CMBUkTI 7

karcna TMrg;GñkeRbRI )as; karbBa©Úl ngi karbeBa¢j

(User Interface, Input, and Output Design)

eKalbMNgénemeron
eRkaybBa©b;emeronenH GñknwgsikSa H

 User Interface Design

 Input Design Issues
 Output Design Issues
 Printed Output

7-1
 enHKWCaCMBUkdMbUgkñúgcMeNamCMBUkTaMg 3 én systems design phase of SDLC
Edlerobrab;BIviFIksag user interfaces, input procedures, and output RtUvkar
edIm,IRTRTg; business requirements. enAkñúgkMLúgeBl systems design eyIgnwgbegáIt
physical model énRbB½n§Bt’man edaysMGageTAelI logical model EdleyIg)anbegáIt
enAkñúg systems analysis phase.
1. User Interface Design
enAkñúg user-centered system PaBxusEbøkKñarvag input, output nig user
interface manPaBRsBicRsBil. GñkeRbIR)as;RbB½n§PaKeRcIneFVIkarCamYy input, output,
and data queries CaeRcInRbePTlayLMKña enAkñúgeBldMeNIrmuxgarkic©karRbcaMéf¶rbs;
BYkeK ehIykic©karTaMgenHTamTarGnþrkmµCamYy computer system dUecñHeKfa user
interface is a logical starting point in the systems design phase . User
interface design TamTarcMeNHdwgcMeBaH human-computer interaction and user-
centered design principles.

1. 1. Human-Computer Interaction
User interface manmUldæanelIeKalkarN_én human-computer interaction.
Human-computer interaction (HCI) BiBN’naTMnak;TMngrvag computer nigmnusS
EdleRbIR)as;BYkvaedIm,IeFVIkic©karBak;B½n§CMnYjrbs;BYkeK ehIyniyayeGayTUlMTUlay
vasMedAeTAelI communications and instructions caM)ac;TaMgLayNaeRbIedIm,IbBa©Úl
input eTAkan;RbB½n§ nigTTYl output BIRbB½n§kñúgTMrg;Ca screen display rW printed
reports.
kñúgnameyIgCaGñkviPaKRbB½n§ eyIgnwgksag user interfaces sMrab; in-house
developed software nig customize interfaces sMrab; commercial packages
edayeFVIya:gNaeGaymanlkçNH user-friendly rW easy to use.
1. 2. User-Centered Design
User-centered design Bak;B½n§eTAdl;eKalkarN_mUldæancMnYn 8 KW³

Understand the underlying business functions

7-2
 Interface designer RtUvEtyl;eGay)anc,as;nUv business functions nigfaetI
RbB½n§RTRTg;eKaledAbuKÁl/ department nig enterprise edayrebobNa? TisedACacMbg
rbs;eyIg KWeFVIkarbegáIt interfaces sMrab;CYyGñkeRbIR)as;dMeNIrkic©karrbs;BYkeK.
cMnuccab;epþIml¥bMputRbEhlCaeTAeFVIkarviPaKeTAelI organization chart EdlbgðajCa
rUbPaBnUv business functions TaMgGs;enAkñúgRkumh‘un.
Maximum graphic effectiveness
qøgtamryHkarsikSa)anbgðajfa mnusSemIl rWsikSaeTAelIrUbPaBqab;yl;Cag
ehtuenHehIyeTIbRkumh‘unCaeRcIn )anTajykplRbeyaCn_BIkarbgðajCarUbPaBCMnYs
eGaykarbgðajCatYGkSrdUcCa Rkumh‘un Microsoft eRbIR)as; graphic user interface
(GUI) EdlgayRsYlsikSa nigeRbIR)as;CaedIm. Graphic user interface (GUI)
eRbIR)as; graphical objects and techniques EdlGnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;Tak;Tg
CamYyRbB½n§. bc©úb,nñenH GUIs RtUv)aneRbIR)as;ya:geRcIn nigTUlMTUlaycMeBaH
application packages ehtuenHGñkeRbIR)as;sgÄwmfa in-house software nwgeRbIR)as;
GUIs pgEdr. Well-designed GUI GacCYyeFVIeGayGñkeRbIR)as;sikSaelIRbB½n§fµIqab;
yl; nigeFVIkarCamYyRbB½n§manRbsiT§PaB.
Profile the system’s users
GñkviPaKRbB½n§KYrEtyl;eGay)anc,as;nUvkMritCMnaj/ cMeNHdwg nigbTBiesaFn_
rbs;GñkeRbIR)as; (user experience, knowledge, and skill levels) edIm,IgayRsYl
ksag interfaces eGayRtUveTAtamkMritrbs;BYkeK. RbsinebImankMritCaeRcInekIteLIg
eyIgKYrEtksag interfaces EdlGacERbRbYl)an (flexible) RKb;RKan;edIm,ItMrUvTaMg
GñkeTIbecH rWsÁal; computer (novices) nig experienced users.
Think like a user
edIm,IbegáIt interfaces bMeBjeTAtam user requirements, designers KYrEt
eronKitxøÜnÉgCaGñkeRbIR)as;RbB½n§ ehIyemIleTAelIRbB½n§faetImancMnucxVHxatRtg;NaRtUv
bMeBj rWEktMrUv.
Use prototyping

7-3
 cMeBaHTsSnHrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;EtgEtKitfa interfaces KWEpñksMxan;bMput (most
critical part) én systems design BIeRBaHvaKWCaTIkEnøgEdlKat;eFVIkarCamYyRbB½n§
RbEhlCaeRcInema:gerogral;éf¶. vamansarHsMxan;Nas;edIm,IbegáIt model, mock-ups,
and prototypes edIm,ITTYlPaByl;RBmBIGñkeRbIR)as;. Interface designer KYrEtTTYl
feedback BIGñkeRbIR)as;eGay)aneRcIntamEtGaceFVIeTA)an taMgEtBIdMbUgtamEtGaceFVI
eTA)an dUecñHeyIgGacbegáIt screen mock-ups bBa¢ÚneTAGñkeRbIR)as; eKehAfa
storyboards EdlKUrRBagbgðajBI general srceen layout and design. GñkeRbIR)as;
RtUvEtsakl,gRtYtBinitü interfaces RKb;cMnucTaMgGs; nigpþl; feedback eTAkan;
designer vij.

Design a comprehensive interface

User interface KYrEtbBa©Úlral; tasks, commands, and communications
TaMgGs;rvagGñkeRbIR)as; nigRbB½n§Bt’man. Screen enAkúñgrUb 7.1 bgðajBI main
options cMeBaH student registration system. enAkñúgmCÄdæan GUI GñkeRbIR)as;Gac
bgðaj nigeFVIkarCamYy windows CaeRcInenAelI screen EtmYy eday windows Gac
pÞúknUv processing options, data options rWTaMgBIEtmþg. elIsBIenHeTot eyIgKYrEteFVI
eGay interface kan;Et powerful edayGaceGayGñkeRbIR)as;ebIkkmµviFICaeRcIneFVIkar
kñúgeBlEtmYy ehIyTinñn½yGacbBa¢ÚneTAvijeTAmkcMeBaHkmµviFITaMgenaH.

7-4
 (rUb 7.1)

Continue the feedback process

eTaHbICaRbB½n§dak;eGaydMeNIrkarehIyk¾eday vasMxan;Nas;EdleyIgRtUvEt
RtYtBinitüeTAelIkareRbIR)as;RbB½n§ nigsMueGayGñkeRbIR)as;cUlrYmpþl;karENnaM. eyIgGac
kMnt;faetI systems features eRbIR)as;dUcEdl)anrMBwgTukEdrrWGt; tamryHkarcuHesIub
Gegát nigsÞabsÞg;cMeBaHGñkeRbIR)as;. CYnkal full-scale operations GacelceLIgnUv
bBaðaEdlmin)anbgðajenAeBlsakl,gRtYtBinitüeTAelI prototype. eRkayeBlTTYl
)an user feedback eyIgKYrEtEkERbkMhusekIteLIgeTAelIRbB½n§ edIm,IbMeBjeTAtam user
requirements.

Document the interface design

eyIgKYrEtkt;RtaCaÉksarral; screen TaMgGs; TukeRbIR)as;enA
designs
eBleRkayeday programmers rWGñkepSgeTotEdlcUlrYmksag nigEkERbRbB½n§.
4. 3. User Interface Design Guidelines
Good user interface design manmUldæaneTAelIlkçNHrYmbBa©ÚlKñaén
ergonomics, esaP½NviTüa (aesthetics), and interface technology. Ergonomics
erobrab;faetImnusSeFIVkar/ sikSa nigTak;TgCamYy computers edayrebobNa
ehIy aesthetics sMedAeTAelIfaetIkarbegáIt interfaces eGayvaTak;citþ (attractive)

7-5
niggayeRbIR)as; (easy to use) edayrebobNa nigCacugeRkay interface
technology pþl;nUv operational structure RtUvkaredIm,IGnuvtþ design objectives.
GñkviPaKRbB½n§KYrEtBicarNaeTAelIeKalkarN_ENnaMmYycMnYn enAeBlksag user
interfaces dUcCa³

Focus on basic objectives

 sMrYleKaledA systems design edayeCosvagRbugsµartIcMeBaH interface.
 begáIt design EdlgayRsYlsikSa nigcgcaM.
 sresr commands, actions, and system responses Edlminpøas;bþÚr
nigGacTsSTay)an.
 kat;bnßy data entry problems eGaykan;Ettic.
 EkkMhus (correct errors) gayRsYl.
 begáIt logical and attractive layout.

Build an interface that is easy to learn and use

 sresrpøakeGayc,as;las;enAelI controls, buttons, and icons TaMgGs;.
 eRCIserIsEt images TaMgLayNaGñkeRbIR)as;Gacyl;ya:ggay RbsinebI
eyIgeRbI images edIm,IkMnt;sMKal; icons or controls. ]TahrN_³ rUb 7.2 bgðaj
command buttons cMnYn 3 b:uEnþkñúgenaHmanEt printer images EtmYyb:ueNÑaHman
Gtßn½yCak;lak;.

