CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Eggs are high-quality, low-cost sources of animal protein that play an important

part in people's diets by lowering hunger and increasing nutrition (Hák, T., 2016).

As the world's population continues to rise, egg production has emerged as one of

the most significant agricultural industries and a critical component of the global food

supply. The demand for eggs continues to rise dramatically (Yang, N., 2021).

From 1970 to 2021, the volume of worldwide egg commerce increased from 0.4

million tons to 5.48 million tons (FAO Database, 2023).

As mentioned in the study of M. Hashemzadeh, and N. Farajzadeh., year 2016,

ensuring that the eggs placed in the incubators are fertilized is one of the most important

steps toward reducing the productivity of the egg industry. This will increase egg

productivity, increase egg fertility, free up more space, and lower labor and incubation

expenses. In light of this, it is necessary to identify fertility, which is accomplished by the

candling method.

Nevertheless, the existing process in backyard and small-scale farms requires a lot

of labor, takes a long time, and is prone to human mistake due to workers' fatigue and

poor vision from having to check hundreds of eggs every day (L. Liu and M. Ngadi,

2013). Thus, the incubation sector would benefit from the development of an accurate,

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quick, and affordable machine vision system for identifying the infertile eggs at the right

moment.

This paper shall demonstrate the design, construction, and performance evaluation

of the automated mechanism of an egg incubator to be implemented for poultry farmers.

To hatch multiple eggs at once, artificial incubation is essential in the poultry

industry. It is the method of applying and controlling heat for successful egg hatching

that is made to automatically regulate temperature and humidity to maintain the

incubation area warm at a specific temperature, while the proper humidity will have a

constant turning mechanism to hatch the eggs.

The smart egg incubator also attempts to address issues that arise during the

incubation phase. For example, an egg incubator must have a constant tilting or rolling

process with less human involvement through automating time to make it accurate. As an

expected result, the embryo growth will be flawless, increasing the eggs' chances of

survival.

During the hatching period, the egg will hatch, and a chick will emerge. The last

three to four days of incubation should be spent in the chamber where the eggs need to be

at rest and tilting or turning must stop. The chicks would begin to pounce at any time

during this time, and because hatching takes a lot of work and takes 10 to 20 hours, they

are very active before taking a long nap. Eggs that do not hatch within the anticipated

window of time will be abandoned, while chicks who cannot hatch on their own typically

perish or may have a poor quality of life.

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 The purpose of this study is to build an Arduino-based integrated smart egg

candling and incubation system with suction transport lifters. It also aims to introduce

them to the benefits of employing an automatic candling system with an incubator, to

provide them a better version of smart and functional egg incubators, and to provide less

work and an automated system for incubating eggs.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to design and fabricate a fully functional Integrated System for

Optimized Egg Incubation, Candling, and Transport Using Arduino.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How should the Integrated System for Optimized Egg Incubation, Candling, and

Transport Using Arduino be designed and fabricated?

2. Does the program work through Integrated System for Optimized Egg Incubation,

Candling, and Transport Using Arduino when hatching the chicken eggs?

3. Is the system functional in terms of its:

3.1. suction cup lifters;

3.2. candling station; and

3.3. incubation system?

Findings are illustrated with documentations from the municipality of Bambang,

Nueva Vizcaya, where Integrated System for Optimized Egg Incubation, Candling, and

Transport Using Arduino is designed and assembled.

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Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to introduce the Integrated System for

Optimized Egg Incubation, Candling, and Transport Using Arduino.

To be specific, this study aims to:

i. design and fabricate a reliable Integrated System for Optimized Egg Incubation,

Candling, and Transport Using Arduino;

ii. program a functional Integrated System for Optimized Egg Incubation, Candling,

and Transport Using Arduino; and

iii. evaluate the functionality of the system in term of its suction cup lifters, candling

station, and incubation system.

Significance of the Study

The researchers aim to improve the existing egg incubator by fabricating and

designing an Integrated System for Optimized Egg Incubation, Candling, and Transport

Using Arduino, making it much easier to incubate eggs with less human intervention or

effort.

The results of the study could be beneficial, particularly for the following:

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 1. Poultry Farmer and Poultry Industry – Improvements in methods of production of

poultry produce is highly encouraged. With minimal human intervention due to its

automated feature and the production of healthy chicks with a higher likelihood of

survival, this is a big assistance for lowering their workload. The technique can

aid in enhancing egg quality and increasing egg hatch rates especially on high

breed chicken production.

2. Community – Broody hens are known to transmit infections during the natural

hatching process, hence artificial incubation is proven to produce healthier and

better hatchlings. Chicken that is healthier will be served to consumers in the

neighborhood markets.

3. Future Researchers – It aids students in broadening their knowledge and creativ-

ity, and acts as a manual for initiatives of a similar type. Additionally, the study

may offer suggestions for enhancing currently underway automated egg incubator

prototypes.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study is conducted in a residential farm with a normal humid temperature,

located in the municipality of Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya. The materials are provided by

the researchers.

The researchers are limited only to identify some challenges linked to egg

incubation-hatchery, as well as to construct and test the effectivity of the Integrated

System for Optimized Egg Incubation, Candling, and Transport Using Arduino. The

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primary goal of this study is to hatching rate of at least 85% through designing and

making the system.

This system is designed to operate within a predefined temperature and humidity

in an enclosed chamber. The automation system shall adjust its mechanisms by means of

turning ON and OFF the bulb, humidifier, and exhaust fan. In this study, the researchers

focus on the system’s innovation which includes the smart candling system and its

suction transport system. It is limited to determining the functionality and accuracy of the

transport and the candling system, respectively. There is no backup power supply

provided, thus the variables are not controlled during power interruption. The suction

transport system can cater a 56-egg tray capacity which have seven suction cups to lift

each row of the tilting tray.

The eggs are variety of Rhode Island Red, Rhode Island Black, and black

Australorp chickens produced at a poultry farm nearby. The eggs are placed in the

candling system after 14 days in the incubator by suction lifters, where light dependent

resistor (LDR) sensor is utilized to assess fertility through indicating the light intensity if

the egg to detect chicken embryo. The non-fertile is discarded on the drawer bin near the

candling area through the suction lifters and the viable eggs will then be automatically

placed in the incubator after being candled. The incubator keeps maintained temperature,

humidity, ventilation, and turning. If the temperature rises over the typical range, the

exhaust fan automatically switches on. The egg trays stop moving and rest two days

before the expected hatching date. After hatching, the chicks must be transferred in the

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next 24-48 hours. The system must undergo disinfection before new batches of eggs will

be placed.

Definition of Terms

The following are terms considered to facilitate the understanding of this study.

The terms are operationally defined.

Arduino Mega is a microcontroller used to program and receive data from sensors and

controls devices in the system such as fan and humidifier.

Candled fertility is the percentage of eggs remaining after clears are removed by

candling; compare with true fertility.

DHT22 is used for reading the temperature or humidity of your surroundings. Before you

can use the DHT22 and its chip inside that does analogue to digital conversion, it is

important to make the right connections.

Egg incubator is a device simulating avian incubation by keeping eggs warm at a

particular temperature range (37.5 °c for chicken eggs) and in the correct humidity with a

turning mechanism to hatch them.

Egg tray supports and hold the eggs during incubation and hatching process.

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Fertile egg is a round or oval egg produced by a laying hen, often containing an embryo

in development that is protected by a chalky shell.

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is commonly used to measures the intensity of the

light or detect its presence.

Power supply converts 220V to a specific voltage needed in electrical devices.

Suction cup is a silicon-made cup used to lift the eggs from the tray.

Suction lifters allows the transfer of eggs from the incubator to the candling system.

Servomotor is a piece of a machine are rotated and pushed precisely by electrical devices

and rotary or linear actuators.

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 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY
Related Literature

Egg Candling

Figure 1 Image of a Candled Egg

Egg candling is still a common and practical way to determine the internal quality

of eggs for the poultry industry. Since candling relies on human skill and judgment, it is

prone to inaccuracies. Additionally, the study of Liu and Tan indicated that the individual

sampling is still relevant for egg quality control and egg grading (Liu, Y. C., Ter Hsin

Chen, Y. C., & Tan, F. J., 2017).

In various case studies and research papers, there is still a great deal of discussion

among poultry industry people concerning about the candling of eggs.

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Traditional Egg Candling

A method known as "egg candling" can be used to spot abnormalities such

fertilized eggs, blood stains, spots, cracks, and dirt by holding a strong light above or

below the egg to observe the embryo (Ragni, Cevoli, & Berardinelli, 2010). Additionally,

this procedure assigns the eggs to various grades (Liu, Y. C., Ter Hsin Chen, Y. C., &

Tan, F. J., 2017).

Modern Egg Candling

Figure 2. Image of egg candling using LDR sensor

Figure 2 Image of a Modern Egg Candling

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 According to the study conducted by Abdallah, E., Elmessery, W.M., Elseify, A.

(2018), simple sensors, such as LDR, are effective in detecting the fertility of hatching

eggs using Candler’s and could be used in a Fuzzy logic automated system using the

mathematical formulas developed in this study.

Ongrea, J., et al., 2020, developed a device that categorizes fertilized/unfertilized

duck eggs according to its classification using a Light Dependent Resistor during the can-

dling process of the duck eggs, a project that separates the duck eggs to its designated

classification area using a servo motor, to develop a webpage that displays the number of

classified duck eggs in a tabular and graphical presentation using a Windows Form, and

to measure the effectiveness of In order to address the concerns of the producers, project

engineers created an Automated Duck Egg Classifier with Web-Based Monitoring Sys-

tem. Following testing, the project's developers concluded that, as the balut expert had

claimed, the project had finally solved the traditional issues with categorizing duck eggs.

Egg Incubator

Figure 3 Image of an Egg Incubator

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 The egg incubator acts as a warm, insulated container for hatching eggs,

replicating the natural role of a broody hen. It comes in a number of materials, including

wood, metal, and plastic, and includes a heating element, thermostat to preserve a steady

temperature, egg cradles, water troughs to maintain humidity, and occasionally a fan and

automatic egg roller or turner. It is a mechanical device that adjusts temperature and

humidity to around 100°F or 37.7°C, creating the optimal environment for the chick to

develop inside a fertilized egg without the need for a broody hen. It makes it feasible to

incubate lots of eggs throughout the year (Baviskar, S., 2022).

In the poultry business, an egg incubator is a device that facilitates the hatching

process by providing ideal, carefully regulated environmental conditions that promote

embryonic growth until hatching (Kingori, A.M., 2011).

Historical Background of Egg Incubators

According to historical records, the earliest form of incubator was built by the

Egyptians. They are also credited for carrying out extensive researchon how to artificially

hatch eggs by fertilizing and keeping the eggs in spaces. The Egyptian model of

incubation consists of keeping hundreds of eggs in a small room which are built from

clay. According to Klea J.A., 2008, and Abiola & Dosunmu, 2008, this several small,

constructed rooms are referred to as “ovens” which are strategically placed on each side

of a central passageway.

According to Berry's 2017 research, egg incubation was also used in China, and

subsequently, this method of egg incubation expanded throughout Southeast Asia.

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Similar to the Egyptian-style incubator, a structure made of strongly insulated mud brick

was employed. Inside, there are several mud brick ovens that are cooked by charcoal fire.

They painstakingly gauge the eggs' temperature, much like the Egyptians did. The

Chinese used the theory of heat transmission, which states that when an embryo begins to

develop, the amount of heat that is provided to it likewise increases (Berry J.G., 2017).

Development of Modern Egg Incubators

During the second half of the 19 th century, the introduction of thermostats to

accurately regulate temperature allowed the development of more efficient incubators.

Since then, several models of small machines were introduced and sold mainly to small

poultry producers. From 1960 onwards, the poultry industry has progressed, and two

remarkable changes occurred. First was the increasing size of poultry operations, with

huge flocks being reared in a single shed, it resulted to a need to increase the incubator

capacity to support the poultry growth. Secondly, in relation to technology, hatcheries

have become a great technological site with electronic controls that regulates temperature

and humidifiers. The 21st century has seen the development of more sophisticated

technologies, including the improvement of monitoring, and controlling of the incubation

environment. This constant evolution of the incubation and hatchery equipment turned

out to be the most dynamic and efficient development of the poultry industry (Deeming,

C., 2005).

Types of Egg Incubator

Forced-Air Egg Incubator

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 Figure 4 Forced-air Egg Incubator
One of the most

popular and commonly used egg incubators is the forced-air incubator. The warm air is

dispersed throughout the egg chamber using a fan. As a result, more eggs of a wider

Figure 5 Still-air Egg Incubator

variety of sizes can be incubated at the same time since the heat is dispersed more

uniformly inside the incubator. The typical temperature for forced-air egg incubators is

between 99- and 100-degrees Fahrenheit, 82 to 88 degrees for egg setting, and 94 degrees

for hatching (Trisha, O., 2023).

Still-Air Egg Incubator

The still-air egg type of egg incubator has no air holes, in contrast to the forced-

air incubator. The use of still-air incubators needs more skill and finesse, and this type of

incubator must be calibrated precisely. It is very important to locate the eggs correctly

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because the air will not be able to circulate due to the radiant heat. Additionally, still air

incubators need to be set exactly (103⁰F), or else temperature and humidity irregularities

may occur inside. Additionally, still-air egg incubators must be opened at least four times

daily to allow in fresh air (Trisha, O., 2023).

Convectional Egg Incubator

Figure 6 Convectional Egg Incubator

Convection is used in another kind of egg incubator. The top, sides, and bottom of

the incubator have ventilation openings, which the convectional incubator depends on.

These openings allow warm air to rise and draw chilly air from below, evenly warming

the area around the eggs. However, the convectional air incubators are susceptible to air

drying, hence it is crucial to closely check the humidity. The convectional egg incubator,

on the other hand, has the advantage of being simple to make at home with recycled

materials (Trisha, O., 2023).

Advantages of Egg Incubation

High hatchability can be achieved and a large number of chickens can be hatched

simultaneously using an advanced egg incubator device (Baballe, Muhammad, 2021).

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As for the benefits of using artificial incubation include the fact that every year, eggs are

comparatively larger. Embryonic eggs are sensitive, which explains why the temperature,

humidity, and growth will be impacted by the egg rotation method and ventilation and the

time of hatch. (Tona et al., 2003).

Hatchery Chamber

After eggs are brought to a hatchery, they go through several phases. All handling

of the eggs is minimized due to their fragility. The eggs are then placed on trays and kept

in egg holding rooms, sometimes known as "egg-cooler" rooms, at 55–65° F and 70%

humidity for ten days. To remove any remaining condensed humidity in the warmer air,

the eggs are then placed into a pre-incubation warming room. The eggs are then "loaded"

onto a setter. Strict environmental conditions are kept for 20 days within the incubator

(Carey, J.,2018).

From a biological perspective, the traditional method of hatching broiler hens

might not be the best choice. Although every egg is placed in the hatcher simultaneously

at the hatchery; the chicks hatch gradually based on the length of egg preservation and

biological variance. At this time is sometimes called the hatching window, and it lasts for

a duration of 24 to 48 hours (Tong et al., 2013)

The adoption of these new hatching concepts, which enable the provision of water

and food for the newly hatched chick, has only recently occurred in a few hatchery years.

