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Reading and Writing
Patterns of Development Part 1
Prepared by: Mr. Prince Kenneth O. Montejo, LPT
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:
a. define patterns of development;
b. list and discuss different patterns of developmnent;
c. distinguish the different patterns of development from one another; and
d. identify in actual written text as or write a text using patterns of development.
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
Patters of development are about the manner or technique in which we express our thoughs and ideas in writing.
Below are the different patterns of development.
Narration Description Definition Exemplification or
classification
Comparison and Cause and effect Problem-solution Persuasion
contrast
Narration
Simply put, narration is about telling a story. It presents a series of events in chronological order. It tells the reader what
happened at what time and where.
Examples:
The night had fallen. I had let my tools drop from my hands. Of what moment now was my hammer, my bolt, or thirst,
or death? On one star, one planet, my planet, the Earth, there was a little prince to be comforted. I took hiim in my
arms, and rocked him. I said to him:
“The flower that you love is not in danger. I will draw you a muzzle for your sheep. I will draw you a railing to put
around your flower. I will –"
I did not know what to say to him. I felt awkward and blundering. I did not know how I could reach him, where I could
overtake hiim and go on hand in hand with him once more.
It is such a secret place, the land of tears.
- Antoine Saint-Exupery, The Little Prince.
Elizabeth, as they drove along, watched for the first appearance of Pemberley Woods with some perturbation; and
when at length they turned in at the lodge, her spirits were in a high flutter. The park was very large, and contained
great variety of ground. They entered it in one of its lowest points, and drove for some time through a beautiful wood
stretching over a wide extent.
Elizabeth’s mind was too full for conversation, but she saw and admired every remarkable spot and point of view. The
park was very large, with extensive lawns and winding streams. The house, at length, came into view. It was a large,
handsome, stone building, standing well on rising ground, and backed by a ridge of high woody hills;—and in front, a
stream, of some natural importance, was swelled into greater, but without any artificial appearance. Its banks were
neither formal nor falsely adorned. Elizabeth was delighted. She had never seen a place where nature had done more,
or where natural beauty had been so little counteracted by an awkward taste.
- Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice
The following are some transition words used to signal time or sequence: first, second, after, next, then, eventually,
meanwhile, short time later, during, at the same time, simultaneously, suddenyl, instantly, momentarily.
Description
Descriptive patterns give us details – an explanation or an account of a person, place, time, event, and the like. It helps
readers experience and understand what we are writing about.
Descriptive paragraphs emphasize description which are most common in works of fiction as a means of establishing the
time and setting for the reader.
She sat down on one of her grandmother’s uncomfortable armchairs, and the cat sprang up into her lap and made itself
comfortable. The light that came through the picture window was daylight, real golden late-afternoon daylight, not a
white mist light. The sky was a robin’s-egg blue, and Coraline could see trees, green hills, which faded on the horizon
into purples and grays. The sky had never seemed so sky, the world had never seemed so world… Nothing she thought,
had ever been so interesting.
- Neil Gaiman, Coraline
Through the details provided by the author, such as the kind of light shining through the window and the color of the sky.
Call me Ishmael. Some years ago—never mind how long precisely—having little or no money in my purse, and nothing
particular to interest me on shore, I thought I would sail about a little and see the watery part of the world. It is a way I
have of driving off the spleen and regulating the circulation. Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth;
whenever it is a damp, drizzly November in my soul; whenever I find myself involuntarily pausing before coffin
warehouses, and bringing up the rear of every funeral I meet; and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper
hand of me, that it requires a strong moral principle to prevent me from deliberately stepping into the street, and
methodically knocking people’s hats off—then, I account it high time to get to sea as soon as I can.
- Herman Melville, Moby-Dick
The following are the signal words used in describing aside from adjectives: above, across, along, alongside, amidst,
around, away from, back of, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, farther, here, in front of, inside,
into, near, off, on top of, opposite to, outside, over, throughout, to the right, under.
Definition
In definitive paragraphs, words are used to explain a new idea, thought, or concept. Paragraphs like this present readers
with the meaning and explanation of a concept.
