulation purpose I have increase the value of line impedances by 20 times then the new values are:

𝐾1 = 0.63256 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠

𝐾2 = 0.84 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐾3 = 1.5178 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠

35
 Figure 9: Symmetrical fault for Distance protection

In this figure Distance relay is added on to the Powerhouse substation. All the data were obtained from the hand
calculation. Zone were divided into three parts (Zone1, Zone2, Zone3) in between the line of powerhouse to
Phidim, Phidim to Ilam and Ilam to Damak line.
First zone protects the 80% of line, while second zone protects the 150% of line and the zone 3 protects 230%
of line. Similarly, Relay is placed onto Phidim substation dividing the forward line into 2 zone and also placed
on Ilam Substation which protects only 80% of line between Moitpur to Damak transmission line.
After adding all the data into relay model. R-X graph is plotted and Symmetrical fault is analysed in between
the line.

36
 PowerHouse Bus Phidim Substation Ilam Substation
51(IDMT-Phase) CT: 250/1A CT: 250/1A CT: 150/1A

PS: 100%(1A) PS: 100%(1A) PS: 100%(1A)

TMS: 0.5098 TMS: 0.19108 TMS: 0.1

51G(IDMT-Ground) CT: 250/1A CT: 250/1A CT: 150/1A

PS: 10% (0.1A) PS: 10% (0.1A) PS: 10% (0.1A)

TMS: 0.92965 TMS: 0.3948 TMS: 0.1A

21 CT: 250/1A CT: 250/1A CT: 150/1A

PT: 132000/110 V PT: 132000/110 V PT: 132000/110 V

Zone 1: 0.031628 Zone 1: 0.0119 Zone 1: 0.07168

Zone 2: 0.024256 Zone 2: 0.0194 Zone 2: -

Zone 3: 0.02969 Zone 3: - Zone 3: -

MTA: 70 MTA: 70 MTA: 70

37
 Figure 11: R-X Plot of Relay on PowerHouse Bus

Above figure shows the R-X plot when relay is placed on powerhouse, and protecting the line dividing into 3
zone. In above figure, Fault is applied onto Ilam to Damak line (on 20%).

Similarly, the calculation of relay model on Ilam substation is tabulated below which protects the forward radial
line into single zone (80%).

Table 9: Zone Impedance of Relay on Ilam Substation

Line Impedance Zone 1 K1

Resistance Reactance

Ilam-Damak 0.000623 0.00228 0.07168<74.68 0.0539

All the setting for the both overcurrent relay and distance relay were calculated and tabulated below:

38
Conclusion:

Calculations were performed to determine the relay settings for both the IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum
Time) and Distance relays. Once these relay settings were obtained, they were inputted into the Power Factory
software for further analysis.
Fault analysis was then conducted on three different transmission lines, namely the powerhouse to Phidim line,
the Phidim to Ilam line, and the Ilam to Damak line. The objective of this analysis was likely to assess the
effectiveness of the relay settings in protecting the transmission lines from faults.

39
 KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

Switch Gear and Protection

Assignment 3

EPEG 415

SETTINGS FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS

40
Following system is considered for my assignments I and II. So, I use the same system for this
assignment too.

Figure 12 System under consideration

41
 Figure 13. Software model of the system.

Bus Differential Protection

For any bus in the figure, I consider the following assumptions as constants:
Rs = CT secondary resistance = 0.7 ohm
Pilot wire connecting CT secondary & Relay (Rwire) = 2 ohms
Relay load (1 A relay is used) = 1.0 ohm
CT magnetizing current up to 120 V = 0.28 mA/V (assumed linear)
CT saturation voltage V knee > 120 V

1. For Phidim Substation:

42
From the above figure, there are two lines on the feeder.
CT ratio 250:1 is chosen by considering the overload current of 25% which is 232.5A A.
From the simulation, the maximum through-fault current was seen 0.977kA.
Then,
977 ∗ (𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒) 977 ∗ (2 + 0.7)
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑡 = = = 10.55𝑉
𝐶𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 250
CT magnetizing current is given as 0.28 mA per volt.
Therefore, for a voltage of 10.55V;
CT magnetizing current = (0.28 mA/V) (10.55 V) mA = 2.954mA
For a minimum internal fault current of 250 A, the pick-up value should be:
250
Ipu =250 − 2.954𝑚𝐴 ∗ 2 = 0.994
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏 + 𝑅𝑜𝑐, 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = = 10.6136
𝐼𝑝𝑢
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏 = 9.6136
25(𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 25)
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 = ∗ 10.6136 = 1.06136𝑉
250

1.0613V

9.61 Ohm

Figure 14. Bus bar Protection of Phidim substation.