A wide hatching window will therefore lengthen the time to first feed and water intake at

the rearing site under commercial conditions. The majority of the chicks have hatched by

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pull, but hatchery management procedures, loading, and transportation cause delays (Van

de Ven et al., 2013).

In order to mitigate the potential drawbacks of starvation and water post-hatch,

various ideas for hatching on farms have been created in the Netherlands, where eggs that

have been brooded are shipped at embryonic day 18, from the hatchery to the facilities

for rearing. Chicks are then given instant access to food and water after hatching during

embryonic days 20–21 (Van de Ven et al., 2009).

Related Studies

Local Studies

Tolentino, L.K., et al., 2022, conducted a study on “Automated Egg Incubator

with Raspberry Pi-Based Camera Assisted Candling and R-CNN-based Maturity

Detection.” They build an automated egg incubator with a camera-assisted candler for the

purpose of determining the maturity of commercial balut and "penoy" duck eggs. The

incubator is a four-layer container equipped with DHT11 sensors, a fan, and a heater.

DHT11 sensors are linked to a Raspberry Pi 4 to keep watch on and preserve the perfect

conditions inside the incubator. Twenty egg-capable trays with integrated fluorescent

bulb candlers that are held up by rollers make up each layer. Every eight hours for five

minutes, these rollers are meant to rotate the eggs, which is an essential part of the

incubation process. To capture images of the candled eggs, cameras are inserted on the

first, tenth, and eighteenth day after hatching. The outcome is presented on a monitor

with an easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI), allowing the seller to evaluate the

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condition and maturity of the eggs inside the incubator. As the classifier algorithm, a

region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN/RCNN) was used for balut, penoy,

and fresh eggs. The proposed system's classification accuracy is 80.5%.

In the study of Lagasca, A. C. et al., year 2022, on hatchability of duck eggs as

affected by types of incubators under varying relative humidity, they discovered that the

two levels of relative humidity (70% and 80%) and the interaction between the types of

incubators and relative humidity had no discernible effects on the mean percentage

hatchability. Incubator types, however, had a significant impact on the percentage of eggs

that hatched; for example, the means of the percentages of eggs that hatched in Cabinet-

Type Electric Incubators (M=43.95%) and Bamboo or "Garong"-Type Incubators

(M=41.88%) were significantly higher than those in "Lawanit" Board-Type Incubators

(M=27.68%). Regarding the percentage hatch, there was no discernible variation in the

impact of two distinct relative humidity levels, incubator types, and fluctuating percent

relative humidity. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that compared to "Lawanit"

Board-Type Incubator, the Cabinet-Type Electric Incubator and Bamboo or "Garong"-

Type Incubator yielded a significantly higher number of hatch eggs. The most effective

varieties of incubators were also the Bamboo or "Garong"-type and the Cabinet-type

Electric Incubator. The most cost-effective (lowest cost to hatch and produce ducklings

and highest percentage ROI) type of incubator to use was the bamboo, or "Garong"-Type

Incubator.

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 In the year 2020, N. A. Fadchar and J. C. Dela Cruzan undertook a study to

optimize the candling method, minimize loss, and provide a standard platform for

classifying the fertile state of chicken eggs. Their major goal is to develop a prediction

model for detecting the reproductive status of chicken eggs early. An experimental

imaging device was built to capture the picture of a five-day-old chicken egg without

harming the eggshell. One hundred and fifty images have been transferred to a computer.

In order to obtain color space characteristics from images, they were preprocessed and

color segmented. One hundred of the 150 photo were entered directly into the

categorization algorithm. To train the dataset, the Matlab R2018a neural network toolbox,

especially the pattern recognition, was employed. The results of the system's correctness

were presented in the confusion matrices; training is 98.6% accurate, validation is 93.3%

accurate, and testing is 93.3% accurate. The prediction model has a 97% overall

accuracy. The last experiment used the remaining fifty chicken eggs. The study also

demonstrated that the predictive algorithm had a reduced error ratio when compared to

manual candling predictions.

Dela Cruz, Maricar R. et al., on 2020, conducted a study on effects of lowering

incubation temperature on hatch of fertile and post-hatch performance and correlation

between egg and chick weights of banabang kalabaw philippine native chicken, they

found that native Banabang Kalabaw chicken eggs can have their incubation temperature

lowered to 36.5°C without compromising their ability to hatch and perform well seven

days after hatching. Moreover, chick weight can be directly selected for based on egg

weight.

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 Taplah, Anthony et al., year 2018, conducted a study on economic analysis of

duck eggs incubation using hot spring as heat source. They discovered that for low-cost

operations of duckling and balut producers, the developed manual turning hot spring

incubator without a temperature control device is highly recommended. Large-scale

commercial construction of it is also possible in Los Baűos, Laguna, Republic of the

Philippines. Merely 0.447 L/s of the hot spring's flow rate was utilized; when the three

flow rates were added together, the hot spring's total flow rate exceeded 1 L/s. The

incubator can hold more than 4000 eggs per outlet when using a full-scale hot spring

extraction process, for a possible total capacity of 12000 eggs.

On 2018, Samson, M.R., et al., conducted a study on Development of Fertile Egg

Detection and Incubation System Using Image Processing and Automatic Candling. They

use an Arduino microcontroller and LabView programming to create an incubator system

with independent temperature and humidity control. The proposed system also includes

important hatching tasks like candling (identifying infertile eggs by simple picture

collection) and turning eggs with a crank-rocker mechanism and hatching chamber. It

focuses on integrating every facet of egg incubation into a solitary device. It operates

independently and doesn't need to be checked or adjusted frequently to find the ideal

parameters. Using its monitoring tools, the user can obtain up-to-date information on the

daily condition of the incubator's parameters. At the ideal temperature of 36 °C and

humidity level of 40% to 60%, the incubator operated at its best. Its automated candling

program runs at a speed of 1.129 seconds. In conclusion, the hatch rate percentage of the

proposed system is 69.44%, and its detection accuracy rate for viable eggs is 91.43%.

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Foreign Studies

A forced-air egg incubator with an integrated fan to circulate air and a still-air egg

incubator without a fan to allow air to stratify were the two main types of incubators that

Clauer, Phillip designed and manufactured for an experiment conducted in 2009 to

determine the best choice of incubator to use for incubating eggs. He stressed the

importance of "hatchability" and "fertility" as the determining factors for choosing the

ideal candidate for the egg you wish to hatch. The forced-air type is more satisfactory, he

concluded, based on the incubation parameters (temperature, humidity, turning, and

ventilation).

In 2004, Yildirim conducted research to determine the ideal temperature for

hatching. He set the temperature of four distinct incubators to 36.1, 37.2, 38.3, and

39.4°C from the 18th day of incubation until hatching, using an equal number of eggs in

each incubator. As a percentage of viable eggs, hatching time, hatchability rate, and

incidence of embryo malposition were noted. The hatching cabinets with the highest

mean embryonic heat production (39.9°C) and lowest mean eggshell surface temperature

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(36.1°C) were used. Compared to the other treatment groups, eggs incubated at 37.2 and

38.3°C had a noticeably higher hatchability.

In 2008, Abiola SS. conducted additional research to ascertain the impact of egg

turning frequency on hatchability. With three daily turns, the highest hatchability of

72.90% was achieved by the eggs. All treatments resulted in embryonic death, but the

highest rate of embryonic death was found in 21 (70.85%) eggs that were turned twice a

day, while the highest rate of late embryonic death was found in 66.65% eggs that were

not turned at all but still hatched in all three zones of the egg. In this study, an embedded

model of a bird egg incubator with a smart sensor for humidity and temperature

monitoring was created at a reasonable cost. The mechanical egg tilting mechanism was

integrated to tilt the eggs at a 45-degree angle on an hourly basis. This incubator system

has the benefit of being inexpensive and requiring less energy at 200 watts.

In 2017, Shittu conducted research on the assessment of hatchery and egg

incubator performance in order to create a more effective incubator system that can

achieve high hatchability and hatch a large number of chicks at once. A temperature and

humidity reading was taken every hour while the developed incubator system was being

tested. Since the humidity and temperature range were within the necessary range of 37–

38oC and 32–35%, it was concluded from the graphic plot of the reading that the

incubator would successfully hatch the eggs.

Using two different types of incubators—electric cabinets and kerosene

incubators—Adewumi et al. conducted research in 2010 on the impact of incubator type

on hatchability and chick survival. During the 50-day incubation period, both incubators

22
were kept at 40°C and 25% relative humidity. It was discovered that hatching mortality in

an electric cabinet was 30%, compared to 10% in a kerosene incubator. This suggests that

the hatchability of the electric incubator was lower than that of the kerosene incubator.

The use of artificial incubation reveals that kerosene incubator was better than electric

incubator, which may be due to differences in the turning rate since the kerosene

incubator was turned six times a day while the electric cabinet has been programmed to

turn four times a day. He concluded that the success of any incubator depends on good

hatchery management.

In a different study, Aliyu (2013) investigated the cost-effectiveness of incubators

for Nigerian birds hatching. Four types of incubators—a still air oil lamp incubator, a

semi-electric forced air incubator, a semi-automatic electrical incubator, and an

embedded computer-based incubator—were created during the research. According to

research findings from testing various models, proper egg turning rate and enhanced

hatchability can be achieved with an embedded computer-based incubator model that is

present at a temperature of 37 °C and a humidity of 60–75%. In terms of hatchability,

requiring less human supervision, and the difficulties associated with manually turning

eggs, the embedded-based incubator has also shown to be far superior. Despite the

expensive initial outlay, there are less maintenance costs and a higher rate of return.

Despite the high initial cost, it offers a better return on investment and very little

maintenance [Link]

In the study of Sunday et al., 2020, the design, building, and performance

assessment of an automated egg incubator for chicken farmers were exhibited. The goal

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of their research was to develop a modern, user-friendly, low-cost incubator that would

increase day-old chick production for small- and medium-sized poultry farmers. One

hundred eggs can hatch at once in the incubator. Temperature, which was kept at 37.5 °C

till hatching, and humidity, which was concluded to be at a level of 55% for the first 18

days of the incubator's operation. Eggs were turned using a tilting tray mechanism that

was operated by a programmable electric motor. Every hour, trays were raised for four

minutes at an inclination of 40 degrees on either side of horizontal. To test the incubator,

100 brand-new, healthy, fully formed, and mature eggs were used. The test's average

values were 95 fertile eggs, 5 unfertile eggs, 85 hatched eggs, and 89.47% of the eggs

were able to hatch.

Eggs must adhere to strict quality control regulations. The analysis of the candled

eggs is the first step in the quality procedure. Egg candling is a non-destructive technique

that involves shining light on eggs to check for anomalies. Many small and medium-sized

chicken companies complete this step by hand. When candling eggs by hand, human

error can happen and endanger the health of the workers. Putting in place an automated

process is vital (Sebastian, Ramiro, 2018).

A tool that combines manual and automated egg candling analysis is briefly

described in the 2017 study by Abdulah et al.. It also goes beyond design to address real-

world solutions for workplace safety and malnutrition that could arise from using this

innovative idea. Egg candling is a nondestructive selection method where an egg is

exposed to intense light in order to detect any anomalies. It is necessary to determine the

egg's defects, so a more in-depth analysis than a cursory glance should be performed.

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 According to Arivazhagan et al., 2013, egg candling is performed in a dark area

where light permeates the egg's shell, making it transparent and revealing the contents

within. Blood spots, cracks, expanded air cells, and fertilized eggs can all be located with

this method (Ragni, Cevoli, & Berardinelli, 2010). The technique is called egg candling

analysis because candles were formerly used as a source of light for the procedure

(United States Department of Agriculture, 2010).

Omar et al. developed a smart egg incubator system (SEIS) in 2017. The SEIS

will house the humidity and temperature sensors. In order to give the eggs the right

amount of heat, lamps are used in this project as heaters. The health of the egg has a

major impact on how the embryo develops inside the egg. Water and fan control can help

to guarantee appropriate ventilation and humidity levels. The status of the SIES will be

displayed on the LCD screen. The entire element will be controlled by an Arduino UNO,

a kind of microcontroller that can process sensor data and implement the control system

to change the state of SEIS. Temperature and humidity averages are 36°C and 32%,

respectively. This work will produce a user-friendly product because the SEIS is portable.

In 2017, Jinming et al., determined that if egg fertility can be identified,

commercial hatcheries will run more smoothly. This will lead to reduced expenses,

higher hatching rates, and less space being used. An LED-based candling device was

developed to detect fertilized eggs. Six distinct kinds of LED boards—Red, Yellow,

Green, Blue, White-2700K, and White-5900K—were assessed in the first experiment in

order to optimize light. Eggs from an egg farm were sampled daily for the first 13 days of

incubation, and it was discovered that the eggs contained either fertilized, unfertilized, or

25
dead embryos. To differentiate between fertilized and unfertilized eggs, discriminant

analysis was performed using relative absorption rate (RAR) data. The continuous

measurement data showed that the average RAR of fertilized eggs increased rapidly,

while the average RAR of unfertilized eggs increased slightly. With an accuracy of

94.9% at day seven, the results of using two LED boards (Red and White-2700K) were

the best when compared to the detection results of six LED boards. Another detection

experiment looked at the weight, size, and pigment intensity. The results demonstrated

that the accuracy was 95.9% at day 7, 96.5% at day 8, and 99.4% at day 9 when the

physical egg indexes were combined. This work provided an automated, non-destructive

method for identifying fertilized and unfertilized eggs for use in modern hatcheries.

Okpagu, P., & Nwosu, A. carried out another study on system for incubating eggs

that can hold a variety of egg types between 35 and 40 degrees Celsius was developed in

2016. This technology continuously evaluates the incubator's state and self-adjusts to

give the egg the best possible environment by using temperature and humidity sensors.

Abrupt temperature changes during incubation have an impact on the embryo's post-

hatching performance. In this project, water and a controlling fan were used to maintain

the humidity and ventilation while electric bulbs were used to heat the eggs to the proper

temperature. An LCD shows the incubator's condition, and a keypad interface allows

users to enter the ideal temperature range for eggs. A DC motor was used to move the

iron rod at the bottom and automatically adjust the egg's position, ensuring that the light

heated the entire egg. The AT89C52 microcontroller is in charge of the entire component.

A PID controller integrated into a microprocessor keeps the temperature of the incubator

26
at a constant level. The PID controller, actuator, and incubator were all given

mathematical representations. Using Matlab Simulink, a controller design based on the

models was created.

In 2020, Kaiyisah Azahar, Ericka Sekudan, and Mirza Azahar carried out research

on intelligent egg incubators. A "Intelligent Egg Incubator" that can independently hatch

chicken eggs is created by them. To control the incubator's temperature, the author

incorporated a temperature control system into the design. The components of this system

are a controller, heating and cooling components, and a temperature sensor. When the

incubator temperature reaches one threshold, the cooling unit begins to work to lower it,

and when the temperature falls below another threshold, the heating element begins to

work to raise it. Additionally, the author used a motion sensor to track the eggs'

movements.

