Experimental Report 01:

MEASURE OF BASIC LENGHT

Table 1: Hollow metal cylinder datasheet

Δ = 0.02, a = 1, 𝑚 = 27.3 g
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷(𝑚𝑚) ΔD! (mm) 𝑑(𝑚𝑚) Δd) (𝑚𝑚) ℎ(𝑚𝑚) Δℎ! (𝑚𝑚)
1 35.00 0.02 28.00 0.04 9.30 0.01
2 34.98 0.00 28.08 0.04 9.28 0.01
3 34.98 0.00 28.04 0.00 9.30 0.01
4 34.96 0.02 28.08 0.04 9.28 0.01
5 35.00 0.02 28.02 0.02 9.28 0.01
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 F = 34.98
𝐷 𝑑̅ = 28.04 ℎ7 = 9.29

Table 2: Steel ball datasheet

Δ = 0.01, a = 0.5
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷' (𝑚𝑚) Δ𝐷'! (𝑚𝑚)
1 9.98 0.01
2 9.98 0.01
3 10.00 0.01
4 10.00 0.01
5 9.98 0.01
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 777'7 = 9.99
𝐷

Calculation of standard deviation (s.d )

∑# Δ𝐷" ∑#!$% Δ𝑑!" ∑#!$% Δℎ!" ∑#!$% Δ𝐷' "!

Δ𝐷 = $ !$% ! Δd = $ Δh = $ ΔD& = $
5 5 5 5
≈ 0.02 (𝑚𝑚) ≈ 0.03 (𝑚𝑚) ≈ 0.01 (𝑚𝑚) ≈ 0.01 (𝑚𝑚)

Calculate volume and density of the hollow metal cylinder and volume of the steel ball
𝜋 ! 3.14
𝑉" = ( − 𝑑̅ ! ,ℎ" =
&𝐷 (34.98! − 28.04! ) × 9.29 ≈ 3.19 × 10" (𝑚𝑚" )
4 4
𝑚( 27.3
𝜌̅ = = ≈ 8.56 × 10#" (𝑔/𝑚𝑚^3 )
𝑉" 3.19 × 10"
1 ( 1
777
𝑉' = 𝜋 7𝐷77'7 = × 3.14 × 9.99( ≈ 0.52 × 10( (𝑚𝑚( )
6 6
 Calculation of uncertainties and final result
We have:
𝜋 "
F − 𝑑̅ " Kℎ7
𝑉7 = I𝐷
4
So:
"
Δ𝜋 "
− F"
ΔI𝐷 𝑑̅ " K
Δℎ Δ𝜋 "
Δ𝐷 Δ𝑑 "
1 Δℎ "
" "
7 $
Δ𝑉 = 𝑉 L M + O " 7Q $
P + L M = 𝑉 L M + R2 L M + L M × " S +L M
𝜋 F − 𝑑̅ "
𝐷 ℎ 𝜋 𝐷F 𝑑̅ F − 𝑑̅ "
𝐷 ℎ

"
" " "
0.01 0.02 0.03 1 0.01 "
( Q
= 3.19 × 10 × L $
M + R2 L M +L M × S +L M ≈ 0.01 × 10( (𝑚𝑚( )
3.14 34.98 28.04 34.98" − 28.04" 9.29

Hence:
𝑽 = (𝟑. 𝟏𝟗 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏) × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 (𝒎𝒎𝟑 )

We have:
𝑚1
𝜌̅ =
𝑉3
So:
"
Δ𝑉 " 0.01 × 10(
Δ𝜌 = 𝜌56 7 = 8.56 × 10+( × 5= @ ≈ 0.02 × 10+( (𝑔/𝑚𝑚^3 )
𝑉3 3.19 × 10(

Hence:
𝝆 = (𝟖. 𝟓𝟔 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐) × 𝟏𝟎+𝟑 (𝒈/𝒎𝒎𝟑 )

We have:
1
333' = 𝜋 3𝐷33'3(
𝑉
6
So:
Δ𝜋 " Δ𝐷 " 0.01 " 0.01 "
333' 56 7 + 63 × ' 7 = 0.52 × 10( 56
Δ𝑉' = 𝑉 7 + 63 × 7 ≈ 0.00 × 10( (𝑚𝑚( )
𝜋 333'3
𝐷 3.14 9.99

