Ilements, (ompounds and Mixtures 23

lt vou mi some salt with epper, one drinking water from ordinary water.
Dart oft the mixture can contain more sal
than pepper and the other, more pepper than
Toseparate the components of a mixture,
varv we lake advantage of their characteristic
salt The taste ot the mixture will also properties like colour, size, shape, solubility,
dordingh ThuS, d salt-pepper mixture melting point, boiling point, etc. For example,
to see tl
is heterogeneous. ou @ll be able to match your blue shirt, you can separate
difterent componenls of a heterogencous miNhur blue buttons from an assortment of buttons of
separatelu and distinguish betwcen then. different colours. From a mixture of salt and
Lable 31 lists various kinds of mixtures, sand, you can obtain salt by dissolving it out
along with examples. in water (sand is not soluble in water) and

Table 3.1 Types of mixtures and their examples

evaporating the solution to dryness.

Tvpe Examples Methods

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
1. Magnetic separation
All allovs, e.g., brass Rice + stone
Solid
(copper + zinc), Sand + salt As you have learnt in the previous class,
steel (iron + carbon Salt + pepper a magnet attracts iron. If you move a magnet
+ manganese), and Chalk + sugar through amixture of iron filings and chalk,
stainless steel (iron + the iron particles attach themselves to the
chromium + nickel) magnet. Chalk is not attracted by a magnet
Asolution of spirit Oil + water and so its particles are left behind. A mixture
Liquid
in water of iron and chalk is separated in this fashion.
A method such as this in which a magnet is
Gaseous Air
used to separate the components ofa mixture
All mixtures of gases iscalled magnetic separation.
Solid A solution of salt or Sand + water
Sugar in water Chalk + water
liquid
Solid Smoke (a mixture
of soot and air)
gas

Liquid Dissolved air in Mist (droplets of

water, fizzy drinks water + air)
gas
(carbon dioxide
dissolved in water)

Separating the Components of Mixtures

Mixtures are impure substances. Hence, in Fig. 3.2 Iron particles stick to the magnet and chalk is left
order to obtain apure ora desirable substance behind.
from
Or to remove an undesirable substance
a mixture, we often need to separate the 2. Evaporation
Components of a mixture. It is only by doing
So that we obtain common salt from seawater; This method is used for separating a solid
petrol,diesel and kerosene from crude oil; and from its solution, eg., salt from its aqueous
 Issential ICSE Chemistry for Class 7
solution. The
and thedish issoution is taken in a
placedover aflame, china
The
dish
water
Obtaining common salt from sea water The method
slowlr evaporates, leaving is used on a large scale to obtan commOn
Osidue. back the salt as salt from sea water. As you know, Sea
water contains salt. So, we can call it a sal:
solution. Sea water is collected in shallo:
pits dug on the seashore. The heat of the
Solution
sun makes the water evaporate. When
enough water has evaporated, the solution
Sand bath becomes concentrated. Then, the salt begins
to crystallise.

Fig. 3.3 Separating a solid from its solution by

the solvent evaporating

Crystallisation While
a stage comes when evaporating
a solution,
the amount of solvent
becomes very little. This solution is called a
Fig. 3.4 Obtaining common salt from sea water
concentrated solution. When it is allowed The salt is further
to cool slowly, crystals of the purified and
mixed with
substance
dissolved start separating. The process
achemicalcalled
sodium iodate. This mixture
is iodised table salt.
called crystallisation. It is used to obtain isa Sodium iodate contains
substance in the pure state. iodine. The lack of iodine in our
diet may
cause the disease goitre.

Mixture
Mixture is
warmed

Sand

Salt solution Sand

Salt Sand Mixture of Salt
salt, sand
and water

Fig. 3.5 Dissolving out salt from a salt-sand mixture

 Elements, Compounds andMixtures 25

3. Dissolution and evaporation with a jacket, through which water is circulated

for cooling the vapours in the tube.
This method is useful when one component
fa solid mixture is soluble in asolvent (say Wepreparedistilled water in the laboratory
water)and the other is not. by this method.

