Semi conductors ( Biolas g irawistos)
Semiconductrsi
The pemicanducos ane oods ashse eaehneal eoduehiity
ies botsan veny Aigh eonducthvity o meals and vy las Canduchiviy
&inlatvs. Thay a chavaeteised by oa naraw enert ga bahween
IRa Valenee bond aud conduelion band. Fo erample gormaium aud
egachvely
co aa conduetos, valnee aud eonducion bands ownlo.
ih du iwaulo~os , alsnee aud esnduchien bavds hoe a foridden ga moe
than e,
Elechrowo and holes tn emiconductors
lece ld cannor gve bo mueh ener to tka Valanee elechND thar thay
are inulators at low tebeNataas.
Valenes kband at eaeh plaee aJhee
Ekchor Condnehon bend
to the cordehon bNd. This Vacaneg Hole valen bvd
in the valanea band ean mave abaut under a malllaeine Getd . he olA
io, treakove, ighry conductig . Naw is a pemi condueor.
The conduehiviny c 4 tue Qemi conduetor cnereanes uik ise in
as Ike teberature mses. nore awd more o
pemicondueks
Ctrinsie uiconduetors ,
to he afe
The conduetivty f buhe amicenduels stoo omal
ay raehcol we. 24,howee, a amatl quantihy of poe hantavebnt or
cenduehity
tivant cnpusiny s addedto a puue semiconduchv, tt
Called eshnsic
(heeanes mgnifieany. Such embuu Amienduetos are
Aemi canducts.
pemiarnduedos in a
The pros of adding imuity to an intie
Conoled mane called dobing.
anhhmony chom s addsd to a gmaçum(ar i eon) rsta, it entens
elecbas
cnto eystal Jatie taleing t aee o Ge atom, The laur valne
a petwalent adom fom Covalent bond usia he tauY aleepo of he
meighbowning Ge atsms whie laa fk valaee elachon ler unataehed.
Ths elecoon is qute freeto nove Irogl he ehysral urder ke infenee
ehyptal o treated asi lik a tLdavalent impuaty is calld hya Gher cnysal.
calLad dansr akom beaua i donates the
Te added (mbuy atom
alechous to e erys ral conduehvibg rlon (n
The en band diagram o an ntte aemiconduetoY in
enertlwels t balsa the eonduetÓn bad.
At ordinay tm , admost al the Csnducion bqvd
lecbow n the cndehon bend esme Donor levels
from dsnor luves, &uy a few come om
valana agnd. Thetre Ika nain ehange Valnea band
Caiers repowmble farr eonduehan ane
te eleero couhabted b doYS. Sihe he eelhationon he Valenee
band is mal, here ae vey Rew RolD. (h tus bend. e cuent coni bution
Ihe holes e f e bmal. Thus n an m e emeesnduetoy, the
eleebono ane the majeiy cahniers and me Roles ane minoy caiers.
m-tyse cOndueivityi
When an alechieed ablied
Elecfrou, OHoles
olschouo ahe atraeted ty totive
ternal o he batey when an
elecon reaches tie tostive tovminas o Ihe haty evdentey Ike anoter
ò liberated from the negatve tenminal o Iha bateny aud ahens Ike erysral.
þ-te Qemiesnduchsi 1 a kaalant imaurity atom lhe indim or boron
Akm wich has three vale ne elachos s added to at e 9ermanim
(ov iicsn) ih enters into erysral lattia takcing Iz place o Ge atom. e
mas valonee aleetoD Ike tivelant atom Horm Covalent bondh tk
Vacaney n (hE bond siueure w Called a fhok. The musit ahm ha
ab¡m aud wheneve
a tendaney to eal ane lecn mla neightoung Ge
the condiis ae Roouable does Go. Thu a hole cheahed (n th
meighbownin, aom. Thi hole moUes rom ae aom tu another ilktn e
The gernamium erystal Po tyeated sia e tiaet imbuity ú called
þ-tyte grmanium enyral. The addod cmbuihs am is ealled aceaptor
alom bec ause th aceepts the elacion fon ike gemanium atom.
he cmrihy atoms cnhote vaeent diserere larels atue ka top cÇ
alenee [Link] ane called aeceptor wes.
