Emission
CRANKCASE EMISSION EVAPORATIVE EMISSION EXHAUST EMISSION
CONTROL SYSTEM CONTROL SYSTEM CONTROL SYSTEM
Catalytic
Convertor
• Palladium : CO
• Rhodium: NO
• Platinum: HC
• Two-way: They only have oxidation catalysts, which help change carbon
monoxide to carbon dioxide.
• Hydrocarbons (which is unburned and partially burned fuel) are changed
to carbon dioxide and water.
• Three-way: This performs the same as the two-way converter with the
addition of a reduction catalyst.
• As stated earlier, this is used to change nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and
oxygen gases.
Exhaust Gas Recirculation
• To reduce Nox
• The exhaust gas is hotter than the fresh air
sucked by the engine.
• So, the exhaust gas significantly reduces the
contents of the cylinder for combustion.
Because of the absence of oxygen (O2), the
exhaust gases have nothing to burn as they
contain neither fuel nor oxygen particles.
• Thus, it results in lower heat discharge and
cylinder temperatures. It reduces the formation
of nitrogen oxide (NO2) as well.
Crank Case Emission
• A small amount of charge in the
cylinder leaks past piston rings into
crankcase of the reciprocating
engines.
• The positive crankcase ventilation
system is employed to prevent air
pollution caused by blow-by gases
being emitted from the crankcase.
Evaporative emission control
• The evaporative emission control system is
designed to prevent fuel vapours from escaping
into the atmosphere.
• Canister
• Fuel vapours generated inside the fuel tank are
absorbed and stored in the onboard canister.
When the engine is running, the fuel vapours
absorbed in the canister are drawn into the
surge tank through the Purge Control Solenoid
Valve.
Alternate Fuel
Alcohol
• Low Calorific value
• High Octane number
• Huge resources
• Low sulphur content
• Blended with petrol for flexible fuel vehicles.
• Alcohols (e.g., Ethanol: C₂H₅OH, Methanol: CH₃OH) are oxygenated fuels
due to their O₂ content.
• Requires minimal vehicle modifications with appropriate materials.
Hydrogen
• Very High Calorific Value
• Easily available
• Easily Burn
• No problem on leakage
• High Nox Emission
• Storage problem
• Highly Explosive
Natural Gas
• Main Component: Methane (~95% of natural gas).
• Other Components: Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Nitrogen, Carbon
Dioxide, trace gases, and small amounts of sulfur compounds.
• Comparison: Methane properties are used to compare natural gas with other
fuels.
• Calorific Value: High energy content and no storage needed.
• Combustion: Mixes easily with air, produces no smoke or soot, and contains no
sulfur.
• Safety: Lighter than air and disperses quickly in case of leaks.
CNG
• Primarily contain methane (CH₄), with small amounts of other gases.
• Low energy density.
• Produces lower carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate
emissions compared to gasoline or diesel.
• High Octane Rating: Provides smoother engine performance
• Storage Space: CNG cylinders require more space in vehicles
LPG
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).
• Mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily propane (C₃H₈) and butane (C₄H₁₀)
• Clean-burning with no soot or smoke.
• Stored as a liquid under moderate pressure in cylinders or tanks.
• Ethyl mercaptan provides a strong, easily recognizable odor, allowing
users to detect leaks, as LPG is naturally odorless.
Biodiesel
• Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel made from organic materials like
vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oil.
• Transesterification: Oils or fats are chemically reacted with alcohol (usually
methanol) and a catalyst (like sodium or potassium hydroxide) to produce biodiesel
and glycerin.
• Typically blended with petroleum diesel (e.g., B20 = 20% biodiesel, 80% diesel).
• Produces lower greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur
oxides, and carbon monoxide.
Engine Cooling
System
Air Cooling
• Simpler and cheaper.
• Lighter engine design.
• Less maintenance required.
• No risk of freezing damage.
• Ideal for small engines like
motorcycles and scooters.
Thermo Syphon Cooling System
• No water pump required.
• No moving parts.
• Water circulation depends on
engine temperature.
• Water circulation may slow down
under heavy loads or in hot
conditions.
Pumped Circulation System
• Thermostats regulate engine
cooling water temperature.
• Helps the engine heat up quickly
when cold
• Maintains a desired temperature
once reached.
• A car thermostat typically opens at
80 deg
Engine Lubrication System
Mist lubrication
• Mist lubrication is used in two-stroke engines
• The lubricating oil is mixed with fuel at a ratio of 3% to 6%.
• The fuel-oil mixture is inducted through the carburetor into the engine.
• The fuel vaporizes, while the oil remains in mist form.
• The mist lubricates engine parts: it strikes the crankcase walls, lubricates
the connecting rod bearings, and the rest lubricates the piston, piston
rings, and cylinder.
Engine Ignition System
Battery Ignition System
• Ballast resistor (Iron) in series
with the primary winding.
• Primary winding less in
number(200-300) and thick
• Secondary winding thin and
large in number (20,000-23000)
• Iron Core
Spark Plug
• Central electrode and ground electrode
made of nickel alloy to avoid corrosion
• Gasket avoid leakage
• Ribs avoid leakage of current
• Insulation is made of porsolin
• A spark plug typically requires a
voltage between 12,000 and 25,000
volts to produce a spark
Magneto Ignition System
• Faradays law
• Transformer core made of Iron
• At low engine speeds, the magneto
ignition system may produce weaker
sparks, which can lead to difficulties in
starting the engine.
• Magneto ignition systems are commonly
used in small engines, such as
lawnmowers, chainsaws, and generators,
due to their reliability and independence
from external power sources.