Aside from stating the dictionary definition, we also need to explain the concept the way we understand it, including how
it affects our lives.
Example:
Photosynthesis is the biochemical process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, usually from
the sun, into chemical energy stored in glucose. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where
chlorophyll absorbs light energy, primarily in the blue and red wavelengths. Through a series of reactions, carbon
dioxide and water are transformed into glucose and oxygen. The overall reaction can be simplified as:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth as it provides the primary energy source for nearly all living organisms,
directly or indirectly, by fueling the food chain.
Plate tectonics is the theory explaining the movement of the Earth's lithosphere, which is divided into large, rigid
plates. These plates float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath them, and their interactions at plate boundaries lead
to geological phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the creation of mountain ranges. The movement of
these plates is driven by forces such as mantle convection, slab pull, and ridge push. Plate tectonics is fundamental to
understanding the dynamic processes of the Earth's surface, and it explains the distribution of many geological features
and phenomena.
The signal words are: is defined as, as defined, means, refers to, define, to illustrate.
Exemplification or Classification
Exemplification is giving examples or specific instanbces in order to support a claim. Meanwhile, classification is
breaking down a topic into smaller groups or categories to help readers understand the text.
Climate change has a wide range of effects on our planet, many of which can be observed in weather patterns, sea
levels, and ecosystems. For example, the increasing frequency and intensity of hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean
demonstrate how warming sea temperatures are fueling more powerful storms. Similarly, the melting of glaciers in the
Arctic and Antarctic regions is contributing to rising sea levels, which threaten coastal cities. In addition, shifts in
ecosystems are evident as species migrate to new areas in response to changing temperatures, such as the northward
movement of certain bird species. These examples illustrate the far-reaching impact of climate change across different
facets of our environment.
Renewable energy sources can be classified into several types, each with its own unique characteristics and uses. The
most common categories are solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. Solar energy harnesses the power of the sun through
photovoltaic panels or solar thermal systems. Wind energy uses turbines to convert wind motion into electricity.
Hydroelectric power, on the other hand, utilizes the flow of water, typically through dams, to generate electricity. These
categories can further be subdivided. For example, solar energy includes both passive and active systems, while wind
energy can be categorized into onshore and offshore systems. By classifying renewable energy sources, we can better
understand their specific applications and potential benefits.
The signal words are: after all, as an example, consider the following, for example, for instance, in other words, in
particular, in short, namely, put another way, specifically, started differently, that is, to specific, to clarify, to illustrate.
In summary
1. Narration:
Narration is the process of telling a story or recounting events. It often follows a chronological order and is used
to entertain, inform, or engage readers. It’s commonly used in novels, biographies, and personal anecdotes.
Narration helps to convey experiences or plot details by providing characters, setting, and events. It often involves
a narrative voice or perspective (first-person, third-person).
2. Description:
Description involves providing detailed information about a person, place, object, or event. It helps create vivid
images in the reader’s mind through sensory details (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell). Descriptive writing is
commonly used in both creative and informational contexts, such as in travel writing, character sketches, or
scientific observations. Its purpose is to make the subject come alive for the reader by using rich, specific details.
3. Definition:
The definition pattern explains a term or concept by providing its meaning and often its significance. This can
include the formal dictionary definition, followed by examples or clarifications. Definition is used to introduce
and clarify new or complex ideas. For instance, an essay may define a scientific phenomenon, a historical term, or
a social concept in order to ensure the reader understands it before further discussion.
4. Exemplification/Classification:
o Exemplification provides specific examples to support or illustrate a general idea or argument. It shows
how a broad concept is applied in particular cases. For example, an essay about the impact of climate
change might use specific examples like hurricanes, rising sea levels, or species migration to highlight its
effects.
o Classification divides a broad topic into distinct categories or groups. Each category is then described or
explained separately. This helps organize information and makes complex topics easier to understand.
These patterns of development allow writers to structure their thoughts in clear, engaging ways, whether the goal is to tell
a story, paint a picture, define a term, or organize ideas into categories.