At room tenp. leehono ane 2aily
exated om Ike valenee bad chto K Conduchon band
aeeaptor valo . The respondhg hojes
Accety
Valenee hand
) -yte conduchvity: when an exenal eleine Aed ù aAlied aerSSS
a þ-ye emiconducloy , te holes aa ed oom e eovalant bond to
ahcRen ts the holes ahe tositively ehaaad , (kuctee, ity ane direehed tawando
Ike megative terminal of Ih bateny.
an elecrorn Qwes nto t. At lha Ashe tim
at psive end a bond ýbskeh creahing
Elacron d hale conceniain:
dced iconduchr, he elecrun Comeantyaion me and kole
Coneenirain m ana not equal (an they ane eyual i an ontnk semieonduco).
2
qual to the concniaion ot donor atoms (Ha) amd vey lange ompanal to
equalto the eoneuratn t aceebtrY atoms (Na) and vey larg conpaned to
Coneantration o elecas landinehiÑn bgnd. ie.
0) elechncal conduchvit o exriwie Baiconductorsi
extennal eleetnHed alied
band ad fales n Valenee band. when an
of
The elecow move obhote to the fud and holes nove n the diveehon is
The toal e u t
ld tha Contitutns Cwhewt n the asme direehin,
the um of elechn and hole ewents. chosArehn A
Cswider a aemiconduetor blotk o Aangt , area o
coucnion a.
and kawing alaehon conewYaton me and hole aevsS ho ends at the
oanial diference Vio amied
Let a whieh
Aemieonductor weates au eluctie ield E v by
conduchihy Canute
s i eonation
Sct hole
eeebon Gven
md 2
+mnAn) e(ne e Now
Sne
Ch
23600 Me 8x103 Mee Given
v3 m
emiconduetor the concenaiono
Is cin SxId tole anda
n-tye
oY
taowe Rhawn
to Aemi
condueloY Problem:-A
temhenatue cn ise uneae)
wilk condueto 9emicondueiyo Hence
breekaye to
de
cheeae Mh
coneenrahons
ad me Ikg botk ises, temp. As
etMhAn) Sae(
me
(8)
Henee
conduch
svhy elchcal Called ishiiy veeþrocal
o¢ The
So
mobility
A. Called field eleechne wnt veity
ber Dipt
) (ne e
-(4) -
--(S) -
.(
late ia
2)-(
dveehauo otbite n
dipt andholes
bsih elacom the ,AelEd undew
e
) --
Aþnnehion di oda d a aemiemducdr daien kaviis to
The p-bye vagion AaD a tiglh eoneenrakon ot Roleo ashile m-te
a tendeney for free eleebo to dutu overto Ihe þ-yagton and
h d iSnD i regin. Th ebs ub a totenhal ditfeahee and Aanee
an ineavel elece reld £ aers junctt¡n. Th freld E n direched
Chnge eahhiers.
Deaton vegion; þ-bybe
The rogon en eter ide
Catlad deplahon reghon. The utdK
o Holes
Porential bahia: red donor atomb
The torehiat ditfenee doweload acvo% fxed accabtov aoms
he dapeton yion wcalled pohentia baer
he magihude at ban'er ache fila E for a germarim þ-n gunchon
The maitude o ba dachc eld E RYa Micon -n junchon
The nct¡n dioda Cou be esnheeked to Qun azhhal baten neuo ouysi
to þ-rgion and magettve ternal to meon I u lyee junchton diode is
aid to be goyd bianed. eu Mi Cndiion a exernah elchie fielo is
eltmimatng me daylehon ion Thene Aoles aud aecho combine t ear
The cwset low cau be whder stood arlsws:
for eaeh eleeion-holk Cembiration , a covalenh bond e the begsn
Mear e etr ed breaks dan a an elchon berated uhich enters
fored by Aoaond bias to mse tosando he junehon
Foy eaeh deehn n maregion tFat combtnes ilk ka hole foam b-roghon
an eleeson enters ht mon om Ia negne trmdna o hC bateng.
Coubttures cuat aersS I t uno. Thus colled osnd cuheut.
1ia ahie revese voelae slealisheo an elece eld whieh aets
Charg cortis ar the uchin, Hanes 1E Cuet doeoot Ma.
Cars obruned dne to themal agtato
Ike emieorduetr aoms, trws lbnatins, elacon- ole hais. Thee chang
awalanche breandn. The coreuponding, veSA Veage ocaltd Avalanehe Volhage.
The cwe howg lla Vanatom cwnant wik
apied vollage foY a h-njneion dode callsd ehaaeristic ewwe.
