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Theoretical Perspectives in Psychology

The document summarizes several major theoretical perspectives in psychology: 1) Psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud focuses on the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and psychosexual stages of development. It includes concepts like the id, ego, and superego. 2) Learning theories proposed by Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura examine how behavior is learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. 3) Cognitive theories proposed by Piaget and Vygotsky view cognitive development as central and examine concepts like schemas and the zone of proximal development. 4) Evolutionary and contextual theories examine how biology, environment, culture, and the social context interact to influence development over time.

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Camille Redillas
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18 views2 pages

Theoretical Perspectives in Psychology

The document summarizes several major theoretical perspectives in psychology: 1) Psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud focuses on the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and psychosexual stages of development. It includes concepts like the id, ego, and superego. 2) Learning theories proposed by Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura examine how behavior is learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. 3) Cognitive theories proposed by Piaget and Vygotsky view cognitive development as central and examine concepts like schemas and the zone of proximal development. 4) Evolutionary and contextual theories examine how biology, environment, culture, and the social context interact to influence development over time.

Uploaded by

Camille Redillas
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chap. 2 Theoretical Perspectives 1. Psychoanalytic Freud; unconscious mind; childhood experiences; sexual & aggressive tendencies a.

. Parts of Personality i. Id- pleasure principle ii. Ego- reality principle iii. Superego- follows rules of society; conscience b. Psychosexual Stages i. Oral; birth 16 months; source of pleasure: sucking & feeding ii. Anal; 12-18 months 3 yrs; Pleasure: Withholding & expelling feces, anal region iii. Phallic; 3 6 yrs; Pleasure: Attached to opposite sex parent, later identifies with same sex parent (Oedipus complex) iv. Latency; 6 yrs puberty; Relative calm between stages v. Genital; Puberty adulthood; Sexual impulses of phallic stage, mature adult sexuality c. Eriksons Psychosocial Theory Neo-Freudian i. Trust vs. Mistrust; birth 12-18 months ii. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt; 12-18 months 3 yrs iii. Initiative vs. Guilt; 3 6 yrs iv. Industry vs. inferiority; 6 puberty v. Identity vs. Identity Confusion; puberty young adulthood vi. Intimacy vs. Isolation; Young adulthood vii. Generativity vs. Stagnation; Middle adulthood viii. Integrity vs. Despair; Late adulthood 2. Learning Pavlov (classical conditioning); Skinner (operational conditioning); Bandura (Social learning theory Bobo doll; reciprocal determinism; observational learning) 3. Cognitive Jean Piaget; views thought processes as central to development; schema, assimilation, accommodation a. Vygostskys Sociocultural Theory i. Zone of Proximal Development what a child can do alone and with the help of a teacher; scaffolding temporary support 4. Evolutionary/Sociobiological personal survival; biology and environment interact; genetic legacy; to produce behavior and development; reproductive patterns, altruism, parenting, mating behaviors, anthropology, ecology & genetics 5. Contextual social context a. Bioecological Theory (Bronfenbrenner) i. Microsystem first hand; face-to-face relationships ii. Mesosystem interaction of microsystems; between home & school, etc. iii. Exosystem does not concern child; interaction of microsystem & outside systems iv. Macrosystem Cultural patterns; societys overall

v. Chronosystem adds dimension of time; change or constancy in person & environment Psychology as a Science 1. The Scientific Method system of gathering so that bias & error in measurement are reduced; process of developing & testing theories & hypotheses; quantitative & qualitative research Steps: 1. Identify a problem 2. Formulate a hypothesis 3. Collect data 4. Analyze data 5. Form tentative conclusions 6. Disseminate findings 2. Forms of Data Collection a. Naturalistic observation i. Requires training & practice; systematic b. Laboratory observation i. Watching animals/humans behave in lab settings c. Interviews/survey/questionnaires i. Involves responding to a standard set of questions; report peoples attitudes & beliefs; interview, online, mail d. Behavioral & performance measures i. More objective measure of behavior; can measure abilities, skills or physiological responses; valid & reliable 3. Basic Research Designs a. Case study in depth look at a single individual; idea of range of possibilities in human behavior; may involve unreliable judgments; not generalizable b. Ethnographic studies patterns that make a societys way of life (relationships, customs, etc.); participant observations useful in crosscultural research c. Correlation measure of a relationship between 2 variables; does not equal causation; 2 factors seem to occur together; used when experiments are not possible or unethical d. Experiment carefully regulated procedure; independent & dependent variables; experiment & control group; random assignment i. Cross sectional assessed at one point in time ii. Longitudinal same people studied more than once over a period of time iii. Sequential complex combination of cross sectional & longitudinal; adds more data than either design alone

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