1. Which of the following is NOT a proposition?
a) 2 + 2 = 4
b) x + y = 10
c) The sky is blue.
d) Paris is the capital of France.
2. What is the contrapositive of the statement 'If it rains, then the ground is wet'?
a) If the ground is wet, then it rains.
b) If the ground is not wet, then it does not rain.
c) If it does not rain, then the ground is wet.
d) The ground is wet if it rains.
a) p ∧ ¬p
3. Which of the following is an example of a tautology?
b) p ∨ ¬p
d) ¬(p ∨ q)
c) p → ¬p
4. According to De Morgan’s laws, how can the expression ¬(p ∨ q) be rewritten?
a) ¬p ∨ ¬q
b) ¬p ∧ ¬q
c) p ∨ q
d) ¬p ∨ q
5. What is the biconditional statement of 'If an animal is a dog, then it is a mammal'?
a) If an animal is not a mammal, then it is not a dog.
b) An animal is a dog if and only if it is a mammal.
c) If an animal is a mammal, then it is a dog.
d) An animal is a dog if it is a mammal.
6. What does it mean for a compound proposition to be satisfiable?
a) It is always true.
b) It is always false.
c) There is at least one assignment of truth values that makes it true.
d) It is true if and only if its negation is true.
7. How many different ways are there to assign offices to two employees if there are 12 offices available?
a) 24
b) 120
c) 132
d) 144
8. A license plate consists of three uppercase letters followed by three digits. How many different license plates can
be created?
a) 175,760
b) 17,576,000
c) 10,000,000
d) 676,000
9. How many different bit strings of length seven exist?
a) 64
b) 100
c) 128
d) 256
10. What does the sum rule in counting state?
a) If a task can be done in either n ways or k ways (where the choices do not overlap), then there are n + k ways to
do it.
b) If a task can be broken into two independent steps, the total ways to complete it is n × k.
c) Every task must be counted at least twice to ensure accuracy.
d) If a task has at least one valid way to be completed, it has infinite solutions.
11. According to the pigeonhole principle, if 11 socks are placed into 5 drawers, at least one drawer must contain
how many socks?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
12. How many passwords of length 6, 7, or 8 can be created using uppercase letters and digits, assuming at least
one character must be a digit?
a) 2,684,483,063,360
b) 1,000,000
c) 3,200,000,000
d) 2,000,000
13. Use truth tables to verify the commutative laws:
a) p ∨ q ≡ q ∨ p
b) p ∧ q ≡ q ∧ p
14. Construct a truth table for each of these compound propositions:
a) p → (¬q ∨ r)
b) ¬p → (q → r)
15. Show that the following expression is a tautology using a truth table:
(p → q) ∧ (q → r) → (p → r)
16. Show that (p → q) ∨ (p → r) and p → (q ∨ r) are logically equivalent using truth tables.
17. Logic Puzzle (Knights and Knaves Problem):
A says: 'B is a knight.' B says: 'The two of us are opposite types.' Determine who is a knight and who is a knave.
Explain your reasoning.