Tha cureuit arhangmanE for
deerminp ehavaehisie cuneD
ie. the key k u oaen, te potenhial
basbier at he netion does not e i t
i fer oYsand bios to he n uneon, Ike obetal barir ) yedueed. foy
ellminated and eueant otants owcn oni e cireut Aom naw bm wads
Greakdn
JVolrae
banier. HOweer, Bnca the eAenal voag
eyeuds e orenhal kasier, junchon
reistanee becom almost o ad a low
weu sely hary wk (n treasa (n ternal voehae. The ewe
vegion Ab almost liner.
iis wik rewerse hian to e p-n yunction, Ikz poYenhial bannien at the juncthin
(neyeaes . Theefeve he XAnehion yistancR blwmes vey agh and
nall Curh Cal rNSe Cuant lsws (n the civCunt due to
vey
dsn of uneion [Link] cwat sy uddely to a fugh Valus
qie rrse voltlaga a wieh brak deun ksyee dae is called avabene
votkag
knee Voehye Tt he orwnd voraa beyond whieh he cwhen
Ikvongh IRe unthion rtots inevaaring [Link] vora
Àncion diode gi ven by
When foond loias, vù bostive aud law lhen
dutined tte io a bmall ehanae Ln lhe abued
Tt
resndg
VoRhae (U) to A
Junetn diode as a reiie
eh wd or
Reetpiev u au eleoronie daiea whi
junctiãn dì ode fers
Convevn altenatip voeage cito dii eet voltage.. A
Yenistance when
forurAnd bianed and vy tigh
Veuy Ball veistanca when
as a eeie
ducvg bri half yele he <nput a. e.
when th alows Chret euly
half wave rechies
() -h duehion diode as
goY unehn di ode When wed as a hale
The ureut arangemak
ase transfovme
brawstoeh Sis tht neeondany o Ihe
primany Rfa o a onchon diode and Sa io Coneched t
M-yegon o
b-egion
S; is conneched to reaisance Ru
junehon dioda Rrngh a dod Junehon diode
votae When me
¢ tre a.e. cnut
terminal Si oihve ad Sa megathve S2
Hence
tne junchion dod s forad biand. emsranee R (i lhe diveehn
esad
ewent flous IKrugl lke
h condueks anel
a t agaih
Thu
when
out ut Vollog wwdirectional buwt ntermitan
sine tie butar vorge coreronds to
Collsd ha wawe Yaeteoton and rechiÇn
Malhemateal analis - t
jnchon dhoda Ihen
Peak value o Cuhent Io Eo/ (R +R)
D.e. value o crew
Rectiereüenet
Tt n defined as the ratio o- te d- e. uttut power Qss
the lad to the a- c. tntgut taweh aud given by
(+ )
%= 20-3/.
Risple fa ctov - A-e. comonehts Cwhet renent n sutut are khsn as
vipples awnd ane eotned by ca term casd pe Rator giveu by
tsmponats enceeds de- Component. Aloo Yechter etfieleney is Smal
dc.
Go a hall wawe Yechfier ù not uirabte tor convertnp ae. chto
20 Full ware reeti;
eireit diayam The eircuit diaqvam foN a fuel wave rechfir
voltage appied aros Ia
Shon n the follswùgig The a- e. tn put
transtrmer The termialo s andsz
eonnched
of tra aLconday ane Dioda Di
to pyagious of Iht dl odesDD2
Vt
---WW
Conneeted to eaeh stko. Alsad
rerstane! R conne ekad
tre [Link].
magatye ,Ire dioda D,
avd dlode Da TWerse biad. heve doe coduchsfonand biane
ad dioda D
doonot condnek Henee a Cwn flgws Iog oad
ashstane RL due
and diode Da u Horsand biaaed. HRnea aerew Hou¯S lkFou
lsod
yeoistanee RL due to ditde D2
Wouaform
The wawefoms ot aie. inbut uy
Volrag, Curehls due to diste ; andD,
dualta
t
Contimuows peies undieetonal
ules. HONQJer, Cau be made
output
t
fters.
double
Note: The resuaney of output voerage
Malhematheal anayis
diode Ihen
dynanical forasd veoistance q each jnchion
Eo(RetR
Peak valug oe ni direehnal Cuneut Toa
De. Value o Cuhrent Ddea 2 Do/r
RL
D.C. owbut voetaye aeroS lsad Ece= Tde
Recifies eRfieieney oUz aros
dtined a ke ratio o (e dc. ouut
1t hveu by
load eaistanee RL to a a.c. thut owes ahd
the
312
(t
ai pple achori
a sfaedY avd s givam b
ipples ad ane eatvwed by a tem knswm
doubla n that a
f a ful wave yecikr o
i) The mazium effieehey
eetir mueh maller Irah that of a
l asue
dts The iBNe fachoy of a
Ralf wae reehft
DIffuent byes o junetion diodas:-
Photo isde;
A thato diode a Ywerse bianed bn jmehion dide
made km a photo
emhedde
wperrface aevo <unetion is
oYn to ight whia
Junehon
IKejehon and reerse bian he
oder fous tents o a vRr an almest
Aahrvaion eurent da to hermally genavated inority caniers.