Modern incubators must be accurately temperature-monitored in order to function

at maximum productivity and efficiency. The normal operating temperature range for

incubators is between 92 and 102 degrees Fahrenheit. Therefore, the work presented here

entails creating an intelligent, automated incubator system with a digital readout display

that can use an automatic switching mechanism to continuously monitor and maintain the

working temperature (37–38°C). In retrospect, the paper offers a comprehensive and

wide-ranging view of the development of incubator systems. It is still unwavering in its

efforts to provide a hardware platform and an additional software driver designed for an

egg incubator system based on microcontrollers. To ensure the eggs are at the right

temperature for this experiment, a light warmer is used. The ventilation and humidity

27
levels can be evaluated with the use of a controlled fan and dihydrogen monoxide. The

LCD display showcase will display the current status of the incredibly complex egg

incubator system. A DC motor is needed to automatically move the egg and rotate the

iron rode at the bottom in order to guarantee that the lamp heated the entire egg

(Dandekar et al., 2019)

In 2016, a study was conducted by Ali, F., and Amran, N. to investigate the

creation of a device that could facilitate the hatching of eggs without the need for the

broody process. To ensure that the user can access the device with ease, a monitoring

system has also been developed. Its primary goal is to establish a setting where the

incubation of eggs takes place in a more systematic and secure manner. This device's

development also makes use of the Arduino UNO platform, which in the end has

succeeded in creating the ideal conditions for the hatching of eggs.

The temperature sensor in the egg incubator system can detect the incubator's

condition and automatically adjust it to one that is suitable for the egg, according to

research done in 2014 by Uzoigwe, LO, and Ekezie. The state of the egg is vital to the

embryo's development. The incubator system's condition will be displayed on the liquid

crystal display (LCD) panel. The iron rod on the bottom of the egg was rotated by a direct

current (DC) motor, which also moved the egg automatically to make sure the lamp

heated the entire egg. The entire element is controlled by a programmable integrated

circuit (PIC), a type of microcontroller that can decipher sensor data and run the control

element to alter the incubator system's condition. The optocoupler isolates the

microcontroller from the alternating current (AC) power, obstructing any possible AC

28
flow back into the control circuit. Using a window hyperterminal and microcontroller, the

software intelligent agent was embedded into the 8051 family of micro controllers,

simulating the attention commands of mobile phones with a machine cycle of 1.085

seconds, R=10K, C=10F, t=2.17 seconds, transistor collector current, Ic=800 mA, and

emitter forward current gain, hfe gives 200. The prototype self-diagnostic SMS mobile

phone with AT89C51 microcontroller is a user-friendly program because it can be easily

moved around, much like the incubator system.

Synthesis

The preceding literature and previous studies provided the research with valuable

bases for identifying the study’s research problem and developing conceptual framework.

Egg incubator has been widely developed all over the world to help the food production

in poultry farming. Egg incubator have successfully applied to different areas such as

chicken, duck, quail production, balut and penoy production, and other different birds. A

micro controlled egg incubator has been successfully fabricated by other foreign and

local researchers and organizations with some upgraded functions such as automated egg

candling systems to identify the egg’s status and other minor functions. However, some

further improvements can be made on this technology to increase its reliability and

effectiveness. It can be implemented in poultry farming either small or big scale

production. It will be a great device if successfully fabricated for the said beneficiaries of

29
this study. Some previous studies provided insights as to how the current study shall be

conducted in terms of design and methodology.

In the study of Tolentino, L.K., et al., 2022, “An Automated Egg Incubator with

Raspberry Pi-Based Camera-Assisted Candling and R-CNN-based Maturity Detection,”

they also fabricate their own candling system to detect whether the egg is fertile and non-

fertile however they used camera-assisted candling apparatus in candling process.

Additionally, to make sure that the eggs are heated in every part of the egg we used tilting

trays mechanism controlled by a programmed electric motor just like in the past study.

Past studies used camera-based candling system; however, this process will take

some time to process the data to see whether the egg is fertile and infertile that is why we

come up with a solution. Using light dependent resistor sensor will help us detect the

fertile and infertile egg with much faster time than a camera-based candling system.

According to the study conducted by Abdallah, E., Elmessery, W.M., Elseify, A. (2018),

simple sensors, such as LDR, are effective in detecting the fertility of hatching eggs.

Additionally, we include suction cups to transport eggs from the incubator to the

candling station that will further minimize the human intervention during candling

process. Finally, we include increase the capacity of the incubator as it can hatch 112

eggs which. The incubator is designed to hatch chicken egg.

30
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research used prototyping research design which is concerned with articulate

and test concepts that respond to questions from theoretical literature at the research

program rather than product development.

Experimental research in this paper focuses on determining how the functional

parameters of the Integrated System for Optimized Egg Incubation, Candling, and

Transport Using Arduino can help in the poultry industry.

Process Flow Block Diagram of the Candling-Incubator System

Figure 7 shows the overall process from incubation (day 1-14) to candling (day

14) to incubation (day 15-21).

The incubation process will start after the eggs are positioned on the tilting egg

trays. The machine will start tilting the trays for 8 seconds which is 90 degrees tilting and

31
with an interval of a minute. This process will continue until it reaches 5 minutes after its

first tilt. This process is repeated after 2 hours have passed. The process is halted to

accommodate candling process through the egg transport system and will be back to the

incubator. This process continues until it reaches the 17 days of incubation.

32
 Figure 7 Process Flow Block Diagram of the Candling System

Candling process will start from getting the egg from the incubator using the

suction lifters and transporting them in the candling station. After that, the system

classifies the egg into two categories (fertile or non-fertile) using LDR sensor. The non-

fertile egg is placed on the drawer through the suction lifters which is removed by human

intervention. On the other hand, the fertile egg will be place back on the egg tray and will

be put on the incubation for hatching.

After 17 days, the egg tray will be automatically stop tilting. Approximately

within 18-21 days the eggs are hatched, and the chicks can stay at the incubator for 12-48

hours before releasing.

Lastly, the machine must undergo disinfection for another set of egg incubation.

33
Pictorial Diagram of Incubator System

Figure 8 Pictorial Diagram of Incubator System

Figure 8 shows the pictorial diagram of the incubator system. The power supply

converter is connected to a power source. And the incandescent bulb, which serves as a

heat source for egg hatching, is directly connected to the power supply. The power supply

converter is linked to the Arduino. The Arduino mega is attached to a sensor that

measures the humidity and temperature inside the incubator. Every electrical component

has a different relay connected, and this provide switches for closing and opening

circuits. For the heat source, the incandescent bulb is attached to a 220 V relay, just like

the motor, which also requires a 220 V relay for the egg trays. An exhaust fan that

controls the flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the incubator is also connected to

a 220 V relay. To maintain the humidity, a humidifier is additionally attached to a 24V

34
relay. The output of the temperature and humidity sensor from the Arduino mega powers

the specified electrical components for the incubator system. If there are changes in

temperature and humidity, the process repeats.

Pictorial Diagram of Candling System

Figure 9 Pictorial Diagram of Candling System

The pictorial diagram for the candling system is shown in the figure 9. A power

source is required for the system to run. To operate, the LED light bulbs are linked to the

220V relay, 220V relay is serve as a switch for the light bulbs and the relay is controlled

by the microcontroller. A power supply converter is installed to scale down the voltage

for the Arduino mega because it requires a lower voltage to operate. The Arduino mega is

connected to the light-dependent resistor and the suction lifters. Based on their light

intensity, the light-dependent resistor can distinguish between fertile and unfertile eggs.

The non-fertile egg will be automatically placed on the drawer using the suction lifters.

On the other hand, the fertile egg will be placed back on the egg tray and will be put on

the incubation for hatching. The whole procedure is repeated until every egg is candled.

35
Diagram of the System

Figure 10 System Diagram

The figure 10 shows the system diagram which includes the candling, transport,

and incubation system. The power source supplies 220V to the different components such

as the 5V and 24V Power supply and 220V relay. The 5V power supply provides 5V to

the DHT22, LDR, LCD monitor, servomotors, and the microcontroller. The 220V relay

serves as switch for the exhaust fan, tilting egg tray and the bulbs which is controlled by

the Arduino Mega. The 24V power supply provides 24V to the stepper motor and the

humidifier. The motor drive is used to control the stepper motor and will also be

connected to the microcontroller.

36
Conceptual Paradigm

Figure 11 Conceptual Paradigm

The figure 11 shows the conceptual paradigm of the system. Input requires

knowledge and hardware requirements. The knowledge requirements are the Arduino

IDE programming, wiring electronic devices and electrical devices. The hardware

requirements is composed of the DHT22 as temperature and humidity sensor, relay

module, Arduino mega as its microcontroller, light sensor photoresistor module (LDR)

for Arduino, DHT22 module for Arduino, RTC module Ds1307 Arduino, Digital button

37
for Arduino, LCD display module 12C interface for Arduino, servo motor (SG90), servo

motor (MG946), stepper motor NEMA 23 and TB660.

During the process, the design requires conceptual diagram, block diagrams,

conceptual design, process flowchart, program flowchart and the component layout. The

assembly is composed of conceptual paradigm, incubation system to Arduino mega

wiring, tilting system to Arduino mega, egg lifting to Arduino mega wiring diagram and

candling system (LDR) to Arduino mega wiring diagram. In data gathering, chicken eggs

are incubated to assess functionality. The output is known as Integrated System for

Optimized Egg Incubation, Candling, and Transport Using Arduino.

Block Diagram of the Candling system

38
 Figure 12 Block Diagram of the Candling System
System
The figure 12 shows the block diagram of the candling system. In this diagram, it

shows that the power supply carries the power to LED bulbs and 5V power supply which

will power the Arduino mega. The Arduino mega is then connected to LDR sensor and

suction lifter, wherein there will be a program set classify whether the egg is fertile or

infertile.

Flowchart of the

Candling System

39
 Figure 13 Flowchart of the Candling System

The image above shows the flowchart of how the candling system detects the

egg’s fertility indicated as figure 13. When the egg is in the candling station, the LDR

sensor will respond and determine if the egg have the light intensity of whether fertile or

non-fertile egg. Additionally, non-fertile eggs will be transferred by the suction lifter to

the drawer, and the fertile egg will be transferred to the egg tray and will be ready for the

incubation.

40
Flow Chart of Egg Tilting Mechanism

Figure 14 Flow Chart of Egg Tilting Mechanism

The flow chart shows the tilting mechanism of the egg tray as shown in figure 14

The chart shows that the tray will tilt for 8 seconds which is 90 degrees tilting and with

an interval of a minute. This process will continue until it reaches 5 minutes after its first

41
tilt. This process is repeated after 2 hours have passed. This process is to operate until the

17th day of the egg.

Flow Chart of Heating Mechanism

Figure 15 Flowchart of the Heating Mechanism

42
 The figure 15 shows that if the sensor detects the maximum temperature, it will

send a signal to the microcontroller, which will then turn off the incandescent bulbs and

turn on the exhaust fans. After that, if the sensor detects the minimum temperature, it will

send a signal to the microcontroller, which will then turn on the incandescent bulbs and

turn off the exhaust fans.

Block Diagram of Tilting Mechanism

Figure 16 Block Diagram of Tilting Mechanism

In this diagram, it shows that the power supply carries the power to Arduino

Mega to activate the RTC sensor. The relay which serves as the switch of the motor for

tilting 2mechanism is also connected to the Arduino Mega.

43
Block Diagram of the Incubator System

Figure 17 Block Diagram of the Incubator System

In figure 17, if the sensor detects the maximum temperature of 38 degrees, it will

send a signal to the microcontroller, which will then turn off the incandescent bulbs and

turn on the exhaust fans. After that, if the sensor detects the minimum temperature of

37.5 degrees, it will send a signal to the microcontroller, which will then activate the

incandescent bulbs and deactivate the exhaust fans.

Research Instrument and Data Gathering

The research instrument adapted the Experiment-Observation of data collection

instrument, where the researchers will set-up and perform the said hands-on test of

Integrated System for Optimized Egg Incubation, Candling, and Transport Using

44
Arduino. Observation and documentations will be done to supplement the findings of the

study.

Data analysis

Qualitative data analysis will be used to discuss some of the challenges of

increased incubator use and to present the sustainability of the “Integrated System for

Optimized Egg Incubation, Candling, and Transport Using Arduino” as an alternative

automated incubator-hatchery machine.

45
 Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter undertakes a comprehensive review of the significant developments

achieved in agricultural technology, particularly concerning the conception, construction,

and evaluation of an Integrated System for Enhanced Incubation for Optimized

Egg Candling, and Transport. It provides an in-depth analysis of the complex procedure

involved in developing a system that utilizes the functionalities of the Arduino Mega

microcontroller with the objective of transforming conventional methods employed in

poultry farming.

Furthermore, it takes up an in-depth study of the system's functionalities and

components, including the incubation system, candling station, and transport

mechanism. The researchers conduct a thorough assessment of the performance of every

component, evaluating their operational functionality. The evaluations yield valuable

insights that not only underscore the system's achievements but also shed light on

possible avenues for enhancement, thereby providing direction for future improvements.

46
Objective 1: Design and fabricate a reliable Integrated System for Optimized Incubation,

Candling, and Transport Using Arduino.

Prototype Development

The overall system design is visually represented by a set of illustrative figures

numbered from 18-26. The images present a comprehensive plan of the system's

structure, emphasizing the incorporation of two separate compartments: the candling

station and the egg incubator. The meticulous organization and interplay between these

two compartments are vital elements of the system's operation.

The candling station, as specified in the design, functions as a designated area for

examining and evaluating the fertility of eggs. The strategic positioning of this entity

within the system highlights its importance in the overall incubation process.

Simultaneously, the egg incubator, which is also an essential compartment, is specifically

engineered to establish and sustain the ideal environmental circumstances required for the

prosperous growth of the eggs.

The design prominently displays a carefully arranged collection of electrical

components on the upper level of the system. The upper deck functions as the central

control unit for the entire system, containing the vital electronics that enable the complex

operations of both the candling station and the egg incubator. The design meticulously

considers the positioning and interconnection of these electrical components,

47
guaranteeing smooth communication and coordination among the different elements to

accomplish the required results in the incubation process.

The figures 18-20 provides clear representation of the physical arrangement of the

system and also provide valuable information about the intentional decisions made during

its design. The thorough focus on detail, demonstrated by the arrangement of chambers

and the organization of electrical components, highlights the thoughtful consideration

given to functionality and the interaction of parts within the system.

Figure 18 Front View the System

48
 Figure 19 Front-Top View of the System

Figure 20 Component Box of the System

49
 The specified component box contains essential elements that are crucial for the

smooth operation of the complete system. This small yet strategically organized area

contains the necessary electrical connections and components that are vital for the

operation of different stations within the system. Upon closer inspection, one can observe

the presence of crucial elements such as pushbuttons, the microcontroller, relays, power

supply, and the motor driver, each serving a unique purpose in coordinating the system's

various functions.

Pushbuttons are included to enhance user interaction and control, enabling manual

input and adjustments as needed. The microcontroller, located inside the component box,

functions as the central processing unit, overseeing and synchronizing the activities of

various components and stations according to programmed logic. Relays are crucial

components in electrical circuits, as they are strategically incorporated to control the flow

of electricity and enable precise actions inside the system.

In addition, the power supply unit guarantees a steady and dependable energy

source to fuel the different components, thereby sustaining a uniform and ideal

operational setting. In addition to these components, the motor driver is responsible for

overseeing the motion and regulation of mechanical parts, enhancing the system's overall

performance with a higher level of accuracy.