(rUb 7.2)
 pþl; on-screen instructions Edlsmehtusmpl (logical), segçb
nigc,as;las;. ]TahrN_³ enAkñúgrUb 7.3 message xagelIeKBi)akyl; pÞúyBI message
xageRkamgayyl;.

7-6
 (rUb 7.3)
 bgðajral; commands TaMgGs;enAkñúgtarag menu items b:uEnþeFVIeGay
RsGab;BN’ commands NaEdlminTan;GaceRbI)annaeBlenH.
 eFVIkarksagya:gNaeGayGacRtlb;eTAkan; one or more levels enAkñúg
menu structure.

Provide features that promote efficiency

 erobcM tasks, commands, and functions CaRkumdUceTAnwg business
operations Cak;Esþg. eyIgKYrEtpþúM functions nig menu items eTACa multilevel
menu hierarchy rW tree Edlsmehtusmpl.
 begáIt alphabetical menu list rWeRCIserIs commands NaEdl]sSah_
eRbIR)as; dak;enAelIeKkñúg menu list. b:uEnþminTan;manviFIsaRsþerobTItaMg menu items
Casþg;daenAeLIyeT dUecñHviFIRbesIrbMputKWbegáIt prototype nigTTYl feedback BIGñkeRbI
R)as;vij.
 pþl;nUv shortcuts ehtuenHGñkeRbIR)as;EdlmanbTBiesaFn_GaceCosvag
multiple menu levels. eyIgGacbegáIt shortcuts edayeRbIR)as; ALT key bEnßm
CamYytYrGkSrRtUvdak;bnÞat;BIeRkam.
 eRbIR)as;tMélkMnt;TukCamun (default value) RbsinebIeRbIR)as;tMélenaH
PaKeRcIn. ]TahrN_³ RbsinebIGtifiCnrbs;Rkumh‘un 90% rs;enAkñúgextþ Siem Reap
enaHeyIgGackMnt; default value: Siem Reap cMeBaH Province field.

7-7
  pþl;nUv fast-finding feature EdleRbIsMrab;bgðajBItaragtMélGacekItman
(list of possible values) enAeBlGñkeRbIR)as;bBa©ÚltYGkSrcMnYn 2 rW 3 dMbUg.

Make it easy for users to obtain help or correct errors

 eyIgRtUvEtR)akdfa Help EtgEtP¢ab;mkCamYykmµviFI. Help screens KYrEt
pþl;nUvBt’manGMBI menu choices, procedures, shortcuts, and errors.
 pþl;nUv user-selected Help nig context-sensitive Help. User-selected
Help bgðajBt’manenAeBlGñkeRbIR)as;esñIsMuva edaybegàItnUvCMerIssmrmütamryH
menus nig submenus dUcenHenATIcugbBa©b;GñkeRbIR)as;nwgQaneTAdl; screen EdlpÞúk
nUvBt’manRtUvkar. ]TahrN_³ rUb 7.4 bgðajBI main Help screen. Context-
sensitive Help pþl;nUv assistance sMrab;kic©karkMBugdMeNIrkar. ]TahrN_³ enAkñúgrUb
7.5 bgðajBI Help screen EdlelceLIg enAeBlEdlGñkeRbIR)as;esñIsMu Help eBlkMBug
bBa©ÚlTinñn½yeTAkan; ADVISOR ASSIGNED field.

(rUb 7.4)

7-8
 (rUb 7.5)
 pþl;nUvpøÚvpÞal; (direct route) sMrab;GñkeRbIR)as;Rtlb;eTAkan;cMnucEdleFVIkar
esñIsMu Help. dak;cMNgeCIgRKb; Help screen edIm,IkMnt;BIRbFanbT nigbegáIt Help
text eGaymanlkçNHFmµta nigsegçb elIsBIenHeTotKYrEtbBa©Úl blank lines cenøaH
kfax½NÐnImYy²edIm,IeFVIeGay Help gayGan nigpþl;]TahrN_cMeBaHkEnøgsmrmü.
 bBa©Úl contact information dUcCa telephone rW email address CaedIm.
 TamTarkarbBa¢ak;BIGñkeRbIR)as;munnwglubTinñn½y (Are you sure?) nigpþl;nUv
viFIedIm,IeFVIeGayTinñn½y Edl)anlubedayeFVsRbEhsRtlb;eTAkan;lkçNHdUcedImvij
edaybegáItviFIkarBarcMeBaHTinñn½ysMxan; (critical data) mineGaylub rWEkERb.
 pþl;nUv Undo key rW menu choice EdlGnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;lubecal
lT§plén most recent command or action.
 Highlight eTAelIcMnucmankMhus nigGnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;GacEkERb
edaymincaM)ac;RtUvvay command TaMgRsugeLIgvijeT RbsinebIkMhusenaHekItcMeBaH
user-entered command.
 eRbIR)as; Hypertext edIm,ICYyGñkeRbIR)as;eGayeTAkan;TItaMgNamYyya:g
elOn enAeBleFVIkarCamYy Help.
Minimize input data problems
 pþl; data validation checks. Bt’manbEnßmcMeBaH data validation
techniques pþl;enAkñúgCMBUkenHRtg;cMnuc input error én Input design.
 bgðaj event-driven messages and reminders. vamansarHsMxan;dUc
eTAnwg context-sensitive Help Edr edayeRbIsMrab;bgðajBI appropriate message
enAeBldl;eBlGñkeRbIR)as;eFVIkic©karNamYy. ]TahrN_³ enAeBlcakecjBIRbB½n§
vanwgbgðaj message edaysYrGñkeRbIR)as;faetIBYkeKcg; save customer data EdrrWeT
cMeBaHTinñn½yeTIbEtbBa©ÚlGm,aj;mijEtminTan;)an save.

7-9
  begáIttaragtMélkMnt;TukCamun (list of predefined values) EdlGñkeRbIR)as;
Gac click to select. tMélkMnt;TukCamunGaceCosvagkMhusvaytYGkSr (spelling
errors)/ eCosvagbBa©ÚlTinñn½yminsmrmüeTAkan; field nigeFVIeGaykargarGñkeRbIR)as;
kan;EtgayRsYleLIg.
 begáIt rules sMrab; enforce data integrity. ]TahrN_³ RbsinebI
GñkeRbIR)as;BüayambBa©Úl order cMeBaHGtifiCnfµI dUcenHGtifiCnRtUvEtbBa©ÚlmunnwgRbB½n§
TTYlyk order data.
 eRbIR)as; input masks EdlCaKMrU (templates or patterns) eFVIeGay
GñkeRbIR)as;gayRsYlbBa©ÚlTinñn½y. Microsoft Access 2002 pþl;nUv standard input
masks cMeBaH fields dUcCa³ dates, telephone numbers, ZIP codes, and Social
Security numbers. bEnßmeTAelIenHeTot eyIgGacbegáIt input masks edayxøÜnÉg
bMeBjeTAtamkargarCak;Esþgrbs;eyIg.
Provide feedback to users
 bgðaj message enATItaMgsmrmüNamYyenAelI screen nigminGacERbRbYl.
 GnuBaØatieGay message sßitenAelI screen manryHeBlmYysmlµmsMrab;
GñkeRbIR)as;Ganva. kñúgkrNImYycMnYn screen KYrEtbgðaj messages enaHrhUtTal;Et
GñkeRbIR)as;eFVIskmµPaB.
 GnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;dwgfa etIkic©kar rWRbtibtþikareFVIedayeCaKC½yEdrrWeT?
]TahrN_³ eRbIR)as; messages TaMgenHedIm,IeFVIeGayGñkeRbIR)as;dwgkic©karrbs;BYkeK
dUcCa³ Update complete, All records have been saved, rW ID number not found.
 pþl;karBnül;CaGkSr (text explanation) RbsinebIeyIgeRbIR)as; icons rW
images enAelI control button sMrab;GñkeRbIR)as;edIm,IkMnt; control button enAeBl
rMkil insertion point eTAelI icon rW image enaH.
 eRbIR)as; messages EdlCak;lak; (specific), gayyl; (understandable)
nigmanlkçNHCMnaj (professional) edayeCosvag messages EdlragemIlgay
(cute), manGaf’kM)aMg (cryptic) nigRseBcRsBil (vague) dUcCa³ ERROR!,
Unacceptable value rW Error DE1-16 eyIgKYrEtbgðaj³ Enter a number between 1

7-10
and 5 rW Customer number must be numeric – please reenter rW Call the
Accounting Department, Ext. 112 for assistance.

Create an attractive layout and design

 eRbIR)as; appropriate colors edIm,IeFVIeGayelceLIgtMbn;xusEbøkKñaenAelI
screen edayeCosvagBN’eqItqay (gaudy and bright colors).
 eRbIR)as; special effects tictYc)anehIy. ]TahrN_³ animation and
sound RbEhlCaKYreGaycab;GarmµN_ b:uEnþ special effects GaceFVIeGaysµartIminsUvmUl
dUcenHKYrEteRbIvaedayRbugRby½tñ.
 eRbIR)as; Hyperlinks EdlGnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;eq<aHeTAkan;RbFanbT
Bak;B½n§ (related topics) ya:gelOn.
 pþúM related objects and information CaRkum. bgðaj screen CarUbPaBeGay
dUceTAnwgviFIEdlGñkeRbIR)as;eFVIkic©karTaMgenaH.
 Screen density mansarHsMxan;Nas; dUcenHKYrEtEfrkSaGVI²enAelI screen
kMueGayray)a:y CamYy white space RKb;RKan;edIm,IbegáIt attractive and readable
deaign.
 bgðaj titles, messages, and instructions enAkñúglkçNHminERbRbYl.
 eRbIR)as; terminology minERbRbYl. ]TahrN_³ kMueRbIR)as;Bakü delete,
cancel nig erase edIm,IbBa¢ak;skmµPaBEtmYy.
 R)adkfaral; commands TaMgGs;Canic©kalmanplb:HBal;dUcKña.
]TahrN_³ RbsinebI BACK control button eRbIsMrab;Rtlb;eTAkan; prior screen enaH
BACK command KYrEtdMeNIkarmuxgarenaHBaseBjkmµviFI.
 TamTareGayGñkeRbIR)as;bBa¢ak;BI data entry edaycuceTAelI ENTER key rW
TAB key enAcugbBa©b;karbBa©ÚlTinñn½yeTAelI field.