EXPERIMENT Take asolid mixture of salt and 5. Fractional distillation

sand in a beaker or aconical flask. Add some
water to the mixture and stir it vigorously. Fractional distillation is used for separating
Warm it from time to time so that all the salt liquids which differ in their boiling points by
dissolves in the water. Filter, and wash the about 20 °Cor more. The mixture of liquids is
residue 45 times with hot water. Evaporate boiled in aflask and the vapours are passed
the filtrate to dryness in a china dish. You wilI
through afractionating column. The vapours
obtain a white solid,which is nothing but salt. of the liquid with a lower boiling point (i.e.,
Theresidue on the filter paper is sand, which that which is more volatile) rise and the
boiling
vapours of that which has a highercondense
can be dried in the sun.
point (ie., that which is less volatile)
in the bulblike traps. The higher-boiling liquid
4. Distillation The lower
may also come back to the flask.
In distillation, a liquid is vaporised by being boiling liquid gets into the condenser first
boiled, and the vapours are condensed and collects in the receiving flask (Fig. 3.7).
and collected separately. If the liquid were As long as the lower-boiling liquid continues
mixed with any solids, the solids would not to distil, the temperature remains constant.
vaporise. Thus, a liquid can be separated After the lower-boiling liquid has distilled
from a solid mixed with it. The process is off, the higher-boiling liquid begins to distil
useful for separating a solid-liquid mixture and the temperature rises. The receiver is
homogeneous (e-g., a solution of salt in water) immediately changed and the higher-boiling
or heterogeneous (e.g., asand-water mixture). liquid is collected separately. The separately
Distillation is performed with a set-up as collected liquids are called fractions.
shown in Figure 3.6. The mixture is boiled in Fractionating
aflask and the emerging vapours are cooled column
in a Liebig condenser and collected in a flask.
A Liebig condenser is a long tube provided
liguid

Liquid Liebig
condenser
mixture

Liebig Water More

Condenser out volat1le
Iiquid
Sand
bath
Water Water in
Out
Distillation Water in Receiver Receiver
flask

Fig. 3.6 Distillation Fig. 3.7 Fractional distillation

 Issential I(SEhemistry forCass 7

B rational
alohol (boihng distillation, can we
point 78 °C) fromseparate
(boiling point l00O, benzene (boiling water
S0C rom toluene (boiling point 110point
and the ditferent fractions trom °O, Mixture of
crude oil. liquids
6. Using a separating funnel
A separating tunnel is a glass
stem of which is itted a bulb to the Stopcock

(Figure 39). This apparatusstopcock, or stopper

is used to separate
two or more immiscible liquids.
Immiscible
liquids are those which do not dissolve
each other. For example, oil and water in
immiscible with each other. are Fig. 3.9 Aseparating funnel

Activity Take some water in a glass and add

amounts of two coloured oils to it. small 7. Sublimation
(Experiment with
different cooking oils, hair oils, kerosene, etc.) Stir the Recall that in sublimation, a solid (like
liquids well. Allow the mixture to stand for
some time. ammonium chloride, iodine, naphthalene
Three separate layers will be formed. Oil, being
lighter
or camphor) vaporises without melting. The
than water, will form the upper layers and vapours of such a substance, on being cooled,
water, the
lower layer (Figure 3.8). directly form the solid. Thus,by sublimation, a
substance that sublimes can be separated from
one that does not. For example, ammonium
chloride can be separated from sand by this
method.

EXPERIMENT Mix some ammonium chloride

with sand and keep the mixture in a dish.
Oil Cover the mixture with an inverted glass

Cotton

Water
Funnel

China dish
Mixture of ammnonium
chloride and sand
Fig. 3.8 Immiscible liquids form separate layers. Heat

Amixture of immiscible liquids is placed in a

separating funnel and allowed to stand. The liquids
form different layers. The heavier liguid, which forms
the lower layer, is drawn into a vessel by carefully
opening the stopcock. The stopcock is closed when the
upper layer reaches it. The lighter liquid can then be Fig. 3.10 Sublimation is used to separate ammonium chloride
collected in another vessel. from sand.
 Ilements, Compounds and Mixture

adsorbed to different extents. S), they nove

funnel and plug loosch the opening of the
funnelwith cotton (ligure 3.10). Heat the dish with different speeds on the surtae of the
gentlh on aWire gauze. Ammonium chloride adsorbent. Thus,thecomponentsgetseparated
sublimesand collects in the cotton and cooler
Dart of the funnel whereas sand remains in Remember that it is the solvent that
the dish. drives the solute on the adsorbent, e.g, the
chromatographic paper. So, the solvent has to
be properly selected. It is generally a mixture
S. Chromatography
of liquids, e.g., awater-alcohol, water-acetone,
This technique is used when all the alcohol-acetone water-alcohol-acetone
or