The intentional arrangement of these pieces within the component box is a

purposeful design decision aimed at maximizing space efficiency and assuring the secure

housing of crucial electrical components. The centralized structure improves accessibility

50
for maintenance and troubleshooting, as well as simplifying the wiring and connectivity,

which increases the overall reliability and resilience of the system. The component box

serves as a small and powerful electrical hub that contains the technological center

responsible for powering the various functions of the system's multiple stations.

Candling Station

Figure 21 Candling Station

The candling station is linked to the incubator, ensuring that the temperature and

humidity are consistent to fulfill the incubation needs. The candling station design

includes a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) that is built into the incubator. This LDR is

used to detect if the eggs are fertile or infertile before the last seven days of incubation. It

may accommodate up to 7 eggs simultaneously. The egg lifter is responsible for

transporting the eggs to the candling process. Once the eggs are in place, the light

dependent resistor is used to determine their fertility. The lifter will thereafter dispose of

51
the infertile eggs into the drawer bin. The viable eggs will be returned to the egg tray to

resume the incubation process.

Transport System

Figure 22 Stepper Motor and Railway

The stepper motor and railway are components of the egg transport system

utilized by the egg lifter for locomotion. This device facilitates the transportation of the

lifters from the incubator to the candling station, from the candling station to the disposal

drawer, and from the candling station back to the incubator. The lifter utilizes a

motorized pulley mechanism to facilitate movement between different positions.

52
 Figure 23 illustrates the eggFigure
transport
23 system whereby suction cups are affixed to
Egg Lifter
facilitate the transfer of eggs from the incubator to the candling station. The lifter is

equipped with 7 suction cups that are fitted to cater to the 7 by 8 row-tray. The

servomotor is employed to hermetically enclose the air within the suction cups for the

purpose of elevating the eggs. The lifter utilizes the railway system to convey the eggs to

the candling station and thereafter return them to the incubator.

53
 Figure 24 shows two tilting trays with a capacity of 56 eggs each, a humidifier, an

exhaust fan, an incandescent lamp, sensors, and an egg lifter. The incubation system is a

facility where eggs undergo hatching and disinfection processes. The automatic slanted

trays of the device can accommodate a maximum of 112 eggs. The temperature and

humidity levels within the device are carefully regulated within a preset range to ensure

successful hatching of the eggs. The egg tray is meant to be easily removable.

Figure 24 Incubation System

Figure 25 Incubator
54 Main Components
 The figure 25. illustrates the precise placement of the exhaust fan, humidifier, and

bulb within the incubator. The temperature is controlled through the utilization of the

light and fan. The exhaust fan is utilized to control the air circulation within the

incubator. It is activated when the system's temperature exceeds a certain threshold. The

bulb is positioned centrally within the incubator to supply warmth to the eggs being

incubated. The humidifier is employed to control the humidity of the system, operating in

an automated manner with the ability to switch on and off.

Figure 26 DHT22 Sensor

Figure 26 shows

the incorporation of the DHT22 Figure

sensor 26.
thatDHT22
enablesSensor
accurate monitoring of environmental

55
conditions within the system. This sophisticated device is capable of measuring both

temperature and humidity levels. This sensor is crucial in establishing the ideal

conditions for the incubation process. The system achieves this intricate equilibrium by

coordinating the cooperative actions of the incandescent light, exhaust fan, and

humidifier, carefully placed to uphold specified criteria.

The DHT22 sensor is located between the two tilting trays. It plays a crucial role

in monitoring and protecting the incubation ecology. The device's strategic positioning

enables it to collect data in real-time, offering significant insights into the current

temperature and humidity conditions that are vital for the well-being and growth of the

eggs.

The incandescent bulb plays a crucial role in maintaining the ideal temperature

range within the system by providing the necessary warmth. The exhaust fan serves a

vital function in ventilation by simultaneously guaranteeing uniform distribution of

temperature and effective dissipation of excess heat. In addition, the humidifier, guided

by the information gathered from the DHT22 sensor, adds regulated moisture to the

system, creating an atmosphere that promotes healthy egg development.

The precise coordination of these elements, under the guidance of the continuous

feedback loop provided by the DHT22 sensor, showcases the system's dedication to

accuracy and regulation. By strategically placing the sensor above the railway, it

accurately measures the surrounding circumstances that directly affect both the candling

station and the incubator. This ensures that the incubation process takes place in an

56
environment specifically designed to satisfy the distinct needs of each stage. The DHT22

sensor acts as a crucial component, coordinating the interaction of environmental factors

to establish an optimal environment for the effective hatching of chicken eggs.

Objective 2: To program a functional Integrated System for Optimized Incubation,

Candling, and Transport

Incubator Status Monitoring

Figure 27 LCD Monitor Display

The LCD in the figure 27 displays the status of the egg incubator. It displays the

remaining time in days, hours, minutes, and seconds. The DHT22 is used to track the

parameters and measure the humidity and temperature.

57
 Temperature
T 39.00 h e i n c u b a t
38.50
TEMPERATURE (⁰C)

38.00

37.50
Humidity
37.00
64.00
62.00
36.50
60.00
36.00
58.00
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 252
HUMIDITY

56.00
54.00 2-HOUR INTERVAL (12 PER DAY)
52.00
50.00
Figure 28 Scattered Data of Temperature
48.00
46.00
44.00
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 252
2-HOUR INTERVAL (12 PER DAY)

temperature and relative humidity throughout the critical twenty-one days of incubation,

which are essential for the best possible growth. The temperature graph, which is seen

above, carefully logs the incubator's temperature every two hours from day one to day

twenty-one. This comprehensive analysis shows that the temperature was kept within a

constant range of 37 to 38 degrees Celsius, which is exactly in line with the suggested

incubation levels. Individual columns provide a clear chronological breakdown of the

incubation period based on the daily collection of twelve sets of temperature data for each

of the 21 days. Remarkably, the temperature figures that have been recorded show very

little variation; the lowest temperature that has been recorded is 36.9 degrees Celsius, and

the maximum value of humidity read by the sensor is 38 degrees Celsius.

58
 In a similar manner, the temperature graph is displayed next to the relative

humidity graph, which is likewise tracked by the LCD display. The same twenty-one

days are shown in this illustration, with humidity levels being monitored every two hours.

Similar to the temperature data, each column in this graph represents a day, and twelve

sets of data were carefully recorded every day. Relative humidity patterns show that the

range of 50–60% is continuously maintained, following the suggested incubation

requirements. The data shows that the incubator can maintain ideal humidity levels; the
Figure
lowest humidity level was 29 Scattered
50.20%, and theData of Humidity
greatest peak was 59.50%. This dual

monitoring of temperature and humidity not only emphasizes the precision of the

incubation environment but also underscores the commitment to creating an ideal setting

for the successful development of the incubated specimens.

Transport System

Figure 30 Transport System

59
 The motor driver is used by the transport system to move objects from one

location to another. The suction system is moved from the candling station to the egg

trays by means of a motor driver, which is managed by the microcontroller. Using the

servomotor above, the lids of the suction cups are closed to remove the eggs from the

tray. Once the caps are closed, the air inside the cups will be forced outside when the

suction system lowers the cups, producing pressure inside. To assess their fertility, the

eggs are brought to the candling station. The microcontroller will close the caps on

infertile eggs and use a motor driver to raise them and deposit them into the bin next to

the station once the LDR module has determined if the eggs are fertile. It is travelled

back to the station to get the fertile eggs and deliver it back to the tray for continuous

incubation.

There are 96 eggs in all which were carefully placed within the trays during the

carefully coordinated procedure of moving the eggs using the suction lifters. This method

of transportation works effectively because 89 eggs were delivered to their intended

locations. On the other hand, a thorough examination of the transporting results indicates

that seven eggs ran into difficulties.

Five of the seven eggs that encountered transportation problems did not make it at

the candling station as planned. This subset of eggs did not go to the candling station as

planned due to weak suction, necessitating additional into the adjustments of specific

circumstances of the transport system's malfunction. In addition, following the transport

stage, two eggs were not placed back in the egg tray.

60
 This thorough analysis of the transportation results emphasizes how crucial it is to

carefully consider every step of the procedure in order to spot possible areas for

improvement. Even though most of the eggs were transported successfully, resolving the

issues that the seven eggs encountered will help to improve the system's overall

functionality, protecting the eggs and ensuring the reliability of the entire incubation

process.

Tilting Mechanism of Egg Trays

Figure 31 Tilting Mechanism of Egg Trays

(a) 45⁰ to the left (b) 45⁰ to the right (c) center

The automatic tilting egg tray works well with the program which tilts 45 degrees

from the center at 4 seconds then back center with one minute interval before moving to

next position then moving back center. The tilting happens every two hours for the 17

days of incubation.

Egg Candling

61
 Improving the accuracy of the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) module requires a

comprehensive calibration procedure designed to account for the changing light levels

that chicken eggs display at various phases of embryonic development. Even though the

light intensity of the eggs varies naturally, a careful calibration was done to match the

module to the precise light intensity range that corresponds to the embryonic stage of

each egg. The precision of the LDR module used in the candling station was

subsequently much enhanced by this calibration.

The researchers used a randomized method to determine how well the calibration

worked, putting different numbers of eggs—from one to six—and combining fertile and

infertile eggs in the candling station. This procedure was replicated across eight trials,

each represented by a distinct column in the subsequent analysis.

LDR MODULE CALIBRATION TRIAL 1

50

40

30

20

10

0
6 F/1UF 5UF/ 4F/3UF 3F/4UF 2F/5UF 1F/6UF
2UF

FERTILE (F) UNFERTILE(UF) ERROR

Figure 32 LDR Module Calibration Trial 1

62
 The Figure 32 provides a picture of the information gathered from the first

calibration trial. Most of the observations showed a remarkable precision in determining

the fertility status of the eggs, although a few instances of inaccuracies required

additional refinement in the calibration process.

These results highlight how crucial it is to continue calibrating the LDR module

in order to ensure that it can recognize and faithfully depict the range of light intensities

connected to the different stages of chicken embryo development. To sum up, even if

there were some initial difficulties with the calibration process, the results have been

favorable and have set the groundwork for future advancements in the accuracy of the

sensor used in the candling station.

LDR MODULE CALIBRATION TRIAL 2

50
40
30
20
10
0
6 F/1UF 5UF/ 4F/3UF 3F/4UF 2F/5UF 1F/6UF
2UF

FERTILE (F) UNFERTILE (UF) ERROR

Figure 33 LDR Module Calibration Trial 2

63
 LDR MODULE CALIBRATION TRIAL 3
50
40
30
20
10
0
6 F/1UF 5UF/ 4F/3UF 3F/4UF 2F/5UF 1F/6UF
2UF

FERTILE (F) UNFERTILE (UF) ERROR

Figure 34 LDR Module Calibration Trial 3

The results of the second and third trials for the calibration of the Light

Dependent Resistor (LDR) module are shown graphically. Remarkably, both trials show

excellent consistency in identifying fertility; no apparent errors were noted in the

evaluation. This remarkable lack of errors highlights the effectiveness and dependability

of the calibration procedure used on the LDR module specifically for the purpose of

candling chicken eggs.

The outcomes of these tests provide strong proof that the LDR module has been

successfully adjusted to correctly determine the eggs' reproductive status. The lack of

detection mistakes in both trials is indicative of a strong calibration technique that

guarantees accuracy and consistency when assessing chicken egg fertilization via

candling.

64
 The positive findings are proof to the researchers' methodical and rigorous effort

to calibrating the LDR module to match the subtle fluctuations in light intensity linked to

various phases of embryonic development. The outcomes of the second and third trials

demonstrate the efficacy of the calibration and provide assurance regarding the

dependability of the LDR module, which is an essential part of the candling station. This

accomplishment plays a major role in the entire performance of the chicken egg

incubation process by guaranteeing reliable and consistent fertility assessments.

101 120

100 100
READING PERCENTAGE

99
80
98
TRIAL 1
60 TRIAL 2
97 TRIAL 3
40
96

95 20

94 0
6F/1UF 5F/2UF 4F/3UF 3F/4UF 2F/5UF 1F/6UF

Figure 35 Summary of the 3-Trial LDR Calibration

The line graph offers a thorough summary of the reading percentages produced by

the candling system, encompassing the outcomes of the three calibration attempts. Trial

65
one is marked by unique errors in the readings. Significantly, this experiment functioned

as a pivotal diagnostic stage, uncovering regions that require enhancement in the

calibration procedure. However, the following trials, particularly the second and third

iterations, demonstrate a significant difference as they show a noticeable lack of

inaccuracies in the candling system readings.

The graphical depiction of these experiments graphically illustrates the gradual

improvement made through the calibrating process. The presence of noticeable mistakes

in Trial one emphasizes the iterative process of calibration, emphasizing the necessity for

modifications and precise adjustments. The lack of errors in the second and third trials

demonstrates the success in fixing and improving the calibration of the candling system.

These combined findings not only show how the calibration process is responsive

to detected flaws, but also confirm the overall achievement of precision and accuracy in

the candling system. The graph demonstrates a consistent decrease in mistakes

throughout multiple trials, indicating a persistent effort to improve the system's

reliability. Essentially, the completion of these experiments indicates the effective

adjustment of the candling system, confirming its ability to evaluate the fertility of

chicken eggs consistently and reliably during the incubation process.

Objective 3: To evaluate the functionality of the system in term of its suction cup lifters,

candling station, and incubation system.

Functionality of the Transport System (TS)

66
 The functionality of a transport system is fundamentally measured by the ratio of

eggs that are successfully delivered to their intended destination compared to the total

number of eggs involved in the process. This quantitative measure is a crucial indicator

of how effective the transport system is in guaranteeing the safe and dependable

movement of eggs within the designated framework. A high functionality ratio indicates

that a substantial percentage of eggs are transported through the system without any

interruptions or accidents, demonstrating the system's strong and dependable nature.

Furthermore, the functionality of the candling system is closely connected to the

outcome of the preceding transportation phase. The effectiveness of the candling method

depends on the precise and prompt delivery of eggs to the candling station. Hence, the

effectiveness of the candling system is directly impacted by the functionality of the

conveyance system. A functional and uninterrupted transportation mechanism guarantees

that the necessary quantity of eggs arrives at the candling station, thereby enabling

accurate fertility evaluations during the candling procedure.

Essentially, these interconnected systems enhance the overall functionality of the

incubation process. The successful transportation of eggs is crucial for the succeeding

phases and has a direct impact on the accuracy and effectiveness of the candling system.

Comprehending and enhancing these interrelated elements are crucial for establishing a

functional and high-achieving incubation method that finally aids in the successful

growth of the incubated specimens.

Table 1 Functionality of Transport System

67
 DESCRIPTION NUMERICAL VALUE PERCENTAGE

Successfully transported 89 92.71%

Failed to transport to candling station 5 5.21%
Failed to transport to drawer bin 0 0.00%
Failed to transport to egg tray 2 2.08%
TOTAL 96 100.00%

The evaluation of the transport system in the integrated egg incubation setup, as

described in the given data, highlights both the advantages and areas that need

enhancement in the system. The system exhibits a remarkable success rate of 92.71%,

with 89 out of 96 eggs being effectively transported, showcasing a substantial level of

functionality. The high success rate demonstrates the system's ability to effectively

handle most of the eggs, ensuring their proper progression through the incubation

process.