7-11
 Use familiar terms and images
 KYrcgcaMfa GñkeRbIR)as;saMueTAnwgKMrU Red = Stop, Yellow = Caution nig
Green = Go ehtudUecñHKYrEteRbIR)as;KMrUTaMgenHedIm,IBRgwg on-screen instructions.
 pþl;nUv keystroke alternative cMeBaH menu command nImYy² CamYytYGkSr
gayRsYlcgcaM dUcCa File, Exit nig Help CaedIm.
 eRbIR)as; commands EdleyIgFøab;sÁal; dUcCa³ Cut, Copy nig Paste.
 pþl;nUv Windows look and feel enAkñúg interface design rbs;eyIg Rbsin
ebIGñkeRbIR)as;Føab;sÁal; Windows-based applications.
 eCosvagBaküsaMujaMu (complex terms) nigPasaedayELkbec©keTs
(technical jargon) edayeRbIR)as;BaküecjBIkareRbIR)as;erogral;éf¶.

1. 4. User Interface Controls

Designer GacbBa©Úl controls CaeRcIndUcCa³ menu bars, toolbars, dialog
boxes, text boxes, toggle buttons, list boxes, drop-down list boxes (combo
boxes), scroll bars, option buttons, check boxes, command buttons, and
calendars.
Main menu option bgðajenATItaMg screen elIeKbMputKWCa menu bar
eRbIsMrab;pÞúknUv menus GaceGayGñkeRbIR)as; select. Software packages mYycMnYn
GnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;begáIt customized menu bars and toolbars. eyIgGacbEnßm
shortcut feature EdlGaceGayGñkeRbIR)as;eRCIserIs menu command eday click
eTAelICMerIseyIgRtUvkar rWcuceTAelI ALT key layCamYytYGkSrmanbnÞat;BIxageRkam.
Toolbar pÞúknUv icons or buttons EdlbgðajBI shortcut sMrab;dMeNIrkar
common commands. ]TahrN_³ GñkeRbIR)as;GaccuceTAelI print button edIm,I
e)aHBum< report kMBugdMeNIrkar. enAeBlGñkeRbIR)as;cuceTAelI Find Student button
enaHvanwgbgðaj dialog box rYmCamYy instructions pgEdr. Dialog box GnuBaØati
eGayGñkeRbIR)as;bBa©ÚlBt’mancMeBaHkic©karEdlRbB½n§nwgdMeNIrkar. Text box Gac
bgðaj messages rWpþl;TItaMgsMrab;GñkeRbIR)as;bBa©ÚlTinñn½y dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUb 7.7.
Toggle button bgðajBI On or Off status.

7-12
(rUb 7.6)

(rUb 7.7)

7-13
 List box bgðajBItaragCMerIsEdlGñkeRbIR)as;GaceRCIserIs)an RbsinebIcMnYn
items eRcInelIsBITMhM list box vanwgbgðajBI scroll bar GacGnuBaØati
eGayGñkeRbIR)as;rMkilTItaMgcMeBaHCMerIsTaMgenaH. Drop-down list box (Combo
box) bgðajBICMerIseyIgkMBugerIs (current selection) ehIyenAeBlEdlGñkeRbIR)as;
cucelIsBaØaRBYj taragCMerIsnwgbgðaj. Option buttons (radio buttons) bgðajBI
bNþúMCMerIs ehIyGñkeRbIR)as;GacerIs)anEtmYyKt;b:ueNÑaH. Check box eRbIsMrab;erIs
CMerIsmYy rWeRcInecjBIbNþMúCMerIs. Command button sMrab;dMeNIrkarskmµPaB dUcCa
print a form CaedIm. Calendar control GnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;erIskalbriecäT
NamYyEdlRbB½n§)anbgðaj.
eyIgKYrEtksag screen EdlTak;Tajcitþ/ gayRsYleRbIR)as; nigGaceFVIkar)an
edayeFVIya:gNaTTYlnUv feedback BIGñkeRbIR)as;taMgBIdMbUg ehIyEkERbtam feedback
enaH. Opening screen mansarHsMxan;CaBiess eRBaHvaCakEnøgmYyEdlGñkeRbIR)as;
eXIjkmµviFImuneK nigGnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;emIlnUv main options. enAeBlksag
opening screen eyIgGacbegáIt main form EdlmantYnaTIdUceTAnwg switchboard
(Switchboard eRbIR)as; command buttons EdlGnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;GaceFVIkar
CamYyRbB½n§ nigeRCIserIsecjBIRkumkic©karBak;B½n§).

(rUb 7.8)

2. Input Design

7-14
 Input technology ERbRbYlKYreGayCaTIkt;sMKal;kñúgryHeBlb:unµanqñaMcug
eRkayenH ehIysBVéf¶enHman input devices CaeRcIneRbIsMrab;bBa©ÚlTinñn½yeTAkan;
RbB½n§ eTIbmuxCMnYjeRbIR)as;bec©kviTüaenHedIm,IbegáInel,Ón input process/ kat;bnßy
cMNay nig capture data kñúgTMrg;fµI dUcCa digital camera CaedIm. KµanbBaðaeT
kñúgkareRbIR)as;viFINak¾eday edIm,IbBa©ÚlTinñn½yeTAkan;RbB½n§Bt’man k¾KuNPaB output
enAEtrkSal¥dEdl. TisedACacMbgrbs; input design KWeFVIeGay input data
manKuNPaB (quality)/ RtwmRtUv (accurate) nigsmnwgeBlevla (timeliness).
kMLúgeBl input design eyIgKYrEtkMnt;faetIRtUvTTYlTinñn½y (capture data) nig
bBa©ÚlTinñn½yeTAkan;RbB½n§edayrebobNa. Data capture KWCakarkMnt; nigrkSaTuknUv
source data ehIy data entry KWCadMeNIrkarbMElg source data eTACa computer-
readable form nigbBa©ÚlvaeTAkan;RbB½n§Bt’man.
Input design manTisedACacMbgcMnYn 6 KW³
1. To select a suitable input and data entry method
2. To reduce input volume
3. To design attractive data entry screens
4. To use validation checks to reduce input errors
5. To design required source documents
6. To develop effective input controls

2. 1. Input and Data Entry Methods

Input processes KYrEtpþl;pll¥ (efficient)/ Tan;eBlevla (timely)
nigsmehtusmpl (logical). GñkviPaKRbB½n§sikSaBI transactions and business
operations edIm,IkMnt;fa etITinñn½yNaxøHKYrEtbBa©ÚleTAkan;RbB½n§edayrebobNa
nigenAeBlNa? CaerOy²esckþIsMerccitþdMbUgfaetIeyIgRtUveRbI batch input or online
input method.
Batch Input
eRbIR)as; batch input mann½yfa data entry dMeNIrkartamtarageBlevlakMnt;
Cak;lak;dUcCa³ ral;éf¶ (daily)/ ral;s)aþh_ (weekly)/ ral;Ex (monthly) rWEvgCagenH
eTAeTot. ]TahrN_³ batch input ekItman enAeBlEdl payroll department RbmUl
tarageBlevlaeFVIkarenAcugs)aþh_ ehIybBa©ÚlTinñn½yenaHCaRkumeTAkan;RbB½n§Bt’man.
]TahrN_mYyepSgeTot KWeTAelIsalaeronEdlbBa©ÚlBinÞúsisSenAerogral;cugEx.
Online Input

7-15
 eTaHbICa batch input eRbIR)as;kñúgsßankarCak;lak;NamYyk¾eday k¾ business
activity PaKeRcInRtUvkar online input edayeFVIkarbBa©ÚlTinñn½yPøam²enAeBlTTYl)an.
Online method manKuNRbeyaCn_CacMbg kñúgenaHrYmman³ RtYtBinitüPaBRtwmRtUvTinñn½y
Pøam² nigGaceRbIR)as;Tinñn½y)anPøam² (immediately validation and availability of
data). ]TahrN_³ online input ekItcMeBaH Order Entry System enAeBlTTYl)an
order BIGtifiCnPøam RtUvbBa©ÚleTAkan;RbB½n§Bt’manPøam² ebImindUecñaHeTkñúgkrNIxøHGac
manbBaða dUcCaenAeBlTMnij Tiger enAsl; 20 eks ehIyGtifiCn A )ankmµ:g;Tij 15
eks dUecñHebIeyIgbBa©Úl order enaHeTAkan;RbB½n§Pøam²vakat;sþúkcMeBaH Tiger eGayenA
sl;Et 5 eks b:uEnþebIeyIgmin)anbBa©ÚlPøam²eT enAeBlGtifiCn B kmµ:g;Tij Tiger cMnYn
10 ekseyIgTTYl order enaHeRBaHeyIgBinitüeXIj Tiger enAsl; 20 ekskñúg
RbB½n§Bt’man dUecñHeFVIeGaymanbBaðaxVHTMnijcMeBaHGtifiCneyIg.
2. 2. Input Volume
edIm,Ikat;bnßy input volume eyIgRtUvEtkat;bnßycMnYn data items RtUvkarsMrab;
transaction nImYy². Data capture and data entry TamTareBlevla nigRbsiT§PaB
ehtudUecñHenAeBleyIgkat;bnßy input volume eyIgk¾GaceCosvagcMNayBlkmµ
mincaM)ac; (unnecessary labor costs)/ TTYlTinñn½ybBa©ÚleTAkan;RbB½n§kan;EtelOn
nigkat;bnßycMnYn errors. eKalkarN_ENnaMxageRkamnwgCYykat;bnßy input volume³
1. bBa©Úl input volume EdlcaM)ac;Etb:ueNÑaH edayeCosvagbBa©Úl data items
NaEdlRbB½n§minRtUvkar. ]TahrN_³ enAelI order form RbEhlCamanpÞúknUveQµaHGñk
TTYl order b:uEnþRbsinebIRbB½n§minRtUvkarTinñn½yenHeT eyIgmincaM)ac;bBa©ÚlvaeT.
2. kMubBa©ÚlTinñn½yNaEdlGñkeRbIR)as;GacTaj rWTTYlBIRbB½n§ rWKNnaecjBI
Tinñn½yepSgeTot. ]TahrN_³ enAkñúgrUb 7.9 xageRkambgðajBI Customer Order Form
ehIyenAkñúgenaHRbB½n§begáIt order number nig current date and time eday
sV½yRbvtþ dUecñHGñkeRbIR)as;RKan;EtvaybBa©Úl customer id RbsinebI customer id
RtwmRtUvenaHRbB½n§nwgbgðaj customer name dUecñHGñkeRbIR)as;RKan;EtRtYtBinitüfavaRtwm
RtUv rWxusCakareRsc. bnÞab;mkeTot GñkeRbIR)as;RtUvbBa©Úl item nig quantity. KYrkt;
sMKal;Edrfa price, extended price, total price, sale tax nig grand total TTYl)anBI
RbB½n§edaysV½yRbvtþ.

