CHAPTER 9 :

There are 2 considerations of flow :

Control
·
volume
· Flow domain

Conservation of mass-the continuity equation :

Recall RTT ;

To
generate a differential equation for conservation of mass
,

We shrink the control volume to a

point in the flow .

Deriving using divergence theorem ;

Deriving using infinitesimal control volume;

* Iternative form of the

continuity equation ;

O -
comes
from
:

C
Material element : shows that as we follow a fluid element
through
a flow field ,
its
density changes as IL changes .

Continuity equation in
cylindrical coordinates ;
 continuity equation ; steady compressible flow

[(pk) = 0

equation incompressible fo
continuity
;

[V = 0

The stream function :

(4)

I
>
- replaces 4 and v

Curves Constant 4 streamlines the

of of flow.
·
are

· The difference in the value of 4 from one stream to another

is equal to the volume flow rate per unit width between the two

simlines .

remember ; no
flow can cross a streamline
·
The value of ↓ increases to the left of the direction of flow in the

x-y plane .

A
If the two streamlines spread apart ,
the

average velocity between the two streamlines

decreases accordingly ,
such that the volume

flow rate remains the same (IA = %8).

When streamlines converge ,
the
average
velocity between them must increase .

>
-
planar flow (v
,
0)

Axisymmetric flow (r , z)
&

* compressible stream function (Yp)

*
Example 1 :

. 10
3

Assumptions :

steady flow
·
incompressible
2-0 flow plane
in
sy
·

main branch
E Yupper-flower
:
=

=
4 , 35 -
2 03
,

=
2 , 32 mis

upper branch
: =
Yupper Yower
-

=
4 ,
33 -
3 , 10
=
iis m "Is

%. flow through branch

his
upper : to

=
S3 ,
9 %

Cauchy's equation : (The differential linear momentum equation

Deriving using divergence theorem ;

valid for incompressible and

-
compressible flow
equation and scalar
This is a vector thus represents three
equations,
one for each coordinate axis in 3-0 problems .

Alternative form of Lauchy's equation :

O
& material acceleration

Navier-Stokes equation :

Assumptions :

·
Newtonian fluid
·
incompressible flow (p =
constant)
·

nearly isothermal flow

I
 ↓

a
valid in
any orthogonal coordinate

system

In Cartesian Coordinates :

In cyclindrical coordinates :

Differential analysis of fluid flow problems :

S
 ↓

Calculation of the pressure field for a known

velocity :

Assumptions :

·
flow is steady and incompressable
·
fluid has constant
properties
10 flow in the e-y plane
·

·
gravity acts in t-direction

Given :
V =
(n , v) =
(ax + b) i + 1-
ay
+
x)j

:
O

Continuity equation
second derivative
of v with respect

"-i
Y -

component of Navier-Stokes :

· (ax + b)(2) O

· ***
S c
-
ay + (x)) a) -

Steady
a

poo-b-a
componentofNavier-Stokes
X -
h

· & O
O

steady = p(
-
anx -
ab)
 ) ⑧

-
P indeed function sand
smooth Thus
given velocity
: the
is a
of g .
,

field satisfies the steady ,

10
,
incompressible Navier-Stokes
equation.

Pauate py) bypartialintering

with respecto

S add instead
this C
of as we

are partially integrating

Calculate &(e) by partially integrating &P
with respect to :

Ep =

g'(x)
=
pc at- -
ab)
232
ax ab)
g(x)
(p)
:. = - -

9 (x)
(e-abx) +
=
p

OpbySe E
This shows that ;

need conditions .
To obtain C
,
we
boundary
Exact solutions of continuity and Navier-Stokes
the equations :

(
 2

Woundary
conditions :

* also
applicable to
temperature
fluid adjacent
O
↓ to stationary
wall has zero
velocity
O

O Shear stress
* PA =
Po if surface tension effects are
negligable or if the

interface is
nearly flat

Fully developed Couette Flow :

Step i :

Step 1 :

Assumptions :

.
1 Plates infinite in e and z direction
are

.
2 steady flow
.
3 Parallel flow (2)
.
4 Fluid is incompressible , Newtonian with constant properties laminar
,

.
5 Pressure is constant with regards to s

.
6 Velocity field is 2-0

.
2
Gravity acts in -z direction
Foundary
conditions :

· No slip condition
& At bottom plate :
u = v =
w = 0

* At top plate :
u = v N = w = 0
,

Lu
Step 3 :

Incompressible continuity equation :

Cassum 6)

⑫
.

S
*
I is not a function of 32 i . e
,

flow is
fully developed
* u f u(t) (assum . 21
* u + u(z) cassum .
6)

O
* :
(y) only
=
u u

* component of Navier-Stokes :
continuity
ocs)

+
o (2)

Continuity)

G
-
toa o (3)

=
: . P = p(y)
p = P(t)
p = P(x)
: p =
p(z)
.

only

casis

-9
Step
 =
=
dp = -

pgdz
p =

(
-

pgdz

33
=

p
pgz +
-

Step 9 :

* Let P = Po at z = 0

: .
(3 = Po

p Po
:.
pgz
-
=

remember ;
* BC at bottom plate :
u = v = w
=
0
h
y
= .
---

u + 22
=
<y
: 0 = (1 .
0 + 12
22 =
0
0
y
= -- --

X 8( at top plate : u = V v =
w = 0
,

u =
<y + C

V =
21 . n + 0

21
V
=

y
.
u =