Hence:
𝑽𝒃 = (𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎) × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 (𝒎𝒎𝟑 )
 Experimental Report 02:
VERIFICATION OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM AND
KINETIC ENERGY USING AIR TRACK

Table 1: Elastic collision

𝑚% = 400.4 𝑔, 𝑚" = 798,6 𝑔

𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡% (𝑠) Δt%! (s) 𝑡%- (𝑠) Δ𝑡%- ! (𝑠) 𝑡"- (𝑠) Δ𝑡"- ! (𝑠)

1 0.165 0.000 0.700 0.007 0.291 0.002

2 0.163 0.002 0.693 0.000 0.293 0.000
3 0.167 0.002 0.697 0.004 0.292 0.001
4 0.162 0.003 0.681 0.012 0.301 0.008
5 0.163 0.002 0.693 0.000 0.289 0.004
6 0.164 0.001 0.686 0.007 0.294 0.001
7 0.165 0.000 0.698 0.005 0.296 0.003
8 0.166 0.001 0.698 0.005 0.294 0.001
9 0.166 0.001 0.698 0.005 0.293 0.000
10 0.164 0.001 0.689 0.004 0.291 0.002
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑡1% = 0.165 𝑡1%- = 0.693 𝑡1"- = 0.293

Table 2: Inelastic collision

𝑚% = 798.3 𝑔, m" = 403.0 𝑔
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡(𝑠) Δt(s) 𝑡 - (𝑠) Δ𝑡 - (𝑠)
1 0.249 0.001 0.568 0.001
2 0.239 0.011 0.599 0.032
3 0.260 0.010 0.590 0.023
4 0.249 0.001 0.566 0.001
5 0.264 0.014 0.561 0.006
6 0.246 0.004 0.536 0.031
7 0.246 0.004 0.539 0.028
8 0.251 0.001 0.591 0.024
9 0.247 0.003 0.523 0.044
10 0.247 0.003 0.598 0.031
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑡̅ = 0.250 𝑡1- = 0.567
 Calculation of standard deviation (s.d )

∑%. "
∑%. -" ∑%. -" ∑%. " ∑%. Δ𝑡′"
!$% Δ𝑡% ! !$% Δ𝑡% ! !$% Δ𝑡" ! !$% Δ𝑡!
Δt% = 5 Δt%- = 5 Δt -" = 5 Δt = 5 Δt - = 5 !$% !
10 10 10 10 10

≈ 0.002 (𝑠) ≈ 0.006 (𝑠) ≈ 0.003 (𝑠) ≈ 0.007 (𝑠) ≈ 0.026 (𝑠)

Calculation of speed and its uncertainties

We have:
𝑙
𝑣̅ =
𝑡̅
So:
Δ𝑡 " Δ𝑡
Δ𝑣 = 𝑣̅ 56 7 = 𝑣̅ (𝑙 = 100 𝑚𝑚)
𝑡̅ 𝑡̅

Hence:

333
𝑣% = 0.606 𝑚/𝑠 333%- = 0.144𝑚/𝑠
𝑣 333"- = 0.341 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣 𝑣̅ = 0.400 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣1- = 0.176 𝑚/𝑠

Δ𝑣% = 0.007 𝑚/𝑠 Δ𝑣%- = 0.001 𝑚/𝑠 Δ𝑣"- = 0.003 𝑚/𝑠 Δ𝑣 = 0.011 𝑚/𝑠 Δ𝑣 - = 0.008 𝑚/𝑠