7-16
 3. kMubBa©Úl constant data. RbsinebIbBa©Úl orders CaTMrg; batch input enAkñúg
kalbriecäTdUcKña GñkeRbIR)as;KYrEtbBa©Úl order date EtmþgKt;cMeBaH order dMbUgenAkñúg
batch input. RbsinebIbBa©Úl orders CaTMrg; online input vij enaHGñkeRbIR)as;Gac
TTYl order date edaysV½yRbvtþ.
4. eRbIR)as; codes. dUcEdl)ansikSarYcmkehIyenAkñúgCMBUkTI 6 eyIgeXIjfa
codes manRbEvgxøICagTinñn½yEdlbgðaj nig codes Gackat;bnßyeBlevlabBa©ÚlTinñn½y
tYya:gdUcCaenAkñúgrUb 7.9 xageRkam CUSTOMER ID and ITEM fields eRbIR)as;
codes.

(rUb 7.9)

2. 3. Design Data Entry Screens

enAkñúgEpñkenHerobrab;BI interface guidelines and concepts EdlTak;TgCacMbg
CamYy data entry. KYrkt;sMKal;Edrfa eKalkarN_ENnaMCaeRcInmanmUldæanelIeKalkar
TUeTAén interface design Edlerobrab;enAEpñkxagmuxkúñgCMBUkenH. viFImanRbsiT§PaB
PaKeRcInénkarbBa©ÚlTinñn½yKW form filling EdlCadMeNIrkarbMeBjTinñn½yenAelI blank
form. bnÞab;BIbBa©ÚlTinñn½yeTAkan; field mYycb;sBVRKb; GñkeRbIR)as;KYrEtrMkileTAkan;

7-17
fields epSgeTotedIm,IbBa©Úl. xageRkamenHKWCaeKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;ksag data
entry screen³
1. kMnt;TItaMgGñkeRbIR)as;enAelI screen eTAkan;TItaMgNaEdlRtUvkarbBa©Úl
Tinñn½yEtb:ueNÑaH. cMeBaH screen bgðajenAkñúgrUb 7.9 bgðajfa RbB½n§KYrEtkMnt;
insertion point eTAkan;TItaMgbBa©ÚlTinñn½yCadMbUgKW CUSTOMER ID bnÞab;mkeTIb
rMkileTAkan;TItaMg field bnÞab;eTotKW ITEM CaedIm.
2. pþl;nUv description caption cMeBaHRKb; fields TaMgGs; nigbgðajGñkeRbIR)as;
BIkEnøgRtUvbBa©ÚlTinñn½y.
3. bgðaj sample format RbsinebIGñkeRbIR)as;RtUvbBa©ÚltMéleTAkan; field enaH
enAkñúg format Cak;lak;NamYy. ]TahrN_³ pþl;nUv on-screen instruction edIm,IeGay
GñkeRbIR)as;dwgfa date format RtUvbBa©ÚldUcCa MMDDYY nigpþl;nUv]TahrN_
RbsinebIGñkeRbIR)as;RtUvbBa©Úl separators dUcCa slashes. vaeFVIeGaykarbBa©Úlkan;Et
gayRsYleTAeTot RbsinebIeyIgeRbIR)as; input mask dUecñHGñkeRbIR)as;RKan;EtbBa©Úl
112704 edIm,IbgðajBI November 27, 2004.
4. TamTar ending keystroke RKb; fields TaMgGs; edayeRbIR)as; ENTER key
rW TAB key. eCosvagksagkñúgTMrg;mYyEdlrMkileTAkan;TItaMgmYyepSgeTotedaysV½y
RbvtþenAeBlbBa©ÚltMéleTAkan; field enaHeBj (field is full).
5. mincaM)ac;TamTareGayGñkeRbIR)as;bBa©Úl leading zero cMeBaH numeric
fields. ]TahrN_³ RbsinebIeyIgcg;bgðaj 0045 dUecñHmincaM)ac;eGayGñkeRbIR)as;vay
0045 eTedayRKan;EteGayvaybBa©ÚlEt 45 CakareRsc. b:uEnþmankarelIkElgmYycMnYn
enAeBleyIgbBa©ÚlTinñn½yCakalbriecäT EdlRtUvkar leading zero Cadac;xat.
6. mincaM)ac;TamTareGayGñkeRbIR)as;bBa©Úl trailing zero cMeBaH numeric
fields manelxTsPaK. ]TahrN_³ enAeBlGñkeRbIR)as;vaytMél 98 RbB½n§KYrEtbkERb
tMélenaHeTACa 98.00 RbsinebIeKcg;)an format field enaHeGaypÞúkelxTsPaK 2 xÞg;.
7. bgðajtMélkMnt;TukCamun (default value) dUcenHGñkeRbIR)as;Gaccuc ENTER
key edIm,ITTYlyktMélelIkesñIenaH. RbsinebItMélkMnt;TukCamunenaHminRtUvtamGVI
GñkeRbIR)as;cg;)an GñkeRbIR)as;GacEkERbtMélenaH.

7-18
 8. eRbIR)as; default value enAeBlEdltMélenAelI field NamYyminERbRbYl
kñúgryHeBlNamYy rWBaseBj data entry session.
9. bgðajtaragtMélGacTTYl)ansMrab; fields nigpþl;nUv meaningful error
message RbsinebIGñkeRbIR)as;bBa©ÚltMélminGacTTYl)an.
10.pþl;viFIGaceGayGñkeRbIR)as;Rtlb;eTAkan; data entry screen eBlNak¾)an
edaymin)anbBa©Úl current record. enAkñúgrUb 7.9 RbsinebIGñkeRbIR)as;cucelI Cancel
Order Without Entering button enaHRbB½n§nwglubecalkarbBa©Úl record enaH ehIy
rMkilTItaMg insertion point eTAkan;cMnuccab;epþImén form.
[Link]»kaseGayGñkeRbIR)as;bBa¢ak;BIPaBRtwmRtUvcMeBaHTinñn½ybBa©Úl edaybgðaj
Ca message dUcCa Add this record? (Y/N) RbsinebIeyIgerIs Y RbB½n§nwgeFVIkar
bBa©Úl record fµI/ lubTinñn½yelI fields TaMgenaHecal nigrMkil insertion point eTAkan;
field bBa©ÚlTinñn½ydMbUgeK dUecñHGñkeRbIR)as;GacbBa©Úl records epSgeTot)an
b:uEnþebIeyIgerIs N vij RbB½n§nwgminbBa©Úl current record eTAkan;RbB½n§eT
ehIyGñkeRbIR)as;GacEkERbkMhusqÁg)an.
12.pþl;meFüa)ayGaceGayGñkeRbIR)as;rMkilcuHeLIgcMeBaH fields TaMgGs;enAelI
form tam standard order rWtMerobeyIgkMnt;xøÜnÉg. ]TahrN_³ enAkñúgrUb 7.9
GñkeRbIR)as;GaccucelI TAB key edIm,IrMkil insertion point eTAkan; next field ehIy
cucelI SHIFT + TAB keys CamYyKñaedIm,IrMkil insertion point eTAkan; previous
field.
[Link] screen form layout eGayRtUvCamYy layout of source document.
RbsinebI source document fields cab;epþImBIelIcuHeRkam form enaHeyIgKYrEtksag
input screen eGaydUceTAnwg source document.
[Link]ØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;bBa©Úl/ EkERb/ lub nigemIl records. enAkñúgrUb
7.9 bgðajBI screen EdlGaceGayGñkeRbIR)as;bBa©Úl order/ EsVgrk items nigEsVgrk
GtifiCn.
15.pþl;viFIGnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;EsVgrkBt’manCak;lak; dUceTAnwgrUb 7.9.

2. 4. Input Errors

7-19
 kat;bnßycMnYn input errors eFVIeGayKuNPaBTinñn½ykan;EtRbesIr. viFImYyedIm,I
kat;bnßy input errors KWlubbM)at;ecal unnecessary input entry dUcEdl)anerobrab;
rYcmkehIykñúgCMBUkenH. viFIkarBard¾RbesIrbMputRbqaMgnwg incorrect data KWeFVIkarkMnt;
nigEk errors munBYkvaRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkan;RbB½n§ edayeRbIR)as; data validation
checks. Data validation check eFVIeGayKuNPaBbBa©ÚlTinñn½ykan;EtRbesIreLIg
edaysakl,gRtYtBinitüelITinñn½y nigraraMgkarbBa©ÚlTinñn½yNaEdlminRtwmRtUveTAtam
lkçx½NÐ)ankMnt;Tuk. eyIgGacksag data validation checks ya:gehacNas; 8 Edr
cMeBaH input process.
1. Sequence checks eRbIR)as;enAeBlEdlRtUvbBa©ÚlTinñn½ykñúgTMrg;lMdab;kMnt;
TukCamunNamYy (predetermined sequence). RbsinebIGñkeRbIR)as;RtUvEtbBa©ÚlTinñn½y
tamlMdab;elx (numeric sequence) enaHtMélNaxusBIlMdab;cat;Tukfa error.
2. Existence checks eRbIR)as;cMeBaH mandatory data items. ]TahrN_³
RbsinebI Province field Ca field tMrUveGaybBa©ÚlcMeBaH Employee dUecñHenAeBl
bBa©Úl record cMeBaH Employee RtUveFVIkarRtYtBinitüfaetIGñkeRbIR)as;)anbBa©Úl
Province field EdrrWGt; RbsinebIminTan;)anbBa©Úl RtUvR)ab;eTAGñkeRbIR)as;eGaybBa©Úl
Tinñn½yeTAkan; field enaH.
3. Data type checks RtYtBinitüfaetITinñn½ybBa©ÚleTAkan; fields RtUvCamYy
data type én fields enaHEdrrWeT. ]TahrN_³ eyIgGacbBa©ÚltMélelxeTAelI fields
Naman RbePTTinñn½yCaelx (numeric data type).
4. Range checks RtYtBinitüelI data items edIm,IbBa¢ak;fa vasßitenAcenøaHtMél
tUcbMput nigtMélFMbMputEdrrWeT. ]TahrN_³ ema:geFVIkarRbcaMéf¶rbs;buKÁlikRtUvsßitenA
cenøaHBI 0 eTA 24 dUecñHGñkeRbIR)as;GacbBa©Úl)anEtenAcenøaHkMnt;enHeT. RbsinebI
validation check Bak;B½n§EttMéltUcbMput rWtMélFMbMput enaHeKehAfa limit check.
]TahrN_³ RtYtBinitüfaetIGñkeRbIR)as;bBa©ÚlTinñn½yelI Quantity field elIsBI 0
EdrrWeT.
5. Reasonable checks kMnt;tMélEdlGacecaTsYr rWKYreGaysgS½y b:uEnþtMél
enaHmincaM)ac;CatMélxuseT. ]TahrN_³ enAeBlbBa©ÚltMélelI payment field dUcCa