43
 2. For Ilam Substation:

From the above figure, there are two lines on the feeder.
CT ratio 250:1 is chosen by considering the overload current of 25% which is 205A.
From the simulation, the maximum through-fault current was seen 0.977kA.
Then,
977 ∗ (𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒) 977 ∗ (2 + 0.7)
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑡 = = = 10.55𝑉
𝐶𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 250
CT magnetizing current is given as 0.28 mA per volt.
Therefore, for a voltage of 10.55𝑉 V;
CT magnetizing current = (0.28 mA/V) (10.55𝑉) mA = 2.954mA
For minimum internal fault current of 220 A, the pick-up value should be:
220
Ipu =250 − 2.95𝑚𝐴 ∗ 2 = 0.874
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏 + 𝑅𝑜𝑐, 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑗𝑎𝑦 = = 12.069
𝐼𝑝𝑢
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏 = 11.069
25
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 = ∗ 12.069 = 1.2069𝑉
250

1.2069V

1.206ohm

Figure 15. Bus Bar Protection of Ilam substation

3. For Damak Substaion:

44
From the above figure there are two lines on the feeder.
CT ratio 150:1 is chosen by considering the overload current of 25% which is 138 A
From the simulation the maximum through fault current was seen 0.976kA.
Then,
976 ∗ (𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒) 976 ∗ (2 + 0.7)
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑡 = = = 17.568𝑉
𝐶𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 150
CT magnetizing current is given as 0.28 mA per volt.
Therefore, for a voltage of 17.568V;
CT magnetizing current = (0.28 mA/V) (17.568 V) mA = 4.919mA
For minimum internal fault current of 150 A, the pick-up value should be:
150
Ipu =150 − 4.919𝑚𝐴 ∗ 2 = 0.9951𝐴
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏 + 𝑅𝑜𝑐, 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = = 17.65
𝐼𝑝𝑢
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏 = 16.65
25
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 = ∗ 17.65 = 2.9417𝑉
150

2.9417V

17.65 ohm

Figure 16. Bus Bar Protection of Damak substation

Transformer Protection

Transformer Differential Protection

We have a 60 MVA, 11kV/132 kV, 15% transformer impedance, and a delta-star transformer in Kabeli
generation substation. For differential protection, we need two CT’s each on each side
45
Step 11 kV delta side 132 kV star side

1 Full-load line current, 60 ∗ 106 60 ∗ 106

IFL (A) = 3149.18 𝐴 = 262.43 𝐴
√3 ∗ 11 ∗ 103 √3 ∗ 132 ∗ 103

2 To allow for 25% overload, 3936.475 A 328.037 A

choosing
(IFL * 1.25) as primary
current(A)

3 CT ratios (5 4800:1 400:1

A relay) Current Ratio = 960 Current Ratio = 80

4 CT secondary Current 0.82 A 0.82A

(A)

5 Pilot wire currents (A) Since, 11 KV side is star connected, Since,132 KV side is delta
CT connected, CT secondaries are
secondaries are connected in the star.
Current in the pilot wires:
connected in the delta.
0.82A
Current in the pilot wires:
3 * 0.82 =1.42028 A

6 Current after the interposing Current after the interposing CT = Current in pilot wire=
CT: 0.82A 1.42028/1.7320
= 1.7320 : 1 =0.821 A

A spill current = 0.821-0.0.82 = 0.001.

Let’s put Ipu, (pickup of setting) = 0.05A.
Spill current< Ipu, then the system is stable.
For Bias setting(slope), we need to know the maximum through fault current is 0.977kA.

