[Link] car travels due east at 40 km/h, and a second car travels north at 40 km/h.

Are their velocities

No, their velocities are not equal. Velocity is a vector quantity that depends on both magnitude and
direction. Although both cars have the same speed (40 km/h), they are moving in different directions
(east and north), making their velocities different.

[Link] you conclude that a car is not accelerating if its speedometer indicates a steady 60 km/h? Explain.

No, you cannot conclude that the car is not accelerating. The speedometer only measures speed (the
magnitude of velocity), not direction. The car could be turning while maintaining a constant speed,
which would mean it is accelerating because acceleration includes changes in direction.

[Link] several examples of an object's motion in which a great distance is traveled but the displacement
is zero.

Examples:

A satellite in a circular orbit around Earth.

A person jogging around a track and returning to the starting point.

The hands of a clock after completing a full rotation.

Can the displacement vector for a particle moving in two dimensions be longer than the length of the
path traveled by the particle over the same time interval? Can it be less? Discuss.

No, displacement cannot be longer than the path length because displacement is the shortest straight-
line distance between the starting and ending points. However, displacement can be less than the path
length, especially if the particle follows a curved or zigzag path.

During baseball practice, a player hits a very high fly ball and runs in a straight line and catches it. Which
had the greater displacement, the player or the ball? Explain.

The ball has greater displacement because it moves in a curved projectile motion while the player runs in
a straight line. Displacement is the straight-line distance from start to finish, and the ball’s path covers
more height and distance than the player’s.

Can two vectors of unequal magnitude add up to give the zero vector? Under what conditions? Can
three unequal vectors?

Yes, two unequal vectors can add up to zero if they have equal magnitudes but opposite directions.
Three unequal vectors can sum to zero if they form a closed triangle.

Can the magnitude of a vector ever (a) equal, or (b) be less than, one of its components?

(a) The magnitude of a vector equals one of its components only if the other component is zero.

(b) The magnitude of a vector cannot be less than any of its components because the magnitude is
always the resultant of all components.

Does the odometer of a car measure a scalar or a vector quantity? What about the speedometer?
The odometer measures distance traveled, which is a scalar quantity.

The speedometer measures speed (also a scalar) since it does not indicate direction.

In archery, should the arrow be aimed directly at the target? How should your angle of aim depend on
the distance to the target?

No, the arrow should be aimed slightly above the target to account for gravity pulling it downward. The
further the target, the higher the angle of aim should be.

It was reported in World War I that a pilot flying at an altitude of 2 km caught in his bare hands a bullet
fired at the plane! Using the fact that a bullet slows down considerably due to air resistance, explain how
this incident occurred.

When fired upward, the bullet loses speed due to air resistance and gravity. By the time it reaches the
altitude of the plane, it may have slowed down enough for the pilot to catch it safely.

You are on the street trying to hit a friend in his dorm window with a water balloon. He has a similar idea
and is aiming at you with his water balloon. You aim straight at each other and throw at the same
instant. Do the balloons hit each other? Explain why or why not.

Not necessarily. If the balloons follow projectile motion, their paths might not intersect unless their
initial velocities and angles are identical. Factors like air resistance and height differences could affect
their trajectories.

A projectile is launched at an upward angle of 30° to the horizontal with a speed of 30 m/s. How does
the horizontal component of its velocity 1.0 s after launch compare with its horizontal component of
velocity 2.0 s after launch, ignoring air resistance?

The horizontal component of velocity remains constant at

30

cos

30

30cos(30

) m/s because horizontal motion is not affected by gravity in the absence of air resistance.

A projectile has the least speed at what point in its path?

At the highest point in its trajectory, where the vertical component of velocity is zero.
Two cannonballs, A and B, are fired from the ground with identical initial speeds, but while

is larger than

, (a) which cannonball reaches a higher elevation? (b) Which stays longer in the air? (c) Which travels
farther?

(a) Cannonball A reaches a higher elevation since it has a larger vertical component.

(b) Cannonball A stays longer in the air because it has a greater time of flight.

(c) Cannonball B travels farther if it has a greater horizontal range.

A person sitting in an enclosed train car, moving at constant velocity, throws a ball straight up into the air.
Where does the ball land?

The ball lands back in the person's hand because it retains the horizontal velocity of the train.

If you are riding on a train that speeds past another train moving in the other direction, why do you
perceive the other train as moving faster?

Because your relative velocity is the sum of both train speeds, making the other train appear to move
faster.

Two rowers, who can row at the same speed in still water, set off across a river at the same time. One
heads straight across, while the other moves at an angle to compensate for the current. Which rower
reaches the opposite side first?

The rower moving straight across reaches first because the other rower must travel a longer diagonal
distance.

If you stand motionless under an umbrella in a rainstorm where the drops fall vertically, you remain
relatively dry. However, if you start running, the rain begins to hit your legs even if they remain under the
umbrella. Why?
Because running creates a relative velocity, making the rain appear to come at an angle, causing it to hit
your legs.