7-20
$0.5 nig $5,000,000 CaedIm tMélTaMgBIsuT§EtRtwmRtUvcMeBaH limit check mantMélelIs
BI 0 b:uEnþKYreGaysgS½y.
6. Validity checks eRbIR)as;cMeBaH data items NaEdlRtUvmantMélCak;lak;.
]TahrN_³ RbsinebI inventory control system man items cMnYnEt 20 RbePT dUcenH
ral; input items TaMgGs;RtUvEtdUceTAnwg item NamYyenAkñúg inventory control
system RbsinebImindUecñaH input items cat;TukfamanbBaða.
7. Combination checks dMeNIrkarcMeBaHkarpÁúM fields bBa©ÚlKña 2 rWeRcIn edIm,I
R)akdfaBYkvasmehtusmpl eTaHbICa fields TaMgenaH)anqøgkat; individual
validation check k¾eday. ]TahrN_³ RbsinebIbBa©Úl order cMeBaH item NamYycMnYn
30 units b:uEnþvabgðaj discount rate cMeBaH items mancMnYncab;BI 100 units eLIgeTA
dUcenHeyIgeXIjfa karbBa©ÚlmanbBaðaGacbNþalmkBI quantity input rW discount
rate.
8. Batch controls KWCatMélsrubEdleRbIR)as;sMrab;bBa¢ak; batch input
faRtwmRtUvEdrrWGt;. Batch input RbEhlCaRtYtBinitüeTAelI data items dUcCa³ records
count nig numeric field totals. ]TahrN_³ muneBleyIgbBa©Úl orders CaRkumkñúg
eBlNamYy GñkeRbIR)as;RbEhlCaKNnacMnYn orders nigcMnYn items TaMgGs;CaedIm
dUecñHenAeBlbBa©Úl RbB½n§nwgKNnatMélenaHedaysV½yRbvtþEdr dUcenHeyIgGac
epÞógpÞat;tMélTaMgBI. Batch control totals CaerOy²eKehAfa hash totals
eRBaHvaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IepÞógpÞat;Etb:ueNÑaH.

7-21
 2. 5. Source Documents
Source document KWCa form eRbIsMrab;esñIsMu nigRbmUl input data/ GñkEdl
dMeNIrkar input action nigpþl; record sMrab; transaction. kMLúgeBl input design
stage eyIgeFVIkarbegáIt source documents EdlgaybMeBj nigmantMélefak.

Line Captions

on the line

above the line

below the line

combination

7-22
Boxed Captions

in the box below the box

Check-off

vertical horizontal

(rUb 7.10)
bBaðamYycMnYnekItmancMeBaH poorly designed form Bak;B½n§eTAnwg form layout
dUcCa³ insufficient space, confusing instructions, or poor organization. Good
form layout eFVIeGayGñkeRbIR)as;gaybMeBj form RBmTaMgpþl;TIkEnøgRKb;RKan;cMeBaH
TIepþk nigTIQrsMrab;GñkeRbIR)as;bBa©Úl. Form KYrEtbBa¢ak;BI data entry eGay)anc,as;
las;edayeRbIR)as; blank lines, boxes, or descriptive captions. rUb 7.10 bgðajBI
bec©keTsmYycMnYnedayeRbIR)as; lines and boxed captions enAelI source
documents nig]TahrN_eTAelI check boxes EdlGaceGayGñkeRbIR)as;erIsya:ggay
RsYl.

7-23
 HEADING CONTROL
ZONE ZONE

INSTRUCTION ZONE

BODY
ZONE

TOTALS
ZONE

AUTHORIZATION ZONE

(rUb 7.11)
Source document CaerOy²pÞúknUvtMbn;CaeRcIndUceTAnwgrUb 7.11 xagelI elIsBI
enaHeTot lMdab;Bt’manmansarHsMxan;eRBaHRbsinebIerobvamin)anRtwmRtUveFVIeGayBi)ak
bBa©Úl. Heading zone CaFmµtapÞúkeQµaHRkumh‘un rW logo RBmTaMgcMNgeCIg form.
Control zone pÞúk codes, identification information, and dates eRbIR)as;sMrab;rkSa
form bMeBjehIy. Instruction zone pÞúk instructions sMrab;bMeBj form.
Epñkd¾sMxan;én form eKehAfa body zone CaFmµtaeRbIGs; space CagBak;kNþal
nigpÞúk captions RBmTaMgtMbn;sMrab;bBa©ÚlTinñn½y. RbsinebI totals manbBa©ÚlenAelI
form vaRtUvbgðajenATItaMg totals zone. CacugeRkay authorization zone pÞúknUv
htßelxaRbsinebIRtUvkar.
Bt’manKYrEtcl½tenAelI form edaymanTisedABIeqVgeTAsþaM nigBIelIcuHeRkam
eGayRtUvCamYyviFIEdlGñkeRbIR)as;GanÉksarBIedImkMeNIt. cUrRkeLkemIlrUbTaMgBIkñúg
rUb 7.12 eyIgeXIjfa rUbTImYyeFVIeGayGñkeRbIR)as;P½NÐRcLM.

7-24
 ILLOGICAL INFORMATION FLOW

XXXXXXX
START

XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX

XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX

XXXXXXX

XXXXXXX XXXXXXX

7-25
 LOGICAL INFORMATION FLOW
START

XXXXXXX

XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX

XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX

XXXXXXX

XXXXXXX XXXXXXX

(rUb 7.12)

2. 6. Input Control
Input control sMedAeTAelIkarvas;EvgcaM)ac;edIm,IR)akdfa input data BitCa
RtwmRtUv/ eBjelj nigputBIbBaða. eyIgRtUvEtykcitþTukdak;eTAelI input control
enARKb;dMNak;kalén input design cab;epþImCamYy source documents Edlnwgkøay
eTACaTinñn½yRtwmRtUv nigmanKuNPaB.

7-26
 RKb;EpñkBt’manKYrEtGacrkeXIjdanRtlb;mk input data EdlbegáItvavij
mann½yfa eyIgRtUvEtpþl;nUv audit trail Edlkt;RtaRbPB data items nImYy² nigetIeBl
NavabBa©ÚleTAkan;RbB½n§. bEnßmeTAelIkarkt;RtataMgBIedIm (original recording) audit
trail RtUvEtbgðajfaetIRtUveRbIR)as; rWEkERbTinñn½yedayrebobNa nigenAeBlNa RBmTaMg
nrNaCaGñkdMeNIrkar (how and when data is accessed or changed, and by
whom). Rkumh‘unRtUvEtmanTMrg;kar (procedures) sMrab;edaHRsay source documents
edIm,IeFVIeGayR)akdfa Tinñn½ymin)an)at;bg; muneBlbBa©ÚlvaeTAkan;RbB½n§.
Data security karBarTinñn½ymineGay)at;bg; rWxUcxat nigGaceFVIeGayvaRtlb;
mkdUcedImvij (data recovery) enAeBl)at;bg; rWxUcxat. enAeBlbBa©ÚlTinñn½yeTAkan;
RbB½n§ Rkumh‘unKYrEtrkSa source documents enAkEnøgmansuvtßiPaBNamYykñúgryHeBl
smrmüNamYy. Data security k¾Bak;B½n§dl;kic©karBarTinñn½yBIkarcUleRbIR)as;eday
KµankarGnuBaØati (unauthorized access) dUcCabegáIt system sign-on procedures
sMrab;karBarmineGayGñkKµansiT§cUleTAeRbIR)as;RbB½n§ ehIyGñkeRbIR)as;Gacpøas;bþÚr
password edIm,IsuvtßiPaB. kic©karBarTinñn½ymYyepSgeTot KWeFVIkarkMnt;siT§eTAelIkareRbI
R)as;Tinñn½y dUcCa GñkeRbIR)as; A GacemIlTinñn½y GñkeRbIR)as; B GacemIl/ lub
nigEkERbTinñn½yCaedIm. elIsBIenHeTot eyIgKYrEt encrypt Tinñn½yNaEdlman
sarHsMxan; dUecñHluHRtaEtman decoding software eTIbGacemIlTinñn½yenaHyl;)an.
3. Output Design Issues
enAeBlksag output eyIgKYrEtsYrxøÜnÉgnUvsMnYrmYycMnYndUcxageRkam³
 etIeKalbMNgrbs; output KWCaGVI?
 GñkNaCaGñkcg;)anBt’man? ehtuGVI)anCaRtUvkarBt’manenH? etIykBt’manenH
eTAeRbIedayrebobNa?
 etIBt’manCak;lak;GVIxøHRtUvbBa©ÚleTAkñúg output?
 etInwge)aHBum< output rWbgðajenAelI screen rWTaMgBIrEtmþg?
 etIeBlNanwgpþl;Bt’man? etIBt’manRtUvkarEkERb (update) jwkjab;EdrrWeT?
 etIbBaðasuvtßiPaB rWGaf’kM)aMg (security or confidentiality issues)
ekItmanEdrrWeT?