Data processing
Before After
Elastic Collision
Momentum
𝑝1- = −𝑚% 333
𝑣%- + 𝑚" 333
𝑣"-
333% = 400.4 × 10+( × 0.606
𝑝̅ = 𝑚% 𝑣
= −400.4 × 10+( × 0.144 + 798.6 × 10+( × 0.341
≈ 0.243 (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠)
≈ 0.215 (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠)
" "
Δ𝑣%- Δ𝑣"-
1-
- 5
Δ𝑝 = 𝑝 × = - @ + = - @
Δ𝑣% " 0.007 " 𝑣1 % 𝑣̅ "
Δ𝑝 = 𝑝̅ × 56 7 = 0.243 × 56 7
𝑣̅% 0.606
0.001 " 0.003 "
≈ 0.003 (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠) 5
= 0.215 × 6 7 +6 7 ≈ 0.002 (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠)
0.144 0.341
Hence: Hence:
!
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟑 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 (𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔) 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 (𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔)

Kinetic Energy
1 " 1 333- "
1 1 𝐾 - = 𝑚% 333
333 𝑣%- + 𝑚" 𝑣"
1 = 𝑚% 𝑣̅%" = × 400.4 × 10+( × 0.606"
𝐾 2 2
2 2 $
= ! × (400.4 × 10#" × 0.144! + 798.6 × 10#" × 0.341! )
≈ 0.074 (𝐽)
≈ 0.051 (𝐽)
 " "
Δ𝑣 - Δ𝑣 -
𝐾 - × 5=2 -% @ + =2 -" @
Δ𝐾 = 333
-
333
𝑣% 𝑣333"
Δ𝑣% " 0.007
1 × 562
Δ𝐾 = 𝐾 7 = 0.074 × 2 ×
𝑣%
333 0.606 0.001 " 0.003 "
≈ 0.002 (𝐽) = 0.051 × 562 7 + 62 7
0.144 0.341
≈ 0.001 (𝐽)
Hence: Hence:
-
𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 (𝑱) 𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 (𝑱)
Percent changes in kinetic energy
333
𝐾 - 0.051
= ≈ 68.9%
1 0.074
𝐾
In conclusion, we can notice that the kinetic energy after a completely elastic collision is slightly less
than that one occurring before because of residual friction when the carts move

Inelastic Collision
Momentum
𝑝̅ = 𝑚% 𝑣̅ = 798.3 × 10+( × 0.400 𝑝1- = (𝑚% + 𝑚" )𝑣1- = (798.3 + 403.0) × 10+( × 0.176
≈ 0.319 (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠) ≈ 0.211 (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠)

Δ𝑣 " 0.011 " Δ𝑣 - " 0.008 "

Δ𝑝 = 𝑝̅ × 56 5
7 = 0.319 × 6 7 Δ𝑝 = 𝑝1- × 56
- 5
7 = 0.211 × 6 7
𝑣̅ 0.400 𝑣1- 0.176
≈ 0.009 (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠) ≈ 0.010 (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠)
Hence: Hence:
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟗 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗 (𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔) 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟑 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎 (𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔)

Kinetic Energy
1 "
1 1 333
𝐾 - = (𝑚% + 𝑚" )𝑣1-
1 = 𝑚% 𝑣̅ " = × 798.3 × 10+( × 0.400"
𝐾 2
2 2 %
= " × (798.3 + 403.0) × 10+( × 0.176" )
≈ 0.064 (𝐽)
≈ 0.019 (𝐽)

Δ𝑣 " 0.011 Δ𝑣 - " 0.008

1 × 562
Δ𝐾 = 𝐾 7 = 0.064 × 2 × - 333
- 5
Δ𝐾 = 𝐾 × 62 - 7 = 0.019 × 2 ×
𝑣̅ 0.400 𝑣1 0.176
≈ 0.004 (𝐽) ≈ 0.002 (𝐽)
Hence: Hence:
𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 (𝑱) 𝑲- = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 (𝑱)
Percent changes in kinetic energy Percent changes in kinetic energy
333
𝐾 - 0.019
= ≈ 29.7%
1 0.064
𝐾
In conclusion, we can notice that the kinetic energy after a completely inelastic collision is significantly
less than that one occurring before, regarless of residual friction when the carts move
 Experimental Report 03:
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE SYMMETRIC RIGID BODIES