Since, Impedance reactance is taken as 15 %. So, finding the fault current just outside differential zone as:
46
𝐼𝑓𝑝𝑢 = 1/ 0.15 = 6.67
Now, Actual fault is calculated as:
𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼 𝑓𝑝𝑢 * 𝐼 𝑓𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
= 6.67 * 262.43 = 1750.408𝐴
Now, on primary side this current is:
𝐼𝑓𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 132/11 * 1750 = 21004 𝐴

Primary Side Secondary Side

Fault Current 5.2039 5.2039

Final Current after Imposing 5.2039 3.004

CTs

Where, I1 = 5.2039 A, I2 = 3.004A.

Bias setting:
2(𝐼1 − 𝐼2)
𝐵𝑖𝑎𝑠 (%) = ∗ 100% = 53.274%
(𝐼1 + 𝐼2)

Actual Spill Current = I1-I2 = 2.201 A

Therefore, Actual Spill Current < Ipickup Current so Differential Relay will operate at this condition.

47
 4800:1 400:1

4800:1

400:1

4800:1

400:1

Figure 17. Transformer Protection

48
 For Generator Protection at Phidim:
Ipeak = 2.377KA
Ifault(Iks ) = 13.64kA
Let’s say we want to limit the fault current to the rated maximum current.
Then we need the Grounding resistance and it is calculated as:
11/√3
𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 =
𝑅𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
11/√3
2.377 =
𝑅𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑅𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 = 2.672𝑂ℎ𝑚
Since Ipeak is 2.377KA A, we use 2500:1 CT on both sides of the stator. The plug setting is selected as 10% of
1 A i.e. 0.1
Now for calculation of bias percentage we proceed as follows:
During fault Ifault = 13.64 kA
The reading at secondary of CT i.e. 𝐼1 = 13640/ 2500 = 5.456 𝐴
During fault, current at left of stator = 2377A

The reading at secondary of CT i.e. 𝐼2 = 2377/2500 = 0. 95 𝐴

Now,
We know,
𝐼1 − 𝐼2 = 𝑚 2 * (𝐼1 + 𝐼2) + 𝐼𝑝𝑢
𝑚
5.456-0.95 = 2 ∗ (5.456 + 0.95) + 0.1

Therefore, m = 146%

49
 2500:1

2.672 ohm

137%

Figure 18. Generator Protection.

Results and Discussion:

S.N Substation Name Result

1 Phidim Substation CT ratio = 250:1

VSuper = 1.0613V
Rstab = 9.6136 ohm

2 Ilam Substation CT ratio = 250:1

VSuper = 1.206V
Rstab = 11.069 ohm

3 Damak Substation CT ratio = 150:1

VSuper = 2.941V
Rstab = 16.65 ohm

50
4 Transformer LV side CT ratio = 4800:1A
HV side CT ratio = 400:1A
Interposing CT = 1.732 :1 A
Pickup = 5% of 1A
Bias setting = 53.27%

5 Generator CT ratio = 2500:1A

Rground = 2.672Ω
Slope(m)= 137%

Conclusion: In this way the setting for the differential relays were concluded.

51
 KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

Switch Gear and Protection

Assignment 4

EPEG 415

DESIGN OF EARTHING GRID FOR THE

GENERATION SYSTEM

52
Solution:
The following system is considered for my assignments I and II. So, I use the same system for this
assignment too.

Figure 19 System under consideration

Calculating the ground faults of the below grid:

53
 Powerhouse

Figure 20. Software model of the system.

We get:

Bus 1 Bus 2

Single Phase to Ground Double Phase to Ground Single Phase to Ground Double Phase to Ground

Fault 13.775 11.547 0.977 0.819

Currents
(kA)

From the above table, the maximum fault current is 13.775kA, which is taken as the maximum grid current for
earthing design.
The following data are taken for designing the Earth grid for the generating station:
Soil resistivity (ρ) = 25 Ω-m.
54
Area for substation (Aarea) =46m x 33m=1518m2
Maximum grid current (I) = 13.775 kA
Fault clearing time (t) = 0.25s
The resistivity of soil at the surface (ρs) = 3000 Ω-m
Conductor type: Copper
Cable joints: Welded
Split factor= 100%

1. Conductor Size:
Ambient temperature, = 40℃
Area of conductor,
𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 12.25∗10-3 ∗I∗t0.5

𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 12.25∗10−3 ∗13775(0.250.5) = 84.37𝑚𝑚2

Let the corrosion allowance be 15%,
Conductor size with corrosion allowance is
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 ∗(1+0.15) = 84.37∗1.15 = 97.02765 𝑚𝑚2
Conductor diameter(d),
𝜋𝑑 2
𝐴𝑐 =
4
𝑑 = 11.1148 ∗ 10−3𝑚

2. Preliminary design:
Let the grid cover the entire substation area,
Assuming spacing between the conductors(D)=3m
Conductor buried(h)=0.5m
As the length of the area is 46 m and taking 3m as spacing there will be (46/3) = 16 rows and as the breadth is
33m, (33/3) =12 rows across length and breadth of the area. The total length of horizontal grid conductors
across the length (Lc)=16*46 across breadth (Lr)=12*33
For grids with no rods or evenly spread all over,
Total lengths of conductors in the grid,
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑐 +𝑙𝑟
𝐿 = 1132𝑚
Using the equation for finding grid resistance of h>0.5m,

55
 𝑅 𝜌
1 1 1
𝑅 = 55( + ∗ (1 + ( )))
1132 √20∗1518 20
1+0.5√
1518

𝑅 = 0.6627𝑂ℎ𝑚
Since the earthing resistance, R=0.66270Ω is less than 1Ω, the earthing grid can be designed.

3. Conductor length for gradient control:

Since the maximum number of conductors in one direction is 16 across length,
No. of parallel conductors (n)=16
Correction factor for grid geometry,
𝐾𝑖 𝑛
Ki = 3.408
For grids with no grounds or few ground rods corrective weighing factor,

𝐾𝑖𝑖
Kii = 0.6484
Corrective factor for grid depth,
𝐾
Spacing factor for mesh voltage,

1 𝐷2 (𝐷 + 2ℎ)2 ℎ 𝑘𝑖𝑖 8
Km = (ln ( + − )+ ∗ ln ( ))
2𝜋 16ℎ𝑑 8𝐷𝑑 4𝑑 𝑘ℎ 𝜋(2n − 1)

1 32 (3 + 2 ∗ 0.5)2 0.5 0.648

Km = (ln ( −3
+ −3
− −3
)+
2𝜋 16 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 11.11 ∗ 10 8 ∗ 3 ∗ 11.11 ∗ 10 4 ∗ 11.11 ∗ 10 1.225
8
∗ ln ( ))
𝜋(2 ∗ 16 − 1)

Km = 0.527075
Minimum length required,
𝜌 ∗𝐾𝑚∗𝐾𝑖∗𝐼 ∗√𝑡
Lmin

56
 55∗0.527∗3.408∗13775∗0.250.5
=
(1000+1.5∗3000)∗0.116
𝐿min= 1066.3845𝑚

Since the conductor length from the preliminary design calculation L (1132m) is greater than conductor length
required to keep the mesh voltage Lmin (1066.384m), the design is safe from the consideration of mesh
potential.

4. Step potential:
Tolerable step voltage,

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑉
Spacing factor for step voltage,

Ks= 0.51535
Actual step voltage,
𝜌∗𝐾𝑠∗𝐾𝑖 ∗𝐼
𝐸𝑠 =
𝐿
𝐸𝑠 =1175.46V
Since, tolerable step voltage (4498.9V) substantially greater than actual step voltage 1175.46V, the grid is safe
from step potential.

5. Touch potential:
Tolerable touch potential,

𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐h = 1276𝑉
Actual touch potential,
𝜌∗𝐾𝑚∗𝐾𝑖 ∗𝐼
𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑠ℎ =
𝐿
𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑠h = 1072.24𝑉
57
Since, tolerable touch potential (1276V) substantially greater than actual touch potential (1072.24V), the grid is
safe from touch potential.
Ground potential rise,
𝐺𝑃𝑅 = 𝐼 ∗𝑅
𝐺𝑃𝑅 = 13775∗0.66270 = 9128.6925V
Since GPR voltage (9128.69V) is higher than the tolerable touch potential of 1276𝑉, there is danger of
transferred potential. So, it is necessary to safeguard personnel and equipment from transferred potential.