COmponents of à mixture are soluble in a mixture, chosen by trial and error.

solvent. For example, the colouring substances The adsorbent is called the stationary
(called pigments) of aflower or an ink can be phase and the solution, the mobile phase. The
separated by this method. band of colours obtained on the paper is called
Chromatography is based on the principle a chromatogram (chroma means colour).
of adsorption. In adsorption, a substance (solid, By performing the following activity, you
liquid or gas) called an adsorbate, forms a layer can separate the colouring agents of the
ink of
on the surface of another substance (usually a asketch pen or a marker.
solid),called an [Link], alumina
(aluminium oxide), silica (silicon dioxide) or Activity Cut a long, rectangular piece of filter paper or
at a point
cellulose (in the form of pOwder or paper) is paper napkin. Keep the tip of your pen for a while
paper
about a centimetre from one end of the paper. The
used as an adsorbent. The technique using will soak ink. Let the ink dry. Now, hang the paper
(with
paper (Whatman no.1 filter paper or a special the help of a clip) in aglass containing a small
amount of
quality paper, called chromatographic paper) water. The end of the paper should just touch the water.

is called paper chromatography. You have seen

Within a
Leave the set-up undisturbed for some time.
colours have
that a liquid spreads over a blotting paper or a few minutes, you will observe that different
filter paper as it gets adsorbed by the paper. separated out on the filter paper. From certain inks, you
get from the
may get an unexpected colour. See what you
The principle of separation by this ink of a green sketch pen, for instance.
technique is easy to understand. When you The two coloured substances-blue and yelloW-
place a solution of a mixture over an adsorbent,
making up the green, get separated.
the different components of the mixture get

NOAM CHo

(b)
(a

green sketch pen separates into blue and yellow

Fig. 3.1I (a) The set-up used in the activ1ty (b) The colour of the nk trom a
 |ssential CSOemistry tor Class 7

ASummary of the Compound is a pure substance made up of

Separation Methods combine
Sohd liquid and solid liquid elements which have chemically
Ones ost commonl1 tound. You mixures are the themselves. S0, mixtures
and
can among
the omponents of such mixtures by separate compounds are different. Do
this
activity
using the
methos mentioned in Table 3,2 with the help of your teacher t0 understand
the difference better.
Tabie 32 Methods of separating the
components of
difterent Ivpes of mixtures Activity Intimately mix some iron filings with suloh.
Tvpe of mixture and When applicable powder. You will be able to see the grey iron particlee
method Example and the yellow sulphur particles. You can separate iron
Sold mNtures from sulphur by moving a magnet through the mixture
1 Magnetc Take a small amount of the mixture in a test tube
IWhen one of Separating iron Add some cartbon disulphide and shake. Sulphur will
separation the components from sulphur
is magnetic
dissolve, leavinggrey particles of iron behind. Repeat the
experiment with different amounts of iron and sulphur
Sublimation When one of You will make the same observation every time.
the components Separating
sublimes and
ammonium
chloride or Now intimately mix 7 g of iron filings with 4 g of
the other does camphor from sulphur. Heat the mixture in a test tube made of hard
not salt or chalk glass. The mixture willbegin to glow. Cool the test tube
3. Dissolution When one of after the mixture stops glowing. You willobtain ablack
and Separating salt
the conmponents or sugar from material. Crush it and move a magnet through it. No
evaporation is soluble Sand particles cling to the magnet now. Treat the material
Chromnato When the Separating the with carbon disulphide. Nothing dissolves. So, where
graphv whole mixture pigments of an have the iron and the sulphur gone? They have, in fact.
is soluble ink or a flower chemically combined to form a compound called iron
Solid-lguid mixture sulphide. Iron sulphide does not show the properties of
1. Sedimentation When the either iron or sulphur.
and mixture is
Separating
sand or chalk
decantation heterogeneous from water Thus, a mixture differs from a compound
2 Filtration asshown in Table 3.3.
3. Distillation When the Separating Table 3.3 How a mixture differs from a compound
mixture is water from salt,
homogeneous
or hetero
Sugar or sand Mixture
Compound
1. It is an impure
geneous It is a pure substance.
substance
Liquid mixture
2. It does not have a fixed It has a
1 Using a When the fixed melting
Separating oil melting or boilingpoint. point and afixed
separating liquids are from water
funnel immiscible boiling point.
3. The components can The constituents must
2 Fractional When the
distillation difference in
Separating
alcohol from
be present in any be present in afixed
proportion. proportion.
boiling points of water, benzene 4 The componentscan be
miscible liquids from toluene The constituents cannot
is at least 20 °C separated by a physical be separated by a
means.
physical means.
5. The components The constituents do not
Differencebetween a Mixture and aCompound show their individual show their individual
properties. properties.
A mixture is an impure substance containing
elements and/or compounds that do not You will learn in later chapters that air is i
chemically react with each other. But a mixtre, but water is a compound.
 9
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Points to Remember