When 'ght e asiroake fresueey made cheident en lhe
junchon, additi onal ehcon-hola oirs ana qeneratedd ear Ihec guneho
( dus to bYeakhy co valent bonds). Thene bgne genwrated minoihy Coris
Caes. Thenetye Re cwnk n tte rcut cneyees. his o called
< Revevse bias
The charaeleisie curveD P a'
thotodi tda for to dterant luminatiw Cwent
(
?hoto diodes con oerate at ralueneies
Csmuker pumehed Cands, ighe dekethon yotem, ght ofenatd suitehes,
elacenie eoumters eke.
Q:- Stoke anlk reaion, why a photo dioda wul oeratad at rase bane
A:. TheRactional ehang dwto cneidewt Sht en mncity eharge Caçevs
fonsand biao-So hoto diodes ane uned to meae Cntewy c light cn
reNse bias conditton
Light emty ide ( LED) - Sin
Aiglt emting di ods vs hatofy a AoaTnd biaand þ-n
juneion di ods which emits shontanees i'gl adiaio.
BOhen -n junchon dicda fomand
biapad, Bolk the aleefw aot the holes
mova touwands tha jencion. As theyss
junction, the altrons fall chto te
he oleebaND fal Pom a higherto lswen
Lihk meltllae
the anesy vleand balonas to cntanad Comc
melnallie Candaet
L6w
fask aehon usk
(2) no wanm wptme.
22 Solar Celi
A dar Coll a n juneton dicde ma
owewts Aolar
Tt cswists ot a halw þ-n
netin dade formed at a Bmall
dintanea belsw ke urae ot a bilicsn chystal. Thee au
at lhe to h form o mb lke siuctue weh esttoteBhmie Contaer
Covers abaut
7 oß Seon area ad au ohmde comaer at |k bottom hic
Coers the
etie botom aq. Tu thin aion m pueh a unettn n Called emite
Working i Toplontuct
Artigatós
Srnall dibtanea, blsw the Drkace ahene
pnjuneton
Ikz pn unetion ñ seated. Cach absovbad --ye si
igh oton creaes an eluchon and a boHomContaet
[Link] interna eleche eld arees
the junchon t bacomeo hoitely ehargedand a voekage generohea
acvoss In jun ein. Ths voage denives a Curenr n an exeel eret.
wnes- Solar eeles ane wed ( shace vehieleo or charng bateies n
n ariial ahelites. ts mau wae
Solar e eles ane also wmel
Voe
volage.
Ise short ciyui
Cwret.
Note:Sola cell consts ¢ a darge junchion alk no atennal biasrng.
mayoy Camies amd Aoles an minohy
Caie. fewtavaewt ao ane donov atoms.
Gi b-hype emiconducte holes ae majoy caies and aleebow) ane Moihy
CArleg. mvalat atos ae aeceptoY ato
G'vs Qu an unbianad þn jwmet on sles ditwe from h-region to m-reaon beeauae
a'lk ewtavalet oy
(viy The ehery gop i eiconductor deeneanes when dohed
toi valawt tnguiy
(yiü The widi o deylation yeion neeanes when rwse bias aW'edto h-n
junchon enreanes.
(vii) u an iniwie 2emcondnetY, le mwmer of holeo amd mumben o
eondueio) elcsow ane eql
nmyy band diapram o ye d mryte Aamieonducho.
Conduehsn bghd
Hole Donoy
Lavel
Aceettbr
Valehe havd
le di odes ane Rorwnd biand
Q:-a te ollswins, diagams, wje weh o
nd ich ar YeUeNSQ biAed .
HO
42V ASV R
(a) (b) (e)
A:- forJAnd biad (b), c) Roversa and a) cd
ght emà ted ty a LED.
arss a þ-n dunchon s nwened n or L volk to
Q:- when the Volaye do
D
D
(e)
(a) O|A
&:- Wh s germanium pespered oler ilicon for maleng Ramiconduekr duviees?.
gt or Si (Eg=l·| y).
biashg
holes gm ika pregion ce, Ika majoty eharge Castes move away
Nore: Under a given alacne dd, ree eleco hawe tigher mobilit tan
doping