QUARTER 4
LESSON 1
ISSUES
MAGNIFY
Abstract Introduction
Literature Methodology
Result Review
Discussion
Conclusion Reference Appendix
Theory
UNDERSTANDING
TECHNICAL
TERMS
What are the Parts of Research?
Abstract
An abstract summarizes, usually in one paragraph of 300 words or less, the
major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence that includes:
1) the overall purpose of the study and the research
problem(s) you investigated;
2) the basic design of the study;
3) major findings or trends found as a result of your
analysis; and,
4) a brief summary of your interpretations conclusions.
Abstract
Introduction
The introduction serves the purpose of leading the reader from a general
subject area to a particular field of research. It establishes the context of
the research being conducted by:
▪ summarizing current understanding and background information
about the topic
▪ stating the purpose of the work in the form of the hypothesis,
question, or research problem
▪ briefly explaining your rationale, methodological approach
▪ highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal
▪ describing the remaining structure of the paper.
Introduction
Literature Review
It surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a
particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, providing a
description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works.
▪ Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview
of sources you have explored while researching a
particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how
your research fits into the larger field of study.
Literature Review
Methodology
It includes the strategy and reason for conducting the research. It also
provides the information by which a study’s validity is judged. The Method
Section answers two main questions:
1) How was the data collected or generated?
2) How was it analyzed?
The writing should be direct and precise and written in the past
tense.
Methodology
Results
It refer to the outcome of your research or study. It is where you report the
findings of your study based upon the information gathered as a result of
the methodology [or methodologies] you applied.
▪ The Results Section should simply state the findings, without
bias or interpretation, and arranged in a logical sequence.
▪ It should always be written in the past tense.
▪ A section describing results [a.k.a., "findings"] is particularly
necessary if your paper includes data generated from your
own research.
Results
Discussion
It is to interpret and describe the significance of your findings in light of
what was already known about the research problem being investigated.
▪ It is to explain any new understanding or fresh insights about the
problem after you've taken the findings into consideration.
▪ The discussion will always connect to the introduction by way of
the research questions or hypotheses you posed and the literature
you reviewed, but it does not simply repeat or rearrange the
introduction; the discussion should always explain how your study
has moved the reader's understanding of the research problem
forward from where you left them at the end of the introduction.
Discussion
Conclusion
It is intended to help the reader understand why your research should
matter to them after they have finished reading the paper.
▪ A conclusion is not merely a summary of your points or a re-
statement of your research problem but a synthesis of key points.
▪ For most essays, one well-developed paragraph is sufficient for a
conclusion, although in some cases, a two-orthree-paragraph
conclusion may be required.
Conclusion
Reference
It is also a citation of a published or unpublished source that you
consulted and obtained information from while writing your research
paper.
▪ Citations show your readers where you obtained your material,
provides a means of critiquing your study, and offers the opportunity
to obtain additional information about the research problem under
investigation.
Reference
Appendix
▪ It contains supplementary material that is not an essential part of
the text itself but which may be helpful in providing a more
comprehensive understanding of the research problem and/or is
information which is too cumbersome to be included in the body
of the paper.
▪ A separate appendix should be used for each distinct topic or set
of data and always have a title descriptive of its contents.
Appendix
Other Technical Terms
▪ Theory - defined as a general explanation about a specific behavior
or set of events that is based on known principles and serves to
organize related events in a meaningful way.
▪ Data - a factual information, scope, and focus of the research
paper
▪ Conceptual Framework - offers a logical structure of connected
concepts that help provide a picture or visual display of how ideas
in a study relate to one another within the theoretical framework
▪ Research Design - the game plan or method for finding out what
you want to know.