Nevertheless, the data also illuminates particular domains in which the system

exhibits subpar performance. Significantly, 5.21% of the eggs, totaling 5 eggs, did not

reach the candling station. The failure rate, while relatively low, is substantial enough to

merit attention. The statement implies that there may be mechanical or technical

inefficiencies in the transport mechanism that leads to the candling station. These

inefficiencies could be caused by mechanical errors or inconsistencies in the suction

system. It is imperative to tackle these issues in order to improve the system's efficacy

during this pivotal stage of the process.

Remarkably, the system demonstrates flawless efficacy in transferring eggs to the

drawer bin, exhibiting a failure rate of 0%. This suggests that the part of the system that

68
gets rid of eggs that cannot produce offspring or are not suitable is working at its best,

which is crucial for ensuring the overall effectiveness and cleanliness of the incubation

process.

However, the transportation process back to the egg tray encounters a slight

setback, with a failure rate of 2.08%, resulting in the loss of 2 eggs. This aspect, which is

comparable to the transportation to the candling station, indicates potential areas for

enhancement in the system's return mechanism. Ensuring a more dependable

repositioning of eggs onto the tray following the process of candling is crucial for the

uninterrupted and prosperous incubation process.

To summarize, although the system demonstrates a praiseworthy overall success

rate in egg transportation, the significant deficiencies in transporting eggs to the candling

station and returning them to the egg tray are crucial for the system's further

improvement and optimization. Although these areas currently have a minor impact, they

are essential for the smooth functioning of the entire process. By resolving these

concerns, the system's functionality and reliability will be improved, thereby maximizing

the likelihood of successful incubation for every viable egg.

Functionality of Candling System (CS)

69
 Figure 36 Candling system
As shown in figure 36, the LDR module is calibrated to its minimum sensitivity to

detect fertility, the eggs are candled according to the amount of the transported eggs. If a

light pass through the egg during candling which makes it glow, the egg is unfertile while

the shadows casted on shells indicates embryo. A total of 89 eggs were transported which

was correctly read by the system.

Table 2 Functionality of Candling System

DESCRIPTION NUMERICAL VALUE PERCENTAGE

Candled Fertility 78 87.64%
Unhatched eggs 11 12.36%
TOTAL 89 100.00%

The table 2 provides data regarding the results of the candling and hatching

procedures in an egg incubation system. Upon analyzing the table, it is clear that out of

the 89 eggs that were taken into account, 78 of them, or 87.64%, were determined to be

fertile through the process of candling. The high percentage of fertility detected through

candling demonstrates the effectiveness of the candling system in accurately assessing

the eggs' suitability for incubation. The system's ability to accurately identify fertile eggs

is a critical factor in ensuring the success of the subsequent incubation process.

Nevertheless, the table indicates that out of these candled fertile eggs, 11 failed to

hatch, accounting for 12.36% as shown in figure 37. This unincubated proportion is a

70
substantial segment that necessitates scrutiny in order to comprehend the fundamental

factors. The absence of hatching can be attributed to various factors, including problems

in the incubation environment, such as inconsistent temperature or humidity, as well as

inherent biological factors of the eggs.

The combined tally of 89 eggs and the accompanying 100% overall proportion

validates the comprehensiveness of the dataset, encompassing all eggs involved in the

process. The table clearly demonstrates the functionality of the candling process in

accurately identifying fertile eggs. Nevertheless, the proportion of eggs that do not hatch

indicates that although the candling process is successful in identifying fertility, there

may be difficulties during the subsequent incubation stage or inherent factors that hinder

the successful hatching of the eggs.

To summarize, although the candling process is highly accurate in determining

egg fertility, the presence of a significant proportion of unhatched eggs indicates the need

for additional research and enhancement. To improve the overall success of the egg

incubation system, it is crucial to comprehend and tackle the factors that contribute to the

rate of unhatched eggs. This may entail a more thorough analysis of incubation

conditions, egg handling protocols, or even the genetic or health attributes of the egg-

laying hens.

71
Functionality of the Incubator

Figure 38 Incubated Eggs

Figure 38 shows the incubated eggs during the data collecting period, which were

carefully arranged in automated egg tilting trays, a system designed to ensure embryo

growth conditions. The eggs are mixed breed of Rhode Island red (RIR), Rhode Island

black (RIB), and black Australorp chickens. The eggs in these trays are purposefully

tilted to prevent the embryos from sticking within the egg. Temperature, humidity, and

other environmental conditions are carefully monitored and controlled during the critical

17-day egg incubation process maintenance phase. Implementing automated technologies

in chicken farming has resulted in significant advances in terms of functionality and

hatching success rates.

The 18th day egg incubation process maintenance phase, since egg trays are

detachable, egg trays are removed and eggs are laid in clean and dry cloth with

maintained parameters inside the incubator is shown in figure 39 below. The chicks

inside started to move and peep during this period and started to hatch at day 19th.

72
 Figure 39 Fertile Eggs at 18th day

Figure 40 below shows that during the hatching period, out of 78 fertile eggs, 70

eggs hatched in the incubator. Chicks from hatched eggs are then isolated from the

unhatched eggs that dried up after at least 12 hours in the incubator before moving it out

of the system for nursery.

Figure 40 Hatching Eggs

73
 Figure 41 Unhatched Eggs

Figure 41 shows the unhatched eggs from the incubator. Four out of eight

unhatched eggs have been cracked and peeped but dried up inside while the other has no

signs of cracks at all. Unhatched eggs have been removed from the incubator and have

been isolated from chicks after the expected hatching period to reduce the risk of

contamination by pathogenic microorganisms.

Functionality, within the incubator's framework, is a measurable parameter

denoted by its output based from input. The outcome of this computation is determined

by the number of eggs that successfully hatch, while the input is defined as the number of

eggs that undergo the candling procedure, also referred to as candled fertility. Candled

fertility refers to the number of eggs identified as fertile after undergoing the thorough

candling procedure.

To determine the functionality of the incubator, one assesses the ratio of eggs that

successfully reach the hatching stage compared to the overall number of eggs confirmed

as fertile using the candling method. The specific definition of functionality enables a

targeted evaluation of the incubator's ability to convert the detected viable eggs into

successful hatching results. By quantifying the ratio of output to input in this way, the

74
functionality metric becomes a significant indicator of the incubator's capacity to

successfully nurture and develop fertile eggs during the incubation phase.

DESCRIPTION NUMERICAL VALUE PERCENTAGE

Hatch successfully 89.74%

Dried up/peeped chick/cracked 5.13%
Failed to hatch 5.13%
TOTAL 100.00%

Table 3 Functionality of Incubation System

The table 3 presents valuable data regarding the hatching results in an egg

incubation system, which is essential for assessing the overall functionality of the system.

According to the data, 70 out of 89 eggs successfully hatched, resulting in a hatch success

rate of 89.74%, which is quite impressive. This significant percentage indicates the

effectiveness of the system in establishing and preserving the ideal conditions required

for the incubation and hatching of eggs. The statement emphasizes the importance of

accurately controlling temperature, humidity, and other essential factors in the incubation

environment, which is crucial for the successful growth and hatching of chicks.

Nevertheless, the data also illuminates certain difficulties encountered during the

hatching process. More precisely, out of the total number of eggs, 4 eggs, which accounts

for 5.13%, did not successfully hatch. These eggs either dried up, produced chicks that

did not fully hatch, or cracked. Although this category is relatively small, it holds

importance as it indicates possible problems that may arise in the later phases of the

75
incubation process. The fluctuations in environmental conditions within the incubator or

potential genetic or health-related issues with the eggs could be the cause. It is necessary

to conduct additional research in this category in order to identify and resolve the root

causes, which may result in enhancements to the system's performance.

In addition, an additional 4 eggs, which accounts for exactly 5.13%, did not hatch

at all. This failure rate, similar to the previous category, necessitates a thorough analysis.

Possible causes for this outcome include suboptimal incubation conditions, mishandling,

or inherent problems with the eggs.

The dataset includes a total of 89 eggs, representing 100% of the eggs involved in

the incubation and hatching cycle. This ensures a comprehensive overview of the entire

scope of the process. To summarize, although the system exhibits a rate of success in

incubating eggs, the occurrences of eggs desiccating, fracturing, or failing to hatch

completely emphasize areas that could be enhanced. By resolving these concerns, it is

possible to improve the overall functionality and effectiveness of the system, thereby

increasing the success rate of hatching incubated eggs.

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

76
 The Integrated System for Optimized Incubation, Candling, and Transport, which

is operated by an Arduino, is a notable advancement in automated egg management and

incubation technology. The technology cleverly integrates two main functions: a candling

station and an egg incubator. These have been designed to achieve optimal functionality

while causing least disruption to the eggs. The candling station, using a Light Dependent

Resistor (LDR), accurately assesses egg fertility under the same environmental

conditions necessary for incubation. This integration is especially remarkable due to its

ability to accommodate a maximum of 7 eggs concurrently.

The transportation system, an essential element of this configuration, employs a

stepper motor and a railway system, in conjunction with suction cups, to precisely

transfer eggs between the incubator and the candling station. The use of servomotors in

this procedure considerably augments the accuracy, since they regulate the suction cups,

guaranteeing the secure manipulation of the eggs.

The incubation system has removable egg trays, facilitating convenient handling

and upkeep. The system is equipped with several environmental control components,

including as a humidifier, an exhaust fan, and an incandescent lamp. These components

are governed by a DHT22 sensor, which guarantees that the temperature and humidity

levels are kept at their ideal levels for the purpose of egg hatching.

The LCD display enables real-time monitoring by providing updates on the

incubation state, including crucial factors like as temperature and humidity. The

transportation system is effectively mechanized, demonstrating a highly coordinated flow

77
of eggs between different locations. The egg tilting mechanism, an essential component

of the incubation process, functions flawlessly, guaranteeing the uniform growth of

embryos.

The transportation system exhibits a notable level of success in the handling of

eggs, achieving a functionality rate of 92.71% as determined by calculations. After

calibration, the candling system demonstrated an 100% functionality in detecting fertility,

which highlights the system's accuracy and dependability. The incubation process

demonstrated a commendable functionality rate of 89.74%, meeting the intended

performance objectives and highlighting the system's functionality in hatching eggs.

This integrated system is notable for its inventive method of automating the egg

incubation and candling process. The design and functionality of this system not only

fulfill the intended goals but also establish a benchmark for automated egg handling

systems. The system has the potential to be improved with features like data recording,

remote monitoring, energy optimization, and scalability. This makes it suitable for wider

applications in chicken farming and research.

Conclusion

78
 The Integrated System for Optimized Egg Incubation, Candling, and Transport

Using Arduino has been carefully crafted to cater to the precise requirements of egg

incubation and fertility evaluation. This system demonstrates a seamless integration of

mechanical, electrical, and biological engineering, resulting in a remarkable level of

creativity and functionality.

The system's design and manufacture are well-developed. The device ingeniously

combines an egg incubator with a candling station, resulting in a compact and functional

arrangement. Introducing a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) in the candling station is an

innovative method that enables precise identification of egg fertility without the need to

remove the eggs from the well-regulated incubation environment. By integrating this

process, the potential harm caused by environmental stress on the eggs is significantly

reduced, which is essential for ensuring effective incubation. The system's transportation

mechanism, which includes a stepper motor, railway system, and suction cup lifters, is

designed to handle fragile objects with care, minimizing the chances of egg damage while

being moved between the incubator and candling station. In addition, the design has

removable egg trays and an environment control system that is handled by a DHT22

sensor and contains a humidifier, exhaust fan, and incandescent lamp. This design

exhibits a profound comprehension of the incubation process, guaranteeing ideal

circumstances for the growth of eggs.

The system's programming effectively manages the process of egg hatching,

showcasing its exceptional capability in this area. The eggs are incubated under optimal

79
circumstances because to the automated controls for temperature, humidity, and egg

tilting, as well as the real-time monitoring provided by the LCD display. This automated

process minimizes the need for human involvement, thereby enhancing the dependability

and effectiveness of the system.

When assessing the effectiveness of the system, each individual component

distinguishes itself for its functionality. The suction cup lifters provide a notable success

rate (92.71%) in securely conveying the eggs, highlighting their dependability and

accuracy in handling. After calibration, the candling station can identify fertility with a

100% functionality, highlighting the precision of the LDR module and the overall

dependability of the system in determining the viability of eggs. Furthermore, the

incubation system exhibits a functionality of 89.74% in hatching eggs. This not only

fulfills the performance objectives but also suggests that the system creates a favorable

environment for the successful development and hatching of eggs.

Overall, the utilization of Arduino Mega in the Integrated System for Optimized

Egg Incubation, Candling, and Transport Using Arduino signifies a notable progression

in poultry farming technology. The egg incubator's meticulous design, inventive features,

and proficient performance in every aspect, ranging from egg transportation and

examination to the ultimate incubation stage, showcase its capacity to handle the delicate

process of egg incubation and hatching successfully and consistently. This technology

establishes a new benchmark in automated egg handling and incubation, demonstrating

the potential for technological advancement in improving agricultural operations.

80
Recommendation

From the results obtained from the Integrated System for Optimized Egg Incubation,

Candling, and Transport Using Arduino, we suggest the following recommendations to

further improve the system:

1. Data Analysis and Logging: Integrate data recording functionality to record all sensor

readings and system actions. By enabling meticulous examination of the system's

performance over a period, it would facilitate the identification of patterns and the

implementation of data-based enhancements.

2. Remote Monitoring and Control: Incorporate Internet of Things (IoT) technology to

provide remote monitoring and control of the system. Implementing this update would

enable users to monitor the incubation process in real-time from any place, thereby

enhancing the system's accessibility and user-friendliness.

3. Scalability and Adaptability: Investigate methods to expand the system's capacity for

larger-scale operations or modify it to accommodate other egg and poultry breeds. This

may include resizing the incubator, altering the egg trays, or recalibrating sensors and

motors.

4. Improvements to the User Interface: Improve the user interface to be more user-

friendly and provide clearer information. Possible enhancements may include touch

screen interfaces, enhanced visual representations of the system's state, and notifications

for crucial conditions or maintenance requirements.

81
5. Precautions for Safe Egg Handling: Evaluate and perhaps improve the safety protocols

for egg handling, particularly within the transportation system. This may include

incorporating supplementary sensors to identify and preempt possible occurrences such

as egg collisions or drops.

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coordinate hatching in domestic chickens. Poultry Science 92, 620–628.
Trisha O., (2023). Best Egg Incubators for Chickens and Other Birds in 2023.
[Link]
United Nations World Food Programme (WFP). Global Report on Food Crises
[R/EO]. 2023. Available online: [Link] org/publications/global-
report-food-crises-2023 (accessed on 3 April 2023).
United States Department of Agriculture. (2010). Manual, EGG-Grading.
Washington, D.C.: Agricultural Marketing Services.
Uzoigwe, L., & Ekezie, J. (2013). Egg incubator control system with short
message service (sms) fault analysis alert. Https://[Link].
[Link]
ol_system_with_short_message_service_sms_fault_analysis_alert.
Van de Ven, L.J.F., van Wagenberg, A.V., Decuypere, E., Kemp, B. and van den
Brand, H. (2013). ’Perinatal broiler physiology between hatching and chick
collection in 2 hatching systems.’ Poultry Science 92, 1050-1061.
doi:10.3382/ps.2012-02534.
Van de Ven, L.J.F., van Wagenberg, A.V., Groot Koerkamp, P.W.G., Kemp, B.,
van den Brand, H., (2009). Effects of a combined hatching and brooding
system on hatchability, chick weight, and mortality in broilers. Poultry
Science 88, 2273–2279.
Yang, N. (2021), Egg Production China: Current Status and Outlook. Front. Agric.
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of Broiler Embryos during the Last Five Days of Incubation. S Afr J Anim
Sci.; 34(4): 211–216p.

