1.
Understanding the Structure of Arguments
1. Which of the following is an example of a categorical proposition?
a) If it rains, the ground gets wet.
b) Some cats are mammals.
c) Do your homework!
d) The train might be late.
2. Which of the following is a valid argument form?
a) Affirming the consequent
b) Modus Ponens
c) Denying the antecedent
d) Circular reasoning
3. Which mood and figure does the syllogism "All A are B, All B are C, therefore All A
are C" belong to?
a) AAA-1
b) EAE-2
c) OAO-3
d) AII-4
4. Which of the following is an example of a formal fallacy?
a) Equivocation
b) Ad hominem
c) Denying the antecedent
d) Straw man
5. Which of the following is an informal fallacy?
a) Modus tollens
b) Circular reasoning
c) Disjunctive syllogism
d) Contraposition
6. In logic, a "term" refers to
a) A statement
b) A word or phrase that functions as a subject or predicate
c) A conclusion
d) A fallacy
7. What does the "classical square of opposition" illustrate?
a) The relationship between four categorical propositions
b) The validity of deductive arguments
c) The truth of an argument
d) The role of premises in an argument
8. What does the term "denotation" refer to?
a) The literal or dictionary meaning of a word
b) The emotional associations of a word
c) A false argument
d) A contradictory statement
9. Which type of argument structure ensures the truth of the conclusion if the
premises are true?
a) Inductive argument
b) Deductive argument
c) Analogical argument
d) Probabilistic argument
10. Which fallacy occurs when someone misrepresents an opponent’s argument to
refute it easily?
a) Red herring
b) Straw man
c) Appeal to ignorance
d) False dilemma
2. Evaluating Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
11. Deductive reasoning moves from
a) Specific to general
b) General to specific
c) Analogy to hypothesis
d) Particular to uncertain conclusions
12. Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?
a) All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
b) The sun has risen every day, so it will rise tomorrow.
c) If it rains, the streets get wet. It rained, so the streets are wet.
d) If A = B and B = C, then A = C.
13. Which statement is true?
a) Inductive arguments guarantee their conclusion.
b) Deductive arguments provide probable conclusions.
c) Deductive arguments are either valid or invalid.
d) Inductive arguments follow strict rules of logic.
14. A strong inductive argument is one where
a) The conclusion is necessarily true.
b) The premises strongly support the conclusion.
c) The conclusion is always false.
d) There is no need for evidence.
15. Which of the following is an example of a valid deductive argument?
a) If it rains, then the ground is wet. It is raining. Therefore, the ground is wet.
b) John is tall. John likes basketball.
c) All swans are white. I saw a black swan.
d) If an animal is a dog, it is a mammal. This animal is a mammal. Therefore, it is a dog.
3. Analogies
16. Which of the following is an analogy?
a) Birds have wings. Planes have wings.
b) If A = B and B = C, then A = C.
c) All humans need oxygen.
d) A triangle has three sides.
17. Which of the following best describes an analogy?
a) A comparison between two different things to show similarities
b) A cause-effect relationship
c) A contradiction
d) A logical proof
18. Which type of analogy is "Hand is to Glove as Foot is to ___"?
a) Part-to-whole
b) Object-function
c) Object-holder
d) Cause-effect
19. Which analogy shows a relationship between an inventor and their invention?
a) Beethoven : Symphony
b) Bird : Nest
c) Fire : Smoke
d) Knife : Cut
20. Which analogy is based on function?
a) Teacher : School
b) Pen : Writing
c) Car : Road
d) Sun : Light
4. Venn Diagrams
21. Venn diagrams represent
a) Only numbers
b) Logical relationships
c) Sentences
d) Grammatical errors
22. How many overlapping circles are needed for three different sets in a Venn
diagram?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
23. If A and B are two sets, then A ∩ B represents
a) Elements in A but not in B
b) Elements common to both A and B
c) Elements in B but not in A
d) The universal set
24. Which of the following can be represented using a Venn diagram?
a) Syllogisms
b) Algebra equations
c) Chemical reactions
d) Mathematical proofs
25. If all A are B, and all B are C, what can be concluded?
a) Some A are C
b) No A are C
c) All A are C
d) No conclusion
5. Indian Logic & Pramanas
26. How many types of Pramanas are there in Indian logic?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
27. Which Pramana is based on direct perception?
a) Pratyaksha
b) Anumana
c) Upamana
d) Shabda
28. Inference in Indian logic is called
a) Pratyaksha
b) Anumana
c) Shabda
d) Arthapatti
29. Which Pramana refers to verbal testimony?
a) Pratyaksha
b) Anumana
c) Shabda
d) Upamana
30. Which fallacy is committed when an inference is drawn without proper evidence?
a) Asiddha
b) Savyabhichara
c) Satpratipaksha
d) Badhita