UNIT II: - FLUID KINEMATICS AND
DYNAMICS
• Content:
– Fluid Kinematics- Description of Fluid Motion
– Types of fluid flow
– Velocity and acceleration of Fluid particles
– Continuity equation- Continuity equation in three
dimensions
– Fluid Dynamics- Equation of motion
– Euler equation of motion-Bernoulli’s equation
– Applications of Bernoulli’s equation-Venturimeter-
Orificemeter-Pitot tube
– Types of flow lines-Stream line-Streak line and Path line
– Impulse Momentum equation
FLUID KINEMATICS
Fluid kinematics deals with the study of
velocity and acceleration of the fluid
particles in motion and their distribution in
space without considering any force or
energy involved.
Description of Fluid Motion
The fluid motion is described by
1. Lagrangian Method- A single fluid particle
approach
2. Eulerian Method- Fluid particles are
described at a point in flow field
The Eulerian method is commonly used in
Fluid Mechanics.
Types of fluid flow
The fluid flow is classified as:
1. Steady and unsteady flows
Steady flow: The fluid characteristics like velocity,
pressure, density , etc., at a point do not change with
time.
Unsteady flow: The fluid characteristics like velocity,
pressure, density , etc., at a point change with time.
2. Uniform and non-uniform flows
Uniform flow: The velocity does not change with respect
to space.
Non-Uniform flow: The velocity at given time changes
with respect to space.
Types of fluid flow
3. One, two and three dimensional flows
4. Rotational and Irrotational flows
Rotational flow: The fluid particles while flowing along
stream lines, also about their own axis.
Irrotational flow: The fluid particles while flowing
along stream lines, do not rotate about their own axis.
5. Laminar and Turbulent flows
Laminar flow: The fluid particles do not cross one
another and move along well defined path.
Turbulent flow: Fluid particles move in a zig zag way.
Types of fluid flow
6. Compressible and Incompressible flows
Compressible flow: The density of the fluid changes
from point to point.
Incompressible flow: The density is constant for the
fluid flow.
Liquids are generally considered incompressible.
Velocity of Fluid particles
The velocity components are functions of space
coordinates and time. Mathematically, the
velocity at any point in x, y and z directions:
• And the resultant velocity,
Acceleration of Fluid particles
Acceleration in x, y, and z directions:
Resultant acceleration:
• Local acceleration –The rate of increase of
velocity with respect to time at a given point
in a flow field.
• Convective acceleration- The rate of change of
velocity due to the change of position of fluid
particles in a flow fluid.
Problems -01
Contd..
Continuity equation
The equation is based on the principle of
conservation of mass.
“A fluid flowing through the pipe at all the
cross-section, the quantity of fluid per second is
constant”
ρ1A1V1 = ρ2A2V2
Discharge (or) Rate of Flow
“The quantity of a fluid flowing per second
through a section of a pipe or a channel”
Consider a liquid flowing through a pipe in which
A= Cross-sectional area of pipe
V= Average velocity of fluid across the section
Then the discharge,
Q=AxV
Problem-02
Mr. P Sundaram
Contd..
Mr. P Sundaram
Continuity equation in three
dimensions
consider a fluid element of lengths of dx, dy and dz
in the direction of x, y and z. Let u, v and w are the inlet
velocity components in x, y and z directions respectively.
Mr. P Sundaram
• Mass of fluid entering the face ABCD per second,
• Then mass of fluid leaving the face EFGH per second,
Mr. P Sundaram
By continuity equation, the net increase of mass per unit time in the
fluid element must be equal to the rate of increase of mass of fluid in
the element.
The above equation is continuity equation in cartesian co-ordinates in
its most general form.
Mr. P Sundaram
Fluid Dynamics
• It is the study of fluid motion with forces casing
flow.
– The dynamic behaviour of the fluid flow is analysed by
the Newton’s second law of motion.
– The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and non-
viscous.