Table 1: Experiment data

𝐷/ = 0.044 𝑁𝑚/𝑅𝑎𝑑
𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑅𝑜𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑘
𝑇0 (𝑠) Δ𝑇0! 𝑇1 (𝑠) Δ𝑇1! 𝑇23 (𝑠) Δ𝑇3! 𝑇21 (𝑠) Δ𝑇21! 𝑇2 (𝑠) Δ𝑇2!
1 2.618 0.001 2.103 0.002 1.126 0.002 0.319 0.001 2.143 0.001
2 2.617 0.000 2.105 0.000 1.127 0.001 0.317 0.001 2.142 0.000
3 2.618 0.001 2.104 0.001 1.127 0.001 0.318 0.000 2.144 0.002
4 2.616 0.001 2.105 0.000 1.130 0.002 0.321 0.003 2.140 0.002
5 2.617 0.000 2.107 0.002 1.132 0.004 0.317 0.001 2.143 0.001
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑇10 = 2.617 333
𝑇1 = 2.105 3333
𝑇23 = 1.128 3333
𝑇 21 = 0.318 𝑇12 = 2.142

Calculation of uncertainties

∑#!$% Δ𝑇0 "! ∑#!$% Δ𝑇1 "! ∑#!$% Δ𝑇23 "! ∑#!$% Δ𝑇21 "! ∑#!$% Δ𝑇2 "!
ΔT4 = 5 ΔT5 = 5 ΔT67 = 5 ΔT65 =5 ΔT6 = 5
5 5 5 5 5
≈ 0.001 (𝑠) ≈ 0.001 (𝑠) ≈ 0.002 (𝑠) ≈ 0.002 (𝑠) ≈ 0.001 (𝑠)

Calculation of moment of inertia and its uncertainties

We have:
"
𝑇3
3333
𝐼38 = 𝐷9 = @
2𝜋

So:
Δ𝑇 " Δ𝜋 "
Δ𝐼38 = 33335
𝐼38 62 7 + 62 7
𝑇3 𝜋

Hence
𝐼10 = 7.633 × 10+( 𝐼11 = 4.939 × 10+( 333
𝐼23 = 1.418 × 10+( 3333
𝐼21 = 0.113 × 10+( 𝐼12 = 5.114 × 10+(
𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚"

Δ𝐼0 = 0.008 × 10+( Δ𝐼1 = 0.006 × 10+( Δ𝐼23 = 0.005 × 10+( Δ𝐼21 = 0.001 × 10+( Δ𝐼2 = 0.006 × 10+(
𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚"
 Calculation of moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder

𝐼13 = 𝐼333 3333

23 − 𝐼21 = (1.418 − 0.113) × 10
+( " + Δ𝐼 " = {0.005" + 0.001" × 10+(
Δ𝐼3 = zΔ𝐼23 21
= 1.305 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚"
= 0.005 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚"

Final result
Rod 𝑰𝒓 = (𝟕. 𝟔𝟑𝟑 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖) × 𝟏𝟎+𝟑 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎𝟐
Disk 𝑰𝒅 = (𝟒. 𝟗𝟑𝟗 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔) × 𝟏𝟎+𝟑 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎𝟐
Hollow Cylinder 𝑰𝒄 = (𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓) × 𝟏𝟎+𝟑 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎𝟐
Sphere 𝑰𝒔 = (𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟒 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔) × 𝟏𝟎+𝟑 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎𝟐

Compare to thereotical
Experment result Thereotical formula Difference
1 1
𝐼0- = 𝑚𝑙 " = × 0.24 × 0.62" |𝐼0- − 𝐼10 |
𝐼10 = 7.633 × 10+( 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 12 12 ≈ 0.72%
= 7.688 × 10+( 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 𝐼0-

1 1 0.220 " |𝐼1- − 𝐼11 |

𝐼11 = 4.939 × 10+( 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 𝐼1- = 𝑚𝑅" = × 0.795 × 6 7 ≈ 2.68%
2 2 2 𝐼0-
= 4.810 × 10+( 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚"
0.089 " |𝐼3- − 𝐼13 |
𝐼13 = 1.305 × 10+( 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 𝐼3- "
= 𝑚𝑅 = 0.780 × 6 7 ≈ 15.53%
2 𝐼0-
= 1.545 × 10+( 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚"
2 2 0.146 " |𝐼2- − 𝐼12 |
𝐼12 = 5.114 × 10+( 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" 𝐼2- "
= 𝑚𝑅 = × 2.29 × 6 7 ≈ 4.77%
5 5 2 𝐼0-
+( "
= 4.881 × 10 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚
 Experimental Report 04:
DETERMINATION OF GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION USING SIMPLE PENDULUM
OSCILLATION WITH PC INTERFACE

Table 1: Experiment data (𝚫𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒎)

∑#!$% Δ𝑇@ "!