86
 APPENDIX A
Programming Codes
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_PCF8574.h>
LiquidCrystal_PCF8574 lcd(0x27);
#include "DHT.h"
#include <Servo.h>
#define DHTTYPE DHT22
#define dirPin 2
#define stepPin 3
uint8_t DHTPin = 4;
DHT dht(DHTPin, DHTTYPE);
float tem;
float hum;
//int relay1 = 31;
int relay2 = 32;
int relay3 = 33;
int relay4 = 34;
int relay5 = 35;
int relay1 = 31;
int relay7 = 37;
int relay8 = 38;
int upButton = 39;
int downButton = 40;
int selectButton = 41;
boolean isMainMenu = true;
boolean isMenu1 = false;
boolean isStarted = false;
boolean isCandling = false;
const int sensorPin1 = 5;
const int sensorPin2 = 6;
const int sensorPin3 = 7;
const int sensorPin4 = 8;
const int sensorPin5 = 9;
const int sensorPin6 = 10;
const int sensorPin7 = 11;
int value1;
int value2;
int value3;
int value4;
int value5;
int value6;

87
int value7;
Servo myServo1;
Servo myServo2;
Servo myServo3;
Servo myServo4;
Servo myServo5;
Servo myServo6;
Servo myServo7;

void setup() {
[Link](9600);
[Link](20, 4);
[Link](255);
pinMode(upButton, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(downButton, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(selectButton, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(DHTPin, INPUT);
// pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay5, OUTPUT);
delay(100);
// digitalWrite(relay1, LOW);
digitalWrite(relay2, LOW);
digitalWrite(relay3, LOW);
digitalWrite(relay4, LOW);
digitalWrite(relay5, LOW);
pinMode(stepPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(dirPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(sensorPin1, INPUT);
pinMode(sensorPin2, INPUT);
pinMode(sensorPin3, INPUT);
pinMode(sensorPin4, INPUT);
pinMode(sensorPin5, INPUT);
pinMode(sensorPin6, INPUT);
pinMode(sensorPin7, INPUT);
pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay7, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay8, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(relay1, LOW);
digitalWrite(relay7, HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay8, HIGH);

88
 APPENDIX B
Data Sheets of Gathered Data
Gathered LCD Monitoring Data Sheets
Day Time Temperature Humidity
1 20:22:03:49 37.60 55.00
20:20:13:59 37.70 54.30
20:18:23:56 37.40 55.30
20:16:18:09 37.50 55.00
20:14:35:50 37.90 53.50
20:12:45:40 37.30 56.10
20:10:13:25 37.50 54.90
20:08:54:35 38.00 52.50
20:06:14:43 37.70 54.80
20:04:36:53 37.30 56.20
20:02:12:45 37.50 56.00
20:00:04:56 37.70 55.80
2 19:22:56:13 36.90 56.80
19:20:35:23 37.50 55.40
19:18:45:34 37.40 55.10
19:16:11:54 37.50 55.50
19:14:19:24 37.30 55.80
19:12:09:54 37.50 55.00
19:10:27:59 37.60 55.90
19:08:13:20 37.70 56.00
19:06:58:19 37.60 55.50
19:04:23:37 37.30 56.90
19:02:20:31 37.40 56.00
19:00:25:30 37.50 55.40
3 18:22:54:40 37.50 55.10
18:20:45:51 37.60 53.80
18:18:47:24 37.50 54.20
18:16:26:28 37.60 54.70
18:14:53:08 37.50 53.70
18:12:50:18 37.60 55.00
18:10:24:49 37.50 54.00
18:08:27:56 37.40 56.10
18:06:46:59 37.50 55.80
18:04:26:27 37.60 55.50
18:02:39:17 37.40 56.50
18:00:31:14 37.50 54.50
4 17:22:02:57 37.80 50.20

89
 17:20:15:25 37.10 58.40
17:18:07:59 37.50 54.50
17:16:21:33 37.40 55.30
17:14:41:02 37.80 52.40
17:12:10:27 37.50 54.90
17:10:03:56 37.70 53.30
17:08:00:38 37.40 55.10
17:06:11:04 37.70 54.00
17:04:28:02 37.50 56.90
17:02:31:52 37.10 58.80
17:00:01:45 37.40 54.90
5 16:22:05:31 37.50 55.20
16:20:26:58 37.80 53.70
16:18:07:41 37.50 55.10
16:16:22:51 37.60 54.70
16:14:09:18 37.50 55.60
16:12:05:52 37.80 52.40
16:10:27:48 37.50 55.70
16:08:11:52 37.90 51.00
16:06:39:10 37.50 55.30
16:04:08:36 37.70 53.90
16:02:40:59 37.50 54.90
16:00:00:31 37.30 56.90
6 15:22:12:32 37.50 55.40
15:20:41:52 37.60 55.00
15:18:20:42 37.50 54.00
15:16:12:25 37.30 56.00
15:14:54:36 37.70 53.00
15:12:14:45 37.50 53.50
15:10:53:26 37.40 55.50
15:08:49:40 37.50 55.70
15:06:39:46 37.40 55.00
15:04:56:06 37.50 55.40
15:02:51:46 37.70 55.90
15:00:36:12 37.40 56.90
7 14:22:39:15 37.60 54.80
14:20:19:45 37.50 55.80
14:18:49:35 37.30 57.30
14:16:13:24 37.50 54.30
14:14:50:33 37.60 53.30
14:12:25:55 37.50 52.30
14:10:24:19 37.40 52.90
14:08:16:59 37.50 54.00

90
 14:06:30:49 37.40 56.00
14:04:11:29 37.60 54.00
14:02:26:54 37.50 55.00
14:00:30:13 37.50 55.80
8 13:22:35:19 37.60 54.70
13:20:08:59 37.50 55.10
13:18:01:00 37.90 52.20
13:16:29:01 37.90 50.60
13:14:05:27 37.50 55.40
13:12:32:50 37.60 55.00
13:10:00:23 37.50 54.90
13:08:35:57 37.70 52.90
13:06:08:39 37.50 54.20
13:04:29:05 37.70 54.00
13:02:00:59 37.50 54.90
13:00:16:44 37.30 57.80
9 12:22:05:51 37.50 55.40
12:20:37:10 37.10 58.30
12:18:09:59 37.40 56.10
12:16:20:00 37.50 55.10
12:14:05:32 37.20 59.50
12:12:19:14 38.00 51.20
12:10:04:29 37.50 55.60
12:08:18:42 37.40 55.00
12:06:51:29 37.50 55.30
12:04:09:53 37.70 52.90
12:02:37:06 37.50 54.70
12:00:07:42 37.60 55.20
10 11:22:41:17 37.50 54.00
11:20:30:56 37.60 56.30
11:18:27:09 37.80 53.10
11:16:18:22 37.50 55.00
11:14:14:56 37.50 55.50
11:12:25:46 37.60 53.50
11:10:13:56 37.40 54.50
11:08:16:57 37.50 54.90
11:06:10:36 37.40 55.50
11:04:50:15 37.50 55.80
11:02:40:29 37.50 53.40
11:00:10:46 37.60 55.60
11 10:22:09:55 37.50 53.00
10:20:26:18 37.60 53.00
10:18:37:54 37.60 55.00

91
 10:16:08:17 37.50 54.70
10:14:29:56 37.40 56.10
10:12:11:48 37.50 54.10
10:10:22:45 37.70 52.70
10:08:43:59 37.50 55.30
10:06:12:43 37.40 56.20
10:04:37:36 37.50 54.80
10:02:25:49 37.60 54.50
10:00:41:54 37.50 56.50
12 09:22:08:11 37.50 54.90
09:20:02:56 37.90 52.10
09:18:29:01 37.50 54.90
09:16:12:55 37.80 53.20
09:14:30:02 37.10 57.30
09:12:01:58 37.40 56.20
09:10:37:19 37.50 55.10
09:08:00:42 37.60 54.40
09:06:21:55 37.40 55.00
09:04:00:15 37.60 53.90
09:02:31:47 37.50 54.80
09:00:07:12 37.70 53.80
13 08:22:19:44 37.50 54.90
08:20:01:52 37.60 55.20
08:18:21:29 37.50 55.00
08:16:03:59 37.70 53.50
08:14:35:02 37.50 55.10
08:12:07:51 37.10 58.90
08:10:05:07 37.40 56.70
08:08:21:50 37.50 56.00
08:06:12:41 37.40 55.30
08:04:04:57 37.50 55.10
08:02:38:14 37.70 53.50
08:00:09:41 37.50 54.90
14 07:22:10:37 37.50 54.40
07:20:14:58 37.60 53.10
07:18:16:49 37.50 55.00
07:16:223:49 37.50 55.00
07:14:18:22 37.80 53.00
07:12:31:38 37.50 54.20
07:10:47:29 37.30 57.00
07:08:41:53 37.50 55.00
07:06:27:29 37.60 54.70
07:04:25:19 37.50 55.30

92
 07:02:47:18 37.20 57.10
07:00:43:50 37.50 54.10
15 06:22:18:55 37.60 53.20
06:20:14:46 37.50 55.20
06:18:49:37 37.70 52.70
06:16:33:27 37.40 54.40
06:14:51:12 37.50 55.10
06:12:24:38 37.60 55.70
06:10:17:50 37.50 54.40
06:08:43:42 37.40 56.10
06:06:12:59 37.50 56.00
06:04:10:42 37.60 55.00
06:02:387:04 37.50 54.60
06:00:46:11 37.40 56.20
16 05:22:12:09 37.50 55.10
05:20:05:41 37.40 55.60
05:18:24:01 37.50 55.00
05:16:05:51 37.60 54.20
05:14:12:00 37.50 54.90
05:12:37:41 37.30 58.00
05:10:08:14 37.50 56.30
05:08:33:59 37.70 53.60
05:06:10:09 37.50 55.10
05:04:26:57 37.60 55.10
05:02:00:37 37.50 55.40
05:00:40:05 37.40 56.90
17 04:22:03:55 37.50 54.50
04:20:04:49 37.70 53.20
04:18:18:03 37.50 54.80
04:16:03:58 37.60 55.00
04:14:10:04 37.50 55.10
04:12:38:49 37.40 57.00
04:10:04:16 37.50 55.20
04:08:20:51 37.30 58.90
04:06:00:14 38.00 50.60
04:04:09:55 37.60 54.90
04:02:23:05 37.50 55.10
04:00:05:31 37.60 55.10
18 03:22:30:56 37.50 55.00
03:20:04:50 37.50 55.50
03:18:27:59 37.60 54.90
03:16:04:15 37.50 55.10
03:14:00:45 37.40 55.00

93
 03:12:28:03 37.50 55.80
03:10:02:58 37.50 55.00
03:08:25:08 37.30 57.10
03:06:05:56 37.50 55.10
03:04:43:05 37.60 54.20
03:02:03:58 37.50 54.90
03:00:00:44 37.60 54.50
19 02:22:36:09 37.50 54.10
02:20:16:54 37.40 55.00
02:18:12:23 37.60 56.00
02:16:32:19 37.70 56.80
02:14:01:54 37.50 54.80
02:12:35:03 37.40 56.80
02:10:11:55 37.50 54.80
02:08:29:09 37.60 55.60
02:06:15:51 37.50 53.90
02:04:29:16 37.70 52.60
02:02:10:24 37.50 54.60
02:00:27:50 37.60 55.40
20 01:22:38:43 37.30 57.40
01:20:11:19 37.60 55.40
01:18:03:51 37.50 55.10
01:16:26:10 37.60 53.90
01:14:06:55 37.50 54.00
01:12:35:16 37.60 55.00
01:10:13:45 37.50 54.50
01:08:12:50 37.40 54.90
01:06:10:07 37.50 55.30
01:04:40:16 37.60 55.00
01:02:05:59 37.50 54.00
01:00:21:54 37.40 56.00
21 00:22:12:48 37.50 55.10
00:20:50:58 37.70 53.60
00:18:14:13 37.40 54.80
00:16:41:56 37.50 55.10
00:14:09:13 37.60 54.60
00:12:14:51 37.60 54.60
00:10:30:09 37.50 53.90
00:08:22:48 37.60 54.90
00:06:40:01 37.60 55.10
00:04:38:23 37.60 53.00
00:02:03:51 37.50 55.00
00:00:20:06 37.40 56.00

94
Gathered LDR Calibration Data Sheet
TRIAL 1

7 FERTILE EGGS
TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6 FERTILE AND 1 UNFERTILE EGG

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 1 1 1 X 1 1
2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
4 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
7 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
8 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

5 FERTILE AND 2 UNFERTILE EGGS

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 X 1 1 0 1 1
2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 0 1 1 X 1
4 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
6 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
7 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

95
 4 FERTILE AND 3 UNFERTILE EGGS
TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 1 X 1 0 0 1
2 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
3 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
4 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
5 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
6 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
7 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
8 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

3 FERTILE AND 4 UNFERTILE EGGS

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
4 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
5 0 1 0 X 1 0 1
6 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
7 0 1 0 1 X 1 0
8 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

2 FERTILE AND 5 UNFERTILE EGGS

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
6 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
7 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

1 FERTILE AND 6 UNFERTILE EGGS

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

96
 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
8 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

TRIAL 2

7 FERTILE EGGS
TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6 FERTILE AND 1 UNFERTILE EGG

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
5 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
6 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
7 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
8 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 FERTILE AND 2 UNFERTILE EGGS

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
4 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
5 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
6 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
7 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

97
 8 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

4 FERTILE AND 3 UNFERTILE EGGS

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
2 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
5 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
6 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
7 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
8 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

3 FERTILE AND 4 UNFERTILE EGGS

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
4 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
5 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
7 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
8 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

2 FERTILE AND 5 UNFERTILE EGGS

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
5 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
7 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
8 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

98
 1 FERTILE AND 6 UNFERTILE EGGS
TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
7 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
8 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

TRIAL 3

7 FERTILE EGGS
TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6 FERTILE AND 1 UNFERTILE EGG

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
6 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
7 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
8 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

5 FERTILE AND 2 UNFERTILE EGGS

99
TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
2 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
3 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
4 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
5 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
6 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
7 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
8 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

4 FERTILE AND 3 UNFERTILE EGGS

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
3 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
4 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
5 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
6 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
7 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
8 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

3 FERTILE AND 4 UNFERTILE EGGS

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
4 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
5 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
6 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
7 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
8 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

2 FERTILE AND 5 UNFERTILE EGGS

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

100
 5 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
8 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 FERTILE AND 6 UNFERTILE EGGS

TRIALS A B C D E F G
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
7 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

101
 APPENDIX C
User Manual
STARTING INCUBATION:

1. Plug in the system and turn on the switch at the left side of the system.

2. Make sure that the humidifier is filled with water.

3. Check the LCD monitor.

102
 4. Choose ‘START INCUBATION’ through the button ‘OK’.