7-27
 eyIgKYrEteqøIynUvsMnYrxagelICamunsin munnwgcab;epþIm design processes.
Bt’manmYycMnYn eyIgRbEhlCa)anRbmUlrYcmkehIytaMgBI systems analysis phase
elIsBIenHeTot edIm,IbMeBjPaBxVHcenøaHPaByl;dwgrbs;eyIg eyIgKYrEtCYbBiPakSaCamYy
GñkeRbIR)as;edIm,IEsVgrkeGayeXIjnUv output GVIxøHBYkeKRtUvkar ehIyeyIgk¾GaceRbI
prototypes rW mock-ups edIm,ITTYlyk feedback kMLúgeBl design process.

Types of Output
eTaHbICa output PaKeRcIne)aHBum<enAelIRkdas rWbgðajenAelI screen k¾eday
b:uEnþedaysarEtbec©kviTüarIkcMerInfµI² )anb:HBal;ya:gxøaMgeTAelIviFIedIm,ITTYlBt’man
nigrebobEdlmnusSeyIgTMnak;TMngCamYyKña. bEnßmeTAnwg traditional printed and
screen output eKGacbBa¢ÚnBt’maneTAeGayGñkeRbIR)as;edayeRbIR)as; Internet,
e-mail, audio output.... RbePT output nigbec©kviTüaRtUv)aneKsMerccitþtaMgBI
systems analysis phase mkemøH edayeyageTAelI user requirements. \lUvenAkñúg
systems design phase eyIgRtUvEt design actual reports, screen forms, and other
output delivery methods.
Internet-based Information Delivery
Rkumh‘unrab;laneRbIR)as; Internet edIm,ITTYlGtifiCnfµI nigTIpSafIµenACMuvij
BiPBelak. edIm,IIRTRTg;karrIklUtlas;ya:gxøaMgxag e-commerce, Web-designers
RtUvEtpþl;nUv user-friendly interfaces Edlbgðaj output nigTTYlyk input
BIGtifiCn. ]TahrN_³ GaCIvkmµGacP¢ab; (link) inventory control system rbs;xøÜneTA
kan; Web site dUecñH output GacbgðajenAelI web site )an ehIyGtifiCncUleTAemIl
web site GacemIl items/ TTYltMélbc©úb,nñ nigRtYtBinitüeTAelI product availability.
elIsBIenHeTot GtifiCnGacEsVgrk products xøÜncg;)an tamryHkarsaksYrBt’manenA
elI web site enaHpÞal;Etmþg.
E-mail
E-mail or Electronic mail )ankøayeTACameFüa)aycaM)ac;mYysMrab;TMnak;TMng
GaCIvkmµTaMgxagkñúg nigxageRkARkumh‘un edaysarEtel,Ónrbs;vakñúgkarbBa¢Ún message
eTAkan;KñaeTAvijeTAmkya:gelOn. Rkumh‘unGacbBa¢ÚnBt’manplitplfµI (new product
information) eTAkan;GtifiCnrbs;xøÜntamryH e-mail.

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 Audio Output
Rkumh‘unGacbBa¢ÚnBt’mankñúgTMrg;CasMelgeTAkan;GtifiCnrbs;xøÜn edayP¢ab;eTA
CamYy e-mail messages CaedIm.
4. Printed Output
eTaHbICaGgÁkarCaeRcInBüayamkat;bnßycrnþénkareRbIR)as;Rkdask¾eday k¾b:uEnþ
enAminTan;)anlubbM)at;mineGayeRbIRkdasenAeLIyeT BIeRBaHvamansarHsMxan;Nas;
enAkñúgsßankarN_mYycMnYn dUcCaeRbIedIm,IbBa¢ak;CaPsþútag rWsMrab;elIkykbgðajedIm,I
BiPakSaenAeBlGgÁRbCMu. GñkeRbIR)as;PaKeRcInniymkarbgðaj output enAelI screen
Camunsin eTIbe)aHBum<Bt’manenaHenAelIRkdas. Printed output eKGacehAfa
turnaround documents eRBaHKWCa output documents sMrab;eRbIedIm,IbBa©ÚleTAkan;
RbB½n§Bt’man dEdl rWepSgeTotenAeBleRkay ]TahrN_³ telephone or water bill KWCa
turnaround document Edle)aHBum<eday billing system rbs;eKpÞal; ehIyenAeBl
eyIgTTYl)an bill enaHeyIgRtUveTAbg;luyeTAtamcMnYnTwkR)ak;enAelI bill edaybBa©Úl
Bt’manBI bill enaHeTAkan; account receivable system vijedIm,Ikt;RtacMnYnR)ak;bg;
eGay)anRtwmRtUv.
Reports dUceTAnwgFatuepSgeTotén user-computer interface KYrEtKYreGaycab;
citþ (attractive)/ CMnaj (professional) niggayRsYleRbIR)as; (easy to use).
GñkviPaKRbB½n§yl;eXIjfa managers CYnkalvaytMéleTAelI project TaMgmUl
edayKuNPaB reports Kat;TTYl)an.
4. 1. Types of Reports
Report RtUvEtpÞúkBt’manEdlGñkeRbIR)as;RtUvkar ehIycMeBaHTsSnHGñkeRbIR)as;
Kat;EtgEtyl;fa reports manBt’manticeBkKµantMéleT b:uEnþebIBt’maneRcIneBk
GaceFVIeGayPan;RcLMelIxøwmsar report rWBi)akyl; dUecñHenAeBlksag reports eKaledA
sMxan;bMputRtUvEtpÁÚrpÁg reports CamYytMrUvkarBt’manCak;lak;rbs;GñkeRbIR)as;.
GñkeRbIR)as;GacRtUvkar reports dUcbgðajxageRkamenH³

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 07/28/2004 PAGE 1

Employee Hours
WEEK ENDING DATE: 07/28/2004
Shop Employee Regular Overtime Total
Number Name Position Hours Hours Hours
8 Andres Marguerite Clerk 20.0 0.0 20.0
8 Bogema Michelle Clerk 12.5 0.0 12.5
8 Davenport Kim Asst Mgr 40.0 5.0 45.0
8 Lemka Susan Clerk 32.7 0.0 32.7
8 Linquist Linda Clerk 16.0 0.0 16.0
8 Ramirez Rudy Manager 40.0 8.5 48.5
8 Ulery Ruth Clerk 20.0 0.0 20.0
11 Byrum Cheri Clerk 15.0 0.0 15.0
11 Byrum Mary Clerk 15.0 0.0 15.0

detail lines
11 Deal JoAnn Clerk 4.8 0.0 4.8
11 Gadzinski Barbara Manager 40.0 10.0 50.0
11 Huyhn Loc Clerk 20.0 0.0 20.0
11 Schuller Monica Clerk 10.0 0.0 10.0
11 Stites Carol Clerk 40.0 12.0 52.0
11 Thompson Mary Kay Asst Mgr 40.0 1.5 41.5
17 Haff Lisa Manager 40.0 0.0 40.0
17 Martini Jennifer Clerk 40.0 8.4 48.4
17 Rittenbery Sandra Clerk 40.0 11.0 51.0
17 Wyer Elizabeth Clerk 20.0 0.0 20.0
17 Zeigler Cecille Clerk 32.0 0.0 32.0

(rUb 7.13)

Detail Reports
Detail report begáIt line of outputmYy rWeRcIncMeBaH record nImYy²Edl)an
dMeNIrkar ehIy line of output nImYy²Edl)ane)aHBum<eKehAfa detail line. rUb 7.13
bgðajBI detail report FmµtamYybgðajBIema:geFVIkarrbs;nieyaCitnImYy²enakñúghag
ehIyKYrkt;sMKal;Edrfa detail line mYysMrab;nieyaCitmYy. Fields enAelI records
TaMgGs;mincaM)ac;e)aHBum<TaMgGs;eT ehIy fields TaMgGs;mincaM)ac;RtUvEte)aHBum<eTAtam
lMdab;lMedaydUcbgðajenAelI record eT.

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07/28/2004 PAGE 1

Employee Hours
WEEK ENDING DATE: 07/28/2004
Shop Employee Regular Overtime Total
Number Name Position Hours Hours Hours
8 Andres Marguerite Clerk 20.0 0.0 20.0
8 Bogema Michelle Clerk 12.5 0.0 12.5
8 Davenport Kim Asst Mgr 40.0 5.0 45.0
8 Lemka Susan Clerk 32.7 0.0 32.7
8 Linquist Linda Clerk 16.0 0.0 16.0
8 Ramirez Rudy Manager 40.0 8.5 48.5
8 Ulery Ruth Clerk 20.0 0.0 20.0

SHOP 8 TOTALS: 181.2 13.5 194.7

11 Byrum Cheri Clerk 15.0 0.0 15.0

11 Byrum Mary Clerk 15.0 0.0 15.0
11 Deal JoAnn Clerk 4.8 0.0 4.8
11 Gadzinski Barbara Manager 40.0 10.0 50.0
11 Huyhn Loc Clerk 20.0 0.0 20.0
11 Schuller Monica Clerk 10.0 0.0 10.0
11 Stites Carol Clerk 40.0 12.0 52.0
11 Thompson Mary KayAsst Mgr 40.0 1.5 41.5
subtotals
SHOP 11 TOTALS: 184.8 23.5 208.3

17 Haff Lisa Manager 40.0 0.0 40.0

17 Martini Jennifer Clerk 40.0 8.4 48.4
17 Rittenbery Sandra Clerk 40.0 11.0 51.0
17 Wyer Elizabeth Clerk 20.0 0.0 20.0
17 Zeigler Cecille Clerk 32.0 0.0 32.0

SHOP 17 TOTALS: 172.0 19.4 191.4

GRAND TOTALS: 538.0 56.4 594.4

(rUb 7.14)