Substances can be classified as pure substances and mixtures.

Apure substance is one that cannot be split into simpler substances by a physical means such as
Altration, sublimation or distillation. Elements and compounds are pure substances.
An element is a substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by achemical means.
Elements are represented by symbols.
" Acompound is a substance that can be split into simpler substances by a chemical means.
Compounds are represented by formulae.
Elements combine in fixed proportions of atoms and mass to form acompound.
The properties of a compound are entirely different from those of the constituent elements.
Amixture is a substance that can be separated into two or more pure substances by a physical
means such as filtration, sublimation or distillation.
" The components of a mixture
" may be present in it in any proportion,
" coexist without reacting with each other,
" retain their properties, and
" can be separated from one another by physical means.
is called a homnogeneous mixture.
" A mixture with the same composition and properties throughout
properties, it is said to be
" When the different parts of a mixture differ in composition and
heterogeneous.
separation, sublimation, dissolution,
The components of solid mixtures are separated by magnetic
evaporation and chromatography.
Chromatography is based on the principle of adsorption.
separated by sedimentation
The components of solid-liquid heterogeneous mixtures are components of
and decantation, filtration and distillation. Distillation is used to separate the
solid-liquid homogeneous mixtures to0.
" Aseparating funnel is used to separate immiscible liquids.

Group Discussion
How to Select the Method and Order of Separation
used to separate
discussion may be organizedon the above subject. More than one method may be
A
Let us consider the following
the components of a mixture. How should we choose the method?
example.
methods.
Ironcan be separated from sulphur by the following three
method in Class 6.
1. Usinga magnet: You have already read about this
sulphur floats and the iron
2. Using water: When the mixture is shaken with water in abeaker,
can be
particles settle down. Sulphur can be decanted leaving iron behind and then water
removed by filtration and drying.
 IssentialISLOemistry for Class 7

singcarbon disulphde Whentbe mixlu. ie clbaben with carbon disulphide, sulphur aSsolves
in the slh ent but iron does not. hnis filleted ol and dried in air. Sulphur is recovered Irom
he souion bi distilling out the solonl Whe choulkd the solvent be removed by aistiilation?
nn noheaporation (on being beabed)2 Bocauuse earbon disulphide is highly tlammabie and,
theretore dangerous to be placed or vaporised ncar a
lame:
S clear whN Toushould choose maeneic senaration for this mixture. Likewise, you may
discuss how toseparate the following
1. Salt +sulphur mixtures.
2 Sand +
sulphur
3. Salt +sand +
sulphur

Exercises
Short-Answer Questions
M. What is a pure
substance?
What is an element? Name five elements and give their
symbols.
13. What is acompound? Name five compounds and give their
formulae.
4. If vou kindle a mixture of l g of hydrogen and 8 g of oxygen, will
mixture? you obtain a pure substance or a
5. What is amixture?
6. Classify the following into pure substances and
mixtures.
(a) Air (b) Copper (c) Silver
(d)A sugar solution (e) Mud (f) Sodium chloride
(g)Carbon dioxide (h) Water (i) Nitrogen
(j) Iron (k) Oxygen () Ink
(m) Blood (n) Gold (o)Zinc
What are the following called?
(a) A mixture with the same composition and properties
throughout
(b)A mixture, the different parts of which vary in
composition and properties
() The solid that settles when a heterogeneous solid-liquid
mixture is allowed to stand
(d) The liquid above the solid settling from aheterogeneous solid-liquid mixture
6. Name themethod used to separate pure water from a solution of salt.
9. The components of what kind of a mixture are separated by dissolution and evaporation? Give an
example.
10. Define immiscible liquids. Give an example.
11. Name three substances that can sublime.
12. Name a method to separate the pigments of an ink.
 Tlements, (ompounds and Mixtures 31