The net force on a fluid element in the direction of x is,
Fx = m. ax
Equation of motion Mr. P Sundaram
• In the fluid flow, the following forces are present:
– Fg , gravity force
– Fp , pressure force
– Fv , force due to viscosity
– Ft , force due to turbulence
– Fc , force due to compressibility
The net force, F =Fg +Fp +Fv +Ft +Fc
• If the force due to compressibility, Fc is negligible, the resulting net
force
F =Fg +Fp +Fv +Ft
(this equation is called Reynold’s equation of
motion)
Mr. P Sundaram
Euler equation of motion
• Euler’s equation of motion in which the forces due to
gravity and pressure are taken into consideration.
• Consider steady flow of an ideal fluid along the stream
tube.
• According to Newton’s law of motion,
Force = Mass x acceleration
Mr. P Sundaram
Euler equation of motion
This equation known as Euler’s equation of motion
Mr. P Sundaram
Bernoulli’s equation
Mr. P SUNDARAM
Bernoulli’s equation
Statement of Bernoulli’s theorem:
In a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible
fluid, the total energy at any point of the fluid is
constant.
Assumptions:
The following are the assumptions made in
the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation
• The fluid is ideal, i.e., viscosity is zero
• The flow is steady
Mr. P Sundaram
Problem-03
Problem-04 Mr. P Sundaram
Mr. P Sundaram
Bernoulli’s equation for real fluid
• Bernoulli’s equation derived based on the
assumption that the fluid is non-viscous , but
practically all the fluids are real and has
viscous.
• hL= Loss of energy between sections
Mr. P Sundaram
Applications of Bernoulli’s
•
equation
Bernoulli’s equation is applicable in all
problems of incompressible flow where there
is involvement of energy considerations.
– Venturimeter
– Orificemeter
– Rotameter and elbow meter
– Pitot tube
Mr. P Sundaram
Venturimeter
• A venturimeter is a device used for measuring the
rate of a flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe.
• It consists of three parts: A short converging part,
Throat and Diverging part.
Mr. P Sundaram
Venturimeter contd..
Mr. P Sundaram
Venturimeter contd..
• Due to variation of Co-efficient of discharge (Cd)
Venturimeters are not suitable for low velocities.
• Co-efficient of Venturimeter(Cd) value is less than unity
(varies between 0.96 and 0.98)
• Value of ‘h’ by differential U-tube manometer:
Mr. P Sundaram
Problem-05
Orificemeter Mr. P Sundaram
• It is a device for measuring the discharge of fluid
through a pipe.
• It consists of a flat circular plate having a circular
sharp edged hole (called orifice) concentric with
the pipe.
Mr. P Sundaram
Orificemeter contd..
• Vena Contracta:
– It is the point in a fluid stream where the area of cross-
section is minimum, and fluid velocity is maximum at
point.
• The main feature of the orificemeter is that most
of the potential energy of the liquid is converted
into kinetic energy of the free jet issuing through
the orifice.
Mr. P Sundaram
Orificemeter contd..
Mr. P Sundaram
Problem-06
Mr. P Sundaram
Pitot tube
Mr. P Sundaram
Types of flow lines
• Path line:
– A path line is the path followed by a
fluid particle.
• Stream line:
– A stream line is an imaginary line
within the flow so that the tangent at
any point on it indicates the velocity
at that point.
• Stream tube:
– It is a fluid mass bounded by a group
of streamlines
• Streak line:
Mr. P Sundaram
Impulse Momentum equation
Mr. P SUNDARAM
Impulse Momentum equation
Mr. P SUNDARAM
Contd..
Streak line and Path line
• Content
Mr. P SUNDARAM
Problem-07
• Content
Mr. P SUNDARAM
REFERENCES
• Rajput.R.K, “A text book of Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machines”, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New
Delhi, Fourth edition, 2010.
• Bansal.R.K, “Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
Machines”, 5th edition, Laxmi publications (P) Ltd.,
New Delhi, Ninth Edition, 2006.
• Yunus A Cengel & John M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics,
Tata McGraw Hill Edition, New Delhi, 2006.