7-31
 Well-design detail report KYrEtpþl;nUvcMnYnsrubsMrab; numeric fields. KYrkt;
sMKal;Edrfa rUb 7.13 xVH subtotals nig grand totals cMeBaHema:geFVIkarFmµta/
ema:geFVIkarbEnßm nigema:geFVIkarsrub. rUb 7.14 bgðajBI report dUcKñaeTAnwgrUb 7.13
edaybEnßm subtotals nig grand totals.
RbsinebI detail report pÞúk detail lines eRcIneBksMrab; record nImYy² enaHva
RtUvkareRcInTMB½r nigeBlevlae)aHBum<yUr ehIyeRbIRkdasGs;eRcIn. ]TahrN_³
saksviTüal½ymannisSitsikSacMnYn 3000 nak; enaH detail report RbEhlCapÞúk 3000
detail lines enAelI 50 printed page tamkarsµan. RbsinebIbuKÁlikkariyal½ysikSa
cg;emIlsisSsikSakñúgfñak;NamYy enaHvanwgbgðaj 3000 detail lines eGayeyIgEsVgrk
sisSkñúgfñak;enaHedayxøÜnÉg dUcenHviFIRbesIrbMput KWeRbIR)as; exception report.
07/28/2004 PAGE 1

Overtime Report
WEEK ENDING DATE: 07/28/2004
Shop Employee Overtime
Number Position Name Hours
8 Asst Mgr Davenport Kim 5.0
8 Manager Ramirez Rudy 8.5

SHOP 8 TOTALS: 13.5

11 Manager Gadzinski Barbara 10.0
11 Clerk Stites Carol 12.0
11 Asst Mgr Thompson Mary Kay 1.5

SHOP 11 TOTALS: 23.5

17 Clerk Martini Jennifer 8.4
17 Clerk Rittenbery Sandra 11.0

SHOP 17 TOTALS: 19.4

GRAND TOTALS: 56.4

(rUb 7.15)

7-32
 Exception Reports
Exception report bgðajEt records TaMgLayNaEdlbMeBjeTAtamlkçx½NÐ
rbs;GñkeRbIR)as; edayminbgðajBt’manTaMgGs;eT. ]TahrN_³ receptionist eRbIR)as;
exception report edIm,IkMnt;nisSitTaMgLayNaEdlminTan;)anbg;luy rWbg;minTan;RKb;
eTAtamqñaMsikSa. rUb 7.15 bgðajBI exception report edaybBa©ÚlBt’mancMeBaHnieyaCit
NaEdleFVIkarbEnßmema:g.
Summary Reports
Upper-level managers CaerOy²RtUvkarBt’manCatYelxsrub ehIyminRtUvkar
Bt’manerobrab;lMGiteT. ]TahrN_³ sale manager cg;dwgBItMéllk;srub (total sales)
cMeBaH sale representative nImYy² b:uEnþKat;mincg;)an detail report bgðajBIkarlk;TaMg
Gs;rbs;BYkeKeT kñúgkrNIenHeKeRbI summary report. Rbhak;RbEhlKñaEdrcMeBaH
personnel manager RbEhlCacg;dwgBIcMnYnema:geFVIkarFmµtasrub nigcMnYnema:geFVIkar
bEnßmsrubcMeBaHnieyaCitnImYy² ehIy summary report cMeBaH personnel manager
bgðaj dUcrUb 7.16.
07/28/2004 PAGE 1

Employee Report Summary

WEEK ENDING DATE: 07/28/2004
Shop Regular Overtime Total
Number Hours Hours Hours
8 181.2 13.5 194.7
11 184.8 23.5 208.3
17 172.0 19.4 191.4

TOTALS: 538.0 56.4 594.4

(rUb 7.16)

7-33
 4. 2. User Involvement
Printed report KWCaviFIsMxan;mYysMrab;bBa¢ÚnBt’maneTAeGayGñkeRbIR)as; dUcenH
GñkTTYlKYrEtyl;RBmcMeBaH reports TaMgenaHCamunsin munnwgcab;epþImksag reports.
edIm,IeCosvagbBaðaekIteLIg eyIgKYrEtbBa¢Únkarksag (design) rbs;eyIgeTAeGay
GñkTTYlRtYtBinitüCamunsin RbsinebIGñkTTYlcg;EkERb RtUvEkERbeTAtamsMeNIrKat;
ehIybBa¢ÚneTAKat;BinitüvijrhUtTal;EtKat;yl;Rsb eTIbeyIgcab;epþImksagbBa©b;
reports.
enAeBlksag report eyIgKYrEterobcM mock-up rW prototype sMrab;eGayGñkeRbI
R)as;RtYtBinitü ehIyeyIgKYrEtbBa©ÚltMél filed KMrU bEnßmCamYy records RKb;RKan;sMrab;
bgðajBI design features enAkñúg mock-up.
4. 3. Report Design Principles
Printed reports RtUvEtKYreGaycab;citþ (attractive)/
CMnaj (professional)
niggayRsYleRbIR)as; (easy to use). edIm,Iksag reports eGay)anl¥ GñkviPaKRbB½n§
RtUvEtBicarNaeTAelIRbFanbTmYycMnYndUcCa³ report headers and footers, page
headers and footers, column heading and alignment, column spacing, field
order, and grouping of detail line.

Report Headers and Footers

RKb;TMB½rTaMgGs;KYrEtman report header nig report footer. Report header
bgðajenAcMnuccab;epþIm report EtmYyTMB½rKt; KWTMB½rdMbUg sMrab;eFVIkarkMnt; report
ehIypÞúknUv logo/ cMNgeCIg (title)/ kalbriecäT (date) nigBt’mancaM)ac;epSgeTot.
Report footer bgðajenAxagcugbBa©b; report EtmYyTMB½rKt; KWTMB½rcugeRkayeK
ehIymanTItaMgenABIelI page footer edaypÞúknUv grand totals cMeBaH numeric fields
nigBt’manepSgeTot dUcenAkñúgrUb 7.17.

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 07/28/2004

Employee Hours
WEEK ENDING DATE: 07/28/2004
Shop Employee Regular Overtime Total
Number Name Position Hours Hours Hours
8 Andres Marguerite Clerk 20.0 0.0 20.0
8 Bogema Michelle Clerk 12.5 0.0 12.5
8 Davenport Kim Asst Mgr 40.0 5.0 45.0
8 Lemka Susan Clerk 32.7 0.0 32.7
8 Linquist Linda Clerk 16.0 0.0 16.0
8 Ramirez Rudy Manager 40.0 8.5 48.5
8 Ulery Ruth Clerk 20.0 0.0 20.0

SHOP 8 TOTALS: 181.2 13.5 194.7

17 Haff Lisa Manager 40.0 0.0 40.0

17 Martini Jennifer Clerk 40.0 8.4 48.4
17 Rittenbery Sandra Clerk 40.0 11.0 51.0
17 Wyer Elizabeth Clerk 20.0 0.0 20.0
17 Zeigler Cecille Clerk 32.0 0.0 32.0

SHOP 17 TOTALS: 172.0 19.4 191.4

GRAND TOTALS: 353.2 32.9 386.1

EMPLOYEE HOURS REPORT PAGE 1

WEEK ENDING 07/28/2004
(rUb 7.17)

Page Headers and Footers

RKb;TMB½rTaMgGs;KYrEtbBa©Úl page header EdlbgðajenAelIbMputRKb;TMB½rTaMgGs;
elIkElgEtTMB½rTImYyecj eRBaHTMB½rTImYy report header manTItaMgenAelIbg¥s; KWenABI
elI page header eTot. Page header pÞúknUv column headings sMrab;kMnt;Tinñn½y
ehIy column heading KYrsresrxøIb:uEnþBN’na elIsBIenHeTot eCosvageRbIBaküsresr

7-35
kat; (abbreviation) RbsinebIGñkeRbIR)as;mindwgesaH. Page footer bgðajenAxag
eRkameKRKb;TMB½rTaMgGs; edaybgðajnUv page number.
Column Heading Alignment
eyIgKYrEttMrg;CaCYr (align) cMeBaH column heading edaydMeNIreTAtam
eKalkarmYycMnYnKW right-justified heading cMeBaH numeric fields, left-justified
heading cMeBaH alphanumeric fields.

Column Spacing
eyIgKYrEtTukTIcMhr (space) rvag columns TaMgenaHeGay)anRbugRby½tñ BIeRBaH
ebIeyIgTukcenøaHcMhrenaHtUceBk rWjwkeBk eFVIeGay reports enaHBi)akemIl ehIyebI
cenøaHcMhrFMeBkeFVIeGayEPñkBi)aktamdanbnÞat;enaH.
Field Order
Fields KYrEtbgðaj nigdak;CaRkumtam logical order. ]TahrN_³ report bgðaj
enAkñúgrUb 3.17 cMeBaHTMB½rxagmuxbgðajBI detail lines e)aHBum<tamlMdab;tYGkSrenAkñúg
shop number EpñkxageqVg tameRkayeday employee name ehIy employee rate
position sßitenACab;CamYy employee name nigBt’mancMeBaHema:gdak;Rkum.

Grouping Detail Lines

CaTUeTAeyIgeRcInEttMerobcM detail lines TaMgenaHCaRkum edaysMGageTAelI
control field. ]TahrN_³ eRbIR)as; department number Ca control field
enaHnieyaCitnImYy²Gaccat;CaRkumeTAtam department. eyIgGace)aHBum< group
header enABIelI detail line dMbUgeK nig group footer enABIeRkam detail line
cugeRkaybMputenAkñúgRkumnImYy²dUcrUb 7.17. enAkñúg group footer eyIgGacbBa©Úl
subtotal, average nigcMnYn records enAkñúgRkumenaH.

4. 4. Report Design Example

eTaHbICa Employee Hours report bgðajenAkñúgrUb 7.17 dMeNIreTAtameKalkar
ENnaM)anbriyayxagelI k¾eyIgKYrEteFVIeGaykan;EtRbesIrEfmeTot. Bt’manlMGiteBk
enAelITMB½r bgçMeGayGñkeRbIR)as;EsVgrkBt’manBYkeKRtUvkar. etIkEnøgNaEdlGaclub
ecalEdrrWeT?