ΔT? = 5
5
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 1 2 3 4 5 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 Δ

400 𝑇% (𝑠) 1.316 1.313 1.320 1.316 1.316 𝑇1% = 1.316

𝑚𝑚 Δ 𝑇%! (𝑠) Δ𝑇% = 0.002
Vertical Plane

0.000 0.003 0.004 0.000 0.000

500 𝑇" (𝑠) 1.475 1.455 1.474 1.459 1.474 𝑇1" = 1.467
𝑚𝑚 Δ 𝑇"! (𝑠) 0.008 0.012 0.007 0.008 0.007 Δ𝑇" = 0.009

600 𝑇( (𝑠) 1.604 1.611 1.615 1.610 1.615 𝑇1( = 1.611

𝑚𝑚 Δ 𝑇(! (𝑠) 0.007 0.000 0.004 0.001 0.004 Δ𝑇( = 0.004
𝑇B (𝑠) 0.758 0.763 0.754 0.742 0.759 𝑇1B = 0.755
0A
Δ 𝑇B! (𝑠) 0.003 0.008 0.001 0.013 0.004 Δ𝑇B = 0.007
𝑇# (𝑠) 0.761 0.762 0.779 0.796 0.800 𝑇1# = 0.780
10A
Δ 𝑇#! (𝑠) Δ𝑇# = 0.016
Inclined Plane

0.019 0.018 0.001 0.016 0.020

𝑇C (𝑠) 0.802 0.806 0.794 0.791 0.791 𝑇1C = 0.797
20A
Δ 𝑇C! (𝑠) 0.005 0.009 0.003 0.006 0.006 Δ𝑇C = 0.006
𝑇D (𝑠) 0.814 0.819 0.832 0.825 0.817 𝑇1D = 0.821
30A
Δ 𝑇D! (𝑠) 0.007 0.002 0.011 0.004 0.004 Δ𝑇D = 0.006
𝑇E (𝑠) 0.966 0.970 0.963 0.967 0.975 𝑇1E = 0.968
50A
Δ 𝑇E! (𝑠) 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.001 0.007 Δ𝑇E = 0.004

Data Processing
Vertical Plane Inclined Plane
𝑙 2𝜋 " 𝑙 𝑙 2𝜋 "
𝑇 = 2𝜋5 ⟹ 𝑔̅ = 𝑙 6 7 𝑇 = 2𝜋5 ⟹ 𝑔̅ = 6 7
𝑔 𝑇3 𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠θ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑇3
 𝛥𝑇 " 𝛥𝑙 " 𝛥𝜋 " 𝛥𝑇 "
𝛥𝜋 " 𝛥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 "
𝛥𝑔 = 𝑔 × 562 7 + 6 7 + 62 7 𝛥𝑔 = 𝑔 × 562 7 + 62 7 + 6 7
𝑇3 𝑙 𝜋 𝑇 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Final Result and Image
"
400 𝑔% 9.118 𝑚/𝑠
𝒈𝟏 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟏𝟖 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Vertical Plane

𝑚𝑚 Δ 𝑔% 0.036 𝑚/𝑠 "

500 𝑔" 9.172 𝑚/𝑠 "
𝒈𝟐 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟕𝟐 ± 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟒 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝑚𝑚 Δ 𝑔" 0.114 𝑚/𝑠 "
600 𝑔( 9.127 𝑚/𝑠 "
𝒈𝟑 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟐𝟕 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝑚𝑚 Δ 𝑔( 0.048 𝑚/𝑠 "
𝑔B 9.696 𝑚/𝑠 "
0A 𝒈𝟒 = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟗𝟔 ± 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Δ 𝑔B 0.180 𝑚/𝑠 "
𝑔# 9.225 𝑚/𝑠 "
10A 𝒈𝟓 = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟐𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟗 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Inclined Plane

