MOTION
2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity
⚫ Kinematics is the classification and comparison of
motions
⚫ For this chapter, we restrict motion in three ways:
1. We consider motion along a straight line only
2. We discuss only the motion itself, not the forces that
cause it
3. We consider the moving object to be a particle
⚫ A particle is either:
⚫ A point-like object (such as an electron)
⚫ Or an object that moves such that each part travels in the
same direction at the same rate (no rotation or stretching)
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
FRAME OF REFERENCE
A point in space or an
object that you assume has
a fixed position
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MOTION
VS
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Aristotle – two basic types of motion
Natural: Object seeks “proper” location and
comes to rest there
● Smoke rises
● Rocks fall
Violent: Motion imposed by an external
agent.
● Person lifting a heavy weight
● Wind moving a sailboat
● Arrow sent flying by bow string
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- - - - - -In the absence of violent
motion, all objects should
eventually come to rest.
- - -Heavier objects should fall to
Earth faster “strive harder” than
lighter objects.
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Galileo Galilei
Legacy
Scientific Supporter of
revolution Copernicanism
Telescope
Experiment
Scientific
“Father of
method
“Father of
So, who’s
science” modern
physics”
Galileo?
Freedom of
First and thought & the
second laws “Father of
Catholic
of motion modern
Church
Astronomy”
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Pisa
• Dropped balls
different mass
• Independent of
mass
• Thus, disproving
Aristotle
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
If the position of an object does not change as time passes,
it is said to be at rest
If the position of an object changes as time passes,
it is said to be in motion
TYPES OF
MOTION
PROJECTILE
CURVILINEAR MOTION O S C I L L AT O R Y
MOTION MOTION
LINEAR MOTION
R O TAT I O N A L CIRCULAR
MOTION F R E E FA L L MOTION
LINEAR MOTION
The motion of an object along
a straight path is called a
linear motion.
A train moving on a straight rail track Sprinters running on an athletic track
Vehicles moving on a straight highway Motion of a bowling ball on alley
FREE FALL
The motion of an object along a
vertical line under the action of
gravity only is called a free fall.
Motion of a released stone Motion of a falling bungee jumper
Motion of a falling cliff jumper Motion of dripping water droplets
CURVILINEAR MOTION
The motion of an object along
a curved path is called a
curvilinear motion.
Motion of a car on a curved road Motion of fighter jets in a parade
Motion of a roller coaster Motion of our body on water slides
PROJECTILE MOTION
The motion of an object along
a parabolic path under the action
of gravity only is called a
projectile motion.
Motion of snowboarder from a ramp Motion of thrown basketball towards post
Motion of water in laminar jet fountains Motion of man fired from human cannon
CIRCULAR MOTION
The motion of an object along
a circular path is called a
circular motion.
Motion of planets around the sun Motion of moon around the earth
Motion of riders in well of death Motion of passengers in swing ride
ROTATIONAL MOTION
The Spinning motion of an
object about its centre of axis
is called a rotational motion.
Motion of a spinning top Motion of a merry go round
Motion of a ferris wheel Motion of a ceiling fan
OSCILLATORY MOTION
The to and fro motion of an
object about a fixed point
is called an oscillatory motion.
Motion of a needle bar Motion of a playground swing
Swinging motion of a bell Motion of the pendulum of a clock
Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity
⚫ Position is measured relative to a reference point:
o The origin, or zero point, of an axis
⚫ Position has a sign:
o Positive direction is in the direction of increasing numbers
o Negative direction it is the opposite of the positive
direction
Figure 2-1
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2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity
⚫ A change in position is called displacement
o ∆x is the change in x, (final position) – (initial position)
Eq. (2-1)
Examples A particle moves . . .
o From x = 5 m to x = 12 m: ∆x = 7 m (positive direction)
o From x = 5 m to x = 1 m: ∆x = -4 m (negative direction)
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2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity
⚫ Displacement is therefore a vector quantity
o Direction: along a single axis, given by sign (+ or -)
o Magnitude: length or distance, in this case meters or feet
⚫ Ignoring sign, we get its magnitude (absolute value)
o The magnitude of ∆x = -4 m is 4 m.
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2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity
⚫ Average velocity is the ratio of:
o A displacement, ∆x
o To the time interval in which the displacement occurred,
∆t
Eq. (2-2)
⚫ Average velocity has units of (distance) / (time)
o Meters per second, m/s
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2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity
⚫ Average speed is the ratio of:
o The total distance covered
o To the time interval in which the distance was covered, ∆t
Eq. (2-3)
⚫ Average speed is always positive (no direction)
Example A particle moves from x = 3 m to x = -3 m in 2
seconds.
o Average velocity = -3 m/s; average speed = 3 m/s
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.