Table 2. Results of earthing grid design

tolerable Actual tolerable Actual length of no. of

Resistance
GPR step step touch touch earthing ground (Ω)
voltage(v) voltage(V) potential(V) potential(V) conductor(m) rods
11.13kV 4498.9 1175.46 1276 1072.24 1132 16 0.66270

58
6. Final design:
Some ground rods can be added over the grid area which will increase the safety margin.
Number of ground rods,
𝐼 13775
𝑁𝑔 = = = 27.55 = 28
500 500

Figure 3. Final Earthing Design.

59
 Kathmandu University
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Assignment V
Single Line Diagram of the Generating Station

60
Kabeli Hydropower Station has a capacity of 38MW. It has two units of generators each having 19MW
capacity.

The calculation of the selected switchgear equipment is given below:

Generator Capacity, P= 19MW

Rated Voltage, V= 11kV

Power Factor, φ= 0.85

Reactance, x= 0.2pu

Transformer Voltage= 11/132kV

Reactance of transformer= 5%

Now,

Total current at the low voltage side of the transformer,

𝑃
Ig=
√3∗𝑉∗𝑐𝑜𝑠φ
19
Ig=
√3∗11∗0.85

Ig= 1.17322 KA =1173.22A

The required cable rating from the generator to circuit breaker 1, and circuit breaker 1 to the transformer is,

I=1173*1.1(overload)= 1290.55A

As the current rating is high, two cables of rating 650A of 520mm2 is used.

Size of Circuit Breaker 1:

Considering the reactance of the cable to be j0.05pu.

61
 If = If,pu*I

If = 4.44*1290.55 A

If = 5730.04 A

Circuit Breaker 1 must carry the normal current rating of 1174A.

Therefore, from the datasheet, the rating of the selected circuit breaker is; 1200A, 14.4kV, and 18kA.

Size of Lightning Arrester:

From Datasheet, the selected lightning arrester rating is 9kV, 10kA and the protective level is 32kV.

Now, checking the size of the cable for the selected equipment,

The short-circuit current rating of 520mm2 is 34.35kA. So, the cable is selected.

Size of Instrument Transformer at Low Voltage Side:

CT= 11kV, 1500:1, 0.1C, 10P

PT= 11kV/110V, 3P

Size of Transformer:

The transformer of a similar size to the generator is selected,

𝑃
𝑐𝑜𝑠φ =
𝑠

62
 𝑠 = 19/0.85

S= 22.35 MVA

So transformer of 23 MVA is selected.

Size of Circuit Breaker 1 and Circuit Breaker 2:

𝑃
Ib,txr=
√3∗𝑉∗𝑐𝑜𝑠φ
19
Ib,txr=
√3∗132∗0.85

Ib,txr= 0.0977 KA =97.7687A

And the fault current is given by;

If = Ib,txr * If, pu

If = 97.768*3.63

If = 354.898

From the datasheet, the selected circuit breaker rating is; 1200A,145kV, and 20kA.

63
Size of Lightning Arrester at High Voltage:

From the datasheet, the selected lightning arrester is; 120kV, 10kA.

Size of Instrument Transformer for High Voltage side:

CT= 100:1A, 132kV, 0.1C, 10P

PT= 132kV/110V, 3P

Size of Isolator:

From the datasheet; the selected isolator rating is 145kV, 100A.

64
Size of Busbar:

From the datasheet; the selected rating of busbar is 132kV, aluminum, 600mm2.

The same process is repeated for another unit of generator.

The single line diagram is shown below;

65
 19 MW, 11KV, 0.85 19 MW, 11KV, 0.85
pf pf

1500:1, 0.1C, 10P 1500:1, 0.1C, 10P

1200A,14.4KV,18 1200A,14.4KV,18
KAP KAP

23MV 23MV
A A

100A, 100A,
145KV 145KV

600 mm2 AL 100A, 100A,

145KV 145KV

100A, 100A, 100A,

145KV 145KV 145KV
1200A,145KV,20K 1200A,145KV,20K 1200A,145KV,20K
100A,A 100A,A 100A,A
145KV 145KV 145KV

100:1A,0.1C,10P 100:1A,0.1C,10P 100:1A,0.1C,10P

66

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