5. Place the eggs on the automatic tilting trays.

6. Click ‘OK’ to start incubation.

7. STATUS will be displayed on the LCD.

DISPOSAL OF UNFERTILE EGGS (14th day)

1. Check the drawer bin on the 14th day of incubation.

103
 2. Dispose unfertile eggs.

3. Disinfection the drawer bin before returning on its original position.

HUMIDIFIER MANUAL:

1. Make sure that there is enough water in the reservoir before starting incubation.

2. On the 18th day, plug in the humidifier to maintain humidity of 60%.

DISINFECTION PROCESS:

1. Unplug the system.

2. Remove the humidifier reservoir.

3. Unplug wires of the trays connected in the motor.

4. Disassemble the tilting trays from its frame.

5. Take out the trays.

6. Use disinfectant diluted in warm water and apply with sponge or cloth.

7. Wipe inside the incubator using the same solution. Avoid electrical components.

104
 APPENDIX D
Materials Used
Incandescent bulb

Table 4 Specification of incandescent bulb

Parameters Description
Operating Voltage 230V
Power output 100W

Table 4 shows the specification of the incandescent bulb we used in our prototype

it uses AC energy and the input voltage is 230V with 100W power output serves as the

heater to provide the desired temperature for the eggs.

LED bulb

Table 5 Specification of LED bulb

Parameters Description
Operating Voltage 230V
Power output 3W
Light intensity 300 lumens

Table 5 shows the LED bulb specifications it is also connected to an AC voltage

source. It is used as the light source for candling.

105
Axial fan

Table 6 Axial fan

Parameters Description
Operating Voltage 230V
Length & width 12cm x 12cm

Table 6 shows the specification of the axial fan we used it also uses 230V AC and

connected to the relay as the automated switch for the fan. It is used to lower the

temperature and humidity inside the incubator and for proper oxygen flow inside the

system.

Egg tray with AC motor

Table 7 Egg tray with AC motor

Parameters Description
Operating Voltage 230V

106
 Capacity 56 eggs
Motor rotation 360˚
Table 7 shows the specification the egg tray with AC motor. The AC motor uses

230V AC as the voltage source with 360˚ continuous counterclockwise rotation and the

egg tray has a 56 eggs capacity.

AC/DC adaptor

Table 8 AC/DC adaptor

Parameters Description
Voltage input 110V-230V
Output voltage 24V=1A

Table 8 shows the specification of the AC/DC adaptor to be the acting power

supply for some of our components like humidifier and motor driver which uses 24V DC

supply.

Humidifier ultrasonic mist maker with automatic refill

107
Table 9 Humidifier ultrasonic mist maker with automatic refill

Parameters Description
Voltage input 230V
Output voltage 24V=1A
Capacity 6liters
Table 9 shows the specification of the Humidifier ultrasonic mist maker with

automatic refill. It needs an AC/DC adaptor to perform its function the operating voltage

of the mist maker is 24V, and the capacity of the reservoir is 6 liters.

Light dependent resistor module

Table 10 Light dependent resistor module

Parameters Description
operating voltage 3.3V-5V
The peak wavelength 600nm
Maximum power dissipation 200mW
Minimum resistance at 10lux is 1.8kΩ
Maximum resistance at 10lux is 4.5kΩ
Typical resistance at 100lux is 0.7kΩ
Dark resistance after 1 sec is 0.03MΩ
Dark resistance after 5 sec is 0.25MΩ

108
 Table 10 shows the specification of LDR module, it is powered by 5V DC power

supply. It is used to discriminate the eggs using light intensity and it is calibrated

manually to the desired range.

Arduino mega 2560

Table 11 Arduino Mega 2560

Parameters Description
Microcontroller ATmega2560
Operating voltage 5V
Input voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O pins 54 digital pins (15 can be used as PWM
outputs)
Analog input pins 16
Flash memory 256KB of which 8KB used by bootloader
SRAM 8KB
EEPROM 4KB
16Mhz
Clock speed
101.52mm x 53.3mm
Length x width

Table 11 shows the Arduino mega 2560 specifications. The Arduino mega 2560 is

an open-source physical computing platform built on a simple I/O board and a

development environment that supports the Processing/Wiring programming language.

Arduino mega is used as a microcontroller that provides the automation in function in our

system. It has an operating voltage of 5V, with a limit input voltage 6-20V. It has 54

digital input/output pins, has 16 analog input pins. It has flash memory of 256KB of

109
which 8KB used by bootloader, SRAM is 8KB, EEPROM is 4KB, with clock speed of

16Mhz, and with the product size of 101.52mm x 53.3mm.

DHT22 module (temperature and humidity sensor)

Table 12 DHT22 module (temperature and humidity sensor)

Parameters Description
Operating Voltage 3.3V-5V
Operating current 2.5mA
Temperature (measuring range) -40˚C-80˚C, ±5˚ accuracy
Humidity (measuring range) 0-100%, 2-5% accuracy

The table 12 shows the specification of DHT22 (temperature and humidity

sensor). The DHT22 is a basic, low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor. It

uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air and

spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no analog input pins needed). DHT22 has an

operating voltage of 3.3V-5V and operating current is 2.5mA.

Servo motor SG90

110
Table 13 Servo motor SG90

Parameters Description
Operating Voltage 4.8V-6V
Operating current 10mA
Torque 2kg/cm (4.8V) & 2.2kg/cm(6V)
Speed 0.09s/60˚ (4.8V) & 0.08s/60˚(6V)
Rotate angle 180˚
Gear Plastic
Dead band 7us
Weight 10.5g
Table 13 shows the specification of servo motor SG90. A small and

lightweight servo motor with high output power is called micro servo motor SG90.

The operating voltage is 4.8V-6V DC, it has a torque of 2kg/cm (4.8V) &

2.2kg/cm(6V), SG90 has a speed of 0.09s/60˚ (4.8V) & 0.08s/60˚(6V), and like other

servo motors it has a 180˚ rotate angle.

Servo motor MG946

Table 14 Servo motor MG946

Parameters Description
Operating Voltage 4.8V-6.6V
Operating current 2.7mA

111
 Torque 10.5kg/cm
Speed 1s/60˚
Rotate angle 180˚
Gear metal
Dead band 5us
Weight 55g
Table 14 shows the specification of servo motor MG946. The MG946 is a strong,

dual bearing, servo motor featuring metal gears. The operating voltage is 4.8V-6.6V DC,

it has a torque of 10.5kg/cm, and a speed of 1s/60˚.

8-Channel relay module

Table 15 8-Channel relay module

Parameters Description
Control Voltage 5V
Max control capacity 10A@250VAC or 10A@30VDC

Table 15 shows the specification of 8-Channel relay module. A relay is an

electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate

the switch and provide electrical isolation between two circuits. The required voltage to

operate this component is 5V DC. And the maximum control capacity of this relay is

112
10A@250VAC or 10A@30VDC. This 5V 8-Channel relay interface board, be able to

control various appliances, and other equipment’s with large current.

2004 GREEN I2C LCD display module

Table 16 2004 GREEN I2C LCD display module

Parameters Description
Operating voltage 5V
Display 20x4 characters

Table 16 shows the specification of 2004 I2C display module. This is a 20x4

Arduino compatible LCD display module with high-speed I2C interface. It has a 5V

operating voltage and only takes 2 I/O ports.

TB6600 Stepper Motor Driver

113
Table 17 TB6600 Stepper motor driver

Parameters Description
Operating voltage 9V-42V DC
Peak current 4A
Table 17 shows the specification of TB6600 Stepper motor driver. TB6600

stepper motor driver is an easy-to-use professional stepper motor driver, which could

control two-phase stepping motor. It is compatible with Arduino and other

microcontrollers that can be output a 5V digital pulse signal. It has a wide range power

input 9V-42VDC power supply. It is able to output 4A peak current, which is enough for

the most of stepper motors.

Stepper Motor NEMA 23 19kg-cm

Table 18 Stepper Motor NEMA 23 19kg-cm

Parameters Description
Voltage rating 3.2V
Current rating 2.8A
Holding torque 19kg/cm
Step angle 1.8˚
Steps per revolution 200
No. of phases 4

114
 Table 18 shows the stepper motor NEMA 23 specification. The stepper motor is

controlled by the stepper motor driver and microcontroller all the functions, torque and

speed can be controlled.

Switching power supply 5V 10A

Table 19 Switching power supply 5V 10A

Parameters Description
Input voltage 230VAC
Output voltage 5VDC
Operating current 10A

Table 19 shows the specification of switching power supply. it has the same

function of the AC/DC adaptor, it converts the 230VAC to 5VDC to supply all the

components that needed a 5V supply with enough operating current to operate with their

full potential.

115
116
 APPENDIX E
Bills of Materials

Table 20 Bill of Materials

ITEM QUANTITY UNIT UNIT PRICE (₱) TOTAL (₱)
Incandescent Bulb 1 Pc 100.00 100.00
LED Bulb 7 Pcs 85.00 595.00
Axial Fan 1 Pc 198.00 198.00
Power Supply 1 Pc 340.00 340.00
Tilting Egg Tray 2 Pcs 430.00 860.00
LDR Module 7 Pcs 60.00 420.00
Humidifier 1 Pc 1300.00 1300.00
Arduino M(256GB) 1 Pc 2865.00 2,865.00
Incubator Frame 1 Pc 6000.00 6000.00
Convenience Outlet 3 Pcs 90.00 270.00
Socket 6 Pcs 30.00 180.00
Wire 15 m 10.00 150.00
DHT22 Sensor 1 Pc 295.00 295.00
Stepper Motor 1 Pc 1299.00 1299.00
Motor Driver 1 Pc 349.00 349.00
Linear Rail 1.3 m 1900.00 2656.00
LCD Monitor 1 Pc 165.00 165.00
Servo Motor MG946 2 Pcs 215.00 430.00
Servo Motor SG90 7 Pcs 127.00 889.00
Suction Cup 7 Pcs 112.00 784.00
8-channel Relay 1 Pc 169.00 169.00
TOTAL P20, 314.00

117
 APPENDIX F
Editing Certificates
Thesis/Research Title:

INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR OPTIMIZED EGG INCUBATION, CANDLING,

AND TRANSPORT USING ARDUINO

Researchers/ Proponents:
BASSI, EMIL JAN L.
BELEN, JERICO GIL M.
CABBIGAT, IVERSON
FARRO, MARICEL M.
FELICIANO, JONATHAN G.
GALAPON, ACE VALFORT C.
LORIDA, JOEMEL RAY B.
SANTIAGO, MARK PAOLO L.
VICENTE, KHRSTEL LAYKA C.

Course: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

This is to certify that I have thoroughly edited the final draft of the Research of the
students listed above in terms of grammar, mechanics and organization in adherence
with APA format style.

Name and Signature Date

118
APPENDIX G
Documentation

119
120
121
 CURRICULUM VITAE
BASSI, EMIL JAN L.

Address : Antutot, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya

Email : emilbassi0@[Link]

Mobile No. : +63 960-203-3403

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 22
Date of Birth : February 22, 2001
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Gender : Male
Father : Leonardo J. Bassi
Mother : Ignacia L. Bassi (+)
Language Spoken : English, Filipino, Ilocano, Kalanguya

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Nueva Vizcaya State University
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
2019 – Present

SECONDARY : Nueva Vizcaya State University

(Senior High)
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
2017 -2019

Kongkong Valley National High School

122
 (Junior High)
Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
2013 – 2017

PRIMARY : Macalong Elementary School

Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
2007 – 2013

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

Technical Webinar:
Short Circuit and Voltage Calculation for OBO and CBO Applications
2022 General Membership Meeting Election of 2023 Chapter Officers
Surigao Del Norte Chapter
September 25, 2022

Electrical Design Consideration for Commercial Building

2022 General Membership Meeting Election of 2023 Chapter Officers
Surigao Del Norte Chapter
September 25, 2022

Instrumentation and Control

Mechatronics and Robotics Society of the Philippines
San Fabian, Echague, Isabela
October 08, 2022

21st Century Technologies

PROBOT Corporation
Mechatonics and Robotics Society of the Philippines
January 13, 2023

Electrical Design Overview in Oil & Gas and Petrochemical Industries

IIEE Kuwait Chapter
January 13, 2023

Transformer Oil Analysis and Regeneration Program in Oil Fields

IIEE Kuwait Chapter
January 13, 2023

123
 REFERENCES
BELEN, JERICO GIL M. ROY L. BERNARDO
Retired Municipal Civil Engineer
Address : Sta. Maria, Dupax Del Sur, Antutot, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
+63 995-468-8305
Nueva Vizcaya
Email : jericobelen16@[Link]
JEMIMAH P. NATIVIDAD,
REE
Instructor
Mobile : +63 949-119-5045
Nueva Vizcaya State University
No.
+63 917-105-4191

ALAN P. NEBRIDA, REE, MSECE

Associate Professor II
Nueva Vizcaya State University
alan@[Link]
+63 969-472-2432

I hereby testify that all information stated above is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

EMIL JAN L. BASSI

124
 PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 22
Date of Birth : March 16, 2001
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Gender : Male
Father : Marcelino D. Belen
Mother : Hilda M. Belen
Language Spoken : English, Filipino, Ilocano

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Nueva Vizcaya State University
Buag, Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
2019 – Present

SECONDARY : Nueva Vizcaya State University Lab School

(Senior High)
Buag, Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
2017 -2019

Saint Mary’s School of Dupax

(Junior High)
Bagumbayan, Dupax del Sur, Nueva Vizcaya
2013 – 2017

PRIMARY : Palabotan Elementary School

Palabotan, Dupax del Sur, Nueva Vizcaya
2007 – 2013

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

125
Technical Webinar:
Distributed Renewable Energy for Distribution System Improvement
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Electrical System Design Guidelines for High-Rise Building

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Electrical Design Consideration for Commercial Building

2022 General Membership Meeting Election of 2023 Chapter Officers
Surigao Del Norte Chapter
September 25, 2022

Instrumentation and Control

Mechatronics and Robotics Society of the Philippines
San Fabian, Echague, Isabela
October 08, 2022

Electrical Power Transmission

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Biomass Fired Powerplant

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Working Principles of Solar Panel

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Energy Management
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Renewable Energy under the Kyoto Protocol

126
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Concept of Transformer Paralleling and Future Challenges for Future

Engineers
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Hybrid Renewable Power

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

REFERENCES
ALAN P. NEBRIDA, REE, MSECE
Associate Professor II
Nueva Vizcaya State University
alan@[Link]
+63 969-472-2432

CHERRY D. QUIDIT, REE

Instructor
Nueva Vizcaya State University

127
 +63 995-866-6856
CABBIGAT, IVERSON B.
JEMIMAH P. NATIVIDAD,
REE
Address : Poblacion East, Lamut, Ifugao Instructor
Nueva Vizcaya State University
Email : ivercabbigat09@[Link]
+63 917-105-4191
Mobile : +63 975-225-2029
No.