7-36
 RbsinebInieyaCitPaKeRcInmin)aneFVIkarbEnßmema:geT eyIgmincaM)ac;bgðajelx
0.0 cMeBaHema:gbEnßmnieyaCitmin)anbEnßmeT edayTukvaeGayenAcMhrCakareRsc.
nieyaCitpþMúCaRkum dUecñHmincaM)ac;bgðaj shop number mþgehIymþgeToteT edayRKan;Et
bgðajEtmþg)anehIy viFIedIm,IeCosvagbgðaj shop number dEdl² KWRtUveRbI group
header edIm,IkMnt; shop nImYy². CacugeRkay nieyaCitenAkñúghagPaKeRcInCa clerk
dUecñHnieyaCitNaCa clerk min)anbgðaj position field enAelI report eT elIkElgEt
manager nig assistant manager RtUvbgðajenAelI field enaH.
clerk position not printed 0.0 not printed

07/28/2004 PAGE 1

Employee Hours
WEEK ENDING DATE: 07/28/2004
Shop Employee Regular Overtime Total
Number Position Name Hours Hours Hours
8 Andres Marguerite 20.0 20.0
Bogema Michelle 12.5 12.5
Asst Mgr Davenport Kim 40.0 5.0 45.0
Lemka Susan 32.7 32.7
Linquist Linda 16.0 16.0
Manager Ramirez Rudy 40.0 8.5 48.5
Ulery Ruth 20.0 20.0

SHOP 8 TOTALS: 181.2 13.5 194.7

17 Manager Haff Lisa 40.0 40.0

Martini Jennifer 40.0 8.4 48.4
Rittenbery Sandra 40.0 11.0 51.0
Wyer Elizabeth 20.0 20.0
Zeigler Cecille 32.0 32.0

SHOP 17 TOTALS: 172.0 19.4 191.4

GRAND TOTALS: 353.2 32.9 386.1

(rUb 7.18)

7-37
 4. 5. Other Design Issues
Good design standards begáIt reports ÉksNæan (uniform) nigminERbRbYl
(consistent). enAeBlRbB½n§begáIt reports CaeRcIn report nImYy²KYrEteRbIR)as;lkçNH
rYm. ]TahrN_³ eyIgKYrEte)aHBum< date nig page number enATItaMgEtmYydUcKñaRKb;
report page TaMgGs;. Baküsresrkat; (abbreviation) eRbIenAkñúg reports KYrEtrkSa
dEdl. ]TahrN_³ eQµaHeRbIR)as;KYrEtrkSadEdl eCosvageRbImþgeRbI # mþgeRbI No
mþgeRbI Num. Items eRbIR)as;enAkñúg reports KYrEtrkSadEdl. ]TahrN_³ RbsinebI
report mYye)aHBum<elxkUdnisSittamlMdab;lMeday³ CMnan; tamedaymhaviTüal½y Stage
nigelxerogkMnt; enaH reports epSgeTotRtUvEteRbIR)as;TMrg;enHdUcKña. eKalkarENnaM
PaKeRcIncMeBaH reports Fmµta RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CamYy preprinted forms edayelIkElg
EtBt’mank,alerOg (heading information) CaTUeTA)ane)aHBum<TukCamun.
4. 6. Printing Volume and Time Requirements
edaysarbec©kviTüarIkcMerIneTAmuxya:gxøaMg eTIbeFVIeGayeKGacbegáIt printers
manel,ÓnelOn/ KuNPaBkan;EtRbesIr nigmantMélefakCagmun. eKeRcIneRbIR)as; laser
printers NamanKuNPaBx<s;kñúgdMeNIrkarGaCIvkmµrbs;eK BIeRBaH printers RbePTenaH
manel,ÓnelOn/ KuNPaBGs©arü nig graphic output. eTaHbICa printers dMeNIrkar
e)aHBum<kñúgel,ÓnelOnk¾eday k¾eyIgRtUvEtKiteTAelIbBaðacMNaypgEdr dUcCa³ éføRkdas
e)aHBum</ RkdasmYycMnYnminrkSaTukeRbIeRcIneBkeT xøacvahYssm½y nigxUcKuNPaB
RBmTaMgéføePøIgpgEdr>>>.
kñúgnamCaGñkviPaKRbB½n§ eyIgRtUvEteFVIya:gNaeGaydMeNIrkare)aHBum<manlkçNH
rlUn eTAtameBlevlamYysmrmü nigkMnt;Rkdase)aHBum<eGay)anpgEdr RBmTaMgkarrkSa
TukFnFancaM)ac;sMrab;e)aHBum<pgEdr.
Length Calculations
vamansarHsMxan;kñúgkar)a:n;RbmaneBlevlae)aHBum< reports bnÞab;BIeyIg)an
ksag reports enaHrYc. ]TahrN_³ cUrBicarNaeTAelI employee hour report bgðaj
enAkñúgrUb 7.18 eday]bmafa Rkumh‘unmannieyaCitsrub 380 nak;enAkñúghagTaMg 6
ehIy report nImYy²GacpÞúk)an 66 lines sMrab;TMB½rnImYy². 6 lines RtUv)aneRtómbMrug
sMrab; top and bottom margins dUecñH report enAsl;Et 60 printed lines sMrab;

7-38
report nImYy². Report nImYy²cab;epþImedayRtUvkar 6 lines dMbUgsMrab;Bt’mank,alerOg
(heading information) dUcCa³ report heading nig page heading dUcenHvaenAsl;Et
54 lines sMrab;e)aHBum<BI employee detail lines, shop (group) footing lines nig
grand total footing lines.
eyIgRtUve)aHBum< 380 detail lines edaysarEtRkumh‘unmannieyaCit 380 nak;
ehIy shop nImYy²RtUvkar three footing lines dUecñHsrubcMeBaH shop TaMg 6 KWGs; 18
shop footing lines nigcugeRkay grand totals RtUvkar three lines bEnßmeTot.
srubmk complete report pÞúknUv 401 detail and total lines eday report mYypÞúk)an
Et 54 lines dUcenHvaRtUvkar 7.4 pages. ehtudUecñHkarvaytMélcugeRkaycMeBaH report
cMNayGs;cMnYn 8 TMB½redIm,Ie)aHBum<.
CALCULATING THE LENGTH OF THE REPORT

66 total lines available per page

─ 6 lines reserved for top and bottom margins
─ 6 lines per page for 2 title lines, 1 blank line,
2 column heading lines, and 1 hyphen line.
54 available detail lines per page

3 lines per shop for 1 line with hyphens, 1 line of

shop totals, and 1 blank line.
× 6 shops
18 shop footing lines
+ 3 lines per report for 2 lines with hyphens and
1 line of grand totals
21 footing lines
+ 380 detail lines
401 report lines
÷ 54 lines per page
7.4 printed pages
(rUb 7.19)

2,100,000 detail lines

÷ 54 detail lines7-39
per page
38,889 printed page
 Time Calculations
bnÞab;BI)anvaytMéleTAelIcMnYnTMB½re)aHBum<cMeBaH report rYcehIy eyIgk¾RtUvEt
)a:n;RbmaneTAelIeBlevlapgEdr. GRtae)aHBum<cMeBaH laser printers KitCa ppm
(pages per minute) ]TahrN_³ RbsinebIeRbIR)as; laser printer CamYy 16 ppm
eTAe)aHBum< Employee Hour report mancMnYn 8 TMB½renaHcMNayeBlevlaRtwmEt 30
vinaTI.
]TahrN_³ cMeBaHrUb 7.20 bgðajBIkarRbmaneTAelIcMnYnTMB½rcMeBaH report FMmYy
nigkarKNnaeBlevlae)aHBum<pgEdr.
CALCULATING THE LENGTH OF THE REPORT

66 total lines available per page

─ 6 lines reserved for top and bottom margins
─ 6 lines per page for 2 heading lines, 1 blank line,
2 column heading lines, and 1 blank line.
54 available detail lines per page
2,100,000 detail lines
÷ 54 detail lines per page
38,889 printed page

LASER PRINTER AT 16 PPM

38,889 pages
÷ 16 pages per minute
2,431 minute = 40.5 hours of printer usage
(rUb 7.20)

4. 7. Output Control and Security

Output RtUvEtRtwmRtUv/ eBjelj/bc©úb,nñ nigsuvtßiPaB. Rkumh‘uneRbIR)as;viFIRtYt
BinitüeTAelI output CaeRcInedIm,IEfrkSa output integrity and security. ]TahrN_³
RKb; reports TaMgGs;RtUvEtbBa©ÚlcMNgeCIg/ report number or code/ printing date
nigeBlevla elIsBIenHeTot reports KYrEtdak;elxtamlMdab; Page xx of xx.
Output security karBarsiT§ÉkCn nigkarBarTinñn½ykmµsiT§rbs;Rkumh‘unBI
Rkumecar rWkarcUleRbIR)as;KµankarGnuBaØati. edIm,IeFVIeGaymansuvtßiPaB eyIgRtUvEt

7-40
dMeNIrkarkic©karsMxan;mYycMnYn³ report mantMé;lRtUvrkSaenATItaMgmansuvtßiPaB/ reports
KYrEtbg;elxtamlMdab;lMeday/ kMeTc report sMxan;NabnÞab;BIElgRtUvkar>>>.
enAkñúgRkumh‘unPaKeRcIn IT department TTYlbnÞúkeTAelI output control nig
security measures. GñkviPaKRbB½n§RtUvEtykcitþTukdak;eTAelIbBaðasuvtßiPaB enAeBl
cab;epþIm design, implementation, and support information systems. eyIgKYrEt
ksag security eGayP¢ab;eTACamYyRbB½n§ edayeRbIR)as; passwords/ lak;)aMgTinñn½y
sMxan; nigBinitüeTAelIkarcUleRbIR)as;rbs;GñkeRbIR)as;.

Review Questions
1. cUrBnül;BITsSnHTancMeBaH human-computer interaction (HCI)?
2. cUrerobrab;BIeKalkarcMeBaH user-centered interface design?
3. cUrerobrab;BI user interface controls TaMg 6 RbePT?
4. cUrBnül;BITsSnHTanén GUI and switchboard?
5. cUrBnül;BI batch and online input methods?
6. cUrerobrab;BIeKalkarN_ENnaMcMeBaH data entry screen?
7. cUrerobrab;BIeKalkaredIm,Ikat;bnßy input volume?
8. cUrerobrab;BI types of output?
9. GVIeTACa data validation check? etIvaEckCab:unµanRbePT?
[Link] EckCab:unµanRbePT? cUrBnül;BIRbePTnImYy²?

rrYss

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