Lecture 3
Riemann surfaces and their moduli
spaces
Recall
Teich(s) = marked conformal structures on S
uniformisation
through
marked metrics S
=
hyperbolic on
Fricke : Teich(s) homeomorphic to R39-3x139-3
I
St
Fenchel-Nielsen
by IR6g-6
m
I hyperbolic
twist
parameters
red
lengths of
( curves
by
arcs
blue
Teichmiller
geometry :
conformal structure
in terms of the
change in
how does one move about in Teich (s) ?
Answer :
through quasi-conformal maps
between
marked conformat str X and Y
lots of choices but the "extremal"
quasi-conformal map is
unique
.
&
linearity Consider IR2 with standard co-ordinates .
R &2 matrix
Suppose L : >
-
is a M-linear
map
with
L
=p
of H K-linear ?
Question :
Thinking
= C
,
when is I
.
&
linearity Consider IR2 with standard co-ordinates .
R R matrix
Suppose L : >
-
is a M-linear
map
with
L =
Pq
US
of H K-linear ?
Question :
Thinking
= C
,
when is I
Need <(x + i
y) (u + iv) (x + iy) 0x)
oy +
i(uy +
= =
ux -
=> and
by
+ vx
sy
ux ve +
my
=
patgy
- =
for all (x ,
y)
nand
=)
So p
=
s =
-q = =
Dilatation
subsets of R2 and
Suppose that U and Y are
open
7 : U >
- V a
diffeomorphism
Suppose in co-ordinates &(x , y) =
(a(x y)
, ,
b(x y))
,
Total derivative
If =
Galax dalay
a blac ablay
K-linearity and
&- Ga-u a
For
Cauchy-Riemann equations .
Dilatation Let z be variable
=
sering the
complex
- and
Then
and
(a + i
= ( +
i) za)i
Cauchy Riemann
egus
(atib)
-i = -
Define (complex) dilatation as
27/az
uq
=
up
= 0 when is
holomorphic
27/27
Dilatation
Note
l-
=
The difference
lda a 2b det of
4 2a 4
=
ox
ay
It - is orientation them det + >
preserving
o
Inf)
=>
Dilatation
The dilatation off at a
point
+ |Mf(p))
(f(p) = 1
1 -
(Mf(p))
of the
Exercise :
maps
the unit circle in
targent space
at
peU to an
ellipse in the
tangent space
at f(p2 .
Kf(p) is the ratio
major axis
minor axis
Dilatation of t defined to be
Ky
=
Sup Ke(p)
where taken all
pts where f is differentiable .
Sup
is over
Dilatation Land L
*
M2
Suppose : R >
-
are linear
with dilatations Myon
and kn,
maps My , up ,
< and
Know .
Then
k( -
kyk
with
equality if and
only if
arguy
=
argus,
or if
one of L ,
L is K-linear.
I
major and minor axis match
Guasi-conformal maps
A
diffeomorphism F : V-V is a
quasi-conformal map
if KI < 0
.
In this case
,
I is a
Kf-quasiconformal map
.
Suppose f : X-Y is a
homeomorphism of Riemann
surfaces such that
If and f are differs outside a finite set of points
orientation Riemann surfaces
2 f is
preserving
-
being
X and Y are oriented
Guasi-conformal maps
Given such a homeo 7 :
X-Y ,
the dilatation Ke(p)
is well defined.
Proof: Choose charts U & and V EK about and
p
E(p) and define (P(p))
Ky(p) as
K40t0p +
.
9) r Ec and V11 are different charts then
+ Kop00
=
top- =
+o -
holomorphic holomorphic
GED .
Quasi-conformal maps
Suppose 7 : X >
-
Y
quasi- confro
conformal
- is 1
quasi-conf) + is
Proof - conformat at
: - My
=
0 all
points .
Suppose f . Then 7 conformal
is
1-quasicont is on
finite . removable
By
X- Z where I is a set
extends to conformal
singularity theorem ,
fo a
map
on .
X
The extremal problem
and marked
Suppose that (X ,
b) (Y 4), are Riemann
surfaces . Then top"
quasi-conformal .
Y
is a X >
map
-
(406") Y
Let Maps to be
quasi-conf .
maps
X-
isotopic
>
to to p Is there
-Maps (406") such that
map
· a
inf
k =
Kg ?
ge Maps (X , Y
If such to exists then it
a
map
is
unique ?
The extremal problem Teichmiller's work
extremal solution and
The
problem has a a
solution !
unique
extremal
The
quasi-conformal map
has the
property
that Kf(p) is constant on S-E .
Precursor is Grotzsch's theorem :
Euclidean
The affine
map
between
rectangles is
the extremal quasi-conformal map
.
Grotzsch's theorem :
i [0 Ka] 1] <i
Suppose X [0 a] [0 1] <
Y [o
= =
x , x ,
, ,
,
for some 11.
finite set such
Suppose f : X >
-
Y differ outside a
that
If orientation
is preserving,
f
2 takes horizontal sides to horizontal sides ,
f
3 takes vertical sides to vertical sides ,
if
then K1 * K with
equality if and
only
A is affine
Proof of Grotzsch's theorem
main idea : "extremal
length" length
- area
inequalities .
Suppose f : X >
-
Y as in the
hypothesis .