I hereby testify that all information stated above is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

JERICO GIL M. BELEN

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 25
Date of Birth : April 21, 1998
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Gender : Male
Father : John D. Cabbigat Sr.
Mother : Aida B. Cabbigat
Language Spoken : English, Filipino, Ilocano, Ifugao

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Nueva Vizcaya State University

128
 Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
2018 – Present
SECONDARY : San Francisco High School
Poblacion East, Lamut, Ifugao
2012 -2016
PRIMARY : Lamut Central School
Poblacion East, Lamut, Ifugao
2006 - 2012

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

Technical Webinar:
Basic Solar Design for Residential and Commercial
MEPF Organization of the Philippones, Inc.
Panay Avenue, Corner Edsa, Quezon City
September 20, 2021

Technical Webinar:
RA 11361 Anti Obstruction of Power Lines Act
IIEE National
September 18, 2021

Technical Webinar:
Electrical Design (Residential House and Substation- Partial Discharge)
MEPF Organization of the Philippines Inc.
Panay Avenue, Corner Edsa, Quezon City
September 13, 2021

Technical Webinar:
Electrical Engineering 101- Fundamentals Electrical Circuits
Federation of United Students of Electrical Engineering
Jacinto Boulevard, Davao City
September 06, 2021

Technical Webinar:
Facilities Maintenance Management

129
MEPF Organization of the Philippines Inc.
Panay Avenue, Corner Edsa, Quezon City
September 6, 2021

Technical Webinar: Basic Tools on Energy

Management Systems
IIEE National
September 04, 2021

Technical Webinar:
On-the-Job Training Orientation
Nueva Vizcaya State University
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
August 31, 2021

Technical Webinar:
22nd Northern Luzon Regional Conference
Hosted by: IIEE Nueva Vizcaya- Ifugao
February 19-20, 2021

Technical Webinar:
Integrating Social Sciences and Humanities in Engineering
Hosted by: Engineers without Borders, XPERTO and [Link]
October 13, 2020

Technical Webinar:
Human-Centered Design and Engineering
Engineers without Borders, XPERTO and [Link]
September 10, 2020

130
 REFERENCES
ALAN P. NEBRIDA, REE, MSECE
FARRO, MARICEL M. Associate Professor II
Nueva Vizcaya State
University
Address : Gundaway, Cabarroguis, Quirino alan@[Link]
+63 969-472-2432
Email : maricelfarro3281@[Link]
Mobile : +63 948-761-8521 CHERRY D. QUIDIT,
No. REE
Instructor
Nueva Vizcaya State
University
+63 995-866-6856

JEMIMAH P. NATIVIDAD, REE

Instructor
Nueva Vizcaya State University
+63 917-105-4191

I hereby testify that all information stated above is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

IVERSON B. CABBIGAT

PERSONAL INFORMATION

131
Age : 22
Date of Birth : March 28, 2001
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Gender : Female
Father : Freddie M. Farro
Mother : Evelyn M. Farro
Language Spoken : English, Filipino, Ilocano

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Nueva Vizcaya State University
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
2019 – Present

SECONDARY : Quirino General High School

(Senior High)
Cabarroguis, Quirino
2017 -2019

Cabarroguis National School of Arts and Trades

(Junior High)
Cabarroguis, Quirino
2013 – 2017

PRIMARY : Cabarroguis Central School

Cabarroguis, Quirino
2007 – 2013

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

Technical Webinar:
Distributed Renewable Energy for Distribution System Improvement
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

132
Electrical System Design Guidelines for High-Rise Building
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Electrical Power Transmission

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Future Skills for Future Engineers

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Biomass Fired Powerplant

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Working Principles of Solar Panel

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Energy Management
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Renewable Energy under the Kyoto Protocol

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Concept of Transformer Paralleling and Future Challenges for Future

Engineers
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Hybrid Renewable Power

133
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

240 Hours of Work Simulation and Hands-On Experience (OJT)

August 11 – September 14, 2022
Faculty Office Electrical Engineering
Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya

REFERENCES
ALAN P. NEBRIDA, REE, MSECE
Associate Professor II
Nueva Vizcaya State University
alan@[Link]
+63 969-472-2432

CHERRY D. QUIDIT, REE

Instructor
Nueva Vizcaya State University
+63 995-866-6856

134
 JEMIMAH P. NATIVIDAD, REE
Instructor
FELICIANO, JONATHAN
Nueva Vizcaya JR. G.
State University
+63 917-105-4191
Address : Gamis, Saguday, Quirino
Email : jonathanfeliciano520@[Link]
I hereby testify that all information stated above is true and correct to the best of
Mobile my
[Link]
: +63 955-336-9005
and belief.

MARICEL M. FARRO

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 22
Date of Birth : April 26, 2001
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Gender : Male
Father : Jonathan A. Feliciano Sr.
Mother : Marylou G. Feliciano
Language Spoken : English, Filipino, Ilocano

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

135
TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
Nueva Vizcaya State University
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
2019 – Present

SECONDARY : Cabarroguis National School of Arts and Trades

(Senior High)
Cabarroguis, Quirino
2016 -2018

Cabarroguis National School of Arts and Trades

(Junior High)
Cabarroguis, Quirino
2011– 2015

PRIMARY : Pangal Norte Elementary School

Echague, Isabela
2005– 2011

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

Technical Webinar:
Distributed Renewable Energy for Distribution System Improvement
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Electrical System Design Guidelines for High-Rise Building

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Electrical Power Transmission

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Future Skills for Future Engineers

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

136
Biomass Fired Powerplant
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Working Principles of Solar Panel

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Energy Management
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Renewable Energy under the Kyoto Protocol

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Concept of Transformer Paralleling and Future Challenges for Future

Engineers
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Hybrid Renewable Power

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

137
 REFERENCES
GALAPON, ACE VALFORT C.
ALAN P. NEBRIDA, REE,
MSECE
Address : Villa Norte, Maddela, Quirino Associate Professor II
Nueva Vizcaya State University
Email : galaponace03@[Link] alan@[Link]
Mobile No. : +63 906-696-1025 +63 969-472-2432

CHERRY D. QUIDIT, REE

Instructor
Nueva Vizcaya State University
+63 995-866-6856

JEMIMAH P. NATIVIDAD, REE

Instructor
Nueva Vizcaya State University
+63 917-105-4191

I hereby testify that all information stated above is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

JONATHAN G. FELICIANO JR.

138
 PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 22
Date of Birth : February 14, 2001
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Gender : Male
Father : Aristotle R. Galapon
Mother : Ruena Fe C. Galapon
Language Spoken : English, Filipino, Ilocano

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Nueva Vizcaya State University
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
2019 – Present

SECONDARY : Maddela Comprehensive High School

(Senior High)
Maddela, Quirino
2017 -2019

Maddela Comprehensive High School

(Junior High)
Maddela, Quirino
2013 – 2017

PRIMARY : Villa Hermoza Elementary School

Maddela, Quirino
2007 – 2013

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

139
Technical Webinar: Electrical Design Overview in Oil & Gas and
Petrochemical Industries
IIEE Kuwait Chapter
January 13, 2023

Technical Webinar: Transformer Oil Analysis and Regeneration Program in

Oil Fields
IIEE Kuwait Chapter
January 13, 2023

Technical Webinar: 21st Century Technologies

Probot Corporation and Mechatronics Technology Corporation
January 13, 2023

Technical Webinar: Industrial Motor Control

Marinay’s Power House Team Review and Training Center
December 04, 2022

Technical Webinar:
Distributed Renewable Energy for Distribution System Improvement
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Electrical System Design Guidelines for High-Rise Building

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Electrical Power Transmission

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Future Skills for Future Engineers

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Biomass Fired Powerplant

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

140
Energy Management
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Renewable Energy under the Kyoto Protocol

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Concept of Transformer Paralleling and Future Challenges for Future

Engineers
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Hybrid Renewable Power

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: High Voltage Transformers Principle

Marinay’s Power House Team Review and Training Center
October 09, 2022

Technical Webinar: Instrumentation and Control

Mechatronics and Robotics Society of the Philippines
Echague, Isabela
October 08, 2022

141
 REFERENCES
ALAN P. NEBRIDA, REE, MSECE
LORIDA, JOEMEL RAY B. Associate Professor II
Nueva Vizcaya State University
alan@[Link]
Address : Payawan, Lamut, Ifugao +63 969-472-2432
Email : joemellorida@[Link]
CHERRY D. QUIDIT, REE
Mobile : +63 938 5375 524 Instructor
No. Nueva Vizcaya State University
+63 995-866-6856

JEMIMAH P. NATIVIDAD, REE

Instructor
Nueva Vizcaya State University
+63 917-105-4191

I hereby testify that all information stated above is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

ACE VALFORT C. GALAPON

142
 PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 22
Date of Birth : June 7, 2001
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Gender : Male
Father : Melencio S. Lorida
Mother : Dominga B. Lorida
Language Spoken : English, Filipino

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Nueva Vizcaya State University
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
2019 - Present

SECONDARY : Ifugao Provincial Science High School

Mabato-bato, Lamut, Ifugao
2013 -2019

PRIMARY : Nayon Elementary School

Nayon, Lamut, Ifugao
2007 – 2013

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

143
Technical Webinar:
Distributed Renewable Energy for Distribution System Improvement
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Electrical System Design Guidelines for High-Rise Building

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Biomass Fired Powerplant

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Working Principles of Solar Panel

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Energy Management
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Renewable Energy under the Kyoto Protocol

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Concept of Transformer Paralleling and Future Challenges for Future

Engineers
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Hybrid Renewable Power

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022
Webinar and Technical Training Series (WATTS on Automation System-
Part 2)

144
4rth Joint technical webinar 2022
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
September 18, 2022

Energy Saving through Power Factor Correction

Marinay’s Power House Team Review and Training Center
Marulas A, Manila, Philippines
September 25, 2022

145
 REFERENCES
ALAN P. NEBRIDA, REE, MSECE
Associate
SANTIAGO, Professor
MARKIIPAOLO L.
Nueva Vizcaya State University
alan@[Link]
Address : Munguia, Dupax del Norte, Nueva Vizcaya
+63 969-472-2432
Email
CHERRY D.:QUIDIT,
markiesantiago28@[Link]
REE
Instructor
Mobile No. : +63 927-803-9870
Nueva Vizcaya State University
+63 995-866-6856

JEMIMAH P. NATIVIDAD, REE

Instructor
Nueva Vizcaya State University
+63 917-105-4191

I hereby testify that all information stated above is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

JOEMEL RAY B. LORIDA

PERSONAL INFORMATION

146
Age : 22
Date of Birth : July 28, 2001
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Gender : Male
Father : Rodrigo G. Santiago Jr.
Mother : Maria Salvida L. Santiago
Language Spoken : English, Filipino, Ilocano

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Nueva Vizcaya State University
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
2019 – Present

SECONDARY : Munguia National High School

(Senior High)
Munguia, Dupax del Norte, Nueva Vizcaya
2017 -2019

Munguia National High School

(Junior High)
Munguia, Dupax del Norte, Nueva Vizcaya
2014 – 2017

Jaime J. Vistan High School

(Junior High)
Plaridel, Bulacan
2013 – 2014

PRIMARY : Lalangan Elementary School

Lalangan, Plaridel, Bulacan
2009 – 2013

Munguia Elementary School

Munguia, Dupax del Norte, Nueva Vizcaya

147
 2007 – 2009

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

Technical Webinar: Concept of Transformer Paralleling and Future Challenges

for Electrical Engineers
IIEE Council of Student Chapters
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Renewable Energy Under Kyoto Protocol

Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Energy Management

Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Working Principles of Solar Panel

Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Biomass Fired Power Plant

Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Future Skills for Future Engineers

Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Electrical System Design Guidelines for High-Rise Building

Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Distributed Renewable Energy for Distribution System

Improvement
IIEE Council of Student Chapters
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Energy Saving Through Power Factor Correction

Power House Review and Training Center

148
Espana. Sampaloc, Metro Manila
October 23, 2022

Technical Webinar: Energy Saving Through Power Factor Correction

Power House Review and Training Center
Espana. Sampaloc, Metro Manila
October 23, 2022

Technical Webinar: Introduction to Innovation Using Scamper Technique

IIEE Metro IIEE Southern Luzon Region, Romblon Chapter
October 22, 2022

Technical Webinar: 3-Phase Motor Standard Connection

Power House Review and Training Center
Espana. Sampaloc, Metro Manila
October 18, 2022

Technical Webinar: High Voltage Transformers Principles

Espana. Sampaloc, Metro Manila
October 09, 2022

Technical Webinar: Instrumentation and Control

Mechatronics and Robotics Society of the Philippines (MRSP) Isabela Chapter
San Fabian, Echague, Isabela
October 08, 2022

240 Hours of Work Simulation and Hands-On Experience (OJT)

August 11- September 14, 2022
Management Information System Office
Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya

REFERENCES
ALAN P. NEBRIDA, REE, MSECE
Associate Professor II
Nueva Vizcaya State University
alan@[Link]
+63 969-472-2432

CHERRY D. QUIDIT, REE

Instructor
Nueva Vizcaya State University
+63 995-866-6856

149
 JEMIMAH P. NATIVIDAD, REE
Instructor
VICENTE,
NuevaKHRSTEL LAYKA
Vizcaya State C.
University
+63 917-105-4191
Address : San Pedro, Bagabag, Nueva Vizcaya

Email I hereby
: testify that all information stated above is true and correct to the best of
vicentekhrstel@[Link]
my knowledge and belief.

Mobile No. : +63 969-505-0043

MARK PAOLO L. SANTIAGO

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age : 24
Date of Birth : April 28, 1999
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Gender : Female
Father : Renante G. Vicente (+)
Mother : Anna Lea C. Vicente
Language Spoken : English, Filipino, Ilocano

150
 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Nueva Vizcaya State University
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
2019 – Present

SECONDARY : Bagabag National High School

(Senior High)
San Pedro, Bagabag, Nueva Vizcaya
2016 -2018

Bagabag National High School

(Junior High)
San Pedro, Bagabag, Nueva Vizcaya
2011– 2015

PRIMARY : Bagabag Central School

San Pedro, Bagabag, Nueva Vizcaya
2005– 2011

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS/WEBINARS ATTENDED

Technical Webinar:
Distributed Renewable Energy for Distribution System Improvement
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Electrical System Design Guidelines for High-Rise Building

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Electrical Power Transmission

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Future Skills for Future Engineers

17th Regional Student Conference

151
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Biomass Fired Powerplant

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Working Principles of Solar Panel

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Energy Management
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Renewable Energy under the Kyoto Protocol

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Concept of Transformer Paralleling and Future Challenges for Future

Engineers
17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

Technical Webinar: Hybrid Renewable Power

17th Regional Student Conference
Cubao, Quezon City
October 29, 2022

240 Hours of Work Simulation and Hands-On Experience (OJT)

July 3 - August 10, 2023
Physical Plant and Site Development Services Office
Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya

152
 REFERENCES
ALAN P. NEBRIDA, REE, MSECE
Associate Professor II
Nueva Vizcaya State University
alan@[Link]
+63 969-472-2432

CHERRY D. QUIDIT, REE

Instructor
Nueva Vizcaya State University
+63 995-866-6856

JEMIMAH P. NATIVIDAD, REE

Instructor
Nueva Vizcaya State University
+63 917-105-4191

I hereby testify that all information stated above is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

KHRSTEL LAYKA C. VICENTE

153