Chapter 4: Structural Analysis
[Link].1 Using ELF forces and drift to compute accurate period. Before continuing with the
example, it is advisable to use the computed drifts to more accurately estimate the fundamental periods of
vibration of the building. This will serve as a check on the “exact” periods computed by eigenvalue
extraction in SAP2000. A Rayleigh analysis will be used to estimate the periods. This procedure, which
usually is very accurate, is derived as follows:
The exact frequency of vibration ω (a scalar), in units of radians/second, is found from the following
eigenvalue equation:
Kφ = ω 2 M φ
where K is the structure stiffness matrix, M is the (diagonal) mass matrix and φ is a vector containing
the components of the mode shape associated with ω.
If an approximate mode shape δ is used instead of φ, where δ is the deflected shape under the
equivalent lateral forces F, the frequency ω can be closely approximated. Making the substitution of
δ for φ, premultiplying both sides of the above equation by δT (the transpose of the displacement
vector), noting that F = Kδ and M = W/g, the following is obtained:
ω2
δ T F = ω 2δ T M δ = δ TW δ
g
where W is a vector containing the story weights and g is the acceleration due to gravity (a scalar).
After rearranging terms, this gives:
δTF
ω= g
δ TW δ
2π
Using the relationship between period and frequency, T =
ω
Using F from Table 4.1-4 and δ from Column 1 of Tables 4.1-7 and 4.1-8, the periods of vibration are
computed as shown in Tables 4.1-9 and 4.1-10 for the structure loaded in the X and Y directions,
respectively. As may be seen from the tables, the X direction period of 2.85 seconds and the Y-direction
period of 2.56 seconds are significantly greater than the approximate period of Ta = 1.59 seconds and also
exceed the upper limit on period of CuTa = 2.23 seconds.
Table 4.1-9 Rayleigh Analysis for X Direction Period of Vibration
Drift, δ Force, F Weight, W δF δ W/g
2
Level
(in.) (kips) (kips) (in.-kips) (in.-kips-sec2)
R 6.67 186.9 1,657 1,247 191
12 6.35 154.0 1,596 979 167
11 5.90 129.9 1,596 767 144
10 5.34 107.6 1,596 575 118
9 4.73 186.3 3,403 881 197
8 4.15 100.8 2,331 418 104
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FEMA P-751, NEHRP Recommended Provisions: Design Examples
Table 4.1-9 Rayleigh Analysis for X Direction Period of Vibration
Drift, δ Force, F Weight, W δF δ W/g
2
Level
(in.) (kips) (kips) (in.-kips) (in.-kips-sec2)
7 3.52 77.0 2,331 271 75
6 2.87 56.2 2,331 162 50
5 2.24 71.4 4,324 160 56
4 1.71 31.5 3,066 54 23
3 1.17 16.6 3,066 19 11
2 0.64 6.3 3,097 4 3
Σ 5,536 1,138
ω = (5,536/1,138)0.5 = 2.21 rad/sec. T = 2π/ω = 2.85 sec.
1.0 in. = 25.4 mm, 1.0 kip = 4.45 kN.
Table 4.1-10 Rayleigh Analysis for Y Direction Period of Vibration
Drift, δ Force, F Weight, W
Level δF δ W/g
2
(in.) (kips) (kips)
R 4.86 186.9 1,657 908 101
12 4.71 154.0 1,596 725 92
11 4.47 129.9 1,596 581 83
10 4.17 107.6 1,596 449 72
9 3.82 186.3 3,403 711 128
8 3.44 100.8 2,331 347 72
7 2.98 77.0 2,331 230 54
6 2.50 56.2 2,331 141 38
5 2.03 71.4 4,324 145 46
4 1.57 31.5 3,066 49 20
3 1.09 16.6 3,066 18 9
2 0.61 6.3 3,097 4 3
Σ 4,307 716
ω = (4,307/716)0.5 = 2.45 rad/sec. T = 2π/ω = 2.56 sec.
1.0 in. = 25.4 mm, 1.0 kip = 4.45 kN.
[Link].2 P-delta effects. P-delta effects are computed for the X direction response in Table 4.1-11. The
last column of the table shows the story stability ratio computed according to Standard Equation 12.8-163:
Px ΔI
θ=
Vx hsx Cd
3
Note that the I in the numerator of Equation 12.8-16 was inadvertently omitted in early printings of the Standard.
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