Δ 𝑔# 0.379 𝑚/𝑠 "

𝑔C 9.259 𝑚/𝑠 "
20A 𝒈𝟔 = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟓𝟗 ± 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Δ 𝑔C 0.140 𝑚/𝑠 "
𝑔D 9.468 𝑚/𝑠 "
30A 𝒈𝟕 = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟔𝟖 ± 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟗 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Δ 𝑔D 0.139 𝑚/𝑠 "
𝑔E 9.176 𝑚/𝑠 "
50A 𝒈𝟖 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟕𝟔 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Δ 𝑔E 0.077 𝑚/𝑠 "
 Experimental Report 05:
DETERMINATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA BASED ON TORSIONAL VIBRATION

Table 1: Experiment data (𝒓 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎, 𝚫𝒓 = 𝟏 𝒎𝒎)

∑#!$% Δ𝑇@ "! ∑#!$% Δ𝐹@ "!

3ΔT? = 5 , ΔF? = 5
5 5
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 1 2 3 4 5 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 Δ
3𝑇% (𝑠) 4.25 4.21 4.20 4.27 4.23 𝑇1% = 1.41
A
20
3Δ 𝑇%! (𝑠) 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.00 Δ𝑇% = 0.01
Period Time

3𝑇" (𝑠) 3.81 3.80 3.80 3.84 3.85 𝑇1" = 1.27

30A
3Δ 𝑇"! (𝑠) 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 Δ𝑇" = 0.01
3𝑇( (𝑠) 3.51 3.51 3.52 3.51 3.55 𝑇1( = 1.17
40A
3Δ 𝑇(! (𝑠) 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 Δ𝑇" = 0.01
𝐹% (𝑁) 0.45 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.45 𝐹1% = 0.47
A
10
Δ 𝐹%! (𝑁) 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 Δ𝐹% = 0.02
𝐹" (𝑁) 0.90 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.95 333" = 0.92
𝐹
20A
Δ 𝐹"! (𝑁) 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 Δ𝐹" = 0.02
Force

𝐹( (𝑁) 1.35 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.35 333( = 1.33

𝐹
A
30
Δ 𝐹(! (𝑁) 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 Δ𝐹( = 0.02
𝐹B (𝑁) 1.55 1.55 1.60 1.60 1.55 𝐹1B = 1.57
40A
Δ 𝐹B! (𝑁) 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 Δ𝐹B = 0.02

Data Processing
Torsion

Δ𝑟 " Δ𝐹 "
𝜏̅ = 𝐹3 𝑟̅ ⟹ Δτ = 𝜏̅ × 56 7 +6 7
𝑟̅ 𝐹3
Moment of inertia
"
𝐼/ 𝑇3 Δ𝑇 " Δ𝐷L " Δ𝜋 "
𝑇 = 2𝜋5 ⇒ 𝐼1/ = 333
𝐷L × = @ Δ𝐼/ = 𝐼1/ × 562 7 +6 7 + 62 7
𝐷L 2𝜋 𝑇3 𝐷333L 𝜋
 Final Result
𝜏% (𝑁𝑚) 0.094
10A 𝝉𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝑵. 𝒎
Δ 𝜏% (𝑁𝑚) 0.004
𝜏" (𝑁𝑚) 0.184
20A 𝝉𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟒 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝑵. 𝒎
Torque

Δ 𝜏" (𝑁𝑚) 0.004

𝜏( (𝑁𝑚) 0.266
30A 𝝉𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟔 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝑵. 𝒎
Δ 𝜏( (𝑁𝑚) 0.004
𝜏B (𝑁𝑚) 0.314
40A 𝝉𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟒 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝑵. 𝒎
Δ 𝜏B (𝑁𝑚) 0.004

Chart

From the chart

𝐷L ≈ 1.336 (𝑁𝑚/𝑟𝑎𝑑)
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑫𝝉 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟔 ± 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟒 𝑵𝒎/𝒓𝒂𝒅
Δ𝐷L ≈ 0.124 (𝑁𝑚/𝑟𝑎𝑑)