In co-ordinates f(x y) (a(x y) , b(u y))
suppose
= , ,
, .
,
Let Kf(x y) , and
JJ( y),
be dilatation and Jacobian .
Let M =
sup 1df(0)) and m = inf ld+ (0)1
veT'X oT'X
(x , (x ,
y) y)
then and
KI(x y) # J y) Mm
= =
, .
,
and
Set Fe =
( , )
(i) ·
Then Ifal M hence
Proof of Grotzsch's theorem
If Ky(k , y) Jake , 3) .
(0 2) (a , y)
-
,
length of the
image
= ( , y)/ de
Since this at least
get
length is Ka ,
we
Proof of Grotzsch's theorem
If ( ,
y)/deka
Integrating over
y ,
we
get
/Ifu/dArea < Ka K Area (X)
=
Using Cauchy-Schwarz appropriately we
get the
following string of
inequalities
Proof of Grotzsch's theorem
HaldArea
k2Area(x)
*
dArea
(SXK( 3) J
>
- ( 2)
, ,
-
=) K (x , y)
dArea)Jf(x
, 3) d Are
Area (X) Area (Y)
↓
Ky ·
=>
Ke Area (X) ·
K Area (X)
=> K =
KI as
required .
Proof of Grotzsch's theorem
Now f X > Y S t K K
suppose
: -
. =
Replacing by Atof ,
we
may
assume we have a
affine
map
X-Y 1- quasicont mapf .
: x >
-
X
For
equality in
1fu)dx = a
(0 , 2) (a , y)
the must be horizontal line
image a .
Proof of Grotzsch's theorem
By symmetry ,
vertical lines
go
to vertical lines .
=> F(x y) ,
=
(u(x) , v(y))
Since IfnK =
1 (x , y) Ju , y) =
Jg( , 3) and
similarly 17y12 Jem 3)
=
at almost anc
=> In'(x)) =
10/ ()
every point
u'(u)2 v'(y)2
T(x y) u'(u)v'(y)
= = =
For the last two
Cauchy-Schwarz inequalities to be
equalities
-( almost
y) 1
everywhere > u'(x) v'(u) 1
= =
= a e
=
, .
.
=> and
u(x) x
v(y) y
= =
QED
.
Teichmiller's theorems
17 the extremal is to be affine what is the
map
,
Euclidean (flat) structure ?
This is
given by holomorphic/meromorphic quadratic
differentials
marked
when there are
points then need simple
poles at the marked
points and only the marked points .
Quadratic differentials
Suppose X is a Riemann surface.
K (X) =
holomorphic cotangent bundle of X
bundle with
complex line fibre K-linear
maps
from T X + K .
↑
holomorphic 1- form is holomorphic section of K(X)
a .
A
holomorphic quadratic differential is holomorphic a
section of the
symmetric square of K(X) .
Quadratic differentials
charts .
Suppose Ex : Va >
-
& are
differential of
A
holomorphic quadratic is a collection
functions t
holomorphic &(Za) s .
1 I has
finitely many
zeroes on Va
.
2 For co-ordinate charts za and zp that intersect
any
Pp(zp) = za
formal
expression badz independent of the chart
=> the is
and defines a
global object.
Quadratic differentials
As of
a section of the
symmetric square
K(X) ,
suppose
z : - > C is a chart .
Then TzoV I
identifies with
through 0
= -
&
Then $12)dz2
Il
evaluates on a
by P(E)
(dz(x))" =
P(z)
Note q(-0) .
q(0)
=
Holomorphic A-forms
Holomorphic functions talza) sit
4plEp) =
on intersections
evaluates + (z)x .
In this case +(2)dz
1)
on o
by ↑
(E)dz(E) =
Note w(-0) =
w(r) ; also note we is a
quad differential
.
Riemann-Roch
=> dim H(g) 2g
=
-
2
,
Recall
=> dim &(g) 3g-3 dimpTeich(s) 6g
-6
=
=
,
Natural co-ordinates
differential
Suppose 9
is a
quadratic .
Suppose V is an
open
chart with no zeroes a
of
Fix po in U and define
z(p) =
) where 8 is
any
smooth
Upo -
P
arc from
po-p
Transition functions - =z
+
=
:
period of a closed curve
It all transitions are translations then we have a
holomorphic
1- form
Flat
geometry
charts to K + transitions
translations/half
I
translations
outside S-z z + z+ C z - -
z +C
structure flat metric
=>
holomorphic on all of S +
on S-Z
I
flat metric with
points at the
singular cone zeroes
+
poles of the differential .
Flat
geometry parallel and (indicated
B equal sides
C A
by the same
alphabet) are
glued
translations . The result
D D by
is 2-surface
a
genus
A C B
B
C A
S
charts to I are
D D
indicated on the
right
A C
BS
Flat
geometry
O
A
&
B I
6 B A
·
B
.
D
&
D
·
C C C
C
&
D
· A B
A ·
D
>
-
Flat
geometry
D
E C
A B
B
A
C E
D
Flat
geometry
⑧
B
&
C
B &
A
B
A ⑧ C
⑧
B
v
A
& D ⑧
A
X
C E ·
C ⑧ D ·
E
Teichmiller's theorems next week
followed class Nielsen
by mapping groups
+
Thurston classification .