Long-Answer Questions

1. Describe how filtration is done to separate water from sand.

2. Describe asimple experiment to carry out the distillation of water.
3. Howcan ammonium chloride be separated from sand? Give experimental details.
4. Describe the technique of paper chromatography.
5. How domixtures differ from compounds?

Objective Questions

Choose the correct option.

1. Which of the following isa homogeneous mixture?
(a) An oil-water mixture (b) A sand-water mixture
(c) Mist (d) A nitrogen-oxygen mixture
2. Which of the following is a heterogeneous mixture?
(a) A salt-pepper mixture (b) A fizzy drink
(c) A salt solution (d) Air

3. Which of the following is an alloy?

(a) Iron (b)Gold
(c) Stainless steel (d) Copper
4. Which of the following methods would you use for separating the pigments of an ink?
(a) Filtration (b) Sublimation
(c) Distillation (d) Paper chromatography
5. Which of the following methods would you use for separating iron from sulphur particles?
(a) Magnetic separation (b) Filtration
(c) Sublimation (d) Distillation
6. Which of the following methods can be used to separate mustard oil and water from a mixture of
the two?

(a) Magnetic separation (b) Decantation

(c) Sublimation (d) Crystallisation

Match columns A and B.

A B

(i) A chalk-water mixture (a) a gaseous mixture

(ii) A glucose solution (b) a solid-gas mixture
(ii) A fizzy drink (c) a homogeneous solid-liquid mixture
(iv) Smoke (d) a heterogeneous solid-liquid mixture
(v) Air (e) agas-liquid mixture
 Tssential ICSE Chemistry for Class 7

Fill n the blanks

1. The conmponents of a mixture are present in ...proportion. (any/ixed)

2. lhe components of a mixture... etain their properties. (do/do not)
3. The omponents of a mixture....be separated by physical means. (can/canno
4. Water containing dissolved air is a mixture. (gaseous/gas-liquid)
5. An allov is a ....solid mixture.
6. Amnmonium chloride can be
(homogeneous/heterogeneous)
(sublimed/distilled)
7. Complete the folowing table.

Types of mixture Example Method of separation

(i) Sedimentation and filtration

A heterogeneous solid Muddy water
liquid mixture
(i1) Pigments of an ink
(i1) A heterogeneous solid
mixture containing one
soluble constituent
(iv) A heterogeneous liquid Using a separating funnel
mixture

(v) Sublimation

Write Tfor true and F for false for the following statements.
1. Black coffee is a pure substance.
2. The components of a mixture chemically react with one another.
3. Mist is a homogeneous mixture.
4. Paper chromatography is based on the principle of adsorption.
5. Distilled water is pure water.

Postscript
Isn't the feeling you get while crushing acandy between your teeth quite different from that you get while chewing a
milk bar? The candy sounds different from the milk bar when crushed because it is crystalline but the milk bar is not
Crystalline solids contain small units called crystals, having definite shapes. Look at the crystals of table salt carefuly
under a magnifying glass. The crystals have defiite shapes. They look alike. With the naked eye. you can see that
the crystals of sugar have definite shape and that they are all alike.
Crystals are prepared by a method called crystallisation. You can prepare candy by doing this activity with the help
of an adult.

Activity Heat water in a pan and dissolve some sugar in it. Keep adding sugar and dissolving it by stirring and
healing until no more sugar dissolves. Filter the hot solution into a jar. Tie a string to a drinking straw or a pencil and
place the straw (or pencil) on the rim of the jar. Now, the string hangs in the solution. Leave the set-up undisturbed for
 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 33

a couple of days. You willfind that colourless crystals of sugar have appeared around the string. This is how candy
Is made You can compare the sugar crystals you have made with those you get in shops.

Fig. 3.12 The formation of crystals

What if some flavouring agents and colours are added to the solution before crystallisation?