Calculation of moment of inertia

1N
∑(!$% 𝑇 ∑(!$% Δ𝑇!
𝑇3 = = 1.28 (𝑠) Δ𝑇 = = 0.01 (𝑠)
3 3
𝐼/ ≈ 0.055 (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" )
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑰𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎𝟐
Δ𝐼/ ≈ 0.005 (𝑘𝑔. 𝑚" )
 Experimental Report 06:
DETERMINATION OF SOUND WAVELENGTH AND
VELOCITY USING STANDING WAVE PHENOMENON

Table 1: Experiment data (𝚫𝒇 = 𝟏 𝑯𝒛)

∑#!$% Δ𝑑@ "!

Δd? = 5
5

𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 1 2 3 4 5 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 Δ

𝐿% (𝑚𝑚) 166 165 165 167 166

𝐿" (𝑚𝑚)
500 𝐻𝑧

517 518 515 517 517

𝑑% = 𝐿" − 𝐿% 351 353 350 350 351 333% = 351

𝑑

Δ𝑑%! (𝑚𝑚) 0 2 1 1 0 Δ𝑑% = 1

𝐿( (𝑚𝑚) 138 136 135 137 138

𝐿B (𝑚𝑚)
600 𝐻𝑧

432 431 431 430 431

𝑑" = 𝐿B − 𝐿( 294 295 296 293 293 333

𝑑" = 294

Δ𝑑"! (𝑚𝑚) 0 1 2 1 1 Δ𝑑" = 1

𝐿# (𝑚𝑚) 107 108 107 107 107

𝐿C (𝑚𝑚)
700 𝐻𝑧

359 357 358 356 358

𝑑( = 𝐿C − 𝐿# 252 249 251 249 251 333

𝑑( = 250

Δ𝑑(! (𝑚𝑚) 2 1 1 1 1 Δ𝑑( = 1

Data Processing
Wavelenght

𝜆̅ = 2𝑑̅ Δλ = {(Δ𝑑)" = Δ𝑑

Sound Velocity

Δ𝜆 " Δ𝑓 "
𝑣̅ = 𝜆̅ × 𝑓 5
Δ𝑣 = 𝑣̅ × 6 7 + 6 7
𝜆̅ 𝑓
 Result
Wavelenght Sound Velocity
𝒇𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 ± 𝟏 𝑯𝒛
333
𝜆% = 702 × 10+( (𝑚) 𝑣
333% = 351 (𝑚/𝑠)
Δ𝜆% = 1 × 10+( (𝑚) Δ𝑣% = 1 (𝑚/𝑠)
Hence: Hence:
𝝀𝟏 = (𝟕𝟎𝟐 ± 𝟏) × 𝟏𝟎+𝟑 (𝒎) 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟏 ± 𝟏 (𝒎/𝒔)

𝒇𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 ± 𝟏 𝑯𝒛
333" = 588 × 10+( (𝑚)
𝜆 333
𝑣" = 353 (𝑚/𝑠)
Δ𝜆" = 1 × 10+( (𝑚) Δ𝑣" = 1 (𝑚/𝑠)
Hence: Hence:
𝝀𝟐 = (𝟓𝟖𝟖 ± 𝟏) × 𝟏𝟎+𝟑 (𝒎) 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟑𝟓𝟑 ± 𝟏 (𝒎/𝒔)

𝒇𝟑 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎 ± 𝟏 𝑯𝒛
333( = 500 × 10+( (𝑚)
𝜆 333
𝑣( = 350 (𝑚/𝑠)
Δ𝜆( = 1 × 10+( (𝑚) Δ𝑣( = 1 (𝑚/𝑠)
Hence: Hence
𝝀𝟑 = (𝟓𝟎𝟎 ± 𝟏) × 𝟏𝟎+𝟑 (𝒎) 𝒗𝟑 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 ± 𝟏 (𝒎/𝒔)

Theory
At room temperature 𝑇 = 31A 𝐶 (𝑛𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥. 40 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛)

31
𝑣 = 332 × 51 + ≈ 350.3 (𝑚/𝑠)
273

In direct comparison with which are measured above, we can conclude that our experimental values are
acceptable since they are approximate to the theoretical value.