What is Cyber Physical System? State it's importance in Manufacturing.
A cyber-physical system (CPS) or intelligent system is a computer system in which a mechanism is
controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms. In cyber-physical systems, physical and
software components are deeply intertwined, able to operate on different spatial and temporal scales,
exhibit multiple and distinct behavioral modalities, and interact with each other in ways that change
with context. CPS involves transdisciplinary approaches, merging theory of cybernetics,
mechatronics, design and process science.
Examples of CPS include smart grid, autonomous automobile systems, medical monitoring, industrial
control systems, robotics systems, and automatic pilot avionics.
CPS for manufacturing provides fault-adaptive control systems and manually created diagnosis
models of the system’s physics and operations to achieve self-optimization. In spite of the great
prospects of Industry 4.0, 84% of the decision-makers reported that they are still not well informed
about the chances and risks of Industry 4.0 . This necessitates a narrative literature review to
comprehend the new industry concept.
Study of the context of CPS for manufacturing is necessary, however, a formidable task in ICT and
industrial manufacturing domain due to the outgrowth of many buzz words along with the rapid
growth of contribution in this field. Therefore, our literature review on CPS for manufacturing in
Industry 4.0 narrates the challenges, approaches, and techniques used in this domain for
comprehensive understanding.
Discuss the uses of augmented reality in manufacturing sector.
Industrial Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that complements existing manufacturing
processes and enables companies to improve efficiency and increase quality. AR enables companies
to cut costs, reduce time to market, and build safer products.
With applications in the industrial and manufacturing sector including logistics, manufacturing floors,
maintenance, upskilling, and training, organizations that have specific processes or require complex
product components often find that implementing industrial AR optimizes operations across the entire
product development cycle.
Industrial AR takes product development to the next level by enabling designers to see how products
will look and work in real-life conditions. This gives designers invaluable insights into what
consumers want, allowing them to make modifications before the physical prototype is complete. This
in turn reduces the costs of physical prototyping, saving time and money. Industrial engineers can also
use the technology to plan and optimize processes that can help to ensure that your manufacturing
output is consistently high quality.
In manufacturing, the technology can be used to measure a variety of changes, identify unsafe
working conditions, or even envision a finished product. Manufacturers can use it to present more
than digital characters, images, or content, such as overlaying text, stats, and information relevant to
the worker’s current task. A worker can view a piece of equipment and see its running temperature,
disclosing that the equipment is hot and unsafe to touch with bare hands. An employee can know
everything that’s happening around them, including the location of coworkers, what machinery is
breaking down, or what locations in a factory that are restricted.
Safety is always an issue in the manufacturing environment. With the right AR applications,
inexperienced employees can be informed, trained, and protected at all times without wasting
supplementary resources. Technical training and education can be expensive when working with
large, complex machinery or dangerous equipment.
Industry 4.0
The CPSs can be defined as “the integrations of computation, networking, and physical processes.
Embedded computers and networks monitor and control the physical processes, with feedback
loops where physical processes affect computations and vice versa.
IMPORTANCE
From a manufacturing industry perspective, a cyber-physical system is an internet-enabled
physical entity, such as a pump or compressor, embedded with computers and control
components consisting of sensors and actuators. Such an entity, which is IP address-assigned, is
capable of self-monitoring, generating information about its own functioning, and
communicating with other associated entities or even outside. It is a self-regulating and
autonomous [Link] is also necessary to establish a roadmap for constructing CPS
manufacturing platforms. With rapid advances of technologies such as IoT, big data, and sensor
technology, CPS is being reevaluated as a catalyst for promoting industrial efficiency and
productivity. CPS is attracting attention again as it is expected to be applied to a wide range of
fields, such as medicine and health care, energy and electric power transmission, transportation,
and defense. With the creation of new industries and areas of business based on CPS, it is
expected to affect